Descartes' Arguments for Distinguishing Mind and Body
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From Locke to Berkeley
From Locke to Berkeley How Berkeley rejects Locke’s Metaphysical Realism in favor of what he calls “Idealism” Locke Summary Like Descartes, Locke believes that we perceive the “real” world only indirectly. • We do not directly perceive material objects, – Just as we do not directly perceive people we see on T.V.; • Rather, we directly perceive only ideas (sensations, things “in” our minds) that are caused by and represent material objects, – Just as, when watching T.V., we directly see only images on the screen. Locke’s Causal Theory of Perception: Indirectly Sensation aware of Matter Do our sensations resemble their objects? • Recall that Descartes’ big worry was whether or not there were any objects outside our minds. – (By the end of the 6th Meditation, he assures that there are.) • But he said we also make mistakes in thinking that our ideas always resembled the objects in the real world that caused us to have those sensations. Why should we believe that the ideas in our minds actually resemble the objects outside our minds that cause them? Mind’s Eye Idea Object Idea Object Mind In Locke’s Terms • Even if we accept that the ideas in our mind are caused by real objects that exist outside our minds – (Locke never really questions this) • Is it true that our ideas always resemble the qualities in the objects that caused us to have those ideas? Locke’s Answer • Only sometimes. Some of our ideas do resemble qualities in the objects, but some of them do not. • Our ideas of primary qualities resemble those qualities. -
Transparency of Mind: the Contributions of Descartes, Leibniz, and Berkeley to the Genesis of the Modern Subject
Transparency of Mind: The Contributions of Descartes, Leibniz, and Berkeley to the Genesis of the Modern Subject Gary Hat! eld Philosophers often use classical positions as paradigms for de! ning their own views, usually in contrast. In the philosophy of mind, the notion of the Cartesian subject is one such paradigm. This notion is often used to represent tendencies in the conception of the subject that today’s philosophers wish to avoid. John McDowell and Hilary Putnam 1, among others, portray the Cartesian subject – and speci! cally the Cartesian mind – as a step backward from an earlier, preferable Aristotelianism, whose concept of mind might be made serviceable today if adjusted to ! t modern science. Such paradigms, whose use is unavoidable, are typically caricatures, whether slight or gross. The Cartesian mind as standardly portrayed by McDowell, Putnam, and oth- ers 2 is a gross caricature. This would be important enough for its potential to mislead us about the actual historical development of philosophy. But even more crucially for the philosophy of mind, the use of a caricatured picture as a counterparadigm against which one de! nes one’s own, comparatively better position, can lead to a pyrrhic vic- tory that avoids or misrepresents the real problems. If the opponent has been tailored to one’s desired virtues as conquering hero, one may give the impression that one’s own position solves great problems, deeply embedded in the tradition, when in fact one has simply rejected a fairly recent problematic position, which one has perhaps also misun- derstood and misidenti! ed. 3 The Cartesian mental paradigm is frequently de! ned in terms of four factors: con- sciousness as essence, intentionality as exclusively mental, the veil of perception, and the transparency of mind. -
Richard Swinburne's Arguments for Substance Dualism
Richard Swinburne’s arguments for substance dualism. MA by Research in Theology and Religion David Horner September 2018 Richard Swinburne’s arguments for substance dualism. Submitted by David Horner to the University of Exeter as a dissertation for the degree of MA by Research in Theology and Religion in September 2018 This dissertation is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the dissertation may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this dissertation which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. 1 Acknowledgements. I would like to thank my supervisors, Dr Jonathan Hill and Dr Joel Krueger for their support and encouragement in the writing of this dissertation and for their patience in trying to keep me on the straight and narrow. I want to acknowledge the many conversations, on this and other topics, I have had with my friend and philosopher, Dr Chris Boyne, who sadly died in June of this year. I thank all my other chums at The Bull, Ditchling, for listening to my metaphysical ramblings. And finally, I thank my wife, Linda, for once more putting up with this kind of thing. 2 Abstract This dissertation is a contribution to debates in the philosophy of mind and of personal identity. It presents a critical account of arguments for substance dualism to be found in Richard Swinburne’s Mind, Brain, and Free Will (2013). -
These Disks Contain My Version of Paul Spade's Expository Text and His Translated Texts
These disks contain my version of Paul Spade's expository text and his translated texts. They were converted from WordStar disk format to WordPerfect 5.1 disk format, and then I used a bunch of macros and some hands-on work to change most of the FancyFont formatting codes into WordPerfect codes. Many transferred nicely. Some of them are still in the text (anything beginning with a backslash is a FancyFont code). Some I just erased without knowing what they were for. All of the files were cleaned up with one macro, and some of them have been further doctored with additional macros I wrote later and additional hand editing. This explains why some are quite neat, and others somewhat cluttered. In some cases I changed Spade's formatting to make the printout look better (to me); often this is because I lost some of his original formatting. I have occasionally corrected obvious typos, and in at least one case I changed an `although' to a `but' so that the line would fit on the same page. With these exceptions, I haven't intentionally changed any of the text. All of the charts made by graphics are missing entirely (though in a few cases I perserved fragments so you can sort of tell what it was like). Some of the translations had numbers down the side of the page to indicate location in the original text; these are all lost. Translation 1.5 (Aristotle) was not on the disk I got, so it is listed in the table of contents, but you won't find it. -
Contrastive Empiricism
Elliott Sober Contrastive Empiricism I Despite what Hegel may have said, syntheses have not been very successful in philosophical theorizing. Typically, what happens when you combine a thesis and an antithesis is that you get a mishmash, or maybe just a contradiction. For example, in the philosophy of mathematics, formalism says that mathematical truths are true in virtue of the way we manipulate symbols. Mathematical Platonism, on the other hand, holds that mathematical statements are made true by abstract objects that exist outside of space and time. What would a synthesis of these positions look like? Marks on paper are one thing, Platonic forms an other. Compromise may be a good idea in politics, but it looks like a bad one in philosophy. With some trepidation, I propose in this paper to go against this sound advice. Realism and empiricism have always been contradictory tendencies in the philos ophy of science. The view I will sketch is a synthesis, which I call Contrastive Empiricism. Realism and empiricism are incompatible, so a synthesis that merely conjoined them would be a contradiction. Rather, I propose to isolate important elements in each and show that they combine harmoniously. I will leave behind what I regard as confusions and excesses. The result, I hope, will be neither con tradiction nor mishmash. II Empiricism is fundamentally a thesis about experience. It has two parts. First, there is the idea that experience is necessary. Second, there is the thesis that ex perience suffices. Necessary and sufficient for what? Usually this blank is filled in with something like: knowledge of the world outside the mind. -
Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science by Dr
Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science By Dr. Charles Wallis Last revision: 1/23/2013 Chapter 2 Greek Metaphysical Speculation: Philosophical Materialisms and Dualisms 2.1 Introduction It may seem odd to the contemporary thinker to suppose that people did not always have a clear conception of the mind and of mental phenomena. Nevertheless, like most contemporary western concepts the development of the notion of the mind and of mental phenomena actually occurs over the course of centuries. Indeed, the development of the notion of “the mind” arguably traces back to the development of the Greek notion of the soul. For most of Greek history the conception of the soul bears little resemblance to its contemporary western counterpart. In fact, the Greeks develop their notion of the soul as part of the development of general ontological frameworks for scientific and metaphysical speculation. Three features of the development of the Greek notion of the soul figure prominently in this rather superficial history. First, the development of the Greek notion of the soul represents a slow accretion of properties and processes associated with three different contemporary distinctions into a single ontological entity; living vs non-living, animate vs inanimate, and mental vs non-mental. Second, as the soul becomes more distinct both in its nature and in its functions, the Greeks begin to more actively debate whether the soul constitutes a fundamental kind of stuff (a distinct substance) or merely one of many permutations of more fundamental kinds of stuff (substances). For instance, early Greek thinkers often supposed that the universe consists of various permutations of one or more fundamental elements. -
Divine Omnipotence in Descartes' Philosophy
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works All Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects Dissertations, Theses, and Capstone Projects 6-2014 Divine Omnipotence In Descartes' Philosophy Alfredo Rodriguez Graduate Center, City University of New York How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/274 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] DIVINE OMNIPOTENCE IN DESCARTES’ PHILOSOPHY BY ALFREDO RODRIGUEZ A master's thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, The City University of New York 2014 © 2014 Alfredo Rodriguez All Rights Reserved ii This manuscript has been read and accepted for the Graduate Faculty in Liberal Studies in satisfaction of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts. Professor Douglas Lackey Date Thesis Adviser Professor Matthew K. Gold Date Executive Officer THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK iii Abstract Divine Omnipotence in Descartes’ Philosophy by Alfredo Rodriguez Adviser: Professor Douglas Lackey The present thesis explores various aspects of Rene Descartes’ doctrine of divine omnipotence within the context of his overall philosophy and with reference to his medieval heritage. This thesis shows that, contrary to his multiple and explicit statements that God’s power cannot be limited in any way, Descartes took a more nuanced position on divine omnipotence that incorporated aspects of the widely accepted medieval position that God’s goodness is a constraint on his power. -
Two Varieties of Skepticism
1 2 3 4 Two Varieties of Skepticism 5 6 James Conant 7 8 This paper distinguishes two varieties of skepticism and the varieties of 9 philosophical response those skepticisms have engendered. The aim of 10 the exercise is to furnish a perspicuous overview of some of the dialec- 11 tical relations that obtain across some of the range of problems that phi- 12 losophers have called (and continue to call) “skeptical”. I will argue that 13 such an overview affords a number of forms of philosophical insight.1 14 15 16 I. Cartesian and Kantian Varieties of Skepticism – A First Pass 17 at the Distinction 18 19 I will call the two varieties of skepticism in question Cartesian skepticism 20 and Kantian skepticism respectively.2 (These labels are admittedly conten- 21 tious.3 Nothing of substance hangs on my employing these rather than 22 23 1 The taxonomy is meant to serve as a descriptive tool for distinguishing various 24 sorts of philosophical standpoint. It is constructed in as philosophically neutral a 25 fashion as possible. The distinctions presented below upon which it rests are 26 ones that can be deployed by philosophers of very different persuasions regard- 27 less of their collateral philosophical commitments. A philosopher could make use of these distinctions to argue for any of a number of very different conclu- 28 sions. Some of the more specific philosophical claims that I myself express sym- 29 pathy for in the latter part of this part (e.g., regarding how these varieties of 30 skepticism are related to one another) do, however, turn on collateral philo- 31 sophical commitments. -
Knowledge and Its Place in Nature by Hilary Kornblith
Think by Simon Blackburn Chapter 1b Knowledge According to A.C. Grayling, if “cogito ergo sum” is an argument, it is missing a premise. This premise is: A. Everything that exists thinks. B. Everything that thinks exists. C. Everything both exists and thinks. D. Everything either thinks or exists. Descartes’ ultimate aim was to prove that we can only know ourselves as thinking things and nothing else. A. True B. False Reminder of what Descartes was trying to do. Descartes was trying to put human knowledge on a firm foundation. Ultimately he hoped to be able to prove that the majority of things that we believe at a common sense can be proven correct. Problems with the cogito argument itself The cogito argument is actually very simple to troubleshoot. Put formally, the argument is this. 1. I think. 2. Therefore, I exist. It is true that if I think (e.g., by doubting my own existence) then I must actually exist. But the real question at issue is whether there really is an I, a particular, stable entity, that thinks. Reformulation We could reformulate Descartes’ argument along these lines: 1. Thinking is occurring. 2. Therefore, a thinking thing exists. Now the premise is clearly true, but, as we just showed, the conclusion may still be doubted. Recap So Descartes famous cogito argument: I think, therefore I am. is actually not a proof of his own existence as a thinking thing. What Descartes has plausibly shown us that we can not doubt that thinking is occurring while we are actually thinking. -
Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages
Theories of cognition in the later Middle Ages ROBERT PASNAU St. Joseph's University q;.::.~ CAMBRIDGE - ::: UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RP, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, United Kingdom 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Samford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia © Robert Pasnau 1997 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1997 Typeset in Palatino Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pasnau, Robert. Theories of cognition in the later Middle Ages / Robert Pasnau. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-58368-3 1. Knowledge, Theory of - History. 2. Cognition - History. 3. Philosophy, Medieval. 4. Thomas, Aquinas, Saint, 1225?-1274. 5. Olivi, Pierre Jean, 1248 or 9-1298. 6. William, of Ockham, ca. 1285-ca. 1349. 1. Title. B161.P37 1997 128'.2'0902 - dC20 96-36249 C1P A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Transferred to digital printing 2003 Contents Preface page vii List of abbreviations x Introduction 1 1 The philosophical-historical context 4 2 Thomas Aquinas and the theory of species 11 3 Challenges to the theory 18 PART r: FUNDAMENTALS 1 Immateriality and intentionality 31 1 Cognition -
Swinburne on Substance Dualism
SWINBURNE ON SUBSTANCE DUALISM LYNNE RUDDER BAKER University of Massachusetts Amherst Richard Swinburne’s Mind, Brain and Free Will is a tour de force. Beginning with basic ontology, Swinburne formulates careful definitions that support his mature philosophy. He is well-known for his views on free will and substance dualism. In Mind, Brain and Free Will, he revisits these issues among others, because he now has ‘deeper and stronger’ arguments for his position. Here I want to discuss substance dualism. The first sentence of the book says that its focus is ‘the nature of human beings – whether we are merely complicated machines or souls interacting with bodies’1 (Swinburne 2013: 1). Since I do not believe that this dichotomy is exhaustive, I shall first examine Swinburne’s argument for the claim that human beings are ‘souls interacting with bodies’, which he interprets as substance dualism. Then, I shall offer a sketch of a different view – my own – which is materialistic in the sense that it makes reference neither to any immaterial concrete objects nor to any immaterial properties (whatever that might mean). I do not say that my materialistic view is a complete metaphysics, inasmuch as that it pertains only to the natural world. I leave it open whether there is a supernatural world. Since I am going to offer an alternative to Swinburne’s substance dualism, let me begin by enumerating ways in which I am in full agreement with him. I fully agree with Swinburne that it is not the case that ‘mental events are merely brain events’, and it is not the case that ‘I am the same thing as my body’ (Baker 1995; Baker 2000). -
Consciousness: Philosophical Paradox Or Scientific Object?
CHAPTER ONE Consciousness: Philosophical Paradox or Scientific Object? The subject of consciousness has not lacked for human attention. In the past, it was the exclusive domain of philosophers, but recently both psychologists and neuroscien tists have begun to attack the so-called mind-body problem or, in Schopenhauer's suggestive phrase, “the world knot. ” In this chapter we briefly review classical and modem approaches to consciousness. We point out various positions taken by philoso phers, psychologists, and neuroscientists, rejecting, some of the more flagrant ones, — such as dualism or extreme reductionism. We suggest that consciousness can be con sidered a scientific subject and that it is not the sole province of philosophers. ** Everyone knows what consciousness is: It is what abandons you every evening when you fall asleep and reappears the next morning when you wake up. This deceptive simplicity reminds us of what William James said of attention at the turn of the century: “Everyone knows what attention is. It is ^ the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought.”1 s W* More than one hundred years later, many think that neither attention nor y. consciousness is understood in any fundamental sense. This lack of understanding is certainly not because of lack of attention in philosophical or scientific circles. Ever since Rene Descartes, few subjects 1 4 A UNIVERSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS have preoccupied philosophers so consistently as the riddle of consciousness^"" For Descartes, as for James more than two centuries later, to be conscious was synonymous with “to think”: James’s stream of thought, for example, was nothing but the stream of consciousness.