The Bronte¨S in Context

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76186-4 - The Brontës in Context Edited by Marianne Thormählen Table of Contents More information

Contents

List of illustrations page ix Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgements xviii Chronology xix Abbreviations and editions xxxiii Map of Haworth and its surroundings xxxv Map of the Bronte¨s’ region of Yorkshire and Lancashire xxxvi

Introduction 1 Marianne Thorma¨hlen

part i places, persons and publishing 1 Haworth in the time of the Bronte¨s 9 Michael Baumber 2 Domestic life at Haworth Parsonage 18 Ann Dinsdale 3 Locations in northern England associated with the Bronte¨s’ lives and works 27 Ann Dinsdale 4 The father of the Bronte¨s 36 Dudley Green 5 A mother and her substitutes: Maria Bronte¨ (ne´e Branwell), Elizabeth Branwell and Margaret Wooler 44 Bob Duckett

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vi Contents 6 Patrick Branwell Bronte¨ 53 Victor A. Neufeldt 7 Charlotte Brontё 61 Dinah Birch 8 Emily Bronte¨ 68 Lyn Pykett 9 Anne Bronte¨ 75 Maria Frawley 10 Friends, servants and a husband 83 Stephen Whitehead 11 The Bronte¨s’ sibling bonds 91 Drew Lamonica Arms 12 Juvenilia 98 Christine Alexander 13 The Brussels experience 107 Sue Lonoff 14 The Bronte¨ correspondence 115 Margaret Smith 15 Portraits of the Bronte¨s 123 Jane Sellars 16 The poetry of the Bronte¨s 134 Janet Gezari 17 Literary influences on the Bronte¨s 143 Sara J. Lodge 18 The Bronte¨s’ way into print 151 Linda H. Peterson 19 Reading the Bronte¨s: their first audiences 159 Stephen Colclough

Contents vii part ii scholarship, criticism, adaptations and translations 20 Bronte¨ biography: a survey of a genre 169 Tom Winnifrith 21 Mid-nineteenth-century critical responses to the Bronte¨s 175 Miriam Elizabeth Burstein 22 Bronte¨ scholarship and criticism, 1920–1970 183 Herbert Rosengarten 23 Bronte¨ scholarship and criticism, c. 1970–2000 191 Sara J. Lodge 24 Current trends in Bronte¨ criticism and scholarship 198 Alexandra Lewis 25 Adaptations, prequels, sequels, translations 207 Patsy Stoneman

part iii historical and cultural contexts 26 Religion 217 David Jasper 27 The philosophical-intellectual context 224 Stephen Prickett 28 Education 232 Dinah Birch 29 Art and music 240 Christine Alexander 30 Natural history 250 Barbara T. Gates 31 Politics 261 Simon Avery 32 Newspapers and magazines 269 Joanne Shattock

viii Contents 33 Agriculture and industry 276 Marianne Thorma¨hlen with Steven Wood 34 Transport and travel 283 Edward Chitham 35 Law 290 Ian Ward 36 Class 296 Elizabeth Langland 37 Careers for middle-class women 303 Elizabeth Langland 38 Marriage and family life 311 Marianne Thorma¨hlen 39 Dress 318 Birgitta Berglund 40 Sexuality 328 Jill L. Matus 41 Physical health 335 Janis McLarren Caldwell 42 Mental health 344 Janis McLarren Caldwell

Further reading 352 Index 373

Illustrations

1 Haworth Old Church, Sunday School and Parsonage, photographed before 1878 page 10 2 Ebor Mill. Photograph by Simon Warner 11 3 Emily Bronte¨’s diary paper of 26 June 1837, with a sketch of herself and Anne writing at the dining-room table 19 4 The windows at the Red House, Gomersal, which are graphically described in Charlotte Bronte¨’s novel Shirley 30 5 High Sunderland Hall at Southowram, Halifax. It is likely that features of the house came into Emily Bronte¨’s mind when she began to write Wuthering Heights 32 6 A portrait of Patrick Bronte¨ as a young man, by an unknown artist 37 7 A copy of a portrait of Maria Bronte¨, ne´e Branwell, made by her daughter Charlotte in October 1830 45 8 A caricature self-portrait of Branwell Bronte¨, c. 1840 54 9 Portrait of Anne Bronte¨ by her sister Charlotte, c. 1833 76 10 ‘The Young Men’s Magazine’, August 1830, by Charlotte Bronte¨, one of the early ‘little books’ made by the Bronte¨s as children 103 11 A view of the rue d’Isabelle, Brussels, showing the Pensionnat Heger on the left 108 12 A letter by Charlotte Bronte¨ to W. S. Williams, her publisher’s reader, dated 18 October 1848 116 13 The Bronte¨ Sisters, the so-called ‘Pillar Portrait’, by the sitters’ brother Branwell Bronte¨, c. 1834 124 14 A fragment portrait of Emily Jane Bronte¨ by her brother Branwell, torn from the so-called ‘Gun Group’ portrait, c. 1834, now lost 125

x List of illustrations 15 George Richmond’s portrait of Charlotte Bronte¨. Coloured chalk drawing, 1850 126 16 A carte-de-visite photograph believed to be of Charlotte Bronte¨, c. 1854. Part of the collection of Emery Walker 131 17 Manuscript of Emily Bronte¨’s poem ‘How long will you remain?’, dated 12 August 1839 135 18 Anne Bronte¨’s drawing of Roe Head School, c. 1835–7 235 19 Branwell Bronte¨’s portrait of John Brown, the Haworth sexton, c. 1838–9 242 20 ‘What you please’, a pencil drawing by Anne Bronte¨ 243 21 A page from a manuscript music book belonging to Anne Bronte¨. The book is inscribed ‘Anne Bronte¨, Thorp Green, June, 1843’ 246 22 Charlotte Bronte¨’s portrait of ‘Zenobia Marchioness Ellrington’, 1833 248 23 Charlotte Bronte¨’s watercolour study of a blue convolvulus, c. December 1832 252 24 A pencil drawing by Charlotte Bronte¨ of a landscape with fallen trees, c. August 1842 253 25 A study of a fir tree by Emily Bronte¨, c. 1842 254 26 A watercolour painting by Emily Bronte¨, believed to be of her pet merlin Nero 255 27 Charlotte’s ‘going away’ dress, believed to have been worn by Charlotte Nicholls, ne´e Bronte¨, on her honeymoon tour in Ireland 320 28 Whalebone corset belonging to Charlotte Bronte¨ 321 29 A page from Thomas John Graham’s Modern Domestic Medicine (1826), heavily annotated by Patrick Bronte¨ 339 For kind permission to reproduce the illustrations listed above, and for supplying photographs, the editor wishes to thank Mr Simon Warner (Figure 2), the National Portrait Gallery, London (Figures 13–15), and the Bronte¨ Parsonage Museum, Haworth (all remaining pictures).