DOCSLIB.ORG

Suspects & Offenders with Learning Disabilities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Suspects & Offenders with Learning Disabilities People with learning disabilities in the CJS Glynis Murphy Tizard Centre, Kent University [email protected] Outline Prevalence of ‘offending’ in pwld Vulnerabilities in the CJS with regard to understanding rights, being interviewed, making decisions, going to court Recent policy – Bradley et seq Assessment, treatment and support Conclusions Eugenics era (1900 on) Massive anxiety here and in USA that ‘unfit’ people were in some way ‘polluting the stock’ In UK led to institutions; in USA to involuntary sterilisation laws Publicity around e.g. Kallikak family (Goddard, 1912) Terman (1916): ‘No investigator denies the fearful role played by mental deficiency in …crime, vice & delinquency… not all criminals are feeble-minded but all feeble-minded are at least potential criminals’ Early studies Woodward 1955: Reviewed over 300 studies of crime and learning disabilities (1910 - 1950 in USA Before 1920: On average 51% of convicted criminals reported to have learning disabilities; by 1928: this was 20%; by 1950 this was 4% - why? Walker & McCabe: 90% sample of all hospital orders made by courts under MHA 1959 in 1 year (‘63-’64) in England Of 969 men: one third were detained under ‘subnormality’ & those with LD (1/3) had committed 2/3s of the sex offences and one half of the arson offences – so we can conclude??? Cohort studies of prevalence Farrington & West studies: 411 boys born in 1953. ‘Working class’, S. London. Followed up for 32 years. Over a third convicted by 32 yrs. Convictions related to cognitive ability, school achievement, large families, poor parenting, etc Hodgins 1992 & 1996: Follow-up of 2 cohorts (15,117 born 1953 in Sweden & >324,000 in Denmark) showed risk ratios for convictions : 3 to 7 times higher for men & 4 to 6 times higher for women with LD. Both defined ID by service use – special schools in Sweden & hospital admissions in Denmark. So we conclude???? Community-based studies McBrien et al. (2003) looked at community- based population in city (200k population ) Total on LD register n=1326 (all the people known to services with LD) Found that: 3% had had a CJS conviction 9% had had a CJS contact as suspect 26% had CB of offending type How does this compare to the general population? Police station stage & court stage Cambridge study (Lyall et al ’95) 251 people screened at custody stage; 4% had attended special schools About half went to Court London study (Gudjonsson et al., 93) 156 people screened at custody stage;15% needed an Appropriate Adult (4% got one); 9% had intellectual disabilities (short IQ test used) Court studies Few studies in UK, apart from one in Berkshire (found no over-representation) In Australia, Hayes found 14% -21% acc to area Prison & probation in UK Prison: Murphy et al (1995): - Screened 157 men S London prison - 33 men said they had LD or had been to special school - On testing no one had LD (but lots in borderline range) Similar results from Birmingham et al 96 (screened 569 men one prison) & Brooke et al, 96 (screened 750 men on remand in 13 prisons/YOIs) Recently Mottram: 7% with LD in NW prisons in UK (HASI) & Murphy et al (in press) found 7% of the 3000 men admitted to 3 English prisons screened positive for LD on the LDSQ Probation: Murphy & Mason: about 6% of people on probation in Kent had LD ( 2 studies) Conclusions so far People with LD do appear in the CJS They may be over-represented, at least in some countries, at some stages in CJS In UK: - in community: about 3% of pwld have conviction; 9% have had contact with CJS as suspects - of those questioned by police as suspects 4-9% have an LD - very low numbers in prisons we think (but need care how measured) - very low numbers in hospitals, detained under MHA - about 6% of those on probation have an LD Who are the suspects? Usually people with mild or moderate LD (actus reus; mens rea) Usually young men (around 15-20% women) Often have mental health needs Often have autism spectrum disorders Often from very deprived and chaotic family backgrounds May not be in touch with services for pwLD Tend to be ‘bounced’ from LD to MH to forensic services & back Poor services: often restrictive (do we need govmt push to develop these?) Overlap of LD, mental health needs, CB and offending People with mental health needs People with learning disabilities Offending CB Vulnerability of suspects with LD in the CJS Inadequate understanding of caution and legal rights Susceptibility to acquiescence, compliance, interrogative suggestibility and confabulation Lack of knowledge relevant to decision- making in police interviews - we will look at each of these in more detail Understanding of rights at police station (Clare & Gudjonsson) ON ARREST: Caution Advised of right to legal advice, person informed, consult Codes of Practice Given Notice to Detained Persons UNDERSTANDING THE “NOTICE”: General population – understood 68% of sentences Learning disabled – understood 11% of sentences Understanding of rights at police station (cont’d) UNDERSTANDING THE (OLD) CAUTION: 80% of general population understood 8% of people with learning disabilities understood UNDERSTANDING RIGHT TO SOLICITOR: 53% of general population understood 17% of people with learning disabilities understood Current caution (introduced 1995 under CJPOA, 1994) ‘You do not have to say anything. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say will be given in evidence’ Clare & Gudjonsson found that even some policemen don’t understand this! Problems on interview (Clare & Gudjonsson1995) People with intellectual disabilities on questioning (compared to people without disabilities) are: nearly 4 times as likely to acquiesce (answer questions in the affirmative regardless of content) nearly twice as likely to be suggestible (be led by questions and shift answers when pressed) twice as likely to confabulate (fabricate or distort material to fill in gaps in memory Decision-making in police station (Clare & Gudjonsson, 95) Film of false confession to murder showed: General population believed - Man would go to prison (95%) - would not be believed if retracted confession - needed legal advice (90%) Learning disabled group - man would go home (38% - may be believed if he retracted confession (25%) - would not need legal advice (48%) PACE - Police Code C – what is in the revised Codes of Practice (2014) ‘If an officer has any suspicion, or is told in good faith, that a person of any age may be mentally disordered or otherwise mentally vulnerable, or mentally incapable of understanding the significance of questions or their replies that person shall be treated as mentally disordered or otherwise mentally vulnerable for the purposes of this Code’. Latest Code of Practice also says: ‘An ‘easy read’ illustrated version (of Notice) should also be provided if available’. Tasks of ‘Appropriate Adult’ in an interview • To advise the person being interviewed • To observe that the interview is being conducted properly and fairly • To facilitate communication with the person being interviewed Codes of Practice C (1995) – and v similar in revised Code 2014 AA studies: Bean & Nemitz (1994) Looked at 20,000 custody records across East Midlands area and interviews with custody officers. AA called or used for 38 adult suspects who were thought to be ‘mentally disordered’ (mental health problems or learning disabilities) - would expect 1400 (7% of suspects) Further 1% identified as ‘mentally disordered’ but did not get AA Long waiting times for AA: 1-18 hours (average 3 hours) AA studies Bean & Nemitz (contd): Police often seemed unclear about role of AA for adults – thought to be only ‘welfare’. Rights apparently rarely given again in presence of AA. Medford et al (2000): London study - showed still AA under-provided (less than 50%) Pearse & Gudjonsson (1996): most AAs don’t speak! Court: Risks to people with LD in court in CJS Not being represented by a lawyer (30% in Hayes, 1993) Not being identified as having an LD (eg 78% of ID suspects in Brown & Courtless, 1971; 53% in McAfee & Gural, 1988) Not understanding court language, eg. not even understanding the phrase ‘not guilty’ (22% in Smith, 1993 ) Not surviving cross examination (Kebbell et al., 2001) More risks to people with LD in CJS On probation - Not understanding contracts/warning letters (Mason, ‘00) - Not being able to enrol on treatment programmes In prison - Often not eligible for specialist / treatment programmes (Brown & Courtless, 1971; Hall, 1992; Linhorst et al, 2002; Talbot 2008) - Risk of abuse/bullying (Ellis & Luckasson, ’85; Talbot 2008) - Risk of execution in some countries – in US the Atkins decision means people with LD should not be executed but……..in Texas? Risks to people with LD in the CJS in hospital Usually under court order (MHA in UK; USA usually capacity to stand trial; in other countries ‘secure care’ eg Australia, NZ, Norway) Risk of being detained for very lengthy periods (McGarry, 1971, in USA; Grubin, 1991, in UK; Dell & Robertson) Risk of being subject to abusive practices Difficulty of proving they are no longer high risk Not receiving treatment relevant to their difficulties Being very long way from home & relatives The No One Knows programme (Talbot 2008) Big research programme based at Prison Reform Trust Looked at what prison staff knew about prisoners with learning disabilities & learning difficulties (v little) & what was happening in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thorne Moors :A Palaeoecological Study of A
    T...o"..e MO<J "S " "",Ae Oe COlOOIC'" S T<.OY OF A e"ONZE AGE slTE - .. "c euc~ , A"O a • n ,• THORNE MOORS :A PALAEOECOLOGICAL STUDY OF A BRONZE AGE SITE A contribution to the history of the British Insect fauna P.c. Buckland, Department of Geography, University of Birmingham. © Authors Copyright ISBN ~o. 0 7044 0359 5 List of Contents Page Introduction 3 Previous research 6 The archaeological evidence 10 The geological sequence 19 The samples 22 Table 1 : Insect remains from Thorne Moors 25 Environmental interpretation 41 Table 2 : Thorne Moors : Trackway site - pollen and spores from sediments beneath peat and from basal peat sample 42 Table 3 Tho~ne Moors Plants indicated by the insect record 51 Table 4 Thorne Moors pollen from upper four samples in Sphagnum peat (to current cutting surface) 64 Discussion : the flooding mechanism 65 The insect fauna : notes on particular species 73 Discussion : man, climate and the British insect fauna 134 Acknowledgements 156 Bibliography 157 List of Figures Frontispiece Pelta grossum from pupal chamber in small birch, Thorne Moors (1972). Age of specimen c. 2,500 B.P. 1. The Humberhead Levels, showing Thorne and Hatfield Moors and the principal rivers. 2 2. Thorne Moors the surface before peat extraction (1975). 5 3. Thorne Moors the same locality after peat cutting (1975). 5 4. Thorne Moors location of sites examined. 9 5. Thorne Moors plan of trackway (1972). 12 6. Thorne Moors trackway timbers exposed in new dyke section (1972) • 15 7. Thorne Moors the trackway and peat succession (1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Berichte/Reports 24
    Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz Berichte/Reports 24. Jahrgang, Sonderheft 1, 2012 Vol. 24, Special Issue 1, 2012 Taraxacum officinale International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies and Conservation (IYF) An account of the involvement of young people in conservation from 1950 to 2010 NNA Ber. 24. Jg. Sonderh.1 130 S. Schneverdingen 2012 ISSN: 0935 - 1450 International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies and Conservation – An account of the involvement of young people in conservation from 1950 to 2010 Zitiervorschlag: Withrington, David (Hrsg. 2012): International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies and Conservation – an account of the involvement of young people in conservation from 1950 to 2010 – NNA-Berichte 24. Jg., Sonderh. 1, Schneverdingen,130 S. Editor and Distributor: Alfred Toepfer Akademie für Naturschutz (NNA) Hof Möhr, D-29640 Schneverdingen, Telefon (05199) 989-0, Telefax (05199) 989-46 E-Mail: [email protected] Internet: www.nna.de Responsibility for the content of each contribution is that of the respective author. Chief Editor: David Withrington, Peterborough, UK Front cover: Taraxacum is the scientific name for a widespread family of plants, whose seed is the emblem of the International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies and Conservation. It symbolises the message of conservation being carried on the wind across the world. © IYF ISSN 0935-1450 Printed on recycled paper (100% waste paper) photo: David Withrington Planning meeting for the book in September 2009. Clockwise round the table: Jan Čeřovský, Fred van der Vegte, Hein van Bohemen, Henry Makowski, Pieter Ketner, Wim van Muiswinkel, Anne Bogaerts, Gerhard Walter, Lutz Katschner, Franco Pedrotti. Acknowledgements In September 2009, a meeting of people involved in the foundation in 1956 and subsequent development of the International Youth Federation for Environmental Studies and Conservation (IYF) took place at Reinsehlen, in the Lüneburger Heide, Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins and Development Directions of Diamond Abrasive Tools for Processing of Stone Materials
    Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej nr 24 (2018), 291–297 DOI: 10.17512/znb.2018.1.46 Origins and development directions of diamond abrasive tools for processing of stone materials Paweł Rajczyk1 ABSTRACT: The technical level of the stone processing tools corresponds to the level of advanced technology of process- ing stone pieces of a specific degree of hardness. The analysis of historical building objects, e.g. in Ancient Egypt, informs and allows to put forward a hypothesis about the tools used at that time and the advance- ment of machining technology from the period from 3000 BC, where the small natural grains of the dia- mond, called amadeus, were used as an abrasive. The historical periods describing the diamond, as a raw material for the production of machining tools, proved that the degree of development of human civilization and the possibility of technical development of many branches of economic life in the whole world is deter- mined by the determinant of machining tools. The study presents the genesis of the development of machin- ing tools with placing and verifying the hypothesis about the production of diamond segments during the construction of the pyramids in Giza, with the 19th and 20th century development of diamond tools. The hypothesis put forward results from the conducted research studies analyzing the behavior of diamond grain in a metallic–tin bond. KEYWORDS: diamond powder; stone materials; stone processing; tool development 1. Introduction The cutting of basalt and granite in Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by the assessment of traces left on the surface of granite on the walls of sarcophagi, drill holes in granite rocks in Giza, was relatively simple in those days, a relatively simple task, which is confirmed by the traces left after the incision in granite rock.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Characteristics of Population Aging
    Causes and Characteristics of Population Aging : Evidence from Korea among OECD Countries* Kyounghoon Park** May 2018 The contents of this paper represent the personal opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official view of the Bank of Korea. Any report/citation of this paper should specify the name of the author. * This version is built upon the published paper in the Bank of Korea Monthly Bulletin (June 2017), The Effect of Population Aging and the Policy Challenge: ChapterⅡ-1 (September 2017) in Korean, and in the Bank of Korea Quarterly Bulletin (September 2017) in English. ** Economist, Macroeconomic and Fiscal Research Team, Research Department, Bank of Korea (Tel: +82-2-759-4427, Email: [email protected]) The author would like to express gratitude to Deputy Director Jaerang Lee of the Bank of Korea Economic Research Institute (BOKERI) and Hwankoo Kang, head of the Financial and Monetary Economics Team at the Bank of Korea (BOK), both of whom were of great help in writing this paper. The author would also like to thank Professor Jinill Kim of Korea University, Director Jong Ku Kang at the BOK, Senior economist Kiho Kim of the Macroeconomics Team at the BOK, Economist Sungyub Chung of the Industry and Labor Research Team of the Research Department at the BOK (who provided useful comments), Research associate Junseok Park (who assisted in classifying the materials), participants of the BOKERI’s seminars and the bilateral meeting of the BOK and the Deutsche Bundesbank, and anonymous reviewers. The author claims full responsibility for any errors or mistakes that remain in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Loadings on Buildings
    Loadings on buildings Autor(en): Mitchell, G.R. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: IABSE reports of the working commissions = Rapports des commissions de travail AIPC = IVBH Berichte der Arbeitskommissionen Band (Jahr): 3 (1969) PDF erstellt am: 11.10.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-5009 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch
    [Show full text]
  • Common Scab and Its Control in Seed-Potato Crops
    R. E. Labruyère Institute of Phytopathological Research, Wageningen Common scab and its control in seed-potato crops /pudooI 1971 Centrefor AgriculturalPublishing and Documentation Wageningen ISBN 90 220 0369 8 The author graduated as Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural University, Wageningen, the Netherlands, on a thesis with the same title and contents. This publication will also be issued as Mededeling 575 van het Instituut voor Plantenziekten- kundig Onderzoek (Wageningen, the Netherlands). © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, 1971. No part of this book may be reproduced and/or published in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the publishers. Abstract LABRUYÈRE, R. E. (1971) Common scab and its control in seed-potato crops. Agric. Res. Repts (Versl. landbouwk. Onderz.) 767, pp. (viii) -f 72, tables 30, figs 22. Eng. summary. ISBN 90 220 0369 8 Also: Doctoral thesis, Wageningen and Meded. Tnst. plziektenk. Onderz. 575. In the Netherlands, common scab of potato is usually caused by Streptomyces scabies. Non­ pathogenic strains of S. scabies exist and a pathogenicity test is the only way of distinguishing between pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates. Three types of scab were distinguished on the variety Bintje and called: 'normal', 'superficial' and 'russet'. The anatomy of lesions and reaction to external conditions differed in normal and superficial from in russet scab. Different ways of control have been tested: by chemicals, antagonists, crop rotation and irrigation. Control by irrigation proved most effective, if the soil was kept near field capacity for four weeks after tuber formation. Irrigation altered the microbial population of the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • HOC History Complete
    HOC history: Part One – Foundation Let’s start at the very beginning. The problem is knowing exactly where to start. The events of April 1st 1968, which will be commemorated later this year, are not the start of this story. The small group of people who founded Harlequins Orienteering Club in a hall in Kinver on that day did not mystically appear from some sort of void; their story began earlier and is important to this account. Perhaps we need to go back a further two years to the creation of the Halesowen and District Club, following as it did in quick succession to the West Midlands’ first club, Octavian Droobers. Or do we perhaps return to 1964 or even 1962, to the respective foundations of the country’s first club (South Ribble) and the country’s first association (the Scottish). In fact, I want to start in the pages of the Observer newspaper over fifty years ago. The reason for this is that the story of Harlequins is not really about a sequence of dates and obscure facts. It is about people, a chain of key individuals who made things happen and who effectively passed the baton from one to another. One of the first people in our chain wrote these words in his Sunday column in 1957. “I have just taken part, for the first time, in one of the best sports in the world. It is hard to know what to call it. The Norwegians call it 'orientation'.....”. This was probably the first time that the sport had been given such public exposure in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • A Global Perspective on Pediatric Infections
    Johanna Rubin A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON Paediatrician PhD Karolinska/Södersjukhuset CHILDHOOD INFECTIONS Stockholm GLOBAL HEALTH- PUBLIC HEALTH ON A GLOBAL LEVEL? Inequalities in health; - between regions - between sexes - between agegroups CHILD MORTALITY “Despite progress over the past two decades, in 2018 alone, an estimated 6.2 million children and young adolescents under age 15 died, mostly from preventable causes. Newborns account for 2.5 million of these deaths, children aged 1−11 months for 1.5 million, children aged 1−4 years for 1.3 million, and just under 1 million deaths for children and young adolescents aged 5- 14 years.” (WHO website) Group I –other communicable, maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions THE PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE PEDIATRIC INFECTIONS Pediatric perspective in medicine Panorama of pediatric infections of public health importance Immunizations Access to care Regional differences and focus areas What to remember DEFINITION OF INDICATORS IN PEDIATRIC GLOBAL HEALTH Under-five mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly 1 year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. Neonatal mortality rate: Probability of dying during the first 28 days of life, expressed per 1,000 live births. Probability of dying among children aged 5–14: Probability of dying at age 5–14 years expressed per 1,000 children aged 5. PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE IN MEDICINE ”Difficult” to treat ”Difficult” to diagnose
    [Show full text]
  • Pertussis Surveillance in Sweden, Twenty-Year Report
    Pertussis surveillance in Sweden Twenty-year report Pertussis surveillance in Sweden Twenty-year report Bindningar och jäv För Folkhälsomyndighetens egna experter och utredare som medverkat i rapporter bedöms eventuella intressekonflikter och jäv inom ramen for anställningsförhållandet. När det gäller externa experter och utredare som deltar i Folkhälsomyndighetens arbete med rapporter kräver myndigheten att de lämnar skriftliga jävsdeklarationer för potentiella intressekonflikter eller jäv. Sådana omständigheter kan föreligga om en expert t.ex. fått eller får ekonomisk ersättning från en aktör med intressen i utgången av den fråga som myndigheten behandlar eller om det finns ett tidigare eller pågående ställningstagande eller engagemang i den aktuella frågan på ett sådant sätt att det uppkommer misstanke om att opartiskheten inte kan upprätthållas. Folkhälsomyndigheten tar därefter ställning till om det finns några omständigheter som skulle försvåra en objektiv värdering av det framtagna materialet och därmed inverka på myndighetens möjligheter att agera sakligt och opartiskt. Bedömningen kan mynna ut i att experten kan anlitas för uppdraget alternativt att myndigheten föreslår vissa åtgärder beträffande expertens engagemang eller att experten inte bedöms kunna delta i det aktuella arbetet. De externa experter som medverkat i framtagandet av denna rapport har inför arbetet i enlighet med Folkhälsomyndighetens krav lämnat en deklaration av eventuella intressekonflikter och jäv. Folkhälsomyndigheten har därefter bedömt att det inte föreligger några omständigheter som skulle kunna äventyra myndighetens trovärdighet. Jävsdeklarationerna och eventuella kompletterande dokument utgör allmänna handlingar som normalt är offentliga handlingarna finns tillgängliga på Folkhälsomyndigheten. Denna titel kan laddas ner från: www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material Citera gärna Folkhälsomyndighetens texter, men glöm inte att uppge källan.
    [Show full text]
  • Tractor Operator Roll Over Protection
    TRACTOR OPERATOR ROLL OVER PROTECTION by B. T. Stephonson Member C.S.A.E. Department of Agricultural Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta INTRODUCTION TABLE I. FATAL TRACTOR ACCIDENTS - U.S. Stephanson has reported previously (9) that the farm accident situation Area Year Total % Assoc, Information Source in Canada is serious and demands Fatalities with Rollover attention. Specifically, the farm trac Recorded tor is involved in a large number of Iowa 53-63 54 67 AE970-June*63 accidents and fatalities and it has been suggested that many deaths Wise. 63-65 141 58 Ext. Ser.-U. of Wise. would be prevented if tractor oper ators were protected with an ap Kans . 1964 23 74 Vital Stat.-Health Kans. proved anti-roll frame or cab. Oftio Prior 212 57 ASAE Paper 61-129 196? Information from the United States, New Zealand, Sweden, England, and Ohio 59-64 39 63 Ohio State Univ. Alberta illustrates the past and pres N.S.C. 60-65 735* 58 T.D. McFarland N.S.C. ent situation and also the potential 4 for the saving of life. Percent Fatal Tractor Accidents United States Associated with Rollover, Av. = 62% * 13 states only- The data in Table 1 show that 57 to 74 percent of the deaths due to TABLE II. FATAL TRACTOR ACCIDENTS - NEW ZEALAND tractor accidents are due to crushing of the operator in overturns. It ap pears that about 62 percent of the Years Total Assoc, with Side Rear Front Unknown deaths are associated with upsets. Fatalities Rollover % % % % Recorded No. % Additional information gathered in Ohio indicates that about 40 percent 1949 of the total number of deaths are a to 335 254 76 61 10 5 0 result of sideways tipping and about 1963 15 percent of the total are due to rear tips.
    [Show full text]
  • Pertussis Surveillance in Sweden, Twenty-Second Annual Report
    Pertussis surveillance in Sweden 22nd annual report Pertussis surveillance in Sweden 22nd annual report Bindningar och jäv För Folkhälsomyndighetens egna experter och utredare som medverkat i rapporter bedöms eventuella intressekonflikter och jäv inom ramen for anställningsförhållandet. När det gäller externa experter och utredare som deltar i Folkhälsomyndighetens arbete med rapporter kräver myndigheten att de lämnar skriftliga jävsdeklarationer för potentiella intressekonflikter eller jäv. Sådana omständigheter kan föreligga om en expert t.ex. fått eller får ekonomisk ersättning från en aktör med intressen i utgången av den fråga som myndigheten behandlar eller om det finns ett tidigare eller pågående ställningstagande eller engagemang i den aktuella frågan på ett sådant sätt att det uppkommer misstanke om att opartiskheten inte kan upprätthållas. Folkhälsomyndigheten tar därefter ställning till om det finns några omständigheter som skulle försvåra en objektiv värdering av det framtagna materialet och därmed inverka på myndighetens möjligheter att agera sakligt och opartiskt. Bedömningen kan mynna ut i att experten kan anlitas för uppdraget alternativt att myndigheten föreslår vissa åtgärder beträffande expertens engagemang eller att experten inte bedöms kunna delta i det aktuella arbetet. De externa experter som medverkat i framtagandet av denna rapport har inför arbetet i enlighet med Folkhälsomyndighetens krav lämnat en deklaration av eventuella intressekonflikter och jäv. Folkhälsomyndigheten har därefter bedömt att det inte föreligger några omständigheter som skulle kunna äventyra myndighetens trovärdighet. Jävsdeklarationerna och eventuella kompletterande dokument utgör allmänna handlingar som normalt är offentliga handlingarna finns tillgängliga på Folkhälsomyndigheten. Denna titel kan laddas ner från: www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/publicerat-material Citera gärna Folkhälsomyndighetens texter, men glöm inte att uppge källan.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations About Estonian Literary Histories Published in Exile
    ROCZNIKI HUMANISTYCZNE Tom LXII, zeszyt 1 – 2014 KRISTIN VAIK * SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT ESTONIAN LITERARY HISTORIES PUBLISHED IN EXILE Estonian literary scholar Jaan Undusk has stated that the most important sociological experience that Estonian literature has faced in the 20th century is the inclusion of Estonian exile literature1. Jaan Undusk is referring here to the literature created by Estonians and their descendants who had left Estonia during the migration waves between 1939-1944. During these years altogether 70 000-80 000 Estonians left their homeland. The whole population of Estonia in that time was approximately 1 050 000, so one can say about 7% of the whole population Estonia. The main exodus took place in the year 1944, when about 55 000-60 000 Estonians fled from the Soviet occupation forces. Among the refugees were about 20 well-known Estonian writers and tens more, who made their literary debuts in exile. Writing and publishing started almost im- mediately in the temporary stopovers in Finland, Sweden and Germany. Since 1944 Estonian literature was divided into two: literature published by Estonians in exile and literature written and published by Estonians in the Es- tonian Soviet Socialist Republic (ESSR). From the semiotic point of view this division and split into two parts can be seen as an explosion or rupture in the continuous historical development of Estonian literature. Since late 1980s, KRISTIN VAIK – Department of Semiotics w University of Tartu; field of research: Cultures Research, Grammar, semantics, semiotics, syntax; e-mail: [email protected] 1 J. Undusk, Eesti kirjanduse ajast, ruumist ja ülesandest XX sajandil.
    [Show full text]