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JOHN HUNTER AS a GEOLOGIST Lecture Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 10Th December, 1952 by F

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JOHN HUNTER AS a GEOLOGIST Lecture Delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 10Th December, 1952 by F JOHN HUNTER AS A GEOLOGIST Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 10th December, 1952 by F. Wood Jones, F.R.S., F.R.C.S. MORE THAN A DOZEN full-length biographies of John Hunter have been published; over eighty Hunterian Orations have been delivered in this College and a Society to perpetuate his memory has been in existence for more than a hundred and thirty years. Hunter has been lauded as a surgeon, as a comparative anatomist and as a physiologist. Full tribute has been paid to his skill as an experimenter and to his industry and discrimination in building up his vast collection of specimens. But with all this outpouring of genuine appreciation of his great attainments, John Hunter remains practically unknown as a pioneer in the study of geology and paleontology. No mention is made of Hunter, or his contribution to geological knowledge, in any of the standard works dealing with the history of geology and paleontology. Starting with the great work of Karl Alfred Von Zittel, published in 1899, and until the recent monograph by Charles Coulston Gillespie in 1951, we seek in vain for any reference to the man or to his work on paleontology. It is perhaps more remarkable that his contributions to geological science are not mentioned by Dr. R. G. Willis in his paper on " The Contributions of British Medical Men to the foundations of Geology," published in 1834. In this review, Willis gives a full account of the work of James Parkinson (1755-1824) whose three monumental volumes entitled " Organic Remains of a Former World" were published from 1804 to 1811. Parkinson, a surgeon of Hoxton, had been Hunter's pupil during the years 1775-1776 and had taken down his surgical lectures verbatim in shorthand. But although in his preface he acknowledges his obligations to the Curators of the Hunterian Museum, he makes no comments on the Hunterian collection of fossils beyond an occasional reference, at second hand, to some particular specimen described by other writers. It is of interest, in the present connection, that six years after his work on fossils was com- pleted, Parkinson published his celebrated " Essay on the Shaking Palsy" and so earned eponymous immortality in Parkinson's Disease. Even in the absence of any expressed appreciation of Hunter's work by his contemporaries or by his successors, it is true to say that had he left no other record of his genius than his work on geology and his great collection of fossils, he would still rank among the founders of modern science. It is one of the greatest tragedies of the air-raid disaster of 1941 that of his nearly three thousand carefully selected and precisely authenticated specimens of fossil plants and animals only a few scorched fragments now remain. But the main factor that has prevented the recognition of 219 F. WOOD JONES Hunter's remarkable genius as an interpreter of the past phases of the Earth's surface and of its living inhabitants is the circumstance that, although written sometime about 1790, his treatise was not published until 1859. Moreover, the form of its publication and the incidents attendant on it were such as almost to prohibit its reaching those who alone were competent to appreciate its merits. Some understanding of the circum- stances attaching to this publication is therefore essential to the proper estimation of Hunter's place as a pioneer of geological science. To this end, an inquiry has been made into the historical facts concerning the vicissitudes of the existing manuscripts of the " Observations and Re- flections on Geology." This would have proved to be an impossible task without free access to the minute books and other contemporary manuscript sources in the possession of the Royal College of Surgeons. Even with this source of information placed freely at my disposal, there still remain some very curious details of considerable obscurity in the story. We have it on the assurance of William Clift that the " manuscript was one of those which Mr. Hunter revised, and made many additions to, in probably the last year of his life, but certainly within the last two." According to Owen, the manuscripts were written by Clift from Hunter's dictation and certainly one of the existing manuscripts is wholly in Clift's handwriting, but that it was written at Hunter's dictation is certainly not correct. The entire work consisted of two parts and when Part I was completed, Hunter is said to have taken steps to secure its publication. Owen records what he had heard of the circumstances that led to it remaining unpublished at the time of Hunter's death and so passing, along with the other Hunterian manuscripts, into the custody of Everard Home, his brother-in-law. Everard Home told Clift that Hunter had sent Part I for publication to the Royal Society. The paper was submitted to Major Rennell* as a distinguished authority on the geological features of the countries in which he had been employed as a geographer. In speaking of " extraneous fossils," Hunter had said that " many retain some of their form for many thousand centuries" (p. 3). He made no comment whatever on the fact that this period was at complete variance with the orthodox teaching, based on the chronology of Archbishop Ussher, concerning the time during which the earth had existed since the creation. A copy, in Clift's handwriting, of Rennell's letter commenting upon this statement is included in the manuscript and was subsequently printed in the published version. He reminds Hunter that there are " very numerous persons . who will dislike any mention of a specific period that ascends beyond 6,000 years"; and he suggests that " centuries" should be changed to " years." According to Everard Home, Hunter refused to make this alteration and withdrew his paper. * James Rennell (1742-1830) was in the service of the East India Company and was Surveyor-General of Bengal (1764). Author of works on the geography of Western Asia, Africa and the Atlantic. 220 JOHN HUNTER AS A GEOLOGIST It seems quite certain that this story is apocryphal. No record exists of the paper having been received by the Royal Society; and I am informed that at that time it would have been a most unusual thing for the Society to have submitted it to a referee. Also, since Rennell's letter is addressed personally to Hunter and not to an official of the Society, it is most probable that it was Hunter himself who asked for criticism and it is quite certain that he did act on the advice that Rennell gave him. There are two extant volumes of manuscript in the possession of the College. The provenance of the first is well authenticated. According to Owen (" Essays and Observations." Vol. I. p. 294): " After the demise of the first Sir Everard Home, it was transmitted by his son, Captain Sir E. Home, R.N., to this College; the minute recording its reception bears the date April 2nd, 1839." Later (" Essays and Obser- vations." Vol. II, p. 500), Owen cites the minute: " Mr. Clift laid before the Committee, presented to the Museum by Capt. Sir Everard Home, Bart., the manuscript of the first part of Mr. Hunter's ' Intro- duction to the Catalogue of his Collection of Extraneous Fossils,' con- taining many of Mr. Hunter's corrections of the manuscript." Clift, on the fly-leaf of the other manuscript volume, gives further details. He says: " 1839. Memorandum concerning ' Part First.' On the day of the delivery of the Hunterian Oration, February 14th, 1839, at the entrance to the theatre of the visitors and Council, Mr. Keate* put into my hands a thin volume, desiring me to look at it afterwards. Mr. Keate had doubtless (or probably) just received it from Captain Sir Everard Home, who was among the visitors. This volume had evidently been lately bound in calf, and contains a portion of Mr. Hunter's manuscript introduction to a history of fossils, and consists of seventy-two leaves written on one side; and numerous additions on the opposite or blank pages. It is evidently only a part of the manuscript by the catchword at the foot of the last page. The book-binder had been directed to put on the back ' Hunter's Catalogue (!!) of Fossils,' and within, on the title page, in Capt. Home's handwriting, 'Catalogue (!) of Mr. Hunter's Cabinet of Fossils now in the College of Surgeons, corrected by him-self." Beneath this account, Clift adds: " N.B. That this manuscript was one of those which Mr. Hunter revised and made many additions to, in probably the last year of his life, but certainly within the last two, is evident from the fact that many of the pages are in my hand-writing, and occasionally afterwards interlined and emended by additions in Mr. Hunter's hand- writing: and some of the additional notes are begun by Mr. Hunter, and were then given to me to copy in the remainder of the sentence from his loose slips. This volume is certainly a curiosity in its way; and after this, one need not despair of seeing the Fabulous Phoenix proved to be no Fable; and both him and the Dodo emerge from their Ashes, or their other obscure haunts. Wm. Clift." On the reverse of the fly-leaf, * Robert Keate (1777-1857). Surgeon to St. George's Hospital. President of the College: 1830, 1831 and 1839. 221 F. WOOD JONES Clift gives a transcript of correspondence with Keate as to whether the little volume was a gift to the College or only a loan.
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