DOCSLIB.ORG

The Bacterial Nucleoid Revisited

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Bacterial Nucleoid Revisited MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, June 1994, p. 211-232 Vol. 58, No. 2 0146-0749/94/$04.O0+0 Copyright © 1994, American Society for Microbiology The Bacterial Nucleoid Revisited CARL ROBINOW'* AND EDUARD KELLENBERGER2,3* Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Health Sciences Centre, University of Westem Ontario, London, Canada N6A SC],' and Institut de Gene'tique et de Biologie Microbiennes, Universite de Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne,2 and Biozentrum der Universitat Basel, CH-4056 Basel,3 Switzerland REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF BACTERIAL CARYOLOGY.............................................................211 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE NUCLEOID: RECALL AND REVISION............................................................212 The Road from "Nuclear Material" to "Nucleoid" and Back Again ..............................................................212 HCl-Giemsa Must Be Taken with a Grain of Salt............................................................................. 213 Acid Hydrolysis of Osmium-Fixed Bacteria Endows Nucleoids with an Affinity for Purple Components of Standard Giemsa Stain Which They Normally Lack.........................................................214 The Nucleoid in Bouin-Thionin Preparations ............................................................................. 215 The Nucleoids in Cyanobacteria Remembered............................................................................. 216 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF BACTERIAL DNA-PLASMS IN SITU..........................................................216 Early Results of the Electron Microscopy of Bacteria and the Evolution of RK Fixation ..........................216 Conciliation of Nucleoid Morphology as Seen in the Light Microscope with That of Nucleoids in Thin Sections ............................................................................. 221 CHANGING VIEWS OF THE NUCLEOID............................................................................. 222 Shortcomings of RK Fixation, and How They Were Overcome by Autoradiography...................................222 New View of the Nucleoid Provided by CFS Treatment............................................................................. 223 FUNCTION-STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS ............................................................................. 224 Tracing Sites of DNA and mRNA in Sections of CFS-Treated Bacteria........................................................224 DNA ............................................................................. 224 RNA ............................................................................. 224 The Shape of Nucleoids Reflects the Level of Their Metabolic Activities......................................................224 Ill-Defined Interlinked "Nucleoids"............................................................................ 225 Looking for a Resting DNA-Plasm............................................................................ 225 GIANT BACTERIA............................................................................ 225 A SIDEWAYS GLANCE AT THE CHROMOSOMES OF DINOFLAGELLATES ...........................................226 CURRENT CONCERNS............................................................................. 228 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................ 229 REFERENCES ....................................................................................... 229 REFLECTIONS ON THE HISTORY OF BACTERIAL at, bacteria. Efficient ways of looking for bacteria had been CARYOLOGY brilliantly demonstrated by Koch (68) with his photographs of Bacillus anthracis and other bacteria stained with synthetic Unbending after a deep bow in the direction of Leeuwen- dyes that had recently become available. Refined to the level of hoek and Pasteur, we may reasonably assert that modern the Gram procedure and of special methods for certain bacteriology had its beginnings in the last quarter of the hard-to-stain organisms, these diagnostic morphological nineteenth century. The gross anatomy of bacterial cells is tech- readily described in a few short paragraphs, and their compo- niques of the laboratory are still in daily use worldwide. By and nent parts are well within the resolving power of microscopes large they reduce bacteria to a kind of Morse code of solidly equipped with the highly corrected objective lenses and com- colored dots and dashes (cocci and rods) lacking internal pensating eyepieces that became generally available in the differentiation. 1880s. In this essay we are trying to explain why, despite all this, Such images did little to arouse cytological curiosity, and in it is only very recently that the nature of the bacterial nucleoid the busy laboratories of applied bacteriology the study of has been clearly revealed and why even now there are uncer- bacterial cell structure was indeed rarely pursued. Two other tainties about some of its features. Bacteriologists working in factors contributed to the then prevailing lack of interest in the newly created laboratories of hospitals and Public Health bacterial cytology: the seemingly glass-like featureless translu- Authorities were first and foremost concerned with diagnosis. cency of living unstained bacteria from young cultures, and the They were microscopists who looked, one might say, for, not failure of well-tried old, natural histological stains such as carmine and hematoxylin and a host of new synthetic ones to reveal significant intelligible structures within the kind of * Corresponding authors. Mailing address for C. Robinow: Depart- bacteria most often encountered in medical laboratories. ment of Microbiology and Immunology, Health Sciences Centre, Microbiologists who had kept aloof from the "Hetzjagd der University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A SCi. Bakterienstreberei" "the hot chase after noto- Phone: (519) 661-3427. Fax: (519) 661-3499. (approximately Mailing address for E. Kellenberger: Institut de Genetique et de riety in the field of bacteriology") grimly noted by deBary (18) Biologie Microbiennes, Universite de Lausanne, Rue Cesar-Roux 19, continued to ask questions about the anatomy of the bacterial CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland. Phone: 41 (21) 3206075. Fax: 41 (21) cell and were thus led to look for something corresponding to 3206078. a nucleus. They seem to have been an industrious lot, to judge 211 212 ROBINOW AND KELLENBERGER MICROBIOL. REV. 1 FIG. 1. Nucleoids in cells from a growing culture of a Bacillus species isolated from greenhouse soil, fixed with osmium tetroxide vapor and stained with HCl-Giemsa. The nucleoids of the three bacilli below, above, and to the right of the asterisk were preserved while going through the typical Piekarski round in which two nucleoids divide to make a set of four. Bar, 5 p,m. by the more than 400 papers on eubacterial and cyanobacterial the bacteria were cultured under conditions which made them cytology reviewed by Delaporte (21) in the introduction to the grow with short generation times. It was in samples of cells record of her own far-ranging observations. The bacterial cell, from such cultures that Piekarski found regular numbers of it could no longer be doubted, has its own kind of "corps neatly spaced Feulgen-positive bodies (also seen by Stille [117] chromatique," probably as necessary for the performance of in cells from young cultures of B. subtilis) of a narrow range of vital functions and for reproduction as are the nuclei of the sizes, whose orderly behavior suggested that they represented cells of higher organisms. However, the occurrence of bacterial some kind of basic entity whose reproduction was correlated "materiel nucleaire" in a protean array of configurations, with that of the bacteria containing them and which the author including axial filaments, networks, and random scatters of appropriately, if somewhat boldly, named "nucleoids." irregular granules, suggested to the reviewer, not unreason- At the same time it was shown by Piekarski that the sites of ably, that the forms assumed by bacterial chromatin had no the distinctly but only faintly positive Feulgen reaction could, obvious functional significance. Large, promising species, oc- after the acid hydrolysis which forms step I of the Feulgen casionally brought in from the wild, tended to disappoint their procedure, be brightly and selectively colored with some of the discoverers because they often could not be propagated in the components of the complex Giemsa stain (this protocol will be laboratory. Established ubiquitous species such as B. mycoides referred to in this review as HCl-Giemsa). Lastly, the results of and B. megaterium were not neglected but tended to be this work were presented in unambiguous photomicrographs. examined at late stages of their growth cycle, when coordina- Nucleoids were soon demonstrated in several other kinds of tion of the reproduction of chromatinic elements with that of bacteria by Neumann (81), who had obtained good results-with the organism containing them, obvious in cells from fast- straight Giemsa stain. Further confirmation of Piekarski's and growing young cultures, is often no longer apparent. It is easy Neumann's work was to see why, up to the end of the 1930s, bacterial cytology had provided by Robinow (90-93, 95), who failed to attract the attention of caryologists, who saw more favored the cells of young Bacillus cultures and relied chiefly rewarding and challenging materials for the exercise of their on HCI-Giemsa (Fig. 1). Tulasne
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
    City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Community College 2016 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation Joan Petersen CUNY Queensborough Community College Susan McLaughlin CUNY Queensborough Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_oers/16 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation By Dr. Susan McLaughlin & Dr. Joan Petersen Queensborough Community College Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Microbiology Lab Safety Instructions…………………………………………………...... iii Lab 1. Introduction to Microscopy and Diversity of Cell Types……………………......... 1 Lab 2. Introduction to Aseptic Techniques and Growth Media………………………...... 19 Lab 3. Preparation of Bacterial Smears and Introduction to Staining…………………...... 37 Lab 4. Acid fast and Endospore Staining……………………………………………......... 49 Lab 5. Metabolic Activities of Bacteria…………………………………………….…....... 59 Lab 6. Dichotomous Keys……………………………………………………………......... 77 Lab 7. The Effect of Physical Factors on Microbial Growth……………………………... 85 Lab 8. Chemical Control of Microbial Growth—Disinfectants and Antibiotics…………. 99 Lab 9. The Microbiology of Milk and Food………………………………………………. 111 Lab 10. The Eukaryotes………………………………………………………………........ 123 Lab 11. Clinical Microbiology I; Anaerobic pathogens; Vectors of Infectious Disease….. 141 Lab 12. Clinical Microbiology II—Immunology and the Biolog System………………… 153 Lab 13. Putting it all Together: Case Studies in Microbiology…………………………… 163 Appendix I.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Original Gram Stain and Its Modification in the Gingival Plaque Samples
    Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Research Article Open Access Comparison of original gram stain and its modification in the gingival plaque samples Abstract Volume 7 Issue 1 - 2019 Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the characteristics of original gram stain and its Nirmada pukhrambam modifications in the gingival plaque samples. Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, India Background: The gram stain remains the most frequently used rapid diagnostic test. It is described as the corner stone of clinical laboratory. The gram stain divides bacteria Correspondence: Nirmada pukhrambam, Department of Oral Pathology, Saveetha Dental College, India, into gram positive and gram negative on the basis of their cell wall and cell membrane Email permeability. It is a very important preliminary step in the initial characterization and classification of bacteria. When properly interpreted in the light of clinical history, the gram Received: October 03, 2018 | Published: January 22, 2019 stain can provide useful, presumptive information as to the etiology of much infection. Various modifications have been made in the staining pattern for better diagnosis of the micro organisms. Materials and methods: Seven paired gingival plaque samples are collected from seven healthy individuals. One set labeled as original gram and the other set labeled as modified gram. Both the set are heat fixed and stain with two different methods and scored by two different observers who are blind to the study. Results and conclusion: 80.95% of the smear shows good Staining intensity in modified gram stain as compared to the original gram because acetone alcohol mixture gives a better decolourising agent than the normal acetone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Liver Lecture
    Gross Anatomy Liver • The largest single organ in the human body. • In an adult, it weighs about three pounds and is roughly the size of a football. • Located in the upper right-hand part of the abdomen, behind the lower ribs. Gross Anatomy • The liver is divided) into four lobes: the right (the largest lobe), left , quadrate and caudate lobes. • Supplied with blood via the protal vein and hepatic artery. • Blood carried away by the hepatic vein. • It is connected to the diaphragm and abdomainal walls by five ligaments. • The liver is the only human organ that has the remarkable property of self- • Gall Bladder regeneration. If a part of the liver is – Muscular bag for the storage, removed, the remaining parts can concentration, acidification and grow back to its original size and delivery of bile to small shape. intestine Microscopic Anatomy • Hepatocyte—functional unit of the liver – Cuboidal cells – Arranged in plates lobules – Nutrient storage and release – Bile production and secretion – Plasma protein synthesis – Cholesterol Synthesis Microscopic Anatomy • Kuppfer cells – Phagocytic cells • Fat Storing Cells • Sinusoids – Fenestrated vessel – Wider than capillaries – Lined with endothelial cells – Blood flow • Branches of the hepatic artery • Branches of the Hepatic portal vein, central vein • Bile canaliculi Microscopic Anatomy Blood and Bile Flow in Opposite Directions • Blood Flow • Bile Flow • Deoxygenated blood from stomach or small intestine Hepatic • Bile produced in PortalVein venules sinusoids hepatocytes secreted into
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES BY DR JAWAD NAZIR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes One circular chromosome, not in Paired chromosomes, in nuclear a membrane membrane No histones Histones No organelles Organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Binary fission Mitotic spindle Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm Basic shapes: Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic Genus: Stella Genus: Haloarcula Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial cell structure Structures external to cell wall Cell wall itself Structures internal to cell wall Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Association with diseases B. anthracis S. pneumoniae Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Outside cell wall Filament made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Arrangement Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial motility Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008
    GROSS ANATOMY Lecture Syllabus 2008 ANAT 6010 - Gross Anatomy Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Utah School of Medicine David A. Morton K. Bo Foreman Kurt H. Albertine Andrew S. Weyrich Kimberly Moyle 1 GROSS ANATOMY (ANAT 6010) ORIENTATION, FALL 2008 Welcome to Human Gross Anatomy! Course Director David A. Morton, Ph.D. Offi ce: 223 Health Professions Education Building; Phone: 581-3385; Email: [email protected] Faculty • Kurt H. Albertine, Ph.D., (Assistant Dean for Faculty Administration) ([email protected]) • K. Bo Foreman, PT, Ph.D, (Gross and Neuro Anatomy Course Director in Dept. of Physical Therapy) (bo. [email protected]) • David A. Morton, Ph.D. (Gross Anatomy Course Director, School of Medicine) ([email protected]. edu) • Andrew S. Weyrich, Ph.D. (Professor of Human Molecular Biology and Genetics) (andrew.weyrich@hmbg. utah.edu) • Kerry D. Peterson, L.F.P. (Body Donor Program Director) Cadaver Laboratory staff Jordan Barker, Blake Dowdle, Christine Eckel, MS (Ph.D.), Nick Gibbons, Richard Homer, Heather Homer, Nick Livdahl, Kim Moyle, Neal Tolley, MS, Rick Webster Course Objectives The study of anatomy is akin to the study of language. Literally thousands of new words will be taught through- out the course. Success in anatomy comes from knowing the terminology, the three-dimensional visualization of the structure(s) and using that knowledge in solving problems. The discipline of anatomy is usually studied in a dual approach: • Regional approach - description of structures regionally
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology
    molecules Review From Differential Stains to Next Generation Physiology: Chemical Probes to Visualize Bacterial Cell Structure and Physiology Jonathan Hira 1, Md. Jalal Uddin 1 , Marius M. Haugland 2 and Christian S. Lentz 1,* 1 Research Group for Host-Microbe Interactions, Department of Medical Biology and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] (J.H.); [email protected] (M.J.U.) 2 Department of Chemistry and Centre for New Antibacterial Strategies (CANS), UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Steven Verhelst Received: 30 September 2020; Accepted: 23 October 2020; Published: 26 October 2020 Abstract: Chemical probes have been instrumental in microbiology since its birth as a discipline in the 19th century when chemical dyes were used to visualize structural features of bacterial cells for the first time. In this review article we will illustrate the evolving design of chemical probes in modern chemical biology and their diverse applications in bacterial imaging and phenotypic analysis. We will introduce and discuss a variety of different probe types including fluorogenic substrates and activity-based probes that visualize metabolic and specific enzyme activities, metabolic labeling strategies to visualize structural features of bacterial cells, antibiotic-based probes as well as fluorescent conjugates to probe biomolecular uptake pathways. Keywords: activity-based probe; antibiotic conjugate; bacterial imaging; bacterial uptake; fluorogenic substrate; metabolic labeling; phenotypic heterogeneity 1. Introduction—From 19th Century Microbiology to Modern Day Chemical Biology If chemical biology can be defined as the ‘interrogation of biological systems with chemical approaches’ [1], we must acknowledge some of the first microbiologists as chemical biologists.
    [Show full text]
  • CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy
    2010 CVM 6100 Veterinary Gross Anatomy General Anatomy & Carnivore Anatomy Lecture Notes by Thomas F. Fletcher, DVM, PhD and Christina E. Clarkson, DVM, PhD 1 CONTENTS Connective Tissue Structures ........................................3 Osteology .........................................................................5 Arthrology .......................................................................7 Myology .........................................................................10 Biomechanics and Locomotion....................................12 Serous Membranes and Cavities .................................15 Formation of Serous Cavities ......................................17 Nervous System.............................................................19 Autonomic Nervous System .........................................23 Abdominal Viscera .......................................................27 Pelvis, Perineum and Micturition ...............................32 Female Genitalia ...........................................................35 Male Genitalia...............................................................37 Head Features (Lectures 1 and 2) ...............................40 Cranial Nerves ..............................................................44 Connective Tissue Structures Histologic types of connective tissue (c.t.): 1] Loose areolar c.t. — low fiber density, contains spaces that can be filled with fat or fluid (edema) [found: throughout body, under skin as superficial fascia and in many places as deep fascia]
    [Show full text]
  • Biomedical Sciences I Integrated Course Inglese / English
    Biomedical sciences i Integrated course 1. language Inglese / English 2. course contents Coordinatore/Coordinator: Prof. Wanda Lattanzi Anno di corso/Year Course: 1 Semestre/Semester: 2 CFU/UFC: 12 Moduli e docenti incaricati /Modules and lecturers: Cellular biology I (3 UFC): Wanda Lattanzi / Lorena Di Pietro Cellular biology I practicals (1 UFC): Marta Barba/Saccone Valentina / Palacios Daniela /Lorena Di Pietro Physiology of excitables cells (0.8 UFC): Marcello D’Ascenzo Physiology of excitable cells practicals (0.2 UFC): Cristian Ripoli General microbiology (2 UFC): Giovanni Delogu General microbiology practicals (1 UFC): Giovanni Delogu /Michela Sali Histology and general embryology (2.2 UFC): Luca Tamagnone Histology and general embryology practicals (1.8 UFC): Maria Teresa Viscomi / Silvia Masciarelli 3. bibliography CELLULAR BIOLOGY I Karp G, “Cell and Molecular Biology – Concepts and Experiments” 8 edition, Wiley, 2016 (latest available edition) For additional consultation: Alberts B, et al. Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition, Garland Science - Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. PHYSIOLOGY OF EXCITABLES CELLS Medical Physiology Author: Walter F. Boron; Emil L. Boulpaep Elsevier (Second Edition) ISBN: 978-1-4377-1753-2; ISBN: 978-0-8089-2449-4; Principles of Neural Science Author: Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell, Steven A. Siegelbaum, A. J. Hudspeth McGraw-Hill (Fifth Edition) ISBN: 978-0-07-139011-8 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY Madigan MT, et al. Brock Biology of Microorganisms 13th edition. Material provided by the teacher. Pearson Global Edition. HISTOLOGY AND GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY Wojciech Pawlina, Histology- A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, 7th or 8th Edition, Wolters Kluwer. For additional consultation: Young, B and others - Wheather’s Functional Histology, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2013.
    [Show full text]
  • Gross Anatomy Fall 2020
    DEN5100C: Gross Anatomy Fall 2020 Course Description: Basic macroscopic anatomical structure and functions of the human body, with emphasis on the head and neck will be presented thorough lectures, laboratory dissections and discussion sessions. This information serves as the foundation for understanding normal functions of the head, neck and oral structures as well as disorders related to those structures. General Information Course Director: Venkatesh Nonabur Office: D2-32 Email: [email protected] Phone: (352) 273-9393 Course Credits: 4 Semester: Fall Contributing Faculty Kyle E Rarey (352) 273-5753 [email protected] II. Course Goals The goal of this course is to introduce the basic principles and facts relating to gross anatomy of the human body, with emphasis on the head and neck. Knowledge in the anatomical sciences and functional relationships of the body is foundational in the development of competencies for the new dental graduate. Through the designed learning experiences and course assignments the student will be able to 1. Identify vessels, nerves, muscles, bones and organs of the human body as well as identify specific cells and microanatomical structures in the structural tissues of the body. 2. Describe the relationship of vessels, nerves, muscles, bones and organs to each other. 3. Demonstrate how the body functions in health. 4. Differentiate how the body functions are altered in disease. 5. Interpret how different insults or injuries effect the body. 6. Relate the anatomical complex of the head and neck to other systemic body functions. 7. Given a clinical correlation, identify the anatomical landmarks important in understanding normal function. 8.
    [Show full text]
  • SAY: Welcome to Module 1: Anatomy & Physiology of the Brain. This
    12/19/2018 11:00 AM FOUNDATIONAL LEARNING SYSTEM 092892-181219 © Johnson & Johnson Servicesv Inc. 2018 All rights reserved. 1 SAY: Welcome to Module 1: Anatomy & Physiology of the Brain. This module will strengthen your understanding of basic neuroanatomy, neurovasculature, and functional roles of specific brain regions. 1 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Lesson 1: Introduction to the Brain The brain is a dense organ with various functional units. Understanding the anatomy of the brain can be aided by looking at it from different organizational layers. In this lesson, we’ll discuss the principle brain regions, layers of the brain, and lobes of the brain, as well as common terms used to orient neuroanatomical discussions. 2 SAY: The brain is a dense organ with various functional units. Understanding the anatomy of the brain can be aided by looking at it from different organizational layers. (Purves 2012/p717/para1) In this lesson, we’ll explore these organizational layers by discussing the principle brain regions, layers of the brain, and lobes of the brain. We’ll also discuss the terms used by scientists and healthcare providers to orient neuroanatomical discussions. 2 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Lesson 1: Learning Objectives • Define terms used to specify neuroanatomical locations • Recall the 4 principle regions of the brain • Identify the 3 layers of the brain and their relative location • Match each of the 4 lobes of the brain with their respective functions 3 SAY: Please take a moment to review the learning objectives for this lesson. 3 12/19/2018 11:00 AM Directional Terms Used in Anatomy 4 SAY: Specific directional terms are used when specifying the location of a structure or area of the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure of Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
    © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 4 CHAPTER PREVIEW 4.1 There Is Tremendous Diversity Structure of Among the Bacteria and Archaea 4.2 Prokaryotes Can Be Distinguished by Their Cell Shape and Arrangements Bacterial and 4.3 An Overview to Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure 4.4 External Cell Structures Interact Archaeal Cells with the Environment Investigating the Microbial World 4: Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the The Role of Pili first fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than TexTbook Case 4: An Outbreak of 3 billion years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria Enterobacter cloacae Associated with a Biofilm are—and always have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. —Paleontologist Stephen J. Gould (1941–2002) 4.5 Most Bacterial and Archaeal Cells Have a Cell Envelope “Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble” is 4.6 The Cell Cytoplasm Is Packed the refrain repeated several times by the chanting witches in Shakespeare’s with Internal Structures Macbeth (Act IV, Scene 1). This image of a hot, boiling cauldron actu- MiCroinquiry 4: The Prokaryote/ ally describes the environment in which many bacterial, and especially Eukaryote Model archaeal, species happily grow! For example, some species can be iso- lated from hot springs or the hot, acidic mud pits of volcanic vents ( Figure 4.1 ). When the eminent evolutionary biologist and geologist Stephen J. Gould wrote the opening quote of this chapter, he, as well as most micro- biologists at the time, had no idea that embedded in these “bacteria” was another whole domain of organisms.
    [Show full text]