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Gc University Lahore a Dissertation/ Thesis Titled A DISSERTATION/ THESIS TITLED ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HERBACEOUS FLORA OF SAHIWAL DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Submitted to Government College University Lahore in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of D octor of Philosophy IN Botany By AHMAD ALI SESSION 2010 - 13 Registration No. 090 - GCU - PHD - BOT - 2010 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE A DISSERTATION/ THESIS TITLED ETHNOECOLOGICAL STUDIES OF HERBACEOUS FLORA OF SAHIWAL DIVISION, PUNJAB, PAKISTAN AHMAD ALI SESSION 2010 - 13 RegistrationNo. 090 - GCU - PHD - BOT - 2010 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GC UNIVERSITY LAHORE Dedicated To My Sweet Family & Parents Contents Title Page No. List of Tables II List of Figures I V List of Annexure s & Plates V I Acknowledgement s V II Abstract V III Chapter No. 1 : Introduction 01 Chapter No. 2 : Review of literature 11 Chapter No. 3 : Materials and Methods 19 Chapter No. 4 : Results and Discussion 4 7 References 21 5 Annexure s 229 Plate 2 3 9 l LIST OF TABLES Table No. Page No. Table 3.4.1 : Plants selected for their Ethnopharmacological Assays 27 Table 3.4.2: Gallic acid dilutions for the estimation of T PC 36 Table 3.4.3: Dilutions for the estimation of Total Flavonoid contents 37 Table 3.4.4: Bacterial strain for antibacterial investigation 40 Table 3.4. 5: Fungal strains for antifungal investigation 40 Table 3.4.6: Preparation of dilutions for MIC Assay. 43 Table 3.4.7: Preparation of dilutions for the anthelmintic investigation 45 Table 4.2 .1: Importance Value Index (IVI) of Plant Species of Di strict Sahiwal 112 Table 4.2 .2: Importance Value Index (IVI) of Plant Species of District Pakpattan 121 Table 4.2 .3: Importance Value Index (IVI) of Plant Species of District Okara 131 Table 4.2 .4: Importance Value Index (IVI) of Plant Species of Sahiwal Division 140 Table 4.3 .1: Physico - c hemical Analysis of Soil of District Sahiwal 165 Table 4.3 .2: Physico - c hemical Analysis of Soil Dis trict Pakpattan 167 Table 4.3 .3: Phsico - c hemical Analysis of Soil of District Okara 169 Table 4.3 .4: Physico - c hemical Analysis of Soil of Sahiwal Division 171 Table 4.4.1: Percentage yield of the different plant extracts 1 7 3 Table 4.4.2: TEAC Values of the extracts of selected plants 174 Table 4.4.3: Percentage DPPH radical scave nging potential 175 Table 4.4.4 : Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) 1 7 8 Table 4.4.5: Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC) 179 Table 4.4.6: Metal Chelating Values (% age) 180 Table 4.4.7: Total Anti - Oxidant Activity Values 1 81 Table 4.4.8: Zone of inhibition against standard antibiotic discs 182 II Table 4.4.9: Zone of inhibition against standard a ntibiotic discs 183 Table 4.4.10: Zone of inhibition produced by negative control 183 Table 4.4.11: Zone of inhibition against microbe S. aureus 1 8 4 Table 4.4.12: Zone of inhibition against microbe E. coli 18 5 Table 4.4.13: Zone of inhibition against microbe P. aeruginosa 186 Table 4.4.14 : Zone of inhibition against microbe B. subtilis 187 Table 4.4.15: Zone of inhibition against microbe A. oryzae 188 Table 4.4.16: Table Zone of inhibition against microbe A. niger 18 9 Table 4.4.17: MIC values of A. javanica against the bacterial and fungal strains 190 Table. 4.4.18: MIC values of C. tubulosa against the bacterial and fungal strains 192 Table 4.4.19 : MIC values of C. campestris against bacterial and fungal strains 194 Table 4.4.20 : MIC values of H. europaeum against bacterial an d fungal strains 196 Table 4.4.21 : MIC values of P. glabra against bacterial and fungal strains 198 Table 4.4.22: Plant extracts on mortality of H . contortus 200 Table 4.4.23: Anthelmintic activity of the plant extracts in the form of LSD 50 203 III LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page No. Fig 4.1.1: No. of used Herbaceous Plant Species in each Family 10 6 Fig 4.1.2 Major Kinds of Ethnobotanical Uses 106 Fig 4.1.3: Kinds of Medicinal Usages 10 8 Fig 4.2 .1: Dendrogram of TWINSPAN for District Sahiwal 149 Fig 4.2 .2: Dendrogram of TWINSPAN for Dis trict Pakpattan 152 Fig 4.2 .3: Dendrogram of TWINSPAN for District Okara 155 Fig 4.2 .4: Dendrogram of TWINSPAN for Sahiwal Divison 158 Fig 4.2 .5: Biplot scatter diagram of District Sahiwal 161 Fig 4.2 .6: Biplot scatter diagram of Dis trict Pakpattan 162 Fig 4.2 .7: Biplot scatter diagram of District Okara 163 Fig No. 4.4.1: Graphical presentation of plant wise yield 17 3 Figure 4.4.2: TEAC values of the extracts of selected plants 174 Fig 4.4.3: Percentage DPPH radical scavenging potential of Aerva javanica 175 Fig 4.4.4: Percentage DPPH radical scavenging potential of Cistanche tubulosa 176 Fig 4.4.5: Percentage DPPH radical scavenging potential of Cuscuta campestris 176 Fig 4.4.6: Percentage DPPH radical sca. potential of Heliotropium europaeum 177 Fig 4.4.7: Percentage DPPH radical scav enging potential of Persicaria glabra 177 Fig 4.4.8: TPC Values of the selected medicinal plants 17 8 Fig 4.4.9: TFC values of the selected medicinal plants 179 Fig 4.4.10: Metal chelating values of the selected medicinal plants 180 Fig 4.4.11: Total Anti - Oxidant activity values of the selected medicinal plants 1 81 Fig 4.4.12: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts against S. aureus 18 4 IV Fig 4.4.13: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts against E. coli. 18 5 Fig 4.4.14: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts against P. aeruginosa. 186 Fig 4.4.15: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts agains t B.subtilis. 18 7 Fig 4.4.16: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts against A. oryzae 18 8 Fig 4.4.17: Zone of inhibition produced by plant extracts against A.niger 18 9 Fig 4.4.18: MIC of A. javanica against ba cterial strains 191 Fig 4.4.19: MIC of A. javanica against fungal strains 191 Fig 4.4.20: MIC of C. tubulosa against bacterial strains 193 Fig. 4.4.21 MIC of C. tubulosa against fungal strains 193 Fig 4.4.22: MIC of C. campestris against bac terial strains 195 Fig 4.4.23: MIC of C. campestris against fungal strains 195 Fig 4.4.24: MIC of H. europaeum against bac terial str ains 197 Fig 4.4.25: MIC of H. europaeum against fungal strains 197 Fig 4.4.26: MIC of G. glabra against bacterial strains 199 Fig 4.4.27: MIC of G. glabra against f ungal strains 199 Fig 4.4.28: Plant extract wise LD 50 Analysis 20 3 Fig. 4.4.29: Graphical view of plant wise Anthelmintic efficacy 204 Fig. 4.4.30: Graphical view of extract wise Anthelmintic efficacy 204 V LIST OF ANNEXURES & PLATE Annexure No. Title Page No. Annexure l Questionnaire 22 9 Annexure ll (a) M ap of P akistan 230 (b) Map of Punjab Showing Sahiwal Division 231 Annexure lll List of herbaceous plant species of Sahiwal Division 232 Plate 3.4.1 Plants selected for Ethnopharmacologica l studies 239 VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S All praises are for T HE ALEEM , Who has given me an opportunity to enlist myself at the bottom of scholars and A LMIGHTY ALLAH , Who enabled me to present this research work . Uncountable salams to The Last Prophet of God , Who enlighten us to explore the universe . T hanks to Dr. Ghazala Yasmeen Butt, Chairperson Department of Botany f or providing the facilities during the present research work. S alute to my honorable s upervisor, Dr. Zaheer - ud - din Khan , Professor of Botany who encouraged me a ll the times, resulting in the compilation of the present task. He is a versatile personality , a perfect teacher, a good researcher and above all , a good friend. I am grateful to my Co - supervisor, Dr. Khalid Farooq Akbar , Professor of Botany, Govt. Post Gr a duate College Sahiwal for his valuable guidance during the completion of the research work . Bundle of thanks to Dr. Khalid Hamid Sheikh (Professor Emeritus of Botany), whose technical and valuable criticism imposed precision in my wor k. Greetings to my parents and wife , who favored me in spite of their own ill health , without their moral support I was incapable to face the challenges . Special t hanks to Dr . Sohaib Muhammad, Lecturer in Botany , whose guidance e nable d me to complete the dissertation. A token of love for my you ng friends Muhammad Zahid , GM Sukhaira and Muhammad Saleem Hashmi , who facilitated me in th e compilation of the data of the present research work. Ahmad Ali VII Abstract The present work deal s with the ethnoecological studies on the herbaceous flora of Sahiwal Division with special reference to the documentation of ethnobotanical data, phytosociological notes and ethnopharmacological testing of ethnomedicinally important herbs including their a ntimicrobial, antioxidant and anthelmintic potential. The local people, herbal healer/ hakims were interviewed through questionnaire to collect and document the et hnobotanical data on the local herbaceous plants. In total, 180 herbal plant species , 177 bel onging to 43 angiospermic, one species t o one gymnospermic and two t o pteridophytic families , were found in common use by the local inhabitants as forage / fodder, medicinal, food, feed and various other uses.
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