The Bronte¨S in Context

Home , Arthur Bell Nicholls, Fassbender, High Sunderland Hall

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76186-4 - The Brontës in Context Edited by Marianne Thormählen Index More information

Index

Recipients of letters are not indexed in that capacity. Nor are names and titles in notes when indexed as occurring in the running text. Titles of works by authors other than the Bronte¨s are indexed (under their authors’ names) only when the primary reference in the running text is to the relevant work and not to its author.

Ablow, Rachel, 203 Askew, Anne, 111 Abrams, M. H., 217 Athenaeum, The, 160, 165n, 181n, 274 Acton, Dr William, 329 Athena¨um, Das, 225 Adams, Abigail B., 120 Atlas, The, 161 Adams, J. F. A., 259n Audubon, John James, 144 adaptations of the Bronte¨ fiction, see screen Ornithological Autobiography, 250 versions of the Bronte¨ novels; sequels and Augustine, St, Confessions, 228 prequels to Bronte¨ fiction; stage versions Austen, Jane, 148, 306 of Bronte¨ novels Pride and Prejudice, 297, 301 advertising of books, 161 Austin, Linda, 203 Aesop’s Fables, 99, 144 Australia, deportation of criminals to, 230 agricultural revolution, 276, 281, 296 Author’s Printing and Publishing Assistant, The, agriculture, 276, 277–9 154, 155 Alcott, Louisa May, 201 Aykroyd, Tabitha, 76, 83–4, 98, 297 Alexander, Christine, 3, 60n, 89, 105n, 133n, Aylott and Jones, publishing firm, 154, 155, 160 157n, 171, 249n, 251, 259n, 270, 271; (ed.), 25n, 60n, 67n, 105n, 149n, 214n, 249n Babbage, Benjamin Herschel, 14, 25, 26n Allbutt, Sir Thomas Clifford, 51 Report, 336 Allen, David Elliston, 250 Bacon, Francis, The Advancement of Learning, 225 Allison, William, 285 Bage, Robert, Hermsprong, 227 Allott, Miriam, 185; (ed.), 35n (subsequent Bailey, Hilary, Mrs Rochester, 210 references to this compilation of early criticism Bailin, Miriam, 340 are not indexed ) Baines, Edward, junior, 272 ‘Angel in the House’ (concept), 306 Baines, Edward, senior, 272, 273 ‘Angria’, 53, 63, 92, 98, 99, 100–2 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 194 animals, attitudes to, 257–8 Balthus (Balthasar Klossowski), 211 annuals, 137, 144, 153 Baptists, 12, 13 anorexia nervosa, 338 Barber, Lynn, 259n Arabian Nights, The, 99, 144, 331 Barfield, Owen, 228–9 Arie`s, Philippe, 314, 317n Barker, Juliet, 3, 17n, 25n, 60n, 67n, 77, 78, 91, Arminianism, 218 133n, 134, 145, 149n, 151, 171, 173, 196, 239n, Arnold, Andrea, 211 245, 271, 273, 324, 334n, 335, 338 Arnold, Margaret J., 149n Barnard, Louise, 6n Arnold, Matthew, 169 Barnard, Robert, 6n Arnold, Thomas, 217 Barnett, Ryan (ed.), 206n Ashton, Rosemary, 230n Bassompierre, Louise de, 72

373

374 Index

Bataille, Georges, 223n Bradford Herald, The, 58 Bauman, Susan R., 181n Bradley, John, 39, 123, 241 Baumber, Michael, 16n Branwell, Anne (Bronte¨ children’s maternal Bayne, Peter, 177 grandmother), 44 beauty, conflicting ideas about personal, 322 Branwell, Benjamin Carne, 45 see also dress, women’s, in the Bronte¨ fiction Branwell, Charlotte, 46, 47 Beer, Gillian, 202 Branwell, Elizabeth (‘Aunt’), 20, 21, 23–4, 47–9, Beer, John (ed.), 223n 65, 83, 107–8, 112, 151, 233, 237, 271, 297 Beetham, Margaret, 162 Branwell, Jane, 45 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 69, 245, 246 Branwell, Joseph, 46 Bellamy, Joan, 86, 174n Branwell, Richard, 44 Bell’s Life in London, 273 Branwell, Thomas (Bronte¨ children’s maternal Bennet, Kimberley A., Jane Rochester, 210 grandfather), 44, 47, 297 Bentley, Phyllis, 172 Bronte¨, Anne, 75–81 Bentley’s Miscellany, 160 Agnes Grey: attitudes to animals in, 258; Berkeley, Michael, 209 clergymen in, 217; language of flowers in, Berrow’s Worcester Journal, 165n 250; locations associated with, 33; Berry, Elizabeth, 79 melancholy of heroine’s father, 336; modes Berry, Laura C., 196, 202 of travel in, 285; political aspects of, 265–6; Bewell, Alan, 340, 341 relationship of the Grey spouses, 313; Bewick, Thomas, 58, 256 religious melancholy in, 348; satirizes History of British Birds, 144, 241, 247, 250, 251 sentimental notions about children, 315; Bhuchar, Sudha, 214n sexual competition in, 330 Bible, 220–1 and animals, 257–8 the Bronte¨s’ knowledge of, 143, 331 artistic pursuits and interests, 243 Biddell, Sidney, 121 baptism, 46 Bildungsroman, 225–6, 228 Bible, markings in, 79 biographical focus in Bronte¨ criticism, 1–2, 175, 183 and Branwell Bronte¨’s death, 80 biographies of the Bronte¨s, 174 Charlotte Bronte¨’s school plan in relation biology, 250 to, 237 see also natural history critical reputation, 175–6, 186–8, 196 Birch, Dinah, 202 death, 81; cause, 335; last illness, 80 Birch-Pfeiffer, Charlotte, Die Waise von diary papers, 25n, 35n, 70, 78, 79, 83, 102 Lowood, 207 elusiveness, 81 Bischoff, James, 282n and Emily Bronte¨’s last illness, 80 Black, Alistair, 166n family, position in, 102; relations with Blackmore, R. D., 271 siblings, 75–7 Blackstone, William, 291 as governess, 77, 78 Blackwood, John, 271 grave, 81 Blackwood, William, 270 home, attachment to, 75 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 53, 54, 62, journeys, to London, 66, 284, 285, 308;to 98, 103, 144–5, 148, 151–2, 181n, 270–2 Scarborough during last illness, 81 see also Bronte¨, Branwell, letters; letters, 118, 119 ‘Noctes Ambrosianae’ as most depicted Bronte¨ sister, 127 Blake Hall, 33, 34, 77 musical pursuits and interests, 245 Bloom, Harold, 143 Patrick Bronte¨’s role in raising, 75 Bock, Carol A., 152, 180n, 272 and plants, 257–8 borrowing books, 160 poetry, 134, 139–40, 145, 154, 272; see also libraries ‘Believe not those who say’ (hymn), 140; Boswell, James, Life of Johnson, 145 ‘The Captive Dove’, 266; ‘Dreams’, 78, 147; botany, 251 ‘A Fragment’, 81; ‘Home’, 75, 153; ‘If this be see also natural history all’, 136; ‘Lines Composed in a Wood on Bowker, Peter, 211, 212 a Windy Day’, 139–40, 263; ‘An Orphan’s Bowles, Caroline, 58 Lament’, 95; ‘Self-Communion’, 95; Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, 207 ‘To —’, 78; ‘To Cowper’, 137, 145; ‘Views

Index 375

of Life’, 75; ‘A Word to the Elect’, 140, musical pursuits and interests, 245 263; ‘Yes, thou art gone’, 78 not invited to join sisters in publishing poems, and religion, 75, 77, 80, 222, 235, 348 134, 136 at Roe Head School, 77, 235, 348 poetry, 58, 59, 134, 140–1; ‘The End of All’, self-scrutiny, 78, 258 141; ‘Heaven and Earth’, 57, 141; ‘Letter as teacher, 304 from a Father to his Child in the Grave’, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall: agriculture in, 141; ‘Lydia Gisborne’, 141; ‘Penmaenmawr’, 278–9; art and music in, 246–7; Branwell 141; ‘Real Rest’, 141; ‘Robert Burns’, 137 Bronte¨’s relevance to, 79; child-rearing in, as portrait painter, 56, 128, 241 315–16; clergyman in, 220;criticizedas pseudonym ‘Northangerland’, 54, 57, 101 immoral in its own time, 308;criticizedby published in local papers, 57–8, 59, 92 Charlotte Bronte¨, 80; general presentation as railway clerk, 57, 58, 285, 286 of, 79–80; language of flowers in, 259; legal self-destructiveness, 238 aspects of, 290, 292–3; model farmer and self-caricature as Patrick Benjamin Wiggins, 244 steward in, 278, 279; natural history in, 258; translations of Horace, 140, 141 political aspects of, 266; preface to, 80; as tutor, 57, 58; professional woman artist in, 308; unfinished novel ‘And the Weary are rebelliousness in, 4;WildfellHall(the at Rest’, 59 building), 33–4; television version of, 213; ‘The Wool is Rising’, 244 temperance and drunkenness in, 337;violent Bronte¨, Charlotte, 61–7 sexual jealousy in, 333; Wildfell Hall’s and Anne Bronte¨’s death, 81 resemblance to Wuthering Heights, 33–4 and art, 111, 112, 129, 144, 241–4, 249 and Thomas Newby, 156 and Arthur Bell Nicholls: growing affection, Bronte¨, Branwell, 53–9 87; honeymoon trip, 288; marriage, 67, 88, activities in the local Haworth community, 293, 316 55–6 baptism, 46, 47 alcoholism, 59, 335, 346 and Brussels, 64–5, 107–14; depression in, 113; appearance and voice, 53 essays written in, 112, 113; experiences there artistic ambitions, 55, 126, 241 crucial to fiction, 107, 114, 147–8; financed baptism, 46 by Aunt Branwell, 107–8; at the Pensionnat and Bronte¨ family portraits, 55, 123–30, 132 Heger, 109–10, 111, 112, 113 Charlotte Bronte¨’s ‘Wiggins’ caricature and Constantin Heger, 65, 111, 112, 113, 114, of, 55 120, 170–1, 183, 237, 238 death, 59, 335 correspondence, 115–17, 118, 119, 121, 170; with decline, 73, 85, 93, 104, 118, 134, 305 Emily Bronte¨, 119; with Hartley Coleridge, dependence on opiates, 59 274; posthumous fates of letters, 120, 121, diversity of interests, 55 122; with Robert Southey, 56, 104, 147, 306 edits ‘Branwell’s Blackwood’s Magazine’, decorates parsonage, 18–20 53–4, 270, 271 death, 67; cause of death, 335 education, 39, 53, 144, 233 discovers Emily Bronte¨’s poems, 134, 154, extent of poetical output, 137 302, 305 failure to consolidate middle-class status won earnings from fiction, 156 by father, 298 as editor of her sisters’ poetry, 95, 139, failure to enrol in the Royal Academy of Arts, 142n, 169 55, 56, 124–6, 241 family relationships: with father, 36, 61, 237; friendships, 58, 84–5, 89; see also Leyland, with mother, 45, 118; position in, 62; Francis; Leyland, Joseph Bentley relations with siblings, 61, 92, 96–7, 244 and Hartley Coleridge, 57 and French language and culture, 107, 113, 148 influence on family writing, 56, 93, 176, 196 and friendship, 87; see also Nussey, Ellen; juvenilia, 54–5, 56 Taylor, Mary letters, 118;toBlackwood’s, 56, 58, 118, 152;to gender issues, 61, 63 Thomas De Quincey, 57;toHartleyColeridge, and German language and literature, 107, 112, 57; to William Wordsworth, 56, 147 224–5 literary ambitions, 53–4, 55, 56, 57, 135–6 governess experiences, 64, 304 and Lydia Robinson, 58–9, 172, 332 grief as sole survivor, 22, 66

376 Index

Bronte¨, Charlotte (cont.) 301; attitude to responsibilities of as guardian of her siblings’ reputations, 3–4, manufacturers in, 280; class as an issue in, 154, 169, 172, 275, 308, 331 300–2; composition and character of, 66; ‘Henry Hastings’, 93–4, 101, 236 filmed, 213; connection with Chartism, 230; ‘heroine’ status, 178 curates in, 220, 224; depression in, 349; Jane Eyre: actual locations associated with, heroines’ relevance to Emily and Anne 27–9; adapted for theatre and screen, 207, Bronte¨, 66; influence of contemporary 208, 209; alleged indeterminacy of, 193, social novel on, 148; Moore brothers’ 207; art in, 247–9; Branwell Bronte¨’s dissimilar social status, 300–1; Moore influence on character Jane Eyre, 93–4; brothers’ marriages, social implications of, ending of, 221; envisaged marriage to 280, 301; music in, 247; objection to St John Rivers reveals sexual awareness, 314; oppression of women in, 4, 66, 300; first-person narration in, 192–3; heroine’s political aspects of, 266–7; Robert Moore’s self-awareness, 229; influence of on lack of compassion, 279–80; Shakespeare’s twentieth-century fiction, 208; Jane Eyre Coriolanus in, 144; Shirley Keeldar’s stronger partner in the Rochester marriage, responsibilities as landlord, 279; suffering 333; legal aspects of, 290, 292, 293–4; owing to enforced idleness of young liberating effect of heroine in Victorian women, 300, 305; vulnerability of England, 207; ‘mysterious summons’ manufacturers in, 280 episode in, 221; nature in, 253–5; plainness teaching, dislike of, 64, 236, 304 of heroine challenge to sisters’ values, 93; and themes in fiction: clothes, 324–5; political aspects of, 265; protest against illness, 338–41; natural history, 256–7; enforced idleness of women in, 305; phrenology, 345–6; sibling rivalry, 96, 101; rebelliousness in, 4; representation of solitude, 349–50 Bertha Mason in, 346–7; Rochester as travel to and from Brussels, 108 landlord, 279; Rochester union ideal of Villette: adaptations of, 213; advertisements for, companionate marriage, 313; satirizes 162–3; cashmere shawl status symbol in, 319; Romantic idea of the child, 315; sequels to, doctor character in, 341–2; endurance of 210; success of, 65, 308; teaching in, 304; suffering in, 342; as illustration of Charlotte thought erotically ‘unhealthy’ by Victorian Bronte¨’s turn towards realism, 341, 342; critics, 177, 287; travel in, 284 influence of George Sand on, 148;influence juvenilia, 63, 105, 244, 270, 272 of Kingsley’s The Saint’s Tragedy on, 148; Irish accent, 36 loneliness in, 349–50;LucySnowe’s literary ambitions and career, 65, 66, 154–6 attraction to M. Paul, 333; political aspects of, and Madame Heger, 113 267;popularityof,162; regarded as Charlotte plans to start a school, 64, 65, 107, 236, 237, 305 Bronte¨’s masterpiece, 179;relationto poetry, 137, 139; ‘Life’, 136; ‘The Lonely Lady’, Charlotte Bronte¨’s experiences in Brussels, 153; ‘Mementos’, 138–9; ‘The Missionary’, 110, 111, 112, 113; Vashti character, 340, 342 263; ‘Often rebuked, yet always back visits to London, 66, 67, 108, 117, 267, 284, returning’, 139; ‘Pilate’s Wife’s Dream’, 285, 308 137–8; ‘The Visionary’, 139 Bronte¨, Emily, 68–74 political views, 85, 261, 262, 266 and Anne Bronte¨, 69, 102 poor eyesight, 245 appearance and dress, 69, 324 The Professor : hypochondria in, 349; influence and art, 111, 144, 243, 253 of Byron on, 146; political aspects of, 264; baptism, 46 vulnerability of manufacturers in, 280 ‘biographer-proof’, 68, 171, 184 pseudonym ‘Currer Bell’, 65 birthday paper, 71 reading recommended to Ellen Nussey, 145 and Brussels, 71–2, 107–14; essays written in, relations with publisher Smith, Elder & Co., 110, 112, 251; gives piano lessons, 110, 245;at 156, 275 the Pensionnat Heger, 109–10, 111 and religion, 113, 217, 219, 222 Charlotte Bronte¨’s representation of, 68; resilience and resoluteness, 61, 62, 66 see also Bronte¨, Charlotte, as guardian at Roe Head, 49–50, 64, 85, 101, 234, 236, 243 of her siblings’ reputations Shirley: actual locations associated with, childhood, 68–9 29–30; ambivalent ending of, 257, 267, 281, at Cowan Bridge, 69

Index 377

death, 73; cause of death, 335; last illness, 338 literary adaptations and sequels, 212; diary papers, 20, 25n, 69–70, 73, 83, 92, 102, 237 lovesickness in, 344;mentalillnessin,344–6; domestic work, 22–3, 69, 72 old order re-established after Heathcliff’s education, 69, 71 death, 299; political aspects of, 265; exposure to elements, 338 psychoanalytic criticism of, 184;‘reading and French, 110, 114n lesson’ in, 238; reception in its time, 73, 175, and German language and literature, 72, 110, 147 176, 178, 210; reputation in twentieth century, Gondal, lifelong importance of, 102, 105, 137 184, 207; revenge element in plot of, 299, 333; home, attachment to, 69, 70, 110 self-starvation in, 338, 348, 349;servantstatus journeys, to Brussels by way of London, 71;to of Nelly Dean, 297–8; structure of, 185, 187 York with Anne Bronte¨: 73 Bronte¨, Elizabeth, 23, 46, 47, 62, 75, 92, 233, 234, juvenilia, 18; see also Bronte¨ family, juvenilia; 335, 336 Angria; Gondal Bronte¨, Maria, 23, 46, 62, 75, 92, 233, 234, 269, keeps account book, 285 335, 336 knowledge of major contemporary intellectual Bronte¨, Maria, ne´e Branwell (wife of Patrick debates, 224 Bronte¨), 24, 38, 44–7, 75, 92, 233, 237–8, Latin, translations from, 144 311, 335 at Law Hill, 71, 236, 304 Bronte¨, Patrick, 36–43 letters, 118, 119, 172 books owned by, 98, 250 moors, attachment to, 69, 256 cataracts, surgery for, 335 and music, 69, 110, 245 children, relationships with, 66, 269, 311 personality according to M. Heger, 72 as Church of England clergyman in Haworth, plan to start a school, 71, 237 12–13 poetry, 73, 139, 177, 263; ‘AS to GS’, 94–5; correspondence, 117–18; with local papers, ‘A Day Dream’, 147; ‘A Death Scene’, 137; 42, 269, 273; with Mrs Franks of ‘High Waving Heather’, 140, 256, 263; Huddersfield, 115 ‘Hope’, 136; ‘No Coward Soul Is Mine’, courtship and marriage, 38, 46, 237–8, 139, 222, 229, 263; ‘The Prisoner 296, 311 [A Fragment]’, 139; ‘Remembrance’, 153, death, 38 249n; ‘Stars’, 256, 263; ‘To Imagination’, death of wife, 38 263; ‘Why ask to know what date what deaths of children, 38 clime’, 137, 263 education, 232, 233; children’s, 39–40; interest reaction to Charlotte Bronte¨’s discovery of her in, 41–2 poems, 73, 134 and Elizabeth Branwell, 47 and religion, 222 engagement to Mary Burder, 36 at Roe Head, 49, 70, 235 Irish accent, 36 second novel, speculations about, 73 as lay medical practitioner, 337–8 self-cautery after dog-bite, 338 as a leading member of the Haworth taciturnity, 72 community, 14–15, 24, 40–2 taught to shoot by her father, 40 and Margaret Wooler, 236 and Thomas Newby, 73 and Mrs Gaskell, 38–9, 42–3 Wuthering Heights: actual locations associated and music, 244 with, 30–3; adaptations for stage and screen, and natural history, 250–1 210 –13; agriculture in, 277; alleged perpetual curate of Haworth, 38 indeterminacy of, 191; anticipated in Emily political views, 42, 98, 261, 273 Bronte¨’s juvenilia, 102, 103, 105;asexual as published writer, 38, 98, 149, 196 nature of Catherine and Heathcliff’s and religion, 40, 261 relationship, 330, 332, 334n, 349; Cathy’s and social status, 296, 298 illness, 338; childhood in, 316; class as an issue spirit of enterprise an inspiration to his in, 298–9; drunkenness in, 337, 348;asa children, 232–3 Gothic novel, 227; Heathcliff’s final illness, as subject of biography, 173 338; inadequate female dress in, 323, 324; supports Catholic Emancipation, 42, 219, influence of Byron on, 146;influenceof 262, 273 Hoffmann’s Das Majorat on, 145; influence of surname, changes spelling of, 296 Scott on, 146; legal aspects of, 290, 292, 312; travel on the Continent, 287

378 Index

Bronte¨ family Brown family of Haworth, 84 alleged ‘coarseness’ of sisters’ fiction, 3, 330–1 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 176, 177 and art and music, 128, 153, 240–9, 251 Browning, Robert, The Ring and the Book, 290 as borrowers of books and magazines, 162, 271 Brunty, Alice, 36 childhood games and plays, 53, 63, 98, 99–100, Brunty, Hugh, 36 102, 262 Brussels, the Bronte¨s and, 107–14 confusion over identity of ‘Bell brothers’, 308; see also Bronte¨, Charlotte; Bronte¨, Emily see also Newby, Thomas Buckworth, John, 47 connection between teaching and writing, 239 Bulwer Lytton, Edward, 148, 271 dislike of priestcraft, 219 Bun˜uel, Luis, 212 dislike of teaching, 236 Bunyan, John, 98 and domestic work, 83 Pilgrim’s Progress, 143, 220, 221 education as a means of self-advancement, Burder, Mary, 36, 38 232–3, 239 Burns, Robert, 119, 136, 137, 146 family affection, 91, 96, 311 Burns, Wayne, 189n freedom of thought, reading and movement, Bush, Kate, 210 62, 316, 331 Butler, Judith, 200, 330 happiness in childhood, 39, 92 buying books, 160 home, children’s love of, 311 bye-posts, 115 idea of the Bronte¨s as ‘isolated’ in Haworth, Byron, Lord George Gordon, 69, 93, 98, 137, 141, 83–4, 89, 143, 151, 350 146, 270, 331 ill-health in the Bronte¨ fiction, 336; The Bride of Abydos, 146 see also Bronte¨, Charlotte Manfred, 143, 146 illicit forms of sexuality in the Bronte¨ novels, 330 Cabanne, Christy, 207 illnesses in the family, 335 Caesar, Julius, 39 juvenilia, 22, 23, 98–105, 185–6, 262, 269, 271, Caldwell, Janis McLarren, 202 331; see also Angria; Gondal; Bronte¨, Calvin, Jean, 218 Charlotte, ‘Henry Hastings’ Calvinism, 218 mental disorders of, 344 Campbell, Thomas, 146 mental illness in the fiction of, 347–8; Camus, Albert, 290 see also Bronte¨, Emily canals, 12, 287 novels of sisters read as reciprocal careers for middle-class women, 303–9 commentaries, 94, 149, 196 Carlyle, Thomas, 217, 226, 227, 228 phrenology, interest in, 345 Past and Present, 228 Poems (1846), 136, 137, 154–5, 263 Sartor Resartus, 223n poetry of the Bronte¨ sisters, 134–41, 153 Carne, Anne, 44 and politics, 261–2, 267; in juvenile games and Carne, William, 44 writings, 99;in1847 novels, 264 Caroline, Queen, consort of George IV, 273 pseudonyms as adult writers, 91, 138, 155, 307–8 carriages, various types of, 284, 285, 287 publication of first editions of novels, 159 cashmere shawls, 318–19 relative merits of sisters as authors according Catholic Emancipation Bill, 99, 262 to Victorian criticism, 176 Cavanah, Robert, 211 sexual attraction in Bronte¨ fiction, 332–3 Cecil, Lord David, 171, 173, 184–5, 210 sibling relationships, 91–7, 98, 100 Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, 180 sisters’ education arts-orientated, 234 Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal, 281n social position in Haworth, 14–16, 98 Chantry, Henry, 244 travel to, from and in Belgium, 285, 286–7 Chapman, Alison (ed.), 157n truth, commitment to, 218 Chapple, J. A. V. (ed.), 25n, 133n, 310n Bronte¨ Society, 122, 174, 187 characters in Bronte¨ fiction related to real Brougham, Henry Peter, Lord, 292 persons, 187 Broughton, Rhoda, 207 Charnock, Revd James, 12 Brown, Eliza, 41, 315 Chartism, 230, 265 Brown, John, 84–5, 87, 128, 241 Chase, Karen, 192 Brown, Martha, 83, 84, 87, 88, 130 Chase, Richard, 185

Index 379

Chateaubriand, Francois Rene´, vicomte de, 147 Cowan Bridge, 27, 39, 62, 69, 75, 169, 233–4, 336 Chedzoy, Ann, 295n Cowper, William, 136, 137, 145 children and childhood ‘The Castaway’, 145 in the Bronte¨ fiction, 315–16 Craik, Dinah Mulock, 207 child abuse, 290 Craik, W. A., 186 child-custody legislation, 4, 290, 312 crinolines, 319 children and parents, relations, 314–15 Crofton Hall, 233 conceptions of the child, 315 Cronin, Richard (ed.), 157n deaths of children, 315 Crump, W. B., 282n desire for children, 314 Cunliffe, Henry Owen, 29 Chitham, Edward, 79, 97n, 149n, 172, 263, 288n, Cunningham, Valentine, 223n 351n; (ed.), 81n, 97n, 142n, 150n current trends in Bronte¨ criticism, 198–204 Chodorow, Nancy, 202 cholera, 336 Daiches, David, 23 Christian, Dr Mildred, 130 Daley, A. Stuart, 190n Christian Examiner, The, 181n Dallas, E. S., 177 Christian Observer, The, 222 Dalton, Timothy, 208 Christian Remembrancer, The, 176 Dames, Nicholas, 203 Christian World Magazine, The, 181n Danahay, Martin A. (ed.), 205n Church Quarterly Review, The, 217 Darwin, Charles, 250, 259, 314 church rates, 13, 42 Origin of Species, 346 circulating libraries, 63, 162 D’Aubigne´, Jean Henri Merle, 117 in Keighley, 234, 273 Daughters of Genius, 178 Clarke, Micael M., 310n Daunton, M. J., 281n, 282n Clarke, Zelah, 208 Davidoff, Leonore, 317n class, issue of, 296–302, 303 Davies, Horton, 223n class mobility, 297 Davies, Stevie, 74n, 224, 262, 263 see also fluidity of class boundaries Davis, Walter, 229 Claybaugh, Amanda, 205n Davison, John, 212 Clergy Daughters’ School, see Cowan Bridge De la Motte, William, Characters of Trees, 244 clergymen as promoters of natural history, 250 De Lisle, Edward, 244 clothes, see dress; colours of clothes De Quincey, Thomas, 136, 140 Cobbe, Frances Power, 291 Dearden, William, 39 Cochrane, Margaret and Robert, 173 deconstruction, 191 Coghill, ‘Mrs Harry’ (ne´e Annie Louisa Defoe, Daniel, A Tour through the Whole Island Walker), 310n of Great Britain, 276 Colburn, Henry, 155 delirium tremens, 59, 335, 346 Colby, Robert A., 190n Demidova, O. R., 180n Coleridge, Hartley, 57, 136, 137, 140–1 Derrida, Jacques, 189 Coleridge, John Duke, Lord Chief Justice, 292 Dewhirst, Ian, 288n Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 137, 141, 146, 147, 218, Dickens, Charles, 148, 160 219, 226 Bleak House, 290 The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, 147 Dombey and Son, 159 Collier, Patrick, 273 Household Words, 160 colours of clothes, 318, 319, 326 Oliver Twist, 160 in the Bronte¨ fiction, 326, 327 ‘The Signalman’, 286 ‘condition of England’, 227–8, 266 Dickinson, Emily, 201 Conolly, John, 346 Diederich, Nicole, 295n consumption, 335, 336, 338 Disraeli, Benjamin, 148 Cooper, James Fenimore, 148 Sybil, 228 Cornhill Magazine, 275 Dissenters, Bronte¨s’ attitude to, 219 corsets and tight-lacing, 319–22 divorce, 312, 317n Cottis, David, 209 Dixon, W. T., 16n, 187, 289n Courtney, John, 207 Dobell, Sydney, 137, 179 coverture (legal principle), 291–2, 312 doctors as fictional heroes, 341–2

380 Index

Dolin, Kieran, 295n Fennell, John, 46, 47 domestic harmony in the Bronte¨ novels, 313, 333 Ferrier, Susan, 270 domestic sphere, see private sphere appropriate Fforde, Jasper, The Eyre Affair, 210 for the employment of women fictional engagements with the Bronte¨an Donizetti, Gaetano, Lucia di Lammermoor, 209 heritage, 203–4 Dooley, Lucile, 183 see also sequels and prequels to Bronte¨ fiction Dostoevsky, Fyodor Mikhailovich, 290 Fielding, Henry, Tom Jones, 225 Doyle, Christine, 205n Fiennes, Ralph, 211 dress film versions of the Bronte¨ novels, see screen men’s, 318; in the Bronte¨ fiction, 325 versions of the Bronte¨ novels women’s, 318–22; in the Bronte¨ fiction, 322–5, Finn, Margaret, 294n 326–7 Firth, Elizabeth, 38, 46, 47 see also colours of clothes Fitzgerald, Tara, 213 Driver, Jonas, 271 Floyd, Carlisle, 210 Drumballyroney, 36 fluidity of class boundaries, 296, 309 Dryden, John, translation The Works of Virgil, see also class mobility owned by Patrick Bronte¨, 98, 143 Fontaine, Joan, 207 du Maurier, Daphne, 172, 187 food, 21, 22, 23 Rebecca, 208 formalist criticism, 186 Duckett, Bob, 165n Foucault, Michel, 196, 200, 329 Frank, Katherine, 342n Eagleton, Terry, 194–5, 200, 212, 261, 265, 342 Franks, Kathleen, 174n Eclectic Review, The, 181n Fraser, James, 271 Edgerley, C. Mabel, 52n, 105n Fraser, Rebecca, 173 Edinburgh Review, The, 270 Fraser’s Magazine, 62, 98, 144, 151, 152, 154, 271–2 Edmondson, Paul, 149n review of Jane Eyre, 159, 272 education, 232–9, 297, 303–4 Frawley, Maria, 82n, 196 see also Bronte¨, Branwell; Bronte¨, Emily; Freedgood, Elaine, 200 Bronte¨, Patrick; schools and schooling Freemasons, Patrick and Branwell Bronte¨ as Elfenbein, Andrew, 97n, 150n members of, 15, 17n, 56, 84–5 Eliot, George, 176, 179, 180, 217, 271, 304, 308 French Revolution, 261, 263 Daniel Deronda, 179 Freud, Sigmund, 183, 184, 200, 202, 347 Eliot, Simon, 160 Fukunaga, Cary, 208 Emerson’s Magazine and Putnam’s Monthly, 181n ‘Empire’ dress style, 319 Gainsbourg, Charlotte, 208 Emsley, Kenneth, 17n Galaxy, The, 181n Enclosure Acts, 296 Galt, John, 270 Erickson, Lee, 157n Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society Espinasse, Francis, 275n Delineated, The, 98, 250 Etty, William, 244 Gargano, Elizabeth, 202 Evans, Lisa, 213 Garofalo, Daniela, 205n Evans, Marian/Mary Ann, see Eliot, George Garrs, Sarah, 20–1, 39, 83, 284 Every Saturday: A Journal of Choice Reading, 181n Garson, Marjorie, 206n Ewbank, Inga-Stina, 188 Gaskell, Elizabeth Examiner, The, 165n Cranford, 309 describes being shown ‘Pillar Portrait’, 132 Fanon, Frantz, 200 emphasizes own capability as farmers, social standing of, 278 housekeeper, 306 Farmer’s Magazine, 278 exaggerates roughness of life in Haworth, farming, see agriculture 169, 331 fashion, see dress; colours of clothes friend of Charlotte Bronte¨, 67, 87 Fassbender, Michael, 208 handles Charlotte Bronte¨’s correspondence, fear of revolution, 230 119–20 Federico, Annette R., 205n Life of Charlotte Bronte¨: asked to write Fennell, Jane, 46 Charlotte Bronte¨’s biography, 119;on

Index 381

Branwell Bronte¨, 187; on Branwell Bronte¨ Greer, Germaine, 214n and Lydia Robinson in first edition, 332, Gregor, Ian (ed.), 295n 334n; Cowan Bridge problematic in, 172; Grimshaw, Jane, 33 Brussels components, 109, 120, 172;on Grimshaw, John, 33 domestic ritual in Haworth Parsonage, 92; Grimshaw, William, 12, 32–3 effect on Bronte¨ manuscripts, 120; impact Grundy, Francis, 84 in Britain and America, 175, 177–8; Grylls, David, 317n influence on twentieth-century Bronte¨ Grylls, Richard G., 51n studies, 183; on Patrick Bronte¨, 38–9, 187; Gubar, Susan, 143, 173, 193, 201, 209, 212, 347 status at the present time, 170 Mary Barton, 148, 266 Hafley, James, 190n North and South, 266 Hagan, Sandra, 81, 206n, 240, 249n; (ed.), 157n and reputations of the Bronte¨s, 3, 4, 67 Hagerty, J. M., 16n as visitor to Haworth, 10, 20, 22, 24 Haire-Sargeant, Lin, Heathcliff, 212 as woman writer, 306–7 Halifax Guardian, The, 57, 58, 59, 137 gender, the term, in relation to sex, 329–30 Hall, Audrey, 131–2 gender-orientated criticism of the Bronte¨s, Hall, Catherine, 317n 188–9, 191, 194, 201–2, 208, 209 Hamilton, Alastair (trans.), 223n George IV, King of Great Britain, 273 Hamilton, Emma, Lady, 129 Ge´rin, Winifred, 74n, 171–2, 174, 187, 288n, 343n Hamilton, Susan (ed.), 295n Gezari, Janet, 105n, 106n, 142n, 147, 150n, 203, Hammerton, A. James, 317n 249n, 343n; (ed.), 223n, 260n Handel (Ha¨ndel), Georg Friedrich Ghorbal, Gertrude, 282n Messiah, 244, 245 Gibbon, Edward, 228 Samson, 245 Gibbons, Stella, Cold Comfort Farm, 211 Hannibal, 39 Gilbert, Sandra, 143, 173, 193, 201, 209, 212, Hanson, L. and E. M., 172 334n, 347 Hardaker, Joseph, 15 Glass Town, 53, 99, 100 Hardy, Barbara, 245 Glen, Heather, 95, 106n, 146, 192–3, 196, 199; Hardy, Thomas, 281 (ed.), 97n, 105n, 239n, 334n Tess of the d’Urbervilles, 290 Godey’s [Lady’s Book and] Magazine, 178, 181n Hardy, Tom, 211 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 148, 226 Hare, Julius, 225, 226–7, 228, 229, 230 Conversations with Eckermann, 225 Hare, Marcus, 225 Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, 226 Hare brothers, Guesses at Truth, 225, 226, 228, Goldsmith, Oliver, 145 229–30 History of the Earth and Animated Nature, 251 Harland, Marion, 25n, 89n ‘Gondal’, 63, 92, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102–3, 105, Harnack, E. P. (ed.), 289n 185–6, 262–3 Harrison, Ada, 186, 188 Gordon, Lyndall, 173 Harrison, Antony H. (ed.), 157n Gorsky, Susan Rubinow, 202, 342n Harrison, G. Elsie, 174n Gosse, Edmund, 182n Harshaw, Revd Andrew, 296 Gothic fiction, 227 Hartley, Margaret, 241 governessing, 304 Hatfield, C. W., 105n, 172, 185, 190n; (ed.), 60n see also education; teaching, as a career for Haworth 9–16 women agriculture in, 277 Graham, Thomas John, Modern Domestic agriculture and textile work, combination of, 277 Medicine, 337, 341, 346 bog-eruption incident, 250, 284 Gray, Thomas, 145 census figures, 13, 16n Green, Dudley, 17n, 43n, 52n, 173; (ed.), 43n, church organ, 244; 51n, 97n, 122n, 239n, 302n cultural life, 15, 40, 245 Greenwood, Frederick, 28 grammar school, 15 Greenwood, John (Haworth stationer), 72, 130 idea of isolation of as disseminated by Greenwood, John (Keighley organist), 244 Mrs Gaskell, 38, 169, 331 Greenwood, Robin, 90n, 282n Mechanics’ Institute of, 15 Greenwood family of Haworth, 89 mortality figures, 336

382 Index

Haworth (cont.) Houghton, Walter E., 317n National Society school in, 42 Hours at Home (American magazine), 120 occupations other than textile industry, 13–14 Howells, Bette, Wuthering Depths, 211 parsonage, domestic life in, 18–25, 83 Howitt, William, 278–9, 281 poverty and social problems, 14 Hughes, Ted, 210 religious life, 12–13 Hugo, Victor, 147, 148 sanitary problems, 14, 24–5, 336 Hume, David, 145 textile industry in, 9, 10–12, 276–7, 281 humoral medicine, 336, 337 Haydn, Joseph, 245 ‘Hungry Forties’, 263 The Seasons, 245 Hunt, Leigh, 58, 270 Hazlitt, William, 270 Hunt, Thornton, 275 Heald’s House, Dewsbury Moor (relocated Roe husband’s right to sexual intercourse, 312 Head school), 49 hyperemesis gravidarum, 335 health, mental, 344–50 hypochondria in the nineteenth-century hereditary disposition towards mental illness, 346 sense, 344, 347 see also madness hysteria, 347 health, physical, 335–42 Heaton family of Ponden, 89, 276 ideal home, idea of, 311 Heger, Constantin, 65, 67, 72, 108, 109–10, imperialism, 230, 265 111–12, 113, 114, 120, 245 see also postcolonial criticism Heger, Paul, 120 industrial revolution, 276, 281, 296, 297, 305 Heger, Zoe¨, ne´e Parent, 108, 111, 112–13, 114 infant mortality, 336 Heger, Pensionnat, 108–9, 110–11 Ingham, Maria, 128 Heilman, Robert, 190n Ingham, Patricia, 214n, 282n Hemans, Felicia, 144, 152, 263 Ingham family, 77 Songs of the Affections, 144 Ireland Hennelly, Mark M., 192 Charlotte Bronte¨’s honeymoon trip to, 288 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 185–6 famine in, 265 Herrmann, Bernard, 210 Hewish, John, 74n, 172 Jackson, Stevi, 214n Hewitt, Martin, 199 James, Syrie, 206n High Sunderland Hall, Southowram, 31 Jay, Elisabeth, 221–2 Higuchi, Akiko, 247 Jena Romantics, 225, 226 Hill, Rowland, 116 Jenkins, Mrs (acquaintance in Brussels), 108 Hilton, Mary (ed.), 106n Jerome, Helen, 209 Hinds, Ciaran, 208 John Bull, 273 history, conceptions of, 226–8 Johnson, Samuel, Lives of the Poets, 145 Hodgson, John, 281n Jung, C. G., 184 Hoffman, Alice, Here on Earth, 212 Hoffmann, E. T. A., 148 Kafka, Franz, 290 Das Majorat, 145 Kane, Penny, 317n Hogg, James, 54, 56, 145, 152, 270 Kant, Immanuel, 223 Holcombe, Lee, 295n Kavanagh, Julia, 207 Holderness, B. A., 282n Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James, 118 Holtby, Winifred, South Riding, 208 Keats, John, 270 Homans, Margaret, 194 Keeper (Emily Bronte¨’s dog), 20, 253 Homer, 53, 143 Kermode, Frank, 191 Hook, Theodore, 273 Kettle, Arnold, 188 Hopkins, Annette B., 52n, 187 Kim, Jin-Ok, 205n Hoppen, K. Theodore, 328 Kingsley, Charles, 148 Hoppin, James M., 89n The Saint’s Tragedy, 148–9 Horace, 53, 56, 57, 140, 141, 143 Kingston, Eliza, 45 Ars poetica, 144 Kingston, John, 45 Horn, Pamela, 302n Kirby, Mr and Mrs Isaac, 241 Horner, John, 31 Kirklees Hall, 29

Index 383

Kitchenside, G. M., 288n Liszt, Franz, 245 Klein, Melanie, 202 Literary Gazette, The, 160, 162, 165n Klossowski, Balthasar, 211 literary influences on the Bronte¨s, 136–7, Knapp, John Leonard, Journal of a 143–9, 154 Naturalist, 251 see also annuals; Blackwood’s Edinburgh Knies, Earl A., 186 Magazine; Fraser’s Magazine Knoepflmacher, U. C., 146 Littell’s Living Age, 181n Koch, Robert, 340 Litvak, Joseph, 192 Kosminsky, Peter, 211 Lock, John, 16n, 173, 187, 289n Kristeva, Julia, 194 Lockhart, John Gibson, 270 Lockhart, Johnny, 270 La Trobe, James, 77, 348 Lodge, David, 190n, 217 Lacan, Jacques, 189 Longmuir, Anne, 195 Laclos, P. A. F. C. de, Les liaisons dangereuses, 224 Lonoff, Sue, 114n; (ed. and trans.), 260n Lady’s Magazine, The, 274 Losano, Antonia, 249n Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, 147 love as the basis for marriage, 311, 314 Lamonica, Drew, 97n, 206n ‘lovesickness’, 338, 347, 349 land preservation, 257 Lucas, Valerie, 209 Landon, Laetitia, 152, 153, 263 Lucian, 53 Landon-Smith, Kristine, 214n Lucraft, Fiona, 22 landowners, social standing and responsibilities Luddite risings, 29, 37, 266, 273 of, 279, 280 landowning farmers, 278 McCord, Norman, 281n Lane, Christopher, 203 McDonagh, Josephine, 342n Lane, Margaret, 52n, 172 Macfarlane, Alan, 317n Langbridge, Rosamond, 183, 188 McGann, Jerome, 263 Langland, Elizabeth, 97n, 180n, 196 McGill, Meredith L. (ed.), 205n language of flowers, 258–9 Maclise, Daniel, 272 laundry, 326 McMaster, Juliet, 196; (ed.), 60n law, 290–4 Macmillan’s Magazine, 178 and property, 291–4 Macpherson, James, 145 and women in the Bronte¨ novels, 312 Poems of Ossian, 54, 55 Law, Alice, 174n madness, causes of, 270, 271, 272, 346, 347 Law, William, of Honresfeld, 118 see also health, mental Law Hill, 31–2 Maginn, William, 270, 271, 272 Lawrence, D. H., 186 Malouf, David, 209 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 123 Manchester Times, The, 165n Leader, The, 275 Mann, Delbert, 208 Leavis, F. R., 143, 171, 173 manufacturers, social standing of, 280 Leeds Intelligencer, 58, 144, 261, 272, 273 marketing of books, 161 Leeds Mercury, 121, 144, 261, 266, 272 Markham, Gervase, 278 Leigh, Jared, 129 marriage, middle-class, 311, 314 Leigh family portrait, 129 marriage preferred to spinsterhood, 329 Lemon, Charles, 16n in the Bronte¨ fiction, 313 Lever, Charles, 271 Marsden, Hilda, 30–1 Lewes, G. H., 66, 86, 272, 275, 308, 329, 330 Martin, John, 18, 244 Lewis, Alexandra, 203 Martin, Robert Bernard, 186 Lewis, Sarah, Woman’s Mission, 275 Martineau, Harriet, 51, 58, 67, 86, 93, 148, Leyland, Francis, 53, 57, 60n, 174n 152, 153 Leyland, Joseph Bentley, 57, 59, 60n Martineau, James, 58 libraries, 161–5, Martins, Susanna Wade, 281n see also circulating libraries; Mechanics’ Marxist criticism, 188, 189, 191, 194, Institutes; Mudie’s Select Library 195, 200 Lip Service, Withering Looks, 211 Mason, Michael, 328 Lister, Anne, 31 maternal mortality, 336

384 Index

Mattisson, Jane, 282n musicals based on Bronte¨ novels, see stage Matus, Jill L., 334n, 350n versions of Bronte¨ novels Maurice, F. D., 117, 226 Musset, Alfred de, 147, 148 Mayhew, Henry, 329 mechanical metaphors, 226 Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 39, 99 Mechanics’ Institutes, 163 Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 267 at Keighley, 63, 163, 234, 245, 251 Nash, Julie (ed.), 81n, 206n, 282n mechanization as a cause of job loss, 281 National Review, The, 181n medical perspectives in Bronte¨ criticism, 202–3, natural history, 250–9 335–42, 344–50 role of amateurs in the development of, 250 medical theory, 337–8, 340 needlework, 23 see also humoral medicine Nero (merlin drawn by Emily Bronte¨), 253 Melvill(e), Henry (preacher), 117 Nesbit, E., The Railway Children, 286 Mendelssohn(-Bartholdy), Felix, 245 Neufeldt, Victor A., 60n, 171; (ed.), 60n, Menon, Patricia, 205n 142n, 249n Merrill, Lynn L., 259n New Criticism, 186 Methodism, 12–13 New Historicism, 196 Methodist Hymn Book, The, 140 Newby, Thomas, 65, 73, 155, 156, 159, 161, 308 Methodist Magazine, The, 144, 274 Newman, Alfred, 210 Mettinger-Schartmann, Elke (ed.), 206n Newman, Beth, 205n Meyer, Susan, 195 newspapers and magazines read by the Bronte¨s, miasmatism, 340 269–75 Michie, Elsie B., 195; (ed.), 180n see also Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine; Mill, John Stuart, 291 Fraser’s Magazine; Leeds Intelligencer; Leeds Millela, Dino, 212 Mercury Miller, J. Hillis, 192, 222 Nicholls, Arthur Bell, 20, 61, 67, 84, 87–8, 118, Miller, Lucasta, 6n, 80, 173, 181n, 199, 200 119, 120, 121, 129–30, 132, 170, 173, 287 Millevoye, Charles-Hubert, 147 Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, 227 Milton, John, 98, 136, 290 Nightingale, Florence, 303 Paradise Lost, 143, 193 Nixon, Ingeborg, 133n Miltoun, Francis (pseud.), 289n ‘Noctes Ambrosianae’, 270, 271 Mingay, G. E., 281n, 282n Nodier, Charles, 147 minuscule script in the Bronte¨ children’s juvenile Nokes, David, 213 writings, 98, 103, 152, 271 North American Review, The, 181n Mitford, Mary Russell, 152, 257 North Lees Hall, 28–9 Moglen, Helene, 173 Norton, Caroline, 152, 312 Moir, David, 145 Norton, David, 220 Montgomery, James, 58 Norton Conyers, 28 Monty Python’s Flying Circus, 211 novel-reading as a female activity, 305 Moon, Michael, 205n Novy, Marianne (ed.), 149n Moore, Thomas, 146 Nussey, Ellen, 85–6 Life of Byron, 146, 331 and Arthur Bell Nicholls, 88 songs, 245 on Aunt Branwell, 47 Moore, Virginia, 172, 174n, 184 and Charlotte Bronte¨’s letters, 118, 120, 121 Moorseats, 29 and Charlotte Bronte¨’s posthumous ‘moral madness’, 346 reputation, 91, 118–19 More, Hannah, Moral Sketches, 143 family, 281 Morgan, Jude, 206n journey to Scarborough with Anne and Morgenstern, Karl, 226 Charlotte Bronte¨, 81 Morse, Deborah Denenholz, 201 reminiscences of Charlotte Bronte¨, 121 Morton, Samantha, 208 rift with Charlotte Bronte¨, 50–1 Moser, Thomas, 184 as subject of biography, 173 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 245 suggests locations for Bronte¨ novels, 27, 28 Mudie’s Select Library, 161, 162–3 on ‘twinness’ of Anne and Emily Bronte¨, 69 Murray, John, 201 as visitor to Haworth, 18–20, 284

Index 385

Nussey, George, 89 postal communication, 115–16 Nussey, Henry, 28, 89 postal services overseas, 117 postcolonial criticism, 191, 195, 200, 201, 347 Oakwell Hall, 29 poststructuralist criticism, 191 Ockerbloom, Mary Mark, 82n pregnancy, 314, 328–9 Ohmann, Carol, 184 Presbyterian Quarterly Review, The, 181n Okin, Susan Moller, 295n Pritchard, J. C., 346 Oliphant, Margaret, 176, 177, 207, 271, 306, 307 private sphere appropriate for the employment Olivier, Laurence, 210 of women, 303, 309 omnibus travel, 284, 285 prostitution, 329 Ossian, see Macpherson, James prudishness, alleged, of the Victorian era, 327n, 328 Ovid, 53 psychiatry, 346 psychoanalytic criticism, 183–4, 202 Paganini, Nicolo`, 245 psychology, 344 painting as an occupation for women, 308–9 newly coined term, 227 Paley, William, 250 public (free) libraries, 164 Parker, J. W., 272 Pugin, A. W. N., 227 Parker, Thomas, 15, 128, 245 pupil–teacher relations in the Bronte¨ fiction, 238 Parkes, Bessie, 10 Purcell, Henry, 245 Parry, Sir William, 72, 99, 271 Pykett, Lyn, 147, 194 part-issuing of novels, 159 Pearce, Lynne (ed.), 214n Qualls, Barry, 223n periodicals, importance of to the Bronte¨ Quarterly Magazine, The, 118, 274 family, 151 see also Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine; race, 263, 267, 334, 340, 347 Fraser’s Magazine see also imperialism; postcolonial criticism Perkin, J. Russell, 205n ‘Rachel’ (actress), 117 perpetual curate, nature of the post, 16n Radcliffe, Ann, 227 Peschier, Diana, 206n The Mysteries of Udolpho, 227 Petch, Stephen, 294n railways and rail travel, 9, 12, 57, 285–6 Peters, Margot, 173 Rambler, The, 176 photography, 130 Ratchford, Fannie, 172, 185–6 phrenology, 344–6 Reade, Charles, 271 in the Bronte¨ fiction, 341, 345–6 reception of the Bronte¨s in the nineteenth physiognomy (form of character-reading), 345 century, 175–80, 186 Plath, Sylvia, 210 Red House, 29 Plotz, John, 201 Reform Bill of 1832, 85, 262 Plummer, Thomas, 241 Rego, Paula, 209–10 politics, 261–7 Reid, Thomas Wemyss, 121, 175, 178–9, Pollard, Arthur (ed.), 25n, 133n, 310n 180, 288n Pollock, Linda A., 317n religion, 217–23 Poor Law(s), 14, 42, 228, 272 see also Bronte¨, Anne; Bronte¨, Branwell; Pope, Alexander, 145 Bronte¨, Charlotte; Bronte¨, Emily; Bronte¨, population increase, 276, 311 Patrick portraits of the Bronte¨s Reynolds, Sir Joshua, 128 Branwell Bronte¨’s portrait of his sisters (‘Pillar Rhys, Jean, 209 Portrait’), 123, 127–8, 129, 132, 133n, 241 Wide Sargasso Sea, 195, 209 fragment portrait of Emily, from ‘Gun Rich, Adrienne, 193 Group’, 123, 129, 132 Richard, Cliff, Heathcliff, 211 George Richmond’s portrait of Charlotte Richardson, Samuel, 145 Bronte¨, 123 Sir Charles Grandison, 145 ‘Gun Group’, 123, 129–30, 241 Richmond, George, 123 photograph of Charlotte Bronte¨, 131, 132 Ridley, James, Tales of the Genii, 144 portrait previously thought to be of Rigby, Elizabeth, 265, 274 Charlotte Bronte¨, 130 Ringrose, Amelia, 89

386 Index

roads, 284 secularization, 217, 223 Robbins, Michael, 288n self-consciousness, growth of as a nineteenth- Roberts, Miche`le, ‘Blathering Frights’, 211 century phenomenon, 228–9 Robinson, Revd Edmund, 58, 78 Sellars, Jane, 60n, 133n, 157n, 249n, 251 Robinson, A. Mary F., 174n, 176 Seneca, 53 Robinson, Mrs Lydia, 58, 59, 78 Medea, 229 see also Bronte¨, Branwell sequels and prequels to Bronte¨ fiction, Robinson, William, 39, 53, 123, 128, 129, 241 209, 210, 212 Robinson family of Thorp Green, 33, 58, 304 see also Rhys, Jean, Wide Sargasso Sea Roe Head, 49, 64, 234, 235–6, 241 serial publication of novels, 160 see also Bronte¨, Anne; Bronte¨, Charlotte; servants Bronte¨, Emily in the Bronte¨ fiction, 297–8 Rollin, Charles, 145 employment of as class marker, 297 Romney, George, 129 Seton-Gordon, Mrs Elizabeth, 122, 131 Roper, Derek (ed.), 97n sexuality, 314, 328–34 Rose, Jonathan, 201 Shakespeare, William, 136, 144, 290, 331 Rosengarten, Herbert, 273 Coriolanus, 144 Rosenthal, T. G., 214n Shanley, Mary, 295n Ross, Sir James Clark, 99, 271 Sharp, Jack, 31 Rossetti, Christina, 177 Sharpe’s London Magazine, 118, 119 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 265 Shattock, Joanne (ed.), 165n Rougemont, Denis de, 211 Shelley, Mary, 227 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 148 Frankenstein, 227 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 69, 137, 146–7 Animals, 257 Epipsychidion, 146–7 Rubik, Margarete (ed.), 206n ‘Ode to the West Wind’, 147 Ruijssenaars, Eric, 289n Sherwood, Mary, 257 Rydings, 28 Shewell, Debbie, 209 Shibden Hall, 31 Salvey, Courtney, 226 Shorter, Clement, 118, 121, 169–70, 171, 174 Sand, George, 148, 180 Showalter, Elaine, 200, 347 Sanger, C. P., 187, 291, 292 Shuttleworth, Sally, 148, 196, 202, 345, 350n sanitation, deficiency of, 336 Sidgwick family of Stonegappe, 28 see also Babbage, Benjamin Herschel; Silver, Anna Krugovoy, 202 Haworth, sanitary problems Simeon, Charles, 219 Saunders and Otley (publishing firm), 155 Simpson, Charles, 187 Scarborough, 33, 81 Sinclair, May, 143, 170, 172 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 148 Skynner, David, 211 schools and schooling, 13, 15, 236–7 slave trade, 263 see also education slavery in America, 267 Schorer, Mark, 186, 190n Small, Helen, 349 science, 250 Smith, Anne (ed.), 249n see also natural history; Darwin, Charles Smith, George, 65, 66, 67, 87, 127, 131, 155, 156, Scott, Sir Walter, 69, 98, 137, 145–6, 180, 227, 159, 169, 275, 341 270, 331 Smith, Margaret, 3, 85, 89, 114n8, 14 , 171, 200, 259n; Life of Napoleon, 146 (ed.), 105n, 214n Marmion, 145 Smith, Elder & Co., 86, 151, 156, 160, 308 Tales of a Grandfather, 270 social isolation as a threat to health, 350 Waverley, 146 Solie, Ruth A., 247 screen versions of the Bronte¨ novels, 173, 207, Solomon, Eric, 189n 208, 213 Some Eminent Women of our Time, 178 ‘scribblemania’, 104 Sontag, Susan, 338 Scribner’s (American publishing house), 120 Southey, Robert, 56, 104, 142n, 146, 147, 306, 329 Scruton, William, 14, 283 Southowram, 31 sea voyages and transport, 283, 286–7 Sowdens, 32

Index 387

Speer, Susan, 334n teaching Spivak, Gayatri, 195 as a career for women, 298, 303–5 spousal abuse, 290 as a low-status occupation, 301 St John’s College, Cambridge, 36, 296 Teale, Polly, 209 Stacey, Jackie (ed.), 214n television adaptations of Bronte¨ fiction, Stae¨l, Germaine de, 176 see screen versions of the Bronte¨ novels stage versions of Bronte¨ novels, 207, 209, Ten Hours Factory Act, 264 210–13 tenant farmers, 278 Stanford, Derek, 186, 187, 188 Tennant, Emma, Heathcliff’s Tale, 212 Steele, Valerie, 322 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 136, 137 Sterling, John, 226 textile industry, 10–12, 276–7, 279–81 Sterne, Laurence, Tristram Shandy, 225 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 65, 86, 117, 148, Stevens, Joan (ed.), 35n 159, 275 Stevenson, John, 288n Catherine, 272 Stevenson, Robert, 207 Henry Esmond, 275 Stewart, Garrett, 199–200 The Luck of Barry Lyndon, 272 Stoddard, Elizabeth, 201 Vanity Fair, 159 Stone, Jeanne C. Fawtier, 282n, 301 The Yellowplush Correspondence, 272 Stone, Lawrence, 282n, 301, 317n Thesing, William B. (ed.), 180n Stoneman, Patsy, 175, 196, 203, 213n, 214n; (ed.), Thirlwall, Connop, 227 213n Thomas, D. M., Charlotte, The Final Journey Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s of Jane Eyre, 210 Cabin, 267 Thomas, Enoch, 40 Strauss, Johann, 245 Thomas, Sue, 201 structuralist criticism, 191 Thomson, James, 136, 145 Stuart, J. A. Erskine, 28, 35n Thompson, D’Arcy, 287 subscription libraries, 163–4 Thompson, John Hunter, 133n Suess, Barbara (ed.), 81n, 206n, 282n Thompson, Wade, 184 Sunderland, Abraham, 39, 244 Thorma¨hlen, Marianne, 78, 149n, 150n, 157n, ‘surplus’ women, 329 165n, 196, 202, 204n, 220, 239n, 246, 282n, Surridge, Lisa, 201–2 317n, 342n, 351n Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels, 145 Thornton, 38, 46 Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 175, 178, Thorp Green, 34, 78 179–80, 210 three-volume (‘triple-decker’) novel, 159, 160 Symington, J. Alexander, 121, 171, 174; (ed.), 60n tight-lacing, see corsets and tight-lacing Tillyard, Clark, 281n Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, 181n Toothill, Jack, 14 Tamasha (British Asian touring company), 212–13 Top Withens, 32 Taylor, Bernard, 210 Torgerson, Beth, 202 Taylor, George, 40 Tractarians, 220, 224 Taylor, Harriet, 275 trade, women in, 309 Taylor, James, 51, 117 tradesmen, social status of, 280, 301 Taylor, Joseph, 89 translations of Bronte¨ novels, 213 Taylor, Martha, 85, 88 transport and travel, 283–8 Taylor, Mary, 23, 29, 36, 64, 85–6, 117, 173 Trimmer, Sara, Fabulous Animals, 257 on Arthur Bell Nicholls’ proposal to Charlotte Trollope, Anthony, 271 Bronte¨, 88 Trollope, Frances, Michael Armstrong, 148 author of Miss Miles, 85 Tromly, Annette, 192 on the Bronte¨s’ interest in politics, 267 Tromp, Marlene, 201 and Brussels, 112 Trowbridge, Serena (ed.), 206n and Charlotte Bronte¨, 49, 64, 234 tuberculosis, see consumption on Emily Bronte¨ and art, 71 Turner, J. Horsfall, 16n, 121, 130 family, 281; family lends books to Charlotte turnpikes, 12, 284 Bronte¨, 148 typhoid, 336 Taylor family of Stanbury, 89, 128 typhus, 336

388 Index

unhappy homes in the Bronte¨ fiction, 312, 313 Wilkes, Joanne, 180n, 181n universalism, 140, 218, 348 Williams, Meg Harris, 246 Williams, Rowan, 229 Van Ghent, Dorothy, 186, 351n Williams, W. S. (principal references only), Varma, Deepak, 214n 62, 66, 86, 239, 275 Victorian values in relation to Bronte¨ Williamson, Tom, 281n fiction, 4–5 Willing, James, 207 Virgil, 53, 143 Wilson, John, 270 Aeneid, 143, 144 Wilson, Romer, 174n, 184 Voltaire, F. M. Arouet de, 107 Wilson, Ruth, 208 Wilson, William Waldegrave sisters, painted by Sir Joshua Carus, 62 Reynolds, 128 Wimperis, E. M., 27, 28, 29, 32, 34 Walker, Emery, 131 Winnifrith, T. J., 97n, 174n, 175, 191; (ed.), 260n Walker, John, 32 Wise, Thomas James, 121, 170, 171, 174 walking as a mode of transport, 283, 284, 287 Wiseman, Cardinal N. P. S., 219 Wallace, Robert K., 246 Wollstonecraft, Mary, Original Stories from Walpole, Horace, 227 Real Life, 257 The Castle of Otranto, 227 Women of Fashion and Representative Ward, Ian, 295n Women of Society, 178 Ward, Mary (Mrs Humphry), 148, 169 Women of Worth: A Book for Girls, 178 Warren, Samuel, 270 Wood, Jane, 202 washing, 24, 326 Wood, Steven, 282n Wasikowska, Mia, 208 Woodhouse Grove (Wesleyan school), Watson, Victor (ed.), 106n 46, 237 Watts, Isaac, 137 Wooler, Margaret, 49–51, 64, 236 Doctrine of the Passions, 143 Wooler, Robert, 49 Weber, C. M. F. E. von, 245 Woolf, Virginia, 143, 186, 306 Weedon, Alexis, 67n Worboise, Emma Jane, 221–2 Weekly Chronicle, The, 161 Wordsworth, William, 56, 98, 102, 136, 137, 140, Weightman, William, 78, 89, 171, 284 142n, 146, 147, 263 Weisberg, Richard, 295n ‘Daffodils’, 147 Weldon, Fay, 209 ‘Resolution and Independence’, 147 Welles, Orson, 207 Working Women of this Century, 178 Wellesley, Arthur (historical personage), 99, 270 World-Famous Women, 178 Wellesley, Charles (historical personage), 99, 270 Wright, Martha, 38–9 Wellington, Duke of (historical personage), 39, Wright, William, 174n 99, 146, 262, 267, 270, 272, 333 writing as a career for women, Wellington (Shropshire), 37 302, 305–8 Wells, Juliette, 81, 206n, 240, 247, 249n; Wroot, Herbert E., 35n (ed.), 157n Wycoller Hall, 29 Wesley, Charles, 145 Wyler, William, 210, 211 Wesley, John, 274 Westminster Review, The, 275 Yaeger, Patricia, 194 Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, Catherine: Her Book, 212 Yates, W. W., 174n White, Gilbert, 144 York, Susannah, 208 Natural History of Selborne, 250, 251 Yorkshire Gazette, The, 58 Whitehead, Barbara, 174n Young, Edward, 145 Whitehead, George, 288n Young, Robert, 208 Wiener, Martin, 295n Wildman, Abraham, 15 Zeffirelli, Franco, 208