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Economic, Biodiversity, Resource Protection and Social Values of Orchards: a Study of Six Orchards by the Herefordshire Orchards Community Evaluation Project

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Natural England Commissioned Report NECR090 Economic, biodiversity, resource protection and social values of orchards: A study of six orchards by the Herefordshire Orchards Community Evaluation Project First published 04 May 2012 www.naturalengland.org.uk Foreword Natural England commission a range of reports from external contractors to provide evidence and advice to assist us in delivering our duties. The views in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Natural England. Background This report describes the results of a partnership the different types and characteristics of orchards project, which ran from 2006-2010, to investigate the found in Herefordshire. All the orchards had multiple values of orchards beyond value generated by the values, although not all orchards had all the values economic enterprise of orchard management. assessed and values differed in importance across Uncertainty in markets for orchard produce, orchards. The project found that local communities development pressure, neglect and land use change cared about the orchards in their locality, and all pose threats to the continued existence of welcomed engagement about their worth. orchards, making a full understanding of the values Each of the chapters about orchard values in the of orchards an urgent need. report has been peer-reviewed but the findings are The project was set up by the Herefordshire Orchard the responsibility of the authors alone and do not Topic Group, an independent association of necessarily represent the views of any of the individuals and organizations working to support all partnership organisations. Monetary evaluation is a aspects of orchards and orcharding in Herefordshire. particularly difficult topic. The approach chosen by the authors is one of many and is of interest, but Project objectives were: should not be regarded as being Natural England‟s To investigate the range of values of orchards in preferred approach. Natural England is using the Herefordshire from economic, environmental and results of the project to strengthen the evidence base social perspectives. relating to orchards. To attempt to apply monetary value to these This report should be cited as: values. ROBERTSON, H., MARSHALL, D., SLINGSBY, E. & To engage local communities and disseminate the NEWMAN, G. 2012. Economic, biodiversity, results of the project as widely as possible. resource protection and social values of orchards: a To use the project to inspire further action that study of six orchards by the Herefordshire Orchards would increase knowledge and awareness of the Community Evaluation Project. Natural England values of orchards. Commissioned Reports, Number 090. Orchard values were investigated by looking in detail at six orchards selected as case studies to represent Natural England Project Manager for the report - Geoff Newman, Land Management and Conservation Adviser, Natural England, Spur 3, Block B, Government Buildings, Whittington Road, Worcester WR5 2LQ [email protected] Contractor - David Marshall, The Bulmer Foundation, Hereford Cider Museum, 21 Ryelands Street, Hereford HR4 0LW Keywords - traditional orchards, intensive orchards, bryophytes, lichens, fungi, carbon sequestration, triple bottom line accounting, ecosystem services Further information This report can be downloaded from the Natural England website: www.naturalengland.org.uk. For information on Natural England publications contact the Natural England Enquiry Service on 0845 600 3078 or e-mail [email protected]. This report is published by Natural England under the Open Government Licence for public sector information. You are encouraged to use, and re-use, information subject to certain conditions. For details of the licence visit www.naturalengland.org.uk/copyright. If any information such as maps or data cannot be used commercially this will be made clear within the report. ISSN 2040-5545 © Natural England and other parties 2012 Economic, biodiversity, resource protection and social values of orchards: a study of six orchards by the Herefordshire Orchards Community Evaluation Project Edited by H. Robertson, D. Marshall, E. Slingsby and G. Newman 2012 ECHO‟s Orchard This project was part-financed by the European Union (EAGGF) and DEFRA through the Herefordshire Rivers LEADER+ Programme. This project has been supported by the Sustainable Development Fund, a Defra initiative in the Wye Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). ECHO‟s Orchard: The cover photograph shows a collage made by a group from ECHO of themselves in an orchard. The collage was made for the Orchard Art competition, a project arising from the Herefordshire Orchards Community Evaluation Project. ECHO for Extra Choices in Herefordshire is a registered charity providing opportunities for adults with learning disabilities. The image is reproduced with the permission of ECHO. Summary Orchards in Herefordshire form an important element of the economic activity, landscape and culture of the county. Uncertainty in markets for orchard produce, development pressure, neglect and land use change all pose threats to the continued existence of orchards. Such threats spurred the Herefordshire Orchard Topic Group to find out what the full value of orchards might be, beyond value generated by the economic enterprise of orchard management. In addition to economic value, values may relate to environmental features such as biodiversity and social attributes such as appreciation by local communities. Little was known about these wider orchard values by orchard managers, policy makers, conservationists, scientists and local communities in Herefordshire and elsewhere and a partnership project was set up to try to fill these knowledge gaps. The project is the first known attempt to investigate the multiple values of orchards in the UK. The Herefordshire Orchard Topic Group is an independent association of individuals and organizations working to support all aspects of orchards and orcharding in Herefordshire. The project was managed on behalf of the Orchard Topic Group by The Bulmer Foundation, a registered charity which seeks to enable and demonstrate sustainable development, focused in Herefordshire. Forum for the Future, a UK-based sustainable development charity, was commissioned to work with the Bulmer Foundation to develop and implement the methodology for the valuation process. A particularly important element of the project was the involvement of orchard owners, local communities, visitors to Herefordshire and local naturalists in exploring the values of orchards. Many people volunteered their time to participate in the project and their contribution was an essential part of the partnership that delivered the project. The project was named the Herefordshire Orchards Community Evaluation Project and had the following objectives: To investigate the range of values of orchards in Herefordshire from economic, environmental and social perspectives. To attempt to apply monetary value to these values. To engage local communities and disseminate the results of the project as widely as possible. To use the project to inspire further action that would increase knowledge and awareness of the values of orchards. Economic and environmental values considered to be of key importance by the Topic Group were selected for investigation. Economic values chosen were orchard profitability, benefit to the local economy by expenditure on orchard management by orchard owners and spending by tourists. Environmental values selected were biodiversity and resource protection, the latter in terms of climate regulation by net carbon sequestration, soil quality and protection from diffuse pollution. Social values were identified by the local communities living in the vicinity of the study orchards, and were specific to each community. Monetary valuation was made through a „triple bottom line‟ accounting process to encompass environmental and social valuations in addition to the economic valuation. The project was led by David Marshall of the Bulmer Foundation. The project began in 2006 and most of the work was done by 2008, but further data collection and analysis went on into 2009 and 2010. Orchard values were investigated by looking in detail at six orchards selected as case studies to represent the different types and characteristics of orchards found in Herefordshire. The orchards selected could be assigned to two main types, namely traditional and intensive orchards. Traditional orchards have low-intensity management, without use of inorganic fertilisers or pesticides, in contrast to intensive orchards, where inorganic fertilisers and pesticides are used. Within these types, the case study sites had varying attributes: Economic, biodiversity, resource protection and social values of orchards i Henhope Orchard: Traditional, certified organic, cider apples, machine-harvested, livestock enterprise (sheep), very low visibility in the landscape, no public access. Tidnor Wood Orchards: Traditional but previously intensive, certified organic, cider apples, machine-harvested, livestock enterprise (sheep), Community Interest Company, cider apple heritage collection, above medium visibility in the landscape, public access by arrangement. Lady Close Orchard: Traditional, recently restored from old remnant orchard, dessert and culinary apples, not harvested, livestock enterprise (sheep), in nature reserve, above medium visibility in the landscape, public ownership
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