The DENX U-Boot and Linux Guide (DULG) for Canyonlands
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Industrial Control Via Application Containers: Migrating from Bare-Metal to IAAS
Industrial Control via Application Containers: Migrating from Bare-Metal to IAAS Florian Hofer, Student Member, IEEE Martin A. Sehr Antonio Iannopollo, Member, IEEE Faculty of Computer Science Corporate Technology EECS Department Free University of Bolzano-Bozen Siemens Corporation University of California Bolzano, Italy Berkeley, CA 94704, USA Berkeley, CA 94720, USA fl[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Ines Ugalde Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Fellow, IEEE Barbara Russo Corporate Technology EECS Department Faculty of Computer Science Siemens Corporation University of California Free University of Bolzano-Bozen Berkeley, CA 94704, USA Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Bolzano, Italy [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—We explore the challenges and opportunities of control design full authority over the environment in which shifting industrial control software from dedicated hardware to its software will run, it is not straightforward to determine bare-metal servers or cloud computing platforms using off the under what conditions the software can be executed on cloud shelf technologies. In particular, we demonstrate that executing time-critical applications on cloud platforms is viable based on computing platforms due to resource virtualization. Yet, we a series of dedicated latency tests targeting relevant real-time believe that the principles of Industry 4.0 present a unique configurations. opportunity to explore complementing traditional automation Index Terms—Industrial Control Systems, Real-Time, IAAS, components with a novel control architecture [3]. Containers, Determinism We believe that modern virtualization techniques such as application containerization [3]–[5] are essential for adequate I. INTRODUCTION utilization of cloud computing resources in industrial con- Emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things and trol systems. -
CNTR: Lightweight OS Containers
CNTR: Lightweight OS Containers Jorg¨ Thalheim, Pramod Bhatotia Pedro Fonseca Baris Kasikci University of Edinburgh University of Washington University of Michigan Abstract fundamental to achieve high efficiency in virtualized datacenters and enables important use-cases, namely Container-based virtualization has become the de-facto just-in-time deployment of applications. Moreover, standard for deploying applications in data centers. containers significantly reduce operational costs through However, deployed containers frequently include a higher consolidation density and power minimization, wide-range of tools (e.g., debuggers) that are not required especially in multi-tenant environments. Because of all for applications in the common use-case, but they these advantages, it is no surprise that containers have seen are included for rare occasions such as in-production wide-spread adoption by industry, in many cases replacing debugging. As a consequence, containers are significantly altogether traditional virtualization solutions [17]. larger than necessary for the common case, thus increasing the build and deployment time. Despite being lightweight, deployed containers often include a wide-range of tools such as shells, editors, CNTR1 provides the performance benefits of lightweight coreutils, and package managers. These additional tools containers and the functionality of large containers by are usually not required for the application’s core function splitting the traditional container image into two parts: the — the common operational use-case — but they are “fat” image — containing the tools, and the “slim” image included for management, manual inspection, profiling, — containing the main application. At run-time, CNTR and debugging purposes [64]. In practice, this significantly allows the user to efficiently deploy the “slim” image and increases container size and, in turn, translates into then expand it with additional tools, when and if necessary, slower container deployment and inefficient datacenter by dynamically attaching the “fat” image. -
Embedded Linux Systems with the Yocto Project™
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT SERIES Embedded Linux Systems with the Yocto Project" FREE SAMPLE CHAPTER SHARE WITH OTHERS �f, � � � � Embedded Linux Systems with the Yocto ProjectTM This page intentionally left blank Embedded Linux Systems with the Yocto ProjectTM Rudolf J. Streif Boston • Columbus • Indianapolis • New York • San Francisco • Amsterdam • Cape Town Dubai • London • Madrid • Milan • Munich • Paris • Montreal • Toronto • Delhi • Mexico City São Paulo • Sidney • Hong Kong • Seoul • Singapore • Taipei • Tokyo Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. For information about buying this title in bulk quantities, or for special sales opportunities (which may include electronic versions; custom cover designs; and content particular to your business, training goals, marketing focus, or branding interests), please contact our corporate sales depart- ment at [email protected] or (800) 382-3419. For government sales inquiries, please contact [email protected]. For questions about sales outside the U.S., please contact [email protected]. Visit us on the Web: informit.com Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress. -
OS-9 for Intel IXDP425 Board Guide
OS-9® for IXDP425 Board Guide Version 4.7 www.radisys.com Revision A • July 2006 Copyright and publication information Reproduction notice This manual reflects version 4.7 of Microware OS-9. The software described in this document is intended to Reproduction of this document, in part or whole, by any means, be used on a single computer system. RadiSys electrical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, or Corporation expressly prohibits any reproduction of the otherwise is prohibited, without written permission from RadiSys software on tape, disk, or any other medium except for Microware Communications Software Division, Inc. backup purposes. Distribution of this software, in part or whole, to any other party or on any other system Disclaimer may constitute copyright infringements and misappropriation of trade secrets and confidential The information contained herein is believed to be accurate as of processes which are the property of RadiSys the date of publication. However, RadiSys Corporation will not be Corporation and/or other parties. Unauthorized liable for any damages including indirect or consequential, from distribution of software may cause damages far in use of the OS-9 operating system, Microware-provided software, excess of the value of the copies involved. or reliance on the accuracy of this documentation. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. July 2006 Copyright ©2006 by RadiSys Corporation All rights reserved. EPC and RadiSys are registered trademarks of RadiSys Corporation. ASM, Brahma, DAI, DAQ, MultiPro, SAIB, Spirit, and ValuePro are trademarks of RadiSys Corporation. DAVID, MAUI, OS-9, OS-9000, and SoftStax are registered trademarks of RadiSys Corporation. -
Securing Embedded Systems: Analyses of Modern Automotive Systems and Enabling Near-Real Time Dynamic Analysis
Securing Embedded Systems: Analyses of Modern Automotive Systems and Enabling Near-Real Time Dynamic Analysis Karl Koscher A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2014 Reading Committee: Tadayoshi Kohno, Chair Gaetano Borriello Shwetak Patel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science and Engineering © Copyright 2014 Karl Koscher University of Washington Abstract Securing Embedded Systems: From Analyses of Modern Automotive Systems to Enabling Dynamic Analysis Karl Koscher Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Tadayoshi Kohno Department of Computer Science and Engineering Today, our life is pervaded by computer systems embedded inside everyday products. These embedded systems are found in everything from cars to microwave ovens. These systems are becoming increasingly sophisticated and interconnected, both to each other and to the Internet. Unfortunately, it appears that the security implications of this complexity and connectivity have mostly been overlooked, even though ignoring security could have disastrous consequences; since embedded systems control much of our environment, compromised systems could be used to inflict physical harm. This work presents an analysis of security issues in embedded systems, including a comprehensive security analysis of modern automotive systems. We hypothesize that dynamic analysis tools would quickly discover many of the vulnerabilities we found. However, as we will discuss, there -
The Many Approaches to Real-Time and Safety Critical Linux Systems
Corporate Technology The Many Approaches to Real-Time and Safety-Critical Linux Open Source Summit Japan 2017 Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Mauerer Siemens AG, Corporate Research and Technologies Smart Embedded Systems Corporate Competence Centre Embedded Linux Copyright c 2017, Siemens AG. All rights reserved. Page 1 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology Corporate Technology The Many Approaches to Real-Time and Safety-Critical Linux Open Source Summit Japan 2017 Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Mauerer, Ralf Ramsauer, Andreas Kolbl¨ Siemens AG, Corporate Research and Technologies Smart Embedded Systems Corporate Competence Centre Embedded Linux Copyright c 2017, Siemens AG. All rights reserved. Page 1 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology Overview 1 Real-Time and Safety 2 Approaches to Real-Time Architectural Possibilities Practical Approaches 3 Approaches to Linux-Safety 4 Guidelines and Outlook Page 2 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology Introduction & Overview About Siemens Corporate Technology: Corporate Competence Centre Embedded Linux Technical University of Applied Science Regensburg Theoretical Computer Science Head of Digitalisation Laboratory Target Audience Assumptions System Builders & Architects, Software Architects Linux Experience available Not necessarily RT-Linux and Safety-Critical Linux experts Page 3 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology A journey through the worlds of real-time and safety Page 4 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology Outline 1 Real-Time and Safety 2 Approaches to Real-Time Architectural Possibilities Practical Approaches 3 Approaches to Linux-Safety 4 Guidelines and Outlook Page 5 31. Mai 2017 W. Mauerer Siemens Corporate Technology Real-Time: What and Why? I Real Time Real Fast Deterministic responses to stimuli Caches, TLB, Lookahead Bounded latencies (not too late, not too Pipelines early) Optimise average case Repeatable results Optimise/quantify worst case Page 6 31. -
Root Filesystem
>>> Operating Systems And Applications For Embedded Systems >>> Root Filesystem Name: Mariusz Naumowicz Date: 27 sierpnia 2018 [~]$ _ [1/21] >>> Plan 1. Root Filesystem Useful System Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Staging directory 2. Programs The init program Shell Utilities BusyBox ToyBox Libraries Reducing size by stripping Device nodes The proc and sysfs flesystems Mounting flesystems Additional reading Standalone ramdisk Minimizing size Booting with QEMU Additional reading [~]$ _ [2/21] >>> Useful System * init: The program that starts everything off, usually by running a series of scripts. * shell: Needed to give you a command prompt but, more importantly, to run the shell scripts called by init and other programs. * daemons: Various server programs, started by init. * libraries: Usually, the programs mentioned so far are linked with shared libraries which must be present in the root filesystem. * Configuration files: The configuration for init and other daemons is stored in a series of ASCII text files, usually in the /etc directory. * Device nodes: The special files that give access to various device drivers. * /proc and /sys: Two pseudo filesystems that represent kernel data structures as a hierarchy of directories and files. Many programs and library functions read these files. * kernel modules: If you have configured some parts of your kernel to be modules, they will be here, usually in /lib/modules/[kernel version]. [1. Root Filesystem]$ _ [3/21] >>> Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) * /bin: programs essential for all -
Yocto-Slides.Pdf
Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded Training Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded Training © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin. Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 license. Latest update: October 6, 2021. Document updates and sources: https://bootlin.com/doc/training/yocto Corrections, suggestions, contributions and translations are welcome! embedded Linux and kernel engineering Send them to [email protected] - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 1/296 Rights to copy © Copyright 2004-2021, Bootlin License: Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode You are free: I to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work I to make derivative works I to make commercial use of the work Under the following conditions: I Attribution. You must give the original author credit. I Share Alike. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. I For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. I Any of these conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Document sources: https://github.com/bootlin/training-materials/ - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 2/296 Hyperlinks in the document There are many hyperlinks in the document I Regular hyperlinks: https://kernel.org/ I Kernel documentation links: dev-tools/kasan I Links to kernel source files and directories: drivers/input/ include/linux/fb.h I Links to the declarations, definitions and instances of kernel symbols (functions, types, data, structures): platform_get_irq() GFP_KERNEL struct file_operations - Kernel, drivers and embedded Linux - Development, consulting, training and support - https://bootlin.com 3/296 Company at a glance I Engineering company created in 2004, named ”Free Electrons” until Feb. -
MANAGING a REAL-TIME EMBEDDED LINUX PLATFORM with BUILDROOT John Diamond, Kevin Martin Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510
MANAGING A REAL-TIME EMBEDDED LINUX PLATFORM WITH BUILDROOT John Diamond, Kevin Martin Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 Desktop distributions are an awkward Buildroot + ucLibc + Busybox + RTAI Quantitative Results implementation of an Embedded RTOS Buildroot – downloads, unpacks, • Whole build process is automated resulting in • Architecture-dependent binary configures, compiles and installs system much quicker build times (hours not days) software automatically • Kernel and root filesystem size: 3.5 MB – 20 packages uClibc – Small-footprint standard C library MB (reduction of 99%) • Loaded with unnecessary software Busybox – all-in-one UNIX utilities and shell • Boot-time: ~9 seconds • Huge footprints RTAI – Real-Time Linux extensions = Qualitative Results • Allows integration with revision control into First Try: Build Linux from Source the platform development process, making it • Success! But.. 2. Buildroot’s menuconfig generates a package configuration file easier to manage an ecosystem of targets • Is as difficult as it sounds and kernel configuration file • Community support for x86 & ARM targets Linux Kernel • Overwhelming number of packages and Configuration gives us confidence that future targets can be patches Package supported without much effort 1. Developer Configuration • No version control configures build via Buildroot’s • Cross-compile even more headaches menuconfig Internet Build Process Power Supply Control Quench Protection Git / CVS / SVN and Regulation for the System for Tevatron Did not do what we needed: Fermilab Linac Electron Lens (TEL II) 3. The build process pulls 4. The output from the software packages from build process is a kernel • Small-footprint network bootable image the internet and custom bzImage bzImage file with an softare packages from a integrated root filesystem ARM Cortex A-9 source code repository file PC/104 AMD • Automated build system Geode SBC Beam Position Monitor Power Supply Control prototype for Fermilab and Regulation for • Support for multiple architectures 5. -
Cross-Compiler Bipartite Vulnerability Search
electronics Article Cross-Compiler Bipartite Vulnerability Search Paul Black * and Iqbal Gondal Internet Commerce Security Laboratory (ICSL), Federation University, Ballarat 3353, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Open-source libraries are widely used in software development, and the functions from these libraries may contain security vulnerabilities that can provide gateways for attackers. This paper provides a function similarity technique to identify vulnerable functions in compiled programs and proposes a new technique called Cross-Compiler Bipartite Vulnerability Search (CCBVS). CCBVS uses a novel training process, and bipartite matching to filter SVM model false positives to improve the quality of similar function identification. This research uses debug symbols in programs compiled from open-source software products to generate the ground truth. This automatic extraction of ground truth allows experimentation with a wide range of programs. The results presented in the paper show that an SVM model trained on a wide variety of programs compiled for Windows and Linux, x86 and Intel 64 architectures can be used to predict function similarity and that the use of bipartite matching substantially improves the function similarity matching performance. Keywords: malware similarity; function similarity; binary similarity; machine-learning; bipar- tite matching 1. Introduction Citation: Black, P.; Gondal, I. Cross-Compiler Bipartite Function similarity techniques are used in the following activities, the triage of mal- Vulnerability Search. Electronics 2021, ware [1], analysis of program patches [2], identification of library functions [3], analysis of 10, 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ code authorship [4], the identification of similar function pairs to reduce manual analysis electronics10111356 workload, [5], plagiarism analysis [6], and for vulnerable function identification [7–9]. -
Enabling Mobile Service Continuity Across Orchestrated Edge Networks
This is a postprint version of the following published document: Abdullaziz, O. I., Wang, L. C., Chundrigar, S. B. y Huang, K. L. (2019). Enabling Mobile Service Continuity across Orchestrated Edge Networks. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 7(3), pp. 1774-1787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSE.2019.2953129 © 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. Enabling Mobile Service Continuity across Orchestrated Edge Networks Osamah Ibrahiem Abdullaziz, Student Member, IEEE, Li-Chun Wang, Fellow, IEEE, Shahzoob Bilal Chundrigar and Kuei-Li Huang Abstract—Edge networking has become an important technology for providing low-latency services to end users. However, deploying an edge network does not guarantee continuous service for mobile users. Mobility can cause frequent interruptions and network delays as users leave the initial serving edge. In this paper, we propose a solution to provide transparent service continuity for mobile users in large-scale WiFi networks. The contribution of this work has three parts. First, we propose ARNAB architecture to achieve mobile service continuity. The term ARNAB means rabbit in Arabic, which represents an Architecture for Transparent Service Continuity via Double-tier Migration. The first tier migrates user connectivity, while the second tier migrates user containerized applications. ARNAB provides mobile services just like rabbits hop through the WiFi infrastructure. -
Operating System Components for an Embedded Linux System
INSTITUTEFORREAL-TIMECOMPUTERSYSTEMS TECHNISCHEUNIVERSITATM¨ UNCHEN¨ PROFESSOR G. F ARBER¨ Operating System Components for an Embedded Linux System Martin Hintermann Studienarbeit ii Operating System Components for an Embedded Linux System Studienarbeit Executed at the Institute for Real-Time Computer Systems Technische Universitat¨ Munchen¨ Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Farber¨ Advisor: Prof.Dr.rer.nat.habil. Thomas Braunl¨ Author: Martin Hintermann Kirchberg 34 82069 Hohenschaftlarn¨ Submitted in February 2007 iii Acknowledgements At first, i would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Thomas Braunl¨ for giving me the opportunity to take part at a really interesting project. Many thanks to Thomas Sommer, my project partner, for his contribution to our good work. I also want to thank also Bernard Blackham for his assistance by email and phone at any time. In my opinion, it was a great cooperation of all persons taking part in this project. Abstract Embedded systems can be found in more and more devices. Linux as a free operating system is also becoming more and more important in embedded applications. Linux even replaces other operating systems in certain areas (e.g. mobile phones). This thesis deals with the employment of Linux in embedded systems. Various architectures of embedded systems are introduced and the characteristics of common operating systems for these devices are reviewed. The architecture of Linux is examined by looking at the particular components such as kernel, standard C libraries and POSIX tools for embedded systems. Furthermore, there is a survey of real-time extensions for the Linux kernel. The thesis also treats software development for embedded Linux ranging from the prerequi- sites for compiling software to the debugging of binaries.