DOCSLIB.ORG

Economic Effects of Land Use Change from Agricultural to Tourism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Economic Effects of Land Use Change from Agricultural to Tourism Journal of Research and Rural Planning 3 (2013) 25 Analysis of the causes of rural-urban migration (Case study: Khav and Myrabad District, Marivan County) Shayan. Hamid Associate prof, Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi Universit of Mashhady, Mashhad, Iran KohnePushi. Seyyed Hadi1 PhD Candidate in Geography and Rural Planning, Ferdowsi Universit of Mashhady, Mashhad, Iran Received 28 December 2012 Accepted 9 July 2013 1. INTRODUCTION Migration is one of the most important population phenomena to economic planners, especially in the Third World countries. Migration is most affected by rural-urban relations. High density of population in major cities and rapid decline of rural populations have created huge social and economic issues in Iran, and this has changed the settlement patterns. Continuing uncontrolled migration of villagers could be regarded as an indicator of the lack of a regional approach in economic and social activities in Iran's development planning. Centralist policies in positioning of these activities, on the one hand lead to concentration of services and different welfare and economic facilities in cities, and on the other hand, end in poverty and deprivation in rural areas. Persistence of this unequal trend has led to duality and a gap between urban and rural areas, and they have turned into hubs of attractive and repulsive populations. In "Khav and Myrabad" district which is one of Iran's borders districts, rural-urban migration is common to a greater or lesser degree. In order to reduce migration and achieve sustainable development in this region, it is essential to investigate the causes of these migrations and provide a solution for it. The aim of this study was to investigate these causes. Thus, the main research question is: What are the main causes of rural migration from "Khav and Myrabad" district to “Marivan”? For this question, a hypothesis was proposed and this paper is trying to test this hypothesis. It seems that the main causes of rural-urban migration in “Khav and Myrabad” district are unemployment and low income. 2. METHODOLOGY This is an applied research which was conducted in a causal-descriptive method, and its required data were collected by library research and field studies. The main instruments used in data collection were questionnaire and interview. The statistical population is the rural population of "Khav and Myrabad" district with a population of 11,849. Considering research facilities, as well as trying to have homogeneous villages, rural migrants in six villages (about 20% of the rural areas) whose residents had migrated to 1- Corresponding Author: [email protected] Journal of Research and Rural Planning 3 (2013) 26 “Marivan County” were randomly selected from the villages of this district. In this research, various software packages such as ARC GIS, Excel, and etc., were used in data analysis. Based on Sharp-Cochrane formula 372 subjects were selected as the sample of the study. 3. DISCUSSION The research findings show that 41.6 percent of the total migrants were farmers, 14.7 percent stock raiser, 31.4 percent were unemployed, and 12.3 percent worked in other occupations (including shopkeepers, drivers, laborers, etc.). Exploring the financial status of migrants before migration, showed that 76.4% of migrants were in poor financial status, 15.8 percent were in relatively good conditions and the remaining 7.8 percent were in financially good conditions. Furthermore, the largest majority of the respondents (60%) due to lack of education centers in their rural areas were illiterate or had just attended primary schools, which is one of the main reasons of their migration. As we said, 76.4% of migrants were financially poor, 15.8 percent were in relatively good conditions and the remaining 7.8 percent were in economically good conditions. This is indicative of unfavorable financial conditions of majority of respondents (76%) before migration and this is one of the main reasons why migrants leave their rural areas, they leave their village to escape this situation, and get a better financial status. Of employed respondents, 65 percent worked in service activities, 14.6% worked in industrial activities and 17% were engaged in agricultural activities and this indicates that most respondents were engaged in service activities in urban areas. It means, they abandoned their mainly productive activities in the villages and got engaged in service activities in cities. This should be noted as one of the consequences of rural-urban migration. Employment rate of villagers in towns is about 84 percent, which confirms the realization of one of the most important factors in rural-urban migration (finding a job). In addition, the financial status of 86% of migrants has improved. And this level of satisfaction and financial improvement could be regarded as another encouragement for migration. Besides, 56.6% of respondents are those who left their villages to find a job, 29.4% left their villages because of low income, 3.4% because of access to urban sanitation facilities and lack of such facilities in their own villages, 6.5% left to achieve better educational facilities in the city, 2.4% left to access sports and recreational facilities and for 1.7% marriage was the major cause that brought them into the cities. This indicates that employment and access to jobs in the cities has the highest priority and is one of the important causes of migration from villages of "Khav and Myrabad" district to Marivan County. 4. CONCLUSION Now, one of the major concerns of the government is to control unrestrained rural-urban migration, and consequently resolve urban issues, and reduce the adverse effects of rural- urban migration. "Khav and Myrabad" district is one of the border districts of Iran that Journal of Research and Rural Planning 3 (2013) 27 has many villages some of which have been evacuated at different periods of time and their populations have migrated to Marivan County. The main hypothesis test showed that 41.6% of migrants were farmers, 14.7 percent were stock raisers, 31.4 percent were unemployed, and 12.3 percent worked in other occupations (including shopkeepers, drivers, laborers, etc.). High unemployment rate (about 31% of all respondents) before migration is one of the major causes of migration to urban areas. Exploring financial status of migrants before migration showed that 76.4% of migrants were in poor financial status, 15.8 percent were in relatively good conditions and the remaining 7.8 percent were in financially good conditions. It reveals poor financial status of respondents (76%) before migration. Therefore, economic incentive to achieve a better financial status is one of the main reasons for rural-urban migration. Employment rate of rural migrant in the city after migration was about 84 percent. This shows the realization of one of the most important factors of rural-urban migration (to access jobs and escape unemployment). Thus, the main hypothesis of the research is confirmed which states "unemployment and low income of rural migrants is the main causes of rural-urban migration". 5– SUGGESTIONS 1- Appropriate and practical planning for development of tourism in this region with regard to high tourism potentials. 2- Planning for the establishment of small and medium industries in the region, with regard to presence of many young people in the villages that are not yet evacuated. 3- Creating employment opportunities in the rural areas of this district through diversification of activities. 4- Development of health centers and necessary educational, recreational services in the centers of rural district and its expansion into the villages. 5- Providing necessary economic and social infrastructures for development of sustainable rural employment opportunities. Key Words: Rural-urban migration, Rural economy, rural evacuation, "Khav and Myrabad" district. References (in Persian) 1. Abrishami, H. (1996). "Iran's Economy". Tehran: Elmi Farhangi Publication, 1st Ed. 2. Amanollahi, S. (1991). "Nomadism Reduction in Iran". Journal of National Studies, Ministry of Jihad-e-agriculture, No.1, Pp. 155-183. 3. Ardhany Ghasemi, A. (2006). "Causes of rural-urban migration in a meta-analysis of the academic dissertations (time period of 1980-2004)". Journal of Rural Areas & Development, vol. 9, No. 1, Pp. 51-80. 4. Asheri, E. (2004). "The impact of construction activities of Jihad Sazandegi on rural population stabilization during 1976 to 1996". Geographical Research Quarterly, vol.19, No. 1, Pp. 118-134. Journal of Research and Rural Planning 3 (2013) 28 5. Azkia, M. (2005). "Introduction to the Sociology of Rural Development". Tehran: Etelaat press. 6. Banifatemeh, H. (1997). "Unemployment and Migration". Journal of Geographical Education, No.13, Pp.51-56. 7. Clarke, J (2004). "Principles of Population Geography". Translated by Masoud Mahdavi, Tehran: Ghomes publications. 8. Cohen, B. (2001). "Principles of Demography". Translated by Ali Tavassoli, Reza Fazel, Tehran: SAMT Publications. 9. Eskeldon, R. (2001). "Rural-urban migration and its impact on rural poverty reduction". Translated by Vojdani H. Journal of Demography, No.252, Pp. 69-75. 10. E'temad, G., Hesamian, F., Haeri, M.R. (1998). "Urbanism in Iran". Tehran: Agah Publication. 11. Ghaffari, R. (2008). "Physical planning of rural settlements". Shahre-kord: Islamic Azad University. 12. Ghareh-baghiyan, M. (1997). "Development Economics". Vol.1, Tehran: Ney Publications. 13. Ghasemian, S. (2005). "Poverty Reduction: Prospects and Challenges". Journal of Social Welfare, No. 18, Pp. 333-356. 14. Governor of Marivan County. (2006.). "Information of Khav &Mirabad District". Marivan: Governor of Marivan County 15. Jahanfar, M. (2009). "Demographic features of Iran". Tehran; Payame Noor Press. 16. Javan, J. (1988). "Iran's population and its geographical position". Mashhad: Ferdowsi university of Mashhad Press. 17. Kazem-pour, Sh., Ghasemi Ardhaei.A. (2007). "Residential experiences and migration to Tehran". Iranian Institute of Demography, Vol.2, No. 3, Pp. 130-148. 18. Kurdistan governor (2012). "The latest divisions of Marivan County".
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Institutional Ethnography of Supportive Policies in the Border Villages of Khao and Mirabad Districts of Marivan County)
    Spring 2021. Vol 12. Num 1 Research Paper Border Residents and Dependence on Supporting Institutions (Institutional Ethnography of Supportive Policies in the Border Villages of Khao and Mirabad Districts of Marivan County) *Osman Hedayat1, Shahram Basity2 1. PhD Student, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. Use your device to scan and read the article online Citation: Hedayat, O., & Basity, Sh. (2021). [Border Residents and Dependence on Supporting Institutions (Institutional Ethnography of Supportive Policies in the Border Villages of Khao and Mirabad Districts of Marivan County) (Persian)]. Journal of Rural Research, 12(1), 80-93, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22059/jrur.2021.317276.1605 : http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22059/jrur.2021.317276.1605 Received: 16 Jan. 2021 A B S T R A C T Accepted: 04 April 2021 The main issue of this research revolves around the fact that rural border residents have many prob- lems earning a living, which has resulted in dependence on the help of support institutions. Based on the experiences of border residents in the form of interviews with 4 key informants in the villages of Khavomirabad rural district of Marivan city, in contrast to the supportive policies of government institu- tions, the policies and strategies adopted in this regard have been analyzed. In this regard, the participa- tory development approach and the institutional ethnographic method were used. The results were discussed and analyzed in the form of secondary categories, the shock of the end of activities of border markets, the failure of restorative policies, dependence on the assistance of supportive institutions, and spontaneous popular actions.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling, Evaluation, and Zoning of Marivan County Ecotourism Potential Using Fuzzy Logic, FAHP, and TOPSIS
    ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) | ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Modeling, Evaluation, and Zoning of Marivan county Ecotourism Potential using Fuzzy Logic, FAHP, and TOPSIS Jahanbakhsh BalistA*, Hamideh HeydarzadehA, Esmail SalehiA Received: September 15, 2018 | Revised: December 14, 2018 | Accepted: February 26, 2019 DOI: 10.5937/gp23-18879 Abstract Among all the diverse regions of Iran, Marivan is considered one of the touring poles in the country thanks to its unique views which play an important role in providing ecotourism potential. Current- ly, despite the importance of the issue, no specific study and planning have been done to locate proper zones for an outing. In this regard, evaluation of the land potential for any kind of activity such as recre- ational planning is the first step in planning. In this study, we evaluated and zoned the ecotourism po- tential of Marivan in Kurdistan province with fuzzy logic, FAHP, and TOPSIS, based on 15 criteria and ap- plying GIS, where the outcome was zoning map of areas most suitable for ecotourism development. The results indicated that a total area of 3183 km2 (included in the study), classes 4 and 5, respective- ly, with 151 and 513 km2 constitute the most appropriate zones for ecotourism development. Among points with ecotourism attraction, the Zarivar Lake claimed the top priority while Anjiran Heights re- ceived the last priority. Keywords: Tourism; Marivan; Zoning; Fuzzy Logic; FAHP; TOPSIS Introduction Ecotourism has been categorized among new con- newest and best and indeed a perfect definition: “Ec- cepts which are still often misunderstood and not otourism is traveling to sensitive, unique, intact, and used correctly.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran
    Aus dem Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut eingereicht über den Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Freien Universität Berlin Spatial Epidemiology of Rabies in Iran Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Veterinärmedizin an der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt von Rouzbeh Bashar Tierarzt aus Teheran, Iran Berlin 2019 Journal-Nr.: 4015 'ĞĚƌƵĐŬƚŵŝƚ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐ&ĂĐŚďĞƌĞŝĐŚƐsĞƚĞƌŝŶćƌŵĞĚŝnjŝŶ ĚĞƌ&ƌĞŝĞŶhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ĞŬĂŶ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘:ƺƌŐĞŶĞŶƚĞŬ ƌƐƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ WƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘&ƌĂŶnj:͘ŽŶƌĂƚŚƐ ǁĞŝƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ hŶŝǀ͘ͲWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘DĂƌĐƵƐŽŚĞƌƌ ƌŝƚƚĞƌ'ƵƚĂĐŚƚĞƌ͗ Wƌ͘<ĞƌƐƚŝŶŽƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĞƐŬƌŝƉƚŽƌĞŶ;ŶĂĐŚͲdŚĞƐĂƵƌƵƐͿ͗ ZĂďŝĞƐ͕DĂŶ͕ŶŝŵĂůƐ͕ŽŐƐ͕ƉŝĚĞŵŝŽůŽŐLJ͕ƌĂŝŶ͕/ŵŵƵŶŽĨůƵŽƌĞƐĐĞŶĐĞ͕/ƌĂŶ dĂŐĚĞƌWƌŽŵŽƚŝŽŶ͗Ϯϴ͘Ϭϯ͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬ ŝĞĞƵƚƐĐŚĞEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝďůŝŽƚŚĞŬǀĞƌnjĞŝĐŚŶĞƚĚŝĞƐĞWƵďůŝŬĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĚĞƌĞƵƚƐĐŚĞŶEĂƚŝŽŶĂůďŝͲ ďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝĞ͖ ĚĞƚĂŝůůŝĞƌƚĞ ďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂĨŝƐĐŚĞ ĂƚĞŶ ƐŝŶĚ ŝŵ /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ ƺďĞƌ фŚƚƚƉƐ͗ͬͬĚŶď͘ĚĞх ĂďƌƵĨďĂƌ͘ /^E͗ϵϳϴͲϯͲϴϲϯϴϳͲϵϳϮͲϯ ƵŐů͗͘ĞƌůŝŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀ͕͘ŝƐƐ͕͘ϮϬϭϵ ŝƐƐĞƌƚĂƚŝŽŶ͕&ƌĞŝĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚćƚĞƌůŝŶ ϭϴϴ ŝĞƐĞƐtĞƌŬŝƐƚƵƌŚĞďĞƌƌĞĐŚƚůŝĐŚŐĞƐĐŚƺƚnjƚ͘ ůůĞ ZĞĐŚƚĞ͕ ĂƵĐŚ ĚŝĞ ĚĞƌ mďĞƌƐĞƚnjƵŶŐ͕ ĚĞƐ EĂĐŚĚƌƵĐŬĞƐ ƵŶĚ ĚĞƌ sĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƵŶŐ ĚĞƐ ƵĐŚĞƐ͕ ŽĚĞƌ dĞŝůĞŶ ĚĂƌĂƵƐ͕ǀŽƌďĞŚĂůƚĞŶ͘<ĞŝŶdĞŝůĚĞƐtĞƌŬĞƐĚĂƌĨŽŚŶĞƐĐŚƌŝĨƚůŝĐŚĞ'ĞŶĞŚŵŝŐƵŶŐĚĞƐsĞƌůĂŐĞƐŝŶŝƌŐĞŶĚĞŝŶĞƌ&Žƌŵ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵnjŝĞƌƚŽĚĞƌƵŶƚĞƌsĞƌǁĞŶĚƵŶŐĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝƐĐŚĞƌ^LJƐƚĞŵĞǀĞƌĂƌďĞŝƚĞƚ͕ǀĞƌǀŝĞůĨćůƚŝŐƚŽĚĞƌǀĞƌďƌĞŝƚĞƚǁĞƌĚĞŶ͘ ŝĞ tŝĞĚĞƌŐĂďĞ ǀŽŶ 'ĞďƌĂƵĐŚƐŶĂŵĞŶ͕ tĂƌĞŶďĞnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐĞŶ͕ ƵƐǁ͘ ŝŶ ĚŝĞƐĞŵ tĞƌŬ ďĞƌĞĐŚƚŝŐƚ ĂƵĐŚ ŽŚŶĞ ďĞƐŽŶĚĞƌĞ <ĞŶŶnjĞŝĐŚŶƵŶŐ ŶŝĐŚƚ njƵ ĚĞƌ ŶŶĂŚŵĞ͕ ĚĂƐƐ ƐŽůĐŚĞ EĂŵĞŶ ŝŵ ^ŝŶŶĞ ĚĞƌ tĂƌĞŶnjĞŝĐŚĞŶͲ
    [Show full text]
  • Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 414 September 2019
    INSTITUT KURDDE PARIS E Information and liaison bulletin N° 414 SEPTEMBER 2019 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Ministry of Culture This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: bulletin@fikp.org Information and liaison bulletin Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 414 September 2019 • TURKEY: DESPITE SOME ACQUITTALS, STILL MASS CONVICTIONS.... • TURKEY: MANY DEMONSTRATIONS AFTER FURTHER DISMISSALS OF HDP MAYORS • ROJAVA: TURKEY CONTINUES ITS THREATS • IRAQ: A CONSTITUTION FOR THE KURDISTAN REGION? • IRAN: HIGHLY CONTESTED, THE REGIME IS AGAIN STEPPING UP ITS REPRESSION TURKEY: DESPITE SOME ACQUITTALS, STILL MASS CONVICTIONS.... he Turkish govern- economist. The vice-president of ten points lower than the previ- ment is increasingly the CHP, Aykut Erdoğdu, ous year, with the disagreement embarrassed by the recalled that the Istanbul rate rising from 38 to 48%. On economic situation. Chamber of Commerce had esti- 16, TurkStat published unem- T The TurkStat Statistical mated annual inflation at ployment figures for June: 13%, Institute reported on 2 22.55%. The figure of the trade up 2.8%, or 4,253,000 unem- September that production in the union Türk-İş is almost identical. ployed. For young people aged previous quarter fell by 1.5% HDP MP Garo Paylan ironically 15 to 24, it is 24.8%, an increase compared to the same period in said: “Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Decentralization and Democracy in Iran
    DECENTRALIZATION AND DEMOCRACY IN IRAN SAEID NOURI NESHAT THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENTMalaya OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHYof FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA UniversityKUALA LUMPUR 2017 i Abstract It was only twenty years after the 1979 Revolution that local Islamic councils were legalized and launched everywhere in Iran as part of reforms to strengthen decentralization and enhance people’s participation in policy planning. However, although these councils comprise elected members, they have not been fully institutionalized within the local government system and within Iran’s hierarchy of power. Local councils, therefore, have not led to the greater empowerment of people. This study assesses the decentralization process within the power structure after the Iranian Revolution. The research aims to provide insights into these key questions: how was the structure of the post-revolution decentralization system different from that of the previous regime? Why has the policy of decentralizationMalaya not led to the sort of devolution that would enable people to participateof in decision-making? What are the political obstacles to the empowerment of the people, a professed goal of the post- revolution government? A qualitative research method involving a multiple case study approach is used here. Urban and rural communities were selected for assessment through purposive sampling. Easton’s theory of political system was applied as it provides an effective conceptual framework to examine and explain the data. TheUniversity results indicate that the post-revolution system is one that can be classified as a filtered democracy. In this type of political system, inputs from society have to pass through filters created by power elites.
    [Show full text]
  • Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Breast Milk in Marivan, West of Iran
    J Adv Environ Health Res (2019) 7:32-37 DOI: 10.22102/JAEHR.2019.155318.1109 ORIGINAL PAPER Levels of organochlorine pesticides in human breast milk in Marivan, west of Iran Behzad Shahmoradi,1, Afshin Maleki2, Shadi Kohzadi1, Jamshid Khoubi2, Shiva Zandi1 1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran 2. Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran Date of submission: 10 Nov 2018, Date of acceptance: 04 Feb 2019 ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the levels of organochloride pesticides (OCPs) in the human breast milk obtained from the nursing women admitted for delivery to a hospital in Marivan county, located in Kurdistan, Iran. Milk samples were collected from 30 women. Gas chromatography analysis was performed using a Dani 1000 (Italy) gas chromatograph equipped with the Ni electron capture detector (ECD). The findings showed the high concentrations of OCPs in the samples. On the other hand, DDTs were ranked as the most abundant OCPs, followed by HCHs and HCBs, with the concentrations estimated at 2,345, 2,617, and 570 ng/g lipid/wt, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the tested women might have been exposed to OCPs. However, further investigation is required on larger sample sizes to take proper measures. Keywords: Biomonitoring, Breast milk, Marivan, Nursing women, Organochlorine pesticides Introduction countries, and their long-term persistence in the Breast milk is the most fundamental environment is another contributing factor in nutritious support to the infant, which contains this regard, which make it vulnerable to be optimal amounts of proteins, carbohydrates, and analyzed in human breast milk.3 fats.
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics, Phylogeny and Biogeography of Cousinia (Asteraceae)
    SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF COUSINIA (ASTERACEAE) Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes Gutenberg‐Universität Mainz Iraj Mehregan geb. in Gachsaran, Iran Mainz, 2008 Dekan: 1. Berichterstatter: 2. Berichterstatter: Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10. 07. 2008 II Kapitel 2 (chapter 2) dieser Arbeit ist im Druck bei “Taxon“: López‐Vinyallonga, S., Mehregan, I.*, Garcia‐Jacas, N., Tscherneva, O., Susanna, A. & Kadereit, J. W.*: Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae‐Carduinae). * Von den Autoren Mehregan, I und Kadereit, J. W.: Die Generation der ITS‐Sequenzen von 113 Taxa (Appendix 1), die Bayesische Analyse der ITS‐ und rpS4‐trnT‐trnL‐Sequenzen, das Rechnen der Molekularen Uhr sowie der Partition‐Hemogenity Test und die Analyse des Cousinioid Clade wurde in Rahmen dieser Dissertation ausgeführt. Das Manuskript wurde in Zusammenarbeit aller Autoren geschrieben. Kapitel 3 (chapter 3) diese Arbeit wird bei “Willdenowia” eingereicht: Mehregan, I. & Kadereit, J. W.: The role of hybridization in the evolution of Cousinia s.s. (Asteraceae). Kapitel 4 (chapter 4) dieser Arbeit ist im Druck bei “Willdenowia“: Mehregan, I. & Kadereit, J. W.: Taxonomic revision of Cousinia sect. Cynaroideae. III Contents SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................................................1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .....................................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • 71713988507.Pdf
    روﺳﺘﺎ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ، ﺳﺎل 22 ، ﺷﻤﺎرة 85، ﺑﻬﺎر 1398 ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي - ﻓﺎزي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ در ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮزي : ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻣﻮردي دﻫﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻘﻮ ب زارﻋﻲ١ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 24/10/ 1396 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 9/10/ 1397 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺣﺪود ﭘﻨﺠﺎه درﺻﺪ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺸﻮر در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮزي، در ﻛﻨﺎر ﺟﺎﻳ ﮕﺎه وﻳﮋه ﻧﻈﺎم روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ و ﻧﻘﺶ اﺛﺮﮔﺬار روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻴﺎن در روﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي - اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺳﺮزﻣﻴﻨﻲ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮزي ﺑﺎﻧﻪ، در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﻚ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ - ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ، ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﺳﻨﺎدي - ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪاي و ﺑ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺷﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﻓﺎزي و ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم رﺳﻴﺪ . ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ 59 ﻣﺆ ﻟﻔﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎ، ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺮوﻣ ﻴﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ، ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردارﺗﺮﻳﻦ دﻫﺴﺘﺎن اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن، ﻳﻌﻨﻲ دﻫﺴﺘﺎن ﻧﻨﻮر ( ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ 35/0) ، ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ دارد. ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ و اﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎت روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن از ﻫﻴ ﭻ اﻟﮕﻮ و ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اي ﭘﻴﺮوي ﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ، ﻣﺤ ﺮوﻣﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮار ﻣﺮزي ( دﻫﺴﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺑﻠﻪ- ﻛ ﻪ و ﭘﺸﺖ ارﺑﺎﺑﺎ ) ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ . در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن، ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ، ﺑ ﻬﺪاﺷﺘﻲ، آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ و زﻳﺮﺑ ﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎﻧﻪ در اوﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ . ﻛﻠﻴﺪواژه ﻫﺎ : ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮي، ﻓﺎزي، ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ، ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺮزي، ﺑﺎﻧﻪ ( ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ). -1 دﻛﺘﺮي ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي روﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ، ﺑﺎﺷﮕﺎه ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮا ن ﺟﻮان و ﻧﺨﺒﮕﺎن، واﺣﺪ ﺑﻮﺷـﻬﺮ، دا ﻧﺸـﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳـﻼﻣﻲ، ﺑﻮﺷﻬﺮ، اﻳﺮان ( [email protected] ).
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Springer Geology
    Springer Geology Mansour Ghorbani The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Springer Geology For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10172 Mansour Ghorbani The Economic Geology of Iran Mineral Deposits and Natural Resources Mansour Ghorbani Faculty of Geoscience Shahid Beheshti University Tehran , Iran ISBN 978-94-007-5624-3 ISBN 978-94-007-5625-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5625-0 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951116 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Irak Entreprennent Aussi »
    INSTITUT KURDDE PARIS E Information and liaison bulletin N° 408 MARCH 2019 The publication of this Bulletin enjoys a subsidy from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Ministry of Culture This bulletin is issued in French and English Price per issue : France: 6 € — Abroad : 7,5 € Annual subscribtion (12 issues) France : 60 € — Elsewhere : 75 € Monthly review Directeur de la publication : Mohamad HASSAN Misen en page et maquette : Ṣerefettin ISBN 0761 1285 INSTITUT KURDE, 106, rue La Fayette - 75010 PARIS Tel. : 01-48 24 64 64 - Fax : 01-48 24 64 66 www.fikp.org E-mail: bulletin@fikp.org Information and liaison bulletin Kurdish Institute of Paris Bulletin N° 408 March 2019 • ROJAVA: THE LAST BASTION OF ISIS FALLS, TURKEY STILL THREATENING • TURKEY: MASS SUICIDES IN PRISONS, BAD PRE-ELECTION SURVEYS FOR ERDOĞAN • IRAQ: STILL WITHOUT A NEW GOVERN- MENT, KURDISTAN PUTS AN END TO “SALARY SAVINGS” FOR ITS CIVIL SER- VANTS • IRAN: DEATH IN CUSTODY OF AN ENVI- RONMENTAL ACTIVIST, WIDESPREAD REPRESSION ROJAVA: THE LAST BASTION OF ISIS FALLS, TURKEY STILL THREATENING n Rojava, the main 4th July on the investigations con- Bellingcat estimates at least to 10 piece of news this ducted by the online media Turkish soldiers and more than month has been the Bellingcat into the ongoing “low- 100 jihadists killed... On the 1st of announcement on the intensity insurgency” in the canton the month, an improvised explo- I 23rd of the fall to the (https://www.bellingcat.com/ne sive device, detonated as Syrian hands of the Syrian Democratic ws/mena/2019/03/01/wrath-of- Free Army fighters passed by, Forces (SDF) of the last village the-olives-tracking-the-afrin-insur- killed 3 people near Al-Bab, an held by ISIS in Syria, Baghuz.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Framework in Sustainability Assessment of Agricultural Exploitation Systems
    Space Economy & Rural Development Vol. 15 Spring 2016 1 A Comprehensive Framework in Sustainability Assessment of Agricultural Exploitation Systems Shahpar Geravandi Ph.D. Candidate of Agriculture Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah. Iran. Abdol Hamid Popzan Associate Prof, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran. Received: 10.Aug.2014 Accepted: 15.Oct.2015 Introduction Lack of a comprehensive framework is one of the most important challenges in sustainability assessment of Agricultural Exploitation Systems. This is the reason of tunnel vision in many researches in the field of sustainability. The history of Agricultural Exploitation Systems in Iran is back to thousands years ago, when ancient Iranian tried to domesticate wild animals and cereals in Iran. So, Agricultural Exploitation Systems are one of the fundamental issues in Iran’s agriculture section and these systems are of great importance in agricultural development of the country and even in urban development. Studies show that since very beginning, governments focused their attention on this system because of its potentials and capabilities such as production, job creation, and generating income and this caused major changes and development. According to the performed studies, there are different frameworks for sustainability assessment of Agricultural Exploitation Systems. Most of these frameworks consider the sustainability issue not holistically and try to investigate the sustainability issue just in economic, social and environmental dimensions. In these frameworks, some dimensions of sustainability are highlighted, while highlighting some dimensions is in contradiction to holistic view in sustainability assessment. Therefore, this study aims to introduce those frameworks that are related to sustainability assessment of Agricultural Exploitation Systems and considers their inefficiencies and it also aims to introduce a comprehensive framework.
    [Show full text]
  • From Iran Xxx
    Entomofauna 39/1 Heft ##:4: 073-081 000-000 Ansfelden, 2. Januar 2018 New report of two speciesTitelüberschrift and one genera of Psocoptera (Psocodea: Insecta)xxx from Iran xxx MortezaAutor KAHRARIAN Abstract In this study the fauna of Psocoptera was investigated in west part of Iran (Kermanshah and Kordestan provinces) during 2012–2015. The specimens were collected from the dead and dying leaves of trees, grasses and under stones. Among different species of Psocop- tera, Ectopsocus vachoni BADONNEL, Lepinotus brunnea ENDERLEIN and the genus Be- laphotroctes are new for Iranian fauna. Moreover all of reported species, Genera and fam- ilies by this study are reported for the first time in Kermanshah and Kordestan provinces. Key words: Psocids fauna, Lepinotus brunnea , Ectopsocus vachoni, Iran. Zusammenfassung In dieser Studie wird die Fauna von Psocoptera im westlichen Teil des Iran (Provinzen Kermanshah und Kordestan) im Zeitraum von 2012 bis 2015 untersucht. Die Exempla- re wurden von den toten und sterbenden Blättern von Bäumen, Gräsern und unter Stei- nen gesammelt. Unter den verschiedenen Arten von Psocoptera sind Ectopsocus vachoni BADONNEL, Lepinotus brunnea ENDERLEIN und die Gattung Belaphotroctes neu für die ira- nische Fauna. Speziell für Kermanshah und Kordestan gilt, dass über alle in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Arten, Genera und Familien für diese Provinzen hier zum ersten Male be- richtet wird. Stichwörter: Psocids fauna, Lepinotus brunnea, Ectopsocus vachoni, Iran. 1. Introduction Psocoptera, also known as booklice or psocids are one of the least-known orders of small insects. They have a worldwide distribution and usually colonized on leaves, foliage and barks of ornamental trees, grasses and palms.
    [Show full text]