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Note Sur La Distribution Au Congo Belge Du Genre Danthoniopsis

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Note Sur La Distribution Au Congo Belge Du Genre Danthoniopsis NOTE SUR LA DISTRIBUTION AU CONGO BELGE DU GENRE DANTHONIOPSIS par A. KIWAK et P. DUVIGNEAUD. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique, Tome 85, p. 69 (novembie X953). Communication présentée à la séance'du 22 mars 1952. ÉDITIONS J. DUCULOT, S. A. GBMBLOUX NOTE SUR LA DISTRIBUTION AU CONGO BELGE DU GENRE DANTHONIOPSIS par A. KIWAK et P. DUVIGNEAUD. (Résultats botaniques de la mission organisées en 1948 par le centre colonial de Documentation et de Coordination des Recherches chimiques, avec l'aide de l'I.R.S.I.A. Communication n° 23) (*). 1. Selon HUBBARD (2), le genre Danthoniopsis se distingue des autres Arundinel- lae, comme par exemple Tristachya, Loudetia, Trichopteryx avec lesquels on le con• fond souvent, par un anneau transversal continu ou discontinu de longs poils blancs situé vers le milieu de la glumelle inférieure de la fleur fertile, comme chez les Dan- thonia (Aveneae), d'où son nom. Tout récemment, JACQUES-FéLIX (3) a élargi le sens du genre Danthoniopsis en y ajoutant la section Dilophotriche du genre Tris• tachya, représentée par quelques espèces soudanaises localisées pour la plupart en Guinée française, Sénégambie et Sierra Leone. L'aire africaine du genre Danthoniopsis au sens strict est morcelée en trois frag• ments très disjoints (fig. i) : une espèce [D. Chevalieri A. CAMUS et C. E. HUBBARD) est localisée en Guinée française, principalement dans la région du Fouta Djalon ; une autre (D. barbata C. E. HUBBARD) est répandue dans le S. E. de l'Afrique du Nord (S. E. de l'Égypte, Soudan anglo-égyptien, Érytrée) et s'étend en Asie Mineure dans le Yémen ; enfin toutes les autres espèces occupent une aire qui couvre le Congo méridional, l'Angola, le Nord du S.-O. africain, la Rhodésie du Nord et la Rhodésie du Sud. L'adjonction des Dilophotriche ne change rien à ce schéma général de distribution mais renforce les deux fragments d'aire au Nord de l'équateur. 2. Au Congo belge, la situation du genre Danthoniopsis est peu claire. Deux spéci• mens seulement y ont été signalés à ce jour ; le premier est D. wasaënsis C. E. HUBBARD, (*) Étude effectuée avec l'aide d'un subside de l'Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique en Afrique centrale (I.R.S.A.C.), qui a permis à un de ses auteurs de séjourner quelque temps au British Muséum. Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique, Tome 85, p. 69 (novembre 1952). — Communication présentée à la séance du 22 mars 1952. - 70 - récolté dans le Bas-Kwango, entre Wasa et Gana, en lisière de la forêt sur sol sableux ; il y est considéré comme rare par VANDERYST ; l'autre a été récolté dans la région d'Élisabethville et décrit par CHIOVENDA SOUS le nom de D. Gossweileri var. catan• gensis (*). FiG. I, — Distribution géographique du genre Danthoniopsis (selon HUBBARD, F1., Trop., Afr. X, i). 3. L'un de nous (P. DUVIGNEAUD) a récolté au Congo plusieurs exemplaires de Danthoniopsis, dont certains détails sont représentés à la figure 2. (*) Le spécimen BEQUAERT n" 404 de l'Herbarium du Jardin Botanique de l'État à Bruxelles, déterminé comme étant Danthoniopsis Gossweileri STAPF, correspond bien à la variété catangensis signalée plus haut. D'après HUBBARD, il pourrait s'agir là d'une espèce distincte différant de D. viridis C. E. HUBBARD (synonyme : D. Gossweileri) par la base glabre, les feuilles inférieures glabres et surtout par la présence de poils tuberculés sur la glume inférieure. La glume inférieure au lieu d'être obtuse ou subaiguë présente un prolongement conique ou même caudé à extrémité obtuse, de même forme que celui de la glume inférieure mais moins long. ABC FiG. 2. — Détails de l'épillet chez trois espèces de Danthoniopsis. De haut en bas : glume inférieure glume supérieure glumelle inférieure de la fleur hermaphrodite glumelle supérieure de la fleur hermaphrodite glumelle inférieure de la fleur mâle glumelle supérieure de la fleur mâle A. D. viridis. C. E. HUBBARD (DUVIGNEAUD 982 D). B. D. cf acuHgluma CHIPPINDALL (DUVIGNEAUD 1136 D). C. D. wasaënsis C. E. HUBBARD var. pilosiglttma var. nov. (DUVIGNEAUD 836 D). — 72- a) Le n" 836 D croissait en plein soleil sur un roc gréseux isolé dans la savane steppique non boisée, à mi-pente d'une des collines sableuses en pain de sucre qui sont fréquentes entre Popokabaka et le Kwango (ces collines sont souvent rayées horizontalement à mi-pente ou vers le sommet par une bande de grès de base du système du Kalahari, reposant sur un socle de Karroo et surmonté d'une calotte épaisse de sable Kalaharien peu fertile). Ce spécimen correspond assez bien à la description de Danthoniopsis wasaënsis C. E. HUBBARD mais la glume inférieure est subaiguë et couverte entièrement de poils au lieu d'être aiguë et glabre. De plus, le type de D. wasaënsis est un spécimen récolté sans sa base ce qui constitue un élément d'indétermination. Plutôt que d'élargir la description de la glume inférieure de D. wasaënsis, nous avons préféré faire du spécimen DUVIGNEAUD 836 D une variété distincte, D. wasaënsis var. pilosigluma (*). Cette espèce répand une nette odeur d'acétate d'éthyle et nous l'avons observée, sans la récolter, sur blocs rocheux ombrés par la forêt claire à Combretum, Marquesia et Burkea des pentes des collines de Kimvula au Bas-Congo. Le spécimen 982 D, récolté à Kahemba dans la strate herbacée des forêts claires à Brachystegia spicaejormis, B. longifolia, Pseudoberlinia Baumii et Marquesia macroura, correspond bien au Danthoniopsis viridis C. E. HUBBARD, qui n'a pas été signalé jusqu'ici au Congo. La pilosité de la glume inférieure notée par HUBBARD comme étant nulle ou réduite à l'extrémité n'est pas un caractère constant : sur un même spécimen, on trouve aussi bien des glumes inférieures entièrement couvertes de poils que des glumes entièrement glabres ou ne présentant de poils qu'à l'extré• mité. Il faut noter également que les feuilles sont plus larges que celles du type décrit par HUBBARD. La fig. 3 montre la structure anatomique de ces feuilles FiG. 3. — Schéma d'une coupe transversale de feuille de Danthoniopsis viridis C. E. HUBBARD. Explication des symboles : i. Fibres 2. Fibres et parenchyme du bois et du liber. 3. CoUenchyme. 4. Parenchyme. 5. Vaisseaux du bois. 6. Liber. 7. Cellules buUeuses. 8. Cuticule. (*) Danthoniopsis wasaënsis vai. pilosigluma DuviGN.et KiWAK.a typo differt gluma inferiore minus acuta et tota pilosa. Plante vivace cespiteuse ; nombreuses feuilles basales à gaines apla• ties, carénées, villeuses. Chaume à nœuds densément villeux. — 73 — c) Le caractère de « prolongement caudé à bout obtus » de la glume inférieure, signalé chez Danthoniopsis catangensis, se retrouve plus accentué encore dans un autre spécimen récolté à Sokele (*) (DUVIGNEAUD 1136 D) mais on n'y observe pas de poils tuberculés, la glume inférieure est entièrement glabre et présente une base fort rétrécie. Ce spécimen se rapproche ainsi assez bien de D. acutigluma CHIPPIN- DALL (i), de la Rhodésie du Nord. Mais la base du spécimen DUVIGNEAUD 1136 D, élément quasi nécessaire de détermination, manque. 4. RÉSUMÉ. Il serait souhaitable qu'un matériel plus abondant de Danthoniopsis (ce genre ne paraît pas rare dans les forêts claires kwango-katangaises) soit récolté au Congo belge, pour préciser la position systématique de taxa qui apparaissent fort variables. Les quelques récoltes que nous avons faites (points i, 2 et 3 sur la carte) permettent de préciser déjà quelque peu la distribution et la systématique du genre au Congo bel• ge. Le genre Danthoniopsis y apparaît comme ayant un caractère typiquement zambézien ; une certaine irradiation vers le Nord est rendue possible par l'ex• tension de la bande du Kalahari qui offre les milieux sablonneux et gréseux favorables. Les espèces de Danthoniopsis connues aujourd'hui dans la flore congolaise sont : D. wasaënsis C. E. HUBBARD. D. wasaënsis var. pilosigluma var. nov. D. cf. acutigluma CHIPINDALL. D. catangensis (CHIOV.) comb. nov. Université de Bruxelles Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et de Phytogéographie. (*) La glumelle supérieure de la fleur hermaphrodite présente sur chacune de ses ailes une dent acuminée portant de petits cils raides sur tout le pourtour de son bord libre, ce qui s'observe aussi chez Danthoniopsis catangensis. BIBLIOGRAPHIE CHIPPINDALL L. —Contributions to the grass flora of tropical Africa. Blumaea Suppl. III, 1946, 27-29. HuBBARD in Flora of Tropical Africa X, 1, 1937, 73-82. JACQUES-FéLIX H. — Notes sur les Graminées d'Afrique tropicale (suite). R. I.B. A. n° 333-334. juillet-août 1950, 418-424. .
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