Las Empanadas

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Las Empanadas LAS EMPANADAS Una empanada es una fina masa de pan, masa quebrada u hojaldre rellena con una preparación salada o dulce y cocida al horno o frita. El relleno puede incluir carnes rojas o blancas, pescado, verduras o fruta. La masa, generalmente, es de harina de trigo – aunque también puede usarse harina de maíz u otros cereales– y suele llevar alguna grasa, aceite o manteca. Las empanadas son un plato tradicional de la mayoría de las cocinas de los países de habla hispana. Historia La empanada es una masa rellena con carnes, verduras o frutas cocida al horno o frita en aceite o grasa. Su nombre proviene del castellano empanar, cuya primera acepción es «encerrar algo en masa o pan para cocerlo en el horno». Su origen se remonta a la costumbre de rellenar panes con viandas o vegetales, que los pastores y viajeros llevaban para consumirlos en el campo. Con el tiempo, se acabó cociendo la masa de pan junto con su relleno y, más tarde, se elaboraron otras masas para envolver el relleno. Este tipo de preparación dio origen a platos como los calzone italianos, las empanadas gallegas y los Cornish pasties británicos; quizás de un modo similar surgieron los briks tunecinos, los börek turcos, y las sfihas y fatayer árabes. En la Edad Media, uno de los propósitos más importantes de estas preparaciones era conservar la carne, ya que su cocción dentro de una masa consistente conseguía protegerla varios días; mientras que cuando se pretendían consumir al momento se horneaban en pastas más finas. En esa época, en España las empanadas se elaboraban con masa de harina de trigo o de centeno. Se rellenaban con carne de caza o con pescado y, muchas veces, con sobras de guiso. También de origen medieval es la palabra francesa pâté, que originalmente se refería a un plato de carne picada envuelta en pan, hasta que el término se empezó a aplicar a su contenido. El mismo significado en inglés medio tenía el vocablo pie, para referirse a diversos tipos de pasteles rellenos de alimentos de muy diverso tipo. En el Llibre de Coch, recetario en catalán publicado en Barcelona en 1520, Ruperto de Nola menciona empanadas rellenas de atún, anguilas, trucha y congrio. Las empanadas iberoamericanas derivan de esas empanadas europeas y de las de Medio Oriente (fatay y sfihas) que, tras su difusión por el sur de Europa (principalmente Andalucía), llegaron a América con los conquistadores españoles. Tipos de masas Las masas utilizadas para las preparaciones del tipo de la empanada son normalmente diferentes a las utilizadas para la elaboración de pan, bizcochos o en repostería. Habitualmente llevan menos agua y mayor cantidad de grasas (generalmente mantequilla, manteca o grasas vegetales) produciendo una masa que se deshace en copos o láminas aportando más sabor adicional procedente de la grasa humidificada. El producto resultante está destinado a envolver completamente a su contenido –en contraste con otras preparaciones que lo ofrecen abierto o entre dos capas, como quiches o pizzas– en una gran variedad de formas en las diferentes cocinas: empanada, samosa, pasty, pierogi, piroshki, etc. Estas masas pueden ser migosas, como la masa quebrada o pâte brisée; o laminadas, como en el caso de los strudel, la masa filo o el hojaldre En otro tipo de preparaciones similares, como en pasteles del tipo del american pie se tienden a utilizar métodos que consiguen una masa escamosa y tierna de textura hojaldrada. Variedades España Trozos de empanada gallega Formatjades, empanadas típicas de las islas Baleares Las empanadas se consumen en casi todas las regiones españolas, aunque quizás las más famosas son las de Galicia, Asturias, El Bierzo y Cantabria. Por otra parte las empanadillas precocinadas para preparar en freidora tienen un nicho en el mercado madrileño de los alimentos precocinados y/o congelados para universitarios. La empanada gallega es típica de Galicia, suelen tener mayor proporción de pan las preparadas en el interior de la comunidad autónoma que las de las zonas costeras. Las más comunes son las de atún, aunque también se hacen con cerdo, sardinas, berberechos, lamprea, anguila, vieiras, congrio, mejillones o pollo. El hornazo es un tipo de empanada rellena de chorizo, huevo, jamón, lomo, otros embutidos o trucha típico de las provincias de Salamanca y Ávila. En las islas Baleares son tradicionales las formatjades, rellenas normalmente de queso o carne. En Mallorca se elaboran cocarrois, rellenos con acelgas, coliflor, espinacas, almendras, pasas, piñones o cebolla. También se hace una versión de pequeño tamaño, la empanadilla, formada por una pequeña oblea circular doblada por la mitad, con rellenos dulces o salados, frita o cocida al horno. En el siglo XVI, a las elaboradas con masa semejante a la del pan, se las llamaba "empanadas a la inglesa". Empanadas típicas de Cataluña, Valencia y Baleares (llamadas panades, casquetes o pastissets) En la cocina madrileña son típicas las agujas de ternera elaboradas con masa de hojaldre, con la misma masa se pueden encontrar empanadas de atún. La empanada berciana (también conocida como «empanada de batallón») es un tipo de empanada típica de El Bierzo cuya principal característica es el uso de patata y acelgas en el relleno. La versión tradicional se hace con botillo, pero también se rellena con calamares, pulpo, bacalao, xixos (chichos, carne adobada), sardinas. En Canarias, las empanadas típicas se llaman truchas y están hechas de hojaldre con rellenos dulces o salados (cabello de ángel, batata, almendras, arroz con leche, yemas, pasas o matalahuvá). Su consumo es típicamente navideño. En Cataluña se da el nombre de clotxa a una hogaza de pan de payés, que antiguamente era comida habitual en el campo. Se rellena con tomates, panceta, ajos, arenques, verduras escalivadas (tomate, pimiento o cebolla) o butifarra. América Argentina Repulgue de empanadas Empanadas caseras al horno (el repulgue no fue hecho a mano sino prensando las tapas con un tenedor. Las formas de repulgue sirven para indicar de qué sabor es el relleno). Mujeres argentinas elaborando empanadas Las empanadas argentinas tienen, por lo general, forma de semicírculo de no más de 20 cm de diámetro y están cerradas por un repulgo o simba (llamado repulgue), que muchas veces presenta distintas formas que permiten identificar el sabor del relleno. El relleno (también conocido como recado o carbonada) varía de provincia en provincia, aunque los más comunes son carne vacuna, pollo, humita, jamón y queso y verdura (generalmente acelga o espinaca) con queso o salsa blanca. Las empanadas de carne suelen llevar cebolla, huevo duro picado, aceitunas y, en algunas provincias, pasas de uva, papa o arvejas. Se condimentan con comino, pimentón dulce y ají molido y, para que sean más jugosas, se les agrega grasa de pella. En las zonas rurales, también se usa carne de vizcacha, mulita, carpincho, yacaré o ñandú. Durante Semana santa se consumen empanadas de vigilia, rellenas de atún. También hay versiones dulces – llamadas empanadillas en el norte del país– hechas con dulce de membrillo, de batata o dulce de leche. Las variedades más conocidas son: Tucumanas: se caracterizan por ser muy jugosas. La masa se hace con harina de trigo, agua y grasa de pella y se deja leudar. El relleno es de carne vacuna (muchas veces matambre) cortada a cuchillo, mondongo, gallina o pollo, cebolla, pimentón y huevo duro picado, con abundante comino. A veces se agregan pasas de uva. Las empanadas tucumanas se cocinan en un horno de barro o se fríen en una olla de hierro con grasa de pella. En las zonas a mayor altitud se utiliza la carne de llama. En la provincia de Buenos Aires y en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, las empanadas son muy parecidas a las tucumanas, aunque algo más grandes. Los rellenos más comunes son carne de vaca, pollo, humita, verdura y jamón y queso. Las empanadas de carne suelen llevar cebolla, huevo duro, aceitunas, pasas de uva y comino. Por lo general son al horno, aunque también se consumen fritas. Catamarqueñas y riojanas: se hacen con carne de vaca o de cabra con ajo, papas, cebolla y aceitunas. Chaqueñas: son muy parecidas a las tucumanas, pero se agrega carne de cordero al relleno. Cordobesas: son agridulces. Tienen azúcar espolvoreada sobre las tapas, y pasas de uva y papas en el relleno. En las provincias de Corrientes y Misiones, a veces las tapas se hacen con harina de mandioca. Si bien el relleno de carne vacuna con huevo duro picado es el más común, también se elaboran rellenos con pescado de río como surubí, manduré, pacú y dorado. En la región de Cuyo, especialmente en la provincia de San Juan, las empanadas suelen ser muy jugosas por tener abundante cebolla picada y grasa de pella. En Entre Ríos se hacen empanadas rellenas de arroz con leche, similares a las cruceñas de Bolivia pese a tener un origen diferente. Jujeñas: son muy similares a las salteñas y tarijeñas de Bolivia, aunque su relleno lleva, a veces, carne de cabra o de llama, arvejas y ají molido. En la provincia de La Pampa, el relleno más frecuente es de carne con ají morrón, huevo duro y pasas de uva. En las provincias patagónicas (Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz y Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur) el relleno más frecuente es la carne de cordero, aunque se usa también carne de guanaco y, en las zonas costeras, pescado, especialmente mariscos. En Neuquén suele usarse merkén como condimento. Empanadas argentinas llamadas "árabes", similares a las sfiha cerradas. La empanada patagónica más común se prepara con mejillones cocidos, a los que suelen agregarse otros tipos de pescado, calamares, camarones o centolla. Está fuertemente condimentada con cebolla de verdeo, ají molido, morrón, perejil, cilantro fresco y, a veces, vino blanco y alcaparras.
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