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Construction of an Interference-Filter-Stabilized Diode

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Construction of an Interference-Filter-Stabilized Diode -6%8*( ."9*.*-*"/ 6/*7&34*5: 0' .6/*$) #"$)&-03 5)&4*4 $POTUSVDUJPO PG BO JOUFSGFSFODFmMUFSTUBCJMJ[FE EJPEF MBTFS GPS FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI VMUSBDPME TUSPOUJVN BUPNT *7"/ ,0,)"/074,:* JO DPMMBCPSBUJPO XJUI UIF .BY1MBODL*OTUJUVUF GPS 2VBOUVN 0QUJDT VOEFS TVQFSWJTJPO PG 1SPG %S *NNBOVFM #MPDI BOE %S 4FCBTUJBO #MBUU .VOJDI #"$)&-03"3#&*5 "/ %&3 -6%8*(."9*.*-*"/46/*7&34*55 ./$)&/ ,POTUSVLUJPO FJOFT JOUFSGFSFO[mMUFSTUBCJMJTJFSUFO %JPEFOMBTFST GÊS &YQFSJNFOUF NJU VMUSBLBMUFO 4USPOUJVNBUPNFO WPSHFMFHU WPO *7"/ ,0,)"/074,:* .ºODIFO EFO +VMJ Abstract *O UIJT #BDIFMPS UIFTJT XF SFQPSU PO UIF DPOTUSVDUJPO PG BO JOUFSGFSFODFɯMUFSTUBCJMJ[FE FY UFSOBM DBWJUZ EJPEF MBTFS BU B XBWFMFOHUI PG ON GPS VTF JO FYQFSJNFOUT XJUI VMUSBDPME TUSPOUJVN BUPNT 5IJT XPSL DPOUBJOT B TUFQCZTUFQ FYQMBOBUJPO PG UIF MBTFS DPOTUSVDUJPO JODMVEJOH BEWJDF GPS JOTUBMMJOH FBDI MBTFS DPNQPOFOU 'VSUIFSNPSF XF EFTDSJCF DPOUSPM TZTUFNT BOE XBWFMFOHUI TFMFDUJPO NFDIBOJTNT UIBU FOBCMF TUBCMF TJOHMFNPEF PQFSBUJPO PG UIF MBTFS 0QUJNJ[BUJPO PG UIF MBTFS PVUQVU QPXFS JUT XBWFMFOHUI UVOJOH BOE B EFUFSNJ OBUJPO PG JUT MJOFXJEUI BSF EJTDVTTFE 8F BMTP NBLF TVHHFTUJPOT GPS QPTTJCMF JNQSPWFNFOUT JO GVUVSF JUFSBUJPOT PG UIF EFTJHO i Contents ii Contents 1Introduction 1 2FundamentalProcessesinaLaser 2 -JHIU.BUUFS *OUFSBDUJPO -JHIU "NQMJɯDBUJPO 4FNJDPOEVDUPS -BTFST 4FNJDPOEVDUPST 4FNJDPOEVDUPS -BTFS %JPEF 3FTPOBUPS 3LaserConstruction 9 %FTJHO 0WFSWJFX *OUFSGFSFODF 'JMUFS &MFDUSJDBM $POUSPM 1BSUT 5FNQFSBUVSF $POUSPM 4ZTUFN 1JF[PFMFDUSJDBMMZ 5VOBCMF 3FTPOBUPS .FDIBOJDBM %FTJHO PG BO &$%- $PMMJNBUPS "MJHOJOH UIF &YUFOEFE $BWJUZ 4OpticalSetup 24 "OBNPSQIJD 1SJTN 1BJS 0QUJDBM %FWJDFT 0QUJDBM 4FUVQ 5LaserProperties 31 0VUQVU 1PXFS 8BWFMFOHUI 4FMFDUJPO .PEF)PQ'SFF 5VOJOH 3BOHF -JOFXJEUI 6Conclusion 42 References 42 Acknowledgements 46 List of Tables iii List of Tables 5IFSNJTUPS 5), List of Figures iv List of Figures -JHIUNBUUFS JOUFSBDUJPO QSPDFTTFT JO B UXPMFWFM TZTUFN " 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UVOBCJMJUZ SBOHF BU WBSJPVT UFNQFSBUVSFT .PSFPWFS XF EFTDSJCF UIF EJɮFS FOU UVOJOH NFDIBOJTNT PG UIF MBTFS XIJDI BMMPX VT UP BDIJFWF TJOHMF NPEF PQFSBUJPO BU BSCJUSBSZ XBWFMFOHUI XJUIJO UIF UVOJOH SBOHF 5IF GVMM XJEUI BU IBMG NBYJNVN XBT BMTP EFUFSNJOFE VTJOH BO PQUJDBM IFUFSPEZOF NFUIPE CFBU TJHOBM NFBTVSFNFOU Chapter 2 Fundamental Processes in a Laser 2 Chapter 2 Fundamental Processes in a Laser *O UIF ɯSTU $IBQUFS XF EFTDSJCF UIF GVOEBNFOUBM MBXT PG MBTFS BDUJPO 8F CFHJO XJUI UIF JOUSPEVDUJPO PG UISFF QSPDFTTFT JO XIJDI FOFSHZ DPOWFSTJPO DBO PDDVS 5IFO XF MPPL BU TPNF QSPQFSUJFT PG TFNJDPOEVDUPS EJPEF MBTFST 'JOBMMZ UIF UISFTIPME DPOEJUJPO JT EJT DVTTFE 2.1 Light-Matter Interaction 5IJT 4FDUJPO CFHJOT XJUI B TIPSU SFWJFX PG MJHIUNBUUFS JOUFSBDUJPO QSPDFTTFT -FU VT DPO TJEFS B NFEJVN DPOTJTUJOH PG UXPMFWFM RVBOUVN TZTUFNT XJUI B HSPVOE TUBUF XJUI FOFSHZ E1 BOE BO FYDJUFE TUBUF XJUI FOFSHZ E2 8F UBLF UIF OVNCFS PG BUPNT JO UIF HSPVOE TUBUF UP CF N1 BOE UIF OVNCFS PG BUPNT JO UIF 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"ab XIFSF B12 JT DBMMFE &JOTUFJOƫT BCTPSQUJPO DPFɱDJFOU BOE ρ(ν) JT UIF FOFSHZ EFOTJUZ XIJDI EFTDSJCFT UIF BNPVOU PG DPOUJOVPVTMZ FNJUUFE FOFSHZ CZ BUPNT BU UFNQFSB UVSF T BOE JT HJWFO CZ 1MBODLƫT MBX <> 8πhν3 1 ρ(ν)= . c3 ehν/kB T 1 − 4QPOUBOFPVT FNJTTJPO PDDVST XIFO BO BUPN KVNQT EPXO GSPN UIF FYDJUFE TUBUF UP Chapter 2 Fundamental Processes in a Laser 3 1 2 3 Fig. 2.1 Light-matter interaction processes in a two-level system: 1 - absorption, 2 - spontaneous emission, 3 - stimulated emission. UIF HSPVOE TUBUF XIJMF FNJUUJOH B QIPUPO PG FOFSHZ E2 E1 5IF SBUF PG EFDSFBTF − PG UIF FYJUFE TUBUF QPQVMBUJPO DBO CF XSJUUFO BT dN2 = A21N2, dt − ! "sp XIFSF A21 JT &JOTUFJOƫT DPFɱDJFOU EFTDSJCJOH UIF SBUF PG TQPOUBOFPVT FNJTTJPO *O UIF DBTF PG TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO BUPNT JO UIF FYDJUFE TUBUF BSF TUJNVMBUFE UP NBLF B USBOTJUJPO UP UIF HSPVOE TUBUF CZ BO JODJEFOU QIPUPO 5IJT QSPDFTT MFBET UP UIF FNJTTJPO PG B TFDPOE QIPUPO 5IF SBUF PG UIJT QSPDFTT JT EFTDSJCFE CZ dN2 = B21N2ρ(ν), dt − ! "st XIFSF B21 JT UIF &JOTUFJOƫT DPFɱDJFOU EFTDSJCJOH UIF SBUF PG TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO 5IF TVN PG BUPN OVNCFST JO CPUI TUBUFT NVTU CF DPOTUBOU XIJDI MFBET UP dN dN 1 = 2 , dt − dt BOE A21N2 =(B12N1 B21N2) ρ(ν). − "QQMZJOH &R POF DBO EFSJWF &JOTUFJOƫT SFMBUJPOT 3 A21 8πhν = , 3 B21 c g1B12 = g2B21. Chapter 2 Fundamental Processes in a Laser 4 2.2 Light Amplification -FU VT DPOTJEFS OPX B MJHIU XBWF QBTTJOH UISPVHI BO BDUJWF NFEJVN "DDPSEJOH UP &R UIJT QSPDFTT DBVTFT TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO BOE BCTPSQUJPO JO UIF BDUJWF NFEJVN *G UIF SBUF PG TUJNVMBUFE FNJTTJPO FYDFFET UIF SBUF PG BCTPSQUJPO UIF XBWF XJMM HSPX JO JSSBEJBODF QPXFS QFS VOJU BSFB *O B TNBMM QBUI FMFNFOU dz UIF DIBOHF JO JSSBEJBODF JT QSPQPSUJPOBM UP UIF EJɮFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF SBUF PG TUJNVMBUFE
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  • RUBY LASER.Pdf
    RUBY LASER Dr. ANANT KUMAR SINHA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPTT. OF PHYSICS A.M. COLLEGE, GAYA OVERVIEW •Introduction •Historical importance •Construction •Working •Application •Drawbacks INTRODUCTION A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. It was the first type of laser invented, and was first operated by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories on 1960-05-16 . The ruby mineral (corundum) is aluminum oxide with a small amount(about 0.05%) of chromium which gives it its characteristic pink or red color by absorbing green and blue light. The ruby laser is The ruby laser is used as a pulsed laser, producing red light at 694.3 nm. After receiving a pumping flash from the flash tube, the laser light emerges for as long as the excited atoms persist in the ruby rod, which is typically about a millisecond. HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE A pulsed ruby laser was used for the famous laser ranging experiment which was conducted with a corner reflector placed on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts. This determined the distance to the Moon with an accuracy of about 15 cm. a three level solid state laser. LASER CONSTRUCTION The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a synthetic ruby rod. Ruby is an aluminum oxide crystal in which some of the aluminum atoms have been replaced with chromium atoms(0.05% by weight). Chromium gives ruby its characteristic red color and is responsible for the lasing behavior of the crystal. Chromium atoms absorb green and blue light and emit or reflect only red light.
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  • Development of Original Approach for Increasing of the Maximum Peak Power in Q-Switched Quantum Electronic Generators: Application in Ruby Laser
    ELECTRONICS’2006 20 - 22 September, Sozopol, BULGARIA DEVELOPMENT OF ORIGINAL APPROACH FOR INCREASING OF THE MAXIMUM PEAK POWER IN Q-SWITCHED QUANTUM ELECTRONIC GENERATORS: APPLICATION IN RUBY LASER Margarita Angelova Deneva 1, Dimitar Aleksandrov Dimitrov1, Marin Nenchev Nenchev 1,2 1 Dept. Optoelectronics and Lasers, Technical University – Sofia, Branch Plovdiv, 61 blvd. St.Peterburg, 4000 Plovdiv, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Electronics – Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 blvd. Tzarigradsko Chausse, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria We describe and investigate the application of our original approach for introducing in very appropriate manner a single Q- switching element in Ruby quantum electronic generator (Ruby laser). The approach permits to modulate the two outputs of the active medium using a single Q- switching element and thus to prevent the appearance of the parasitic free lasing and the strong double-pass amplification of the amplified spontaneous emission. This leads to essential increasing of the maximal inversion population and respectively of the maximum gain that is the condition for obtaining a “giant pulse” with essentially increased peak power. We present a new solution and develop the theoretical model on the base of rate differential equations for the Ruby laser action. On the base of the numerical investigation, we have shown the attractiveness of the application of our technique in the Ruby laser. The last is very convenient for Q-switch operation related with its very long upper laser level lifetime (~ 3 ms). The combination of our system and the properties of the Ruby active medium offer the possibility to obtain essentially increasing inversion population in comparison with the traditional approaches, especially in the cases of high level pumping.
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  • The Berkeley Tunable Far Infrared Laser Spectrometers G
    The Berkeley tunable far infrared laser spectrometers G. A. Blake,‘) K. B. Laughlin,b, R C. Cohen, K. L. Busarow, D.-H. Gwo,@ C. A. Schmutienmaer, D. W. Steiert, and R. J. Saykally Department of Chemistry, University of California, and Materials and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 (Received 24 September 1990; acceptedfor publication 10 March 1991) A detailed description is presentedfor a tunable far infrared laser spectrometerbased on frequency mixing of an optically pumped molecular gas laser with tunable microwave radiation in a Schottky point contact diode. The system has been operated on over 30 laser lines in the range 10-100 cm- i and exhibits a maximum absorption sensitivity near one part in 106.Each laser line can be tuned by f 110 GHz with first-order sidebands.Applications of this instrument are detailed in the preceding paper. 1. THE BERKELEY TUNABLE FAR-INFRARED LASER beam, which circulates between the FIR laser end mirrors SPECTROMETER after expanding through a 4 mm hole in the input coupler. The 2.5 m cavity of the FIR laser is of the dielectric wave- A. General description guide design, with planar gold-coated copper end mirrors. Tunable far-infrared (FIR) lasers have become pow- FIR power is coupled out through a lo-mm-diam hole in erful tools for investigating the structures of ions, radicals, the end mirror, which is backed by a hybrid quartz/ and clusters, and for probing intermolecular forces dielectric mirror to reflect the pump beam, while transmit- through measurement of FIR spectra of van der Waals ting the FIR output.
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  • Letter to the Editor a Simple N2 Laser for Dye Laser Pumping
    Optica Applicata, Vol. X, No. 2, 1980 Letter to the Editor A simple N2 laser for dye laser pumping M arek Łukaszewicz Institute of Physics, Nicholas Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland. K oen Jansen Vakgroep Atoom- en Molekuulfysika, Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Introduction Starting with Leonard and Gerry [1, 2] constructions of transtransversaly excited nitrogen lasers have been developed in various versions and improvements (for refer­ ences see e.g. [3]). Most of the efforts have been done to construct a sufficient pump for dye laser excitation. In this work we report a simple and nonexpensive construction which has been successfully employed for dye laser pumping, although some of its parameters, e.g. output power and efficiency are lower than “top” parameters achieved. Description of the laser Laser construction is based on the design by Schenck and Metcalf [4] and was de­ scribed elsewhere [5]. The cross-section of the laser channel is shown in fig. 1. Dumping capacitors (500 pF in number 20) are mounted in two rows to improve mechanical stability. The ends of the laser channel are sealed off by quartz windows. 1cm Fig. 1. Cross-section of the laser channel. E — aluminium electrodes, C — dumping capacitors, G — glass plates, B — saw-tooth blade, S — seal 8 — Optica Applicata X/2 170 M. Łukaszewicz, K. Jansen High voltage triggering circuit consists of a low inductance storage capacitor (4x4800 pF in parallel) charged through the 120 kO resistor from a regulated H.V. power supply (30 kV/60 mA Philips), and a fast hydrogen filled thyratron (5C22 Philips) used as a switch for triggering.
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  • Custom Fabrication and Mode-Locked Operation of a Femtosecond Fiber
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Custom fabrication and mode- locked operation of a femtosecond fber laser for multiphoton Received: 30 September 2018 Accepted: 25 February 2019 microscopy Published: xx xx xxxx Nima Davoudzadeh1,2, Guillaume Ducourthial1,2 & Bryan Q. Spring1,2,3 Solid-state femtosecond lasers have stimulated the broad adoption of multiphoton microscopy in the modern laboratory. However, these devices remain costly. Fiber lasers ofer promise as a means to inexpensively produce ultrashort pulses of light suitable for nonlinear microscopy in compact, robust and portable devices. Although encouraging, the initial methods reported in the biomedical engineering community to construct home-built femtosecond fber laser systems overlooked fundamental aspects that compromised performance and misrepresented the signifcant fnancial and intellectual investments required to build these devices. Here, we present a practical protocol to fabricate an all-normal-dispersion ytterbium (Yb)-doped femtosecond fber laser oscillator using commercially-available parts (plus standard optical components and extra-cavity accessories) as well as basic fber splicing and laser pulse characterization equipment. We also provide a synthesis of established protocols in the laser physics community, but often overlooked in other felds, to verify true versus seemingly (partial or noise-like) mode-locked performance. The approaches described here make custom fabrication of femtosecond fber lasers more accessible to a wide range of investigators and better represent the investments required for the proper laser design, fabrication and operation. Commercial solid-state femtosecond (fs) lasers are central to the development of nonlinear microscopy as well as its applications to biology and medicine. For instance, these lasers facilitate intravital multiphoton micros- copy in neuroscience and in animal models of disease1,2.
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