Philosophy of Mind and the Mind-Body Problem Definitions
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10/3/2016 Philosophy of Mind and the Mind-Body Problem A classic philosophical debate Definitions Philosophy The search for wisdom and knowledge Metaphysics A branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality Explains the fundamental nature of being and existence Not an easy term to define The Mind-Body Problem A metaphysical problem Is the mental world part of the physical material world? How are mental properties related to physical properties? What is the mind? How is it related to the brain? Options? How would you phrase this question/problem in your own words? 1 10/3/2016 Basic Ideas of the Nature of Mind Monism – only one kind of substance in the universe Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) Difference between matter (body) and form (mind) Varieties of Monism Solipsism Mental substance is the only substance; no physical realm Universe exists only in one’s mind Physicalism Physical substance is the only substance Everything that exists is physical, consisting of atoms Operations of the mind are operations of the brain Reductive and non-reductive physicalism Functionalism Mental states conform to physical states Critiques? Basic Ideas of the Nature of Mind Dualism – both mental and physical substances exist Plato (427-347 B.C.E.) Mind and body exist in two separate worlds World of forms vs. world of material (e.g., perfect circle) Varieties of Dualism Classic dualism – mind controls the body (thought produces action) Parallelism – mind and body distinct, having no effect on each other Epiphenomenalism – body controls the mind (brain produces thought) Interactionism – body can affect the mind, mind can affect the body Functionalism – mental states might not be reduced to any particular physical state; look at what the mind does, not what it is made of Critiques? 2 10/3/2016 Functionalism Dominant view in cognitive science since the 70’s Physical kinds vs. Functional kinds Material composition vs. actions or tendencies (e.g., phones, cars) Application to the idea of mind Physical kind or functional kind? Mental states are not just physical states, but also the functioning or operation of those physical states Implications? Same mental state could be realized in different ways in different physical systems Different phones displaying the same image Different people having the same thought Number of possible mental/computational states exceeds number of possible physical states For both thinking organisms and computers (Recall our TM discussions) How come on both lists (monism and dualism)? Critiques? Consciousness A mystery that blurs the monism-dualism categories No single definition Subjective quality of experience Individual subjective awareness of mental states Emotions, sense of self, conscious thought, sensation, perception, etc. Your definition? Relationship to mind? Equivalent? Component? Necessary feature? Types of consciousness other than normal, awake, alert Unconscious, asleep, hypnotized, drug-induced, etc. Do these change your ideas of how consciousness is related to mind? 3 10/3/2016 Consciousness If consciousness means having some sort of experience, what is experience like? What is it like to be a bat and have sonar? What is it like to beat the world grandmaster at chess? Reflect on previous discussion of functionalism Problem: consciousness is inherently subjective and science can only provide objective descriptions of phenomena Consciousness/mind as an emergent property Property of the brain, but not of its parts Monist or dualist? Can conscious experience be explained by any of the theories previously discussed? 4.