Caribbean-Canadians Celebrate Carnival

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Caribbean-Canadians Celebrate Carnival University of Alberta CARIBBEAN-CANADIANSCELEBRATE CARNIVAL: COSTUMES AND INTER-GENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS Jean Thomasine Walrond-Patterson 0 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Textiles and Clothing Department of Human Ecology Edmonton, Alberta Fall, 1999 National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services sew ices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Slreet 395, me Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your h& Votre relerenm Our fib Nma retdrence The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une 5cence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant B la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, preter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fonne de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format electronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts £iom it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to the brothers and sisters tiom the Caribbean who introduced mas' to Edmonton. It is especially dedicated to those who have worked tirelessly to keep Caribbean culture alive in Edmonton. Without their efforts, this body of work would not have been possible. Thank you. Abstract In 1985, the Western Carnival Development Association (WCDA) introduced Cariwest Caribbean Arts Festival, to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. One highlight of this festival is a Carnival parade of bands in colourhl costumes. As a child in Trinidad and Tobago I experienced Carnival when 1 attended the parades with my family. When I came to Montreal, Canada in 1968 1 was only able to recapture those earlier experiences when 1 made infrequent visits to Trinidad. In 1992 1 had my first Canadian Caribbean Carnival experience when I played mas' in Edmonton. Using self reflection, participant observation, interviews, video and still photography, I documented the Carnival experiences of people in Edmonton and in Trinidad and Tobago. NLID*IST 4' (bchards, 1997), was used as an analysis tool to help identitj. the key words, phrases, categories and concepts describing what it means to celebrate Carnival. Participants felt that the festival provided rich cultural affirmations, and opportunities for positive self-awareness with costumes aiding in cultural transmittance and transference. Some teenagers were ambivalent about the event. Further research is needed to understand their reluctance to be seen as different. hlainstream institutions such as museums and schools need to explore opportunities to incorporate the multicultural immigrant experience in their programs. Acknowledgements 1 offer prayers to God. the Almighty for his guidance. To my parents Horace Eton Walrond and Cosille Walrond (both deceased) I give thanks because they inspired me to cherish knowledge. I express heartfelt thanks to Michael A. Patterson, my husband, for your unquestioning support as well as your photographic and technical skills. To my two girls, Abiona and Michelle 1 say thanks for your encouragement. We attended the University of Nbena together, shared my car and some classes and learnt a lot about each other and from each other through those years. I thank Anne Lambert for her help and encouragement. Thanks Anne and family for the many pictures you took of the festival. 1 wish to thank all those at the University of Alberta and the Department of Human Ecology who contributed to my rewarding experience. Thanks also to the Graduate Scholarship Committee for the many awards and scholarships I received. These were the Engberg Graduate Scholarship in International Home Economics, Graduate Studies and Research Scholarships and the Walter H. Johns Memorial Scholarship. Thanks also go to Museums Alberta and the University of Alberta for the travel grants which partially hnded my research in Trinidad and Tobago. My committee members get thanks for their thoughtful perspectives on my research. These will be taken into account when I do future research. I thank my siblings Esrnond Bunny, Shirley, Horace Billy and Keith Michael for their prayers. encouragement and at times brotherly and sisterly advice on my research topic. To my storytelling cousin, Vayne, the keeper of the family history, thanks for refreshing my memory. Donna, thanks for uncovering the "Gateway" information at the Book and Records Depository (B.A.R.D.), University of Alberta Libraries. Thanks also to my fellow students, Anne Bagan, Pam Bailey, Mari Bergen, Sheila Gillen, Tannis Grant, Valerie Gross, Irene Karsten, Etfy Katahan and Pesgy Mann, you all contributed to lasting and fin-filled memories. Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................... 1 Mas' Glorious Mas' .............................................. 1 Caribbean Immigrant Trends for Canada ............................. 13 Cariwest Festival in Edmonton ..................................... 17 The Research Process ........................................... --?- 1. Thevoyage ..................................................... 26 Mystory ............................................. 26 AtHome ............................................... 26 Leaving Trinidad: Coming to Canada ....................... , .. 17 TheReaIization ................................................37 MyQuest ................................................. 60 2 . "Liming and 01' Talking" ......................................... 66 MyRole ...................................................... 66 Community Research ............................................ 67 Community Reaction to My Research In Edmonton .............. 67 Doing Research in the Mecca of Carnival: Trinidad & Tobago ............. 69 At the Port of Spain Public Library ............................ 69 Carnival Is Youth InvoIvement ...............................71 Carnival Is Female Involvement .............................. 72 "Strictly No Audio or Video Recording Allowed" ................ 77 "The Change Was Noticed in the Early 80s" ..................... 79 Meeting the Bureaucrats .................................... 80 BackinEdmonton .............................................. 83 The Group 1 Planned to Interview ............................. 83 My Change of Plans ....................................... 83 The Groups and Individuals I Did Interview ..................... 84 3. Where You Come From! ........................................... 85 The Caribbean Immigrants ........................................ 85 Trinidad and Tobago: Our story ................................... 91 The Spanish and Amerindians ............................... 9L The French: Bon Vivant ....................................95 The Africans: Canboulay and Carnival ......................... 97 Chrifneyand Carnival ..................................... 101 Chhzese Lncirdiy and Colloloo in Trinidad Carnival ............ 103 Theories Associated with Trinidad and Tobago Style Carnival ............ 104 The Origin of Carnival .................................... 104 4 . Participants' Pre-Canadian Carnival Experience ....................... 114 Their Pre-Canadian Experience ................................... 114 Males' Experience .................................... I14 "I Did a Lot of Knocking About" ...................... 114 "That Was Our Robber: I Used To Love Them" ........... 116 "I Keep Playing the Pans" ........................... 117 "It Was a Matter of Sunrival" ......................... 120 Females' Experience .................................. 112 "We Knew All the Boys from Despers" ............. 122 "My Brothers Could Jump Up and Be Liberated" .......... 123 "I Never Played Mas' in Trinidad" ................... 123 "I Had the Opponunity to Play Mas' since I Was a Child .... 121 Religion ..................................................... 124 TheirReaIization .............................................. 125 The University Environment in Edmonton ........................ 128 "They lust Wanted to Share Their Cuiture" .................... 128 5. The visits to the Mas' Camps ....................................... 13 I Ethnography and Discussion ..................................... 131 6. Sharing Experiences with Carnival Costumes ......................... 136 Younger Children Enjoy Playing Mas' .............................. 138 Participating Strengthens Family Relationships ........................ 139 Adults' Reaction to Festival ..................................... 154 Bridges ..................................................... 158 "It is Community Oriented and I Do Enjoy That!" ............... 158 ItIsfun! ........................*...................... 160 Aesthetic Experience and Transference of Culture ..................... 163 A Question of Identity .......................................... 168 7 . Discussion ...................................................... 183 8. Conclusion .............. Glossary ....................................................... 202 Notes .........................................................
Recommended publications
  • Guyanese Online Newsletter – March 2011
    March 2011 The Newsletter and Blog for Guyanese Individuals, Associations and Groups Worldwide Blog: guyaneseonline.wordpress.com MASHRAMANI—2011 Guyanese Online - First Anniversary MASHRAMANI 2011 Established in March 2010 No rain: excellent parade: thousands attend Guyanese Online thanks its readers for a successful first year Here are some of the achievements of the Blog Website and Monthly Newsletter for this first year:- Publication of twelve monthly newsletters—(view) Distribution to an estimated 30,000+ persons monthly. Website Blog entries of articles and videos = 320 Blog website visitors for the year = 114,080 Highest month - visitors = 25,810 (February 2011) Highest daily readership = 1,569 (February 23, 2011) TOP 20- Guyanese Online Blog– February 2011 (February 24, 2011—Kaieteur News) The Guyanese Online Blog received a record 25,810 hits in Feb- ruary. The Top-20 entries for February 2010 are listed here:- They came out of the hinterland and churches and from beverage companies to phone companies, and even the Guyanese Online Newsletter - February 2011 hearing impaired didn‘t have to hear to party during the celebration of the country‘s 41st Republic anniversary. Bring Back Anansi-Diana Chapman-video Come Visit Guyana - video It was a colourful party in true Guyanese style. SINGING FRANCINE ~ Go Brave! The country‘s carnival-like revelry on the streets of the MASH 2011 Photos and Reports capital saw hundreds taking part in the annual Mashra- Guyanese on People's Court mani costume and float parade, and they didn‘t mind the Living in Guyana – slide show thousands who came out to ―watch‖ them.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio University the Glamorization of Alcohol in Contemporary Guyanese
    Ohio University The glamorization of alcohol in contemporary Guyanese Chutney music Nadine Sanchara April, 2016 The glamorization of alcohol in contemporary Guyanese Chutney music Introduction/Background Music is an integral part of Guyanese culture. Being a multi-ethnic, multi-religious society, musical encounters, musical interaction and musical exchange are of special importance, especially in exploring the transfer and adoption of musical attributes across and among cultural communities (Cambridge 6). This paper aims at highlighting the extent to which alcohol use is glamorized in Guyanese Chutney music. Since music can influence action (Engels et al. 530) it is important to understand the lyrics of these songs in order to begin to tackle a larger problem. Chutney music is often referred to as an “Indo-Caribbean” genre of music, present in the Caribbean, mainly in Trinidad, Guyana and Suriname. It is largely influenced by Indian music, particularly Bhojpuri folk music (Bhojpuri is a language spoken in some Indian regions such as Utar Pradesh and Bihar, from where many Indian immigrants were brought to Guyana during indentureship). Chutney music does, however, have influences from African, Western and other cultures. It is a fast paced genre of music which makes use of instruments such as the harmonium, dhantaal, dholak and tabla, among others (Ramnarine 12). As much a part of Guyanese culture as Chutney music is the culture of “rum drinking.” As of 2010, the average Guyanese over 15 years old consumed more than eight liters of pure alcohol each year, compared to a global average of 6.2 liters (WHO 155). A study conducted by the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of American States (OAS) in 2008 revealed that alcohol is the number one drug abused in Guyana (1).
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/05/2021 07:53:15AM Via Free Access University of Chicago Press, 1998
    Book Reviews -James Sidbury, Peter Linebaugh ,The many-headed Hydra: Sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000. 433 pp., Marcus Rediker (eds) -Ray A. Kea, Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xxi + 234 pp. -Johannes Postma, P.C. Emmer, De Nederlandse slavenhandel 1500-1850. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 2000. 259 pp. -Karen Racine, Mimi Sheller, Democracy after slavery: Black publics and peasant radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xv + 224 pp. -Clarence V.H. Maxwell, Michael Craton ,Islanders in the stream: A history of the Bahamian people. Volume two: From the ending of slavery to the twenty-first century. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. xv + 562 pp., Gail Saunders (eds) -César J. Ayala, Guillermo A. Baralt, Buena Vista: Life and work on a Puerto Rican hacienda, 1833-1904. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xix + 183 pp. -Elizabeth Deloughrey, Thomas W. Krise, Caribbeana: An anthology of English literature of the West Indies 1657-1777. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xii + 358 pp. -Vera M. Kutzinski, John Gilmore, The poetics of empire: A study of James Grainger's The Sugar Cane (1764). London: Athlone Press, 2000. x + 342 pp. -Sue N. Greene, Adele S. Newson ,Winds of change: The transforming voices of Caribbean women writers and scholars. New York: Peter Lang, 1998. viii + 237 pp., Linda Strong-Leek (eds) -Sue N. Greene, Mary Condé ,Caribbean women writers: Fiction in English. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
    [Show full text]
  • CALENDAR of EVENTS 2015 Pull out and Pin up the Paper Version, Or Use the Version APRIL with Live Links at 2 – 6 Bequia Easter Regatta
    C A R I B B E A N C MPASS CALENDAR OF EVENTS 2015 Pull out and pin up the paper version, or use the version APRIL with live links at www.caribbeancompass.com! 2 – 6 Bequia Easter Regatta. www.begos.com/easterregatta 3 Public holiday in many places (Good Friday) Where yacht club initials are given, for contact information see 4 FULL MOON CARIBBEAN YACHT AND SAILING CLUBS at the end of this calendar. 6 Public holiday in many places (Easter Monday) 13 –18 Les Voiles de Saint-Barth. www.lesvoilesdesaintbarth.com JANUARY 13 –18 Oyster Regatta BVI. www.oysteryachts.com/events/ 1 Public holiday or “recovery day” in many places (New Year’s Day); Junkanoo parades in 13 – 19 Rincón International Film Festival, Puerto Rico. www.rinconfilm.com The Bahamas; SSCA New Year’s Day Gam in Trinidad, www.ssca.org 15 – 21 Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta. www.antiguaclassics.com 1 – 4 St. Kitts & Nevis Carnival. www.stkittsneviscarnival.com 19 Massy Stores Dinghy Regatta, Barbados. BYC 1 – 4 Crucian Christmas Festival, St. Croix. www.stcroixtourism.com/christmas_festival.htm 19 Public holiday in Venezuela (Signing of the Act of Venezuelan Independence) 2 Public holiday in Cuba (Victory of Armed Forces Day) and Haiti (Founding Fathers’ Day) 19 – 21 Marina ZarPar Regatta, Boca Chica, Dominican Republic. http://marinazarpar.com 3 – 5 Public holiday in Guyana (The Prophet’s Birthday) 22 International Earth Day 4 FULL MOON 24 Guadeloupe to Antigua Race. www.sailingweek.com 6 Public holiday in some places (Three Kings Day/Epiphany) 25 Yachting World magazine Round Antigua Race.
    [Show full text]
  • CANADA's SIBERIAN POLICY I918
    CANADA'S SIBERIAN POLICY i918 - 1919 ROBERT NEIL MURBY B.A,, University of British Columbia, 1968 A1 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the DEPARTMENT OF SLAVONIC STUDIES We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April, 1969 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and Study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thes,is for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Robert N. Murby Department of Slavonic Studies The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Da 1e April 17th. 1969 - ii - ABSTRACT The aim of this essay was to add to the extremely limited fund of knowledge regarding Canada's relations with Siberia during the critical period of the Intervention, The result hopefully is a contribution both to Russian/Soviet and Canadian history. The scope of the subject includes both Canada's military participation in the inter-allied intervention and simultaneously the attempt on the part of Canada to economically penetrate Siberia, The principal research was carried out at the Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa during September and October, 1968. The vast majority of the documents utilized in this essay have never previously been published either in whole or in part.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dougla Poetics of Indianness: Negotiating Race and Gender in Trinidad
    The dougla poetics of Indianness: Negotiating Race and Gender in Trinidad Keerti Kavyta Raghunandan Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy Centre of Ethnicity and Racism Studies June 2014 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © The University of Leeds, 2014, Keerti Kavyta Raghunandan Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Shirley Anne Tate. Her refreshing serenity and indefatigable spirit often helped combat my nerves. I attribute my on-going interest in learning about new approaches to race, sexuality and gender solely to her. All the ideas in this research came to fruition in my supervision meetings during my master’s degree. Not only has she expanded my intellectual horizons in a multitude of ways, her brilliance and graciousness is simply unsurpassed. There are no words to express my thanks to Dr Robert Vanderbeck for his guidance. He not only steered along the project to completion but his meticulous editing made this more readable and deserves a very special recognition for his patience, understanding, intelligence and sensitive way of commenting on my work. I would like to honour and thank all of my family. My father who was my refuge against many personal storms and who despite facing so many of his own battles, never gave up on mine.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade
    U.S.-Canada Cross- Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits March 2021 Submitted to: American Petroleum Institute 200 Massachusetts Ave NW Suite 1100, Washington, DC 20001 Submitted by: Kevin DeCorla-Souza ICF Resources L.L.C. 9300 Lee Hwy Fairfax, VA 22031 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits This report was commissioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API) 2 U.S.-Canada Cross-Border Petroleum Trade: An Assessment of Energy Security and Economic Benefits Table of Contents I. Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 4 II. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 III. Overview of U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade ................................................................. 7 U.S.-Canada Petroleum Trade Volumes Have Surged ........................................................... 7 Petroleum Is a Major Component of Total U.S.-Canada Bilateral Trade ................................. 8 IV. North American Oil Production and Refining Markets Integration ...........................10 U.S.-Canada Oil Trade Reduces North American Dependence on Overseas Crude Oil Imports ..................................................................................................................................10 Cross-Border Pipelines Facilitate U.S.-Canada Oil Market Integration...................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Extremes in the Canadian Prairies in the Last Decade Due to the ENSO Teleconnection—A Comparative Case Study Using WRF
    water Article Hydrological Extremes in the Canadian Prairies in the Last Decade due to the ENSO Teleconnection—A Comparative Case Study Using WRF Soumik Basu * , David J. Sauchyn and Muhammad Rehan Anis Prairie Adaptation Research Collaborative, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada; [email protected] (D.J.S.); [email protected] (M.R.A.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 8 September 2020; Accepted: 21 October 2020; Published: 23 October 2020 Abstract: In the Prairie provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, agricultural production depends on winter and spring precipitation. There is large interannual variability related to the teleconnection between the regional hydroclimate and El Niño and La Niña in the Tropical Pacific. A modeling experiment was conducted to simulate climatic and hydrological parameters in the Canadian Prairie region during strong El Niño and La Niña events of the last decade in 2015–2016 and 2010–2011, respectively. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was employed to perform two sets of sensitivity experiments with a nested domain at 10 km resolution using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA) interim data as the lateral boundary forcing. Analysis of the hourly model output provides a detailed simulation of the drier winter, with less soil moisture in the following spring, during the 2015–2016 El Niño and a wet winter during the La Niña of 2010–2011. The high-resolution WRF simulation of these recent weather events agrees well with observations from weather stations and water gauges. Therefore, we were able to take advantage of the WRF model to simulate recent weather with high spatial and temporal resolution and thus study the changes in hydrometeorological parameters across the Prairie during the two extreme hydrological events of the last decade.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Caribbean Events 2020
    K Y M C C A R I B B E A N C MPASS CALENDAR OF CARIBBEAN EVENTS 2020 Pull out and pin up the paper version, and use the version with live links APRIL at www.caribbeancompass.com 1 – 7 Antigua Classic Yacht Regatta. www.antiguaclassics.com 3 Girl Pat Race (Trinidad to Grenada). TTSA, www.ttsailing.org Where yacht club initials are given, for contact information see 4 – 5 St. Maarten Multiclass Regatta. SMYC, www.smyc.com CARIBBEAN YACHT & SAILING CLUBS at the end of this calendar. 7 FULL MOON JANUARY 10 – 13 Bequia Easter Regatta, BSC, www.bequiaregatta.com 1 Public holiday or ‘recovery day’ in many places (New Year’s Day); 12 – 18 Les Voiles de St. Barths. SBYC, www.stbarthyachtclub.com Junkanoo parades in the Bahamas 15 Public holiday in Puerto Rico (Birthday of José de Diego) 1 Annual Festival Parade in Montserrat. visitmontserrat.com/festivals 16 - 19 Carnival in Jamaica 1 SSCA Gam, Chaguaramas, Trinidad. [email protected] DAVID GOLDHILL 1 – 4 St. Kitts ‘Sugar Mas’. Stkittstourism.kn/about/events 3 – 4 St. Croix ‘Crucian Carnival’. www.stcroixtourism.com/christmas_festival.htm 6 Public holiday in some places (Three Kings Day/Epiphany) 8 – 14 Broadway to Bequia Theater Festival, Bequia. BroadwaytoBequia.com 10 FULL MOON 10 Public holiday in the Bahamas (Majority Rule Day) 11 World ARC 2020-21 departs Rodney Bay, St. Lucia. WCC, www.worldcruising.com 11 Nanny Cay Round Tortola Race. RBVIYC, royalbviyc.org 12 – 20 St. Barts Music Festival. www.stbartsmusicfestival.org/festival 13 – 18 Panama Jazz Festival. panamajazzfestival.com 14 – 19 Barbados Film Festival.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Report to the City of Toronto Table of Contents
    2006 Report to the City of Toronto Table of Contents Notice................................................................................................................................1 Executive Summary ..........................................................................................................2 The Festival.......................................................................................................................3 History of Caribana .......................................................................................................4 Festival Management Committee .....................................................................................6 Highlights and Accomplishments ..................................................................................8 Stakeholders Views.......................................................................................................9 Chair..........................................................................................................................9 Co Chair ..................................................................................................................10 Toronto Mas Bands Association..............................................................................10 Caribana Cultural Committee..................................................................................10 Organization Steel Pan Association........................................................................10 Organization of Calypso Performing Artists ............................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Defining Calypso
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/45260 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Charles, Clarence Title: Calypso music : identity and social influence : the Trinidadian experience Issue Date: 2016-11-22 71 Chapter 2 Defining Calypso In the absence of conclusive evidence that points to a singular ethnic source of origin, analysis is launched from the premise that calypso music is a product of the ethno-cultural mosaics found within the boundaries in which it emerged, was developed, and exists as various strains with features that are characteristic, sometimes unique to its host mosaic. Etymology and Anthropology So far efforts by researchers to establish the origin of calypso music as a definite song type have been inconclusive. The etymology of the term ‘calypso’ in reference to that song type has proven to be as equally mysterious and speculation remains divided among contributors. This chapter of the study will touch upon literature that speculates about these issues relative to the emergence and development of the song type on the island of Trinidad. At one end of the discussion about origin Lamson (1957, p. 60) has reported the use of French melodic material in calypso, and Raphael De Leon aka The Roaring Lion (1987) has argued in Calypsos from France to Trinidad: 800 Years of History, that the genre was given the pseudonym ‘calypso’ some time in 1900, and derives from French ‘ballade’ created in 1295. He has also publicly asserted that, there is no evidence to support the claim that it is either a variant of African folk songs or that it was invented by African slaves in Trinidad.
    [Show full text]
  • Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin
    Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin To cite this version: Denis-Constant Martin. Sounding the Cape, Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa. African Minds, Somerset West, pp.472, 2013, 9781920489823. halshs-00875502 HAL Id: halshs-00875502 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00875502 Submitted on 25 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Sounding the Cape Music, Identity and Politics in South Africa Denis-Constant Martin AFRICAN MINDS Published by African Minds 4 Eccleston Place, Somerset West, 7130, South Africa [email protected] www.africanminds.co.za 2013 African Minds ISBN: 978-1-920489-82-3 The text publication is available as a PDF on www.africanminds.co.za and other websites under a Creative Commons licence that allows copying and distributing the publication, as long as it is attributed to African Minds and used for noncommercial, educational or public policy purposes. The illustrations are subject to copyright as indicated below. Photograph page iv © Denis-Constant
    [Show full text]