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Travelling the Road from Halifax to Windsor: Origins & Evolution of a Landscape, From Travelling the Road from Halifax to Windsor: Origins & Evolution of a Landscape, from Prehistory to the mid-19th Century. By Colin John Hicks A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Atlantic Canada Studies May 2017, Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright Colin John Hicks, 2017 Approved: Dr. Jonathan Fowler Supervisor Approved: Dr. John Reid Second Reader Approved: Dr. Ronald McDonald External Examiner Date: May 4 2017 i Travelling the Road from Halifax to Windsor: Origins & Evolution of a Landscape, from Prehistory to the mid-19th Century. By Colin John Hicks Abstract This thesis charts the beginning of the road as a drove road, its iteration as military infrastructure, the development of a service industry following its settlement and the expansion of coaching in the province, and finally the results of the decision to link Halifax and Windsor with a railway. Throughout these different periods this thesis describes what it was like to travel upon the road, how the cultural landscape of the road changed, and the changing of the road’s state between liminal and substantiated. This thesis utilizes methods from the disciplines of archaeology, geography and history to critically analyze primary and secondary historical sources, to describe the evolution of the road from Halifax to Windsor. This thesis gains insights into cultural, economic and political changes affecting the province of Nova Scotia broadly, and finds material manifestations of the decisions made by several important historical figures. May 4 2017 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly I would like to thank my family for their support during the researching and writing of my thesis. My mother, grandmother and sister all encouraged me to do my best work and keep on track. I would particularly like to thank my wife Kristina for her endless love & support, and for putting up with me while I was ranting about “my road” or holed up in the bedroom furiously writing and ignoring the outside world, including our two cats (sorry Blue and Freya). I would also like to thank my friends and co-workers for putting up with me as well over the past few years, whether listening to me moan about my thesis or for a shoulder to cry on. In terms of academic assistance I am indebted to all those who taught me throughout the years and imparted their wisdom. Their names are too many to list here but I am grateful for the extra time they spent with me. I would particularly like to thank Dr. John Reid and Dr. Ronald McDonald for their work in editing my thesis and also for giving me excellent criticism. Finally I would like to whole heartedly thank my supervisor Dr. Jonathan Fowler. Without him this thesis would probably be 40 pages of muddled mess that made no sense to anyone but me. He not only helped hone my research and writing but also took the time to listen and give thoughtful critique. I will always be grateful for the time he spent with me not only in my graduate years but also my undergraduate and I can honestly say that many of my personal triumphs when it comes to academia and my career are directly iii associated with Dr. Fowler and his sage advice and guidance. Thanks Jonathan, I really do appreciate it. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures …………………………..………………………………………….………………….. v-vi Introduction – The Importance of Roads ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1-11 Chapter 1 – Prehistory and the Pisiquid Road ……………….…………………………………………………………..…………... 12-36 Chapter 2 – The Founding of Halifax and the Militarization of the Road …………………….…………………………………………………….…………… 37-57 Chapter 3 – The British Settlement of the Road and the Creation of a Service Industry ………………….………………………………………………………………….… 58-83 Chapter 4 – The Rise of Locomotion and the Demise of the Service Industry ……………...………………………………………………………………………. 84-109 Concluding Thoughts …………….………………………………………………………………………. 110-116 Bibliography …………….………………………………………………………………….....… 117-130 APPENDIX – FIGURES …….………………………………………………………………………………..131-146 v TABLE OF FIGURES 1. “Coach roads from Halifax to Wentworth Hall” NSARM 209-1783 or 1883. 2. “A Chart of the PENINSULA of NOVA SCOTIA done by the Order of His Excellency Chas. Lawerence Esq, Lt. Governor Com n chief of His majestys forces in N.S. From many actual […]” NSARM 200-1755. 3. “A Map of the Surveyed Parts of Nova Scotia” NSARM 200-1756. 4. John Elliott Woolford. Frontispiece, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 5. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 3, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 6. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 4, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 7. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 5, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 8. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 6, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 9. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 7, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 10. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 8, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 11. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 9, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 12. John Elliott Woolford. Sheet 10, from “Surveys of the roads from Halifax to Windsor and from Halifax to Truro,” 1817/18. NSARM F/209-1817 13. Nova Scotia Archives and Record Management (NSARM), “County of Halifax” Nova Scotia Archives Map Collection: A. F. Church Maps. 14. Nova Scotia Archives and Record Management (NSARM), “County of Hants” Nova Scotia Archives Map Collection: A. F. Church Maps. 15. Mackinlay’s map of the Province of Nova Scotia, 1868 vi 16. Belcher’s map of the Province of Nova Scotia, 1855 1 INTRODUCTION - THE IMPORTANCE OF ROADS Nova Scotia is one of four Atlantic Provinces in Canada; it was one of the earliest territories in North America to be reached by Europeans and has seen many different peoples live upon its shores. Within Nova Scotia there is a road that connects two important communities, one the agricultural heartland of the province, the other the center of administration, the capital. This road is the highway between Windsor and Halifax, and its history extends hundreds of years into the past. Today commuters may travel between Windsor and Halifax by automobile for work or pleasure. In the past this road has seen a host of travellers, such as the Mi’kmaq, Acadians, British, and notable public figures, Joseph Howe, Lady Sherbrooke and Lord Dalhousie. The road spans much of the province’s history and the physical landscape of the road has evolved from a simple cattle track into a 100-series highway. This thesis charts the evolution of this road as an ever-evolving place throughout much of its history. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a road as a “path of way”.1 The origin of the word road in reference to a path of way begins with the development of road as meaning “action of riding”. In the etymology of the word road, roads and horseback riding are intrinsically linked in the English language; the word only begins to reference a path of way when riding on paths becomes common. Roads are more than just places to ride horses, however. Hilaire Belloc in 1911 describes roads as primal and 1 "road, n.". OED Online. June 2016. Oxford University Press. http://www.oed.com.library.smu.ca:2048/view/Entry/166506?rskey=hS3Zbd&result=1 (accessed June 29, 2016). 2 interconnected to our humanity, similar to our need for fire, or refuge, Belloc describes roads as a human need that we take for granted. Roads are, to Belloc: […] the most imperative and the first of our necessities. It is older than building and than wells; before we were quite men we know it, for the animals still have it to-day; they seek their food and their drinking-places, and, as I believe, their assemblies, by known tracks which they have made.2 Roads are important because they represent a way between two places we want to be. In this way they encompass the aspect of liminal space. Liminality as a concept was first explored by Arnold van Gennep. He coined the term in 1906 after publishing Rites de Passage.3 Van Gennep explored the rituals surrounding rites of passage, describing each ritual as having a three-fold sequential structure. These three stages were described as preliminal rites, liminal rites, and postliminal rites.4 The middle stage is characterized by passing through a threshold that marks a boundary between two phases. The term ‘liminality’ was created by van Gennep to define this journey. Liminality can also concern spatial dimensions, such as borders, frontiers, airports, and even crossroads.5 Roads are by their nature a liminal space because they exist between a beginning and end. If travelling is a ritual they are the middle stage, stuck in the ambiguity and disorientation of being between two places, where you were and where you want to be. 2 Hilaire Belloc, The Old Road. (London: Constable and Company Limited, 1911), 4-5. 3 Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage. (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1960). 4 Ibid, 21. 5 B. Thomassen, The Uses and Meanings of Liminality. (International Political Anthropology, 2009), 2(1): 16.
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