Keilaniemi Tunnel and Towers Planning Case. a Perspective of Adaptations, Systems Analysis and Path Dependence

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Keilaniemi Tunnel and Towers Planning Case. a Perspective of Adaptations, Systems Analysis and Path Dependence KEILANIEMI TUNNEL AND TOWERS PLANNING CASE. A PERSPECTIVE OF ADAPTATIONS, SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND PATH DEPENDENCE Master’s Thesis Department of Built Environment School of Engineering Aalto University Espoo, 2 January 2016 Master of Administration Simo Tuppurainen Supervisor: Professor Raine Mäntysalo Instructor: Assistant Professor (Civil Engineering) Milos Mladenovic Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author Simo Tuppurainen Title of thesis Keilaniemi tunnel and towers planning case. A perspective of adaptations, systems analysis and path dependence Degree programme Degree Programme in Real Estate Economics Major Managing Spatial Change, Land Economy Code ENG3035 Thesis supervisor Professor Raine Mäntysalo Thesis advisor Assistant Professor (Civil Engineering) Milos Mladenovic Date 2.1.2016 Number of pages 97 Language English Abstract The thesis explores the planning process for a large-scale land use and transportation development project in Keilaniemi, in Espoo, Finland. The aim is to tunnelize a regional circular road, Ring Road I in the area, and to build four high-rise residential towers on the side of the tunnel. The broader objective is to bridge the barrier of Ring Road I between three neighbourhoods of Otaniemi, Tapiola and Keilaniemi, and to strengthen the area in Espoo dedicated to business and innovation. A concept of systems analysis is used in the work to analyse the creation of alternatives in the initial stages of the project. Systems analysis provides a structure to develop, compare and choose among planning alternatives in cooperation between stakeholders. Adaptive capacity assesses the ability of the planning organization in making incremental or radical adaptations during the process. Path dependence is used as a conceptual tool to explain holding on to an early solution even in the face of adversities during planning. The study first explores the planning process by means of planning documents and the Espoo representative bodies’ meeting minutes. The planning assumed the alternative to build Ring Road I into a tunnel from its beginning, to reduce the harmful effects of traffic for the living environment. The primality in planning has shifted during planning from the adjoining area of Hagalund to Keilaniemi, to reflect oncoming metro extension and strategic considerations. Expert interviews among the key stakeholders have been used to explore the central matters within the Keilaniemi planning case. The expert interviews brought forth several areas of relevance, for example the investor-led nature of planning in Espoo, the expensiveness of a deck cover solution and the differences in opinion between the state and local planners regarding specific planning issues. The biggest obstacle for the Keilaniemi tunnel and towers plan has been the cost of the scheme. Espoo City Council required that the expenses should be covered with the land sale revenues. Over the course of planning many incremental adaptations to the plan have been made, to cut the costs and mitigate the incurring risks. There has been made a suggestion of an alternative to turn Ring Road I into a city street and build on its side. In a later stage of planning the Espoo City Council required estimations of the costs and amounts of building rights of this alternative, which ultimately were not made. The interviewed experts were asked about this kind of boulevard alternative, and here it has been addressed relying on the studies made for the new City of Helsinki master plan. Keywords Keilaniemi, tunnel, towers, systems analysis, adaptive capacity, path dependence, city boulevard Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Diplomityön tiivistelmä Tekijä Simo Tuppurainen Työn nimi Keilaniemen tunnelin ja tornien suunnittelun tapaus. Muutosten, järjestelmien analyysin ja polkuriippuvuuden näkökulma. Koulutusohjelma Kiinteistötalous Pääaine Managing Spatial Change, Land Economy Koodi ENG3035 Työn valvoja Professori Raine Mäntysalo Työn ohjaaja Apulaisprofessori Milos Mladenovic Päivämäärä 2.1.2016 Sivumäärä 97 Kieli englanti Tiivistelmä Opinnäyte käsittelee suuren mittakaavan maankäyttö- ja liikennehankkeen suunnitteluprosessia Keilaniemessä Espoossa. Hankkeen tavoitteena on tunneloida alueella seudullinen kehätie Kehä I ja rakentaa neljä asuintornitaloa tunnelin viereen. Laajempi tavoite on poistaa Kehä I:n estevaikutusta kolmen alueen, Otaniemen, Tapiolan ja Keilaniemen, välillä, ja vahvistaa tätä yrittämiselle ja innovaatiolle suunnattua aluetta Espoossa. Järjestelmien analyysin käsitettä käytetään tässä työssä analysoitaessa hankkeen alkuvaiheen vaihtoehtojen luomista. Järjestelmien analyysi tarjoaa rakenteen, jolla voidaan kehittää ja vertailla suunnitteluvaihtoehtoja osallistahojen kesken ja valita vaihtoehtojen väliltä. Muutoskapasiteetilla arvioidaan suunnitteluorganisaation kykyä tehdä vähittäisiä tai radikaaleja muutoksia suunnitteluratkaisuun. Polkuriippuvuutta käsitteenä käytetään hyödyksi selittämään sitä, miksi varhain valitussa vaihtoehdossa pitäydytään myös kohdattaessa vaikeuksia suunnittelun kuluessa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ensin suunnitteluprosessin kulkua suunnitteludokumenttien ja Espoon valtuuston, kaupunginhallituksen ja kaupunkisuunnittelulautakunnan pöytäkirjojen pohjalta. Kehä I:n tunnelointi valittiin alusta pitäen vaihtoehdoksi, jolla ehkäistään liikenteen asumiselle aiheuttamia haittoja. Suunnittelun ensisijaisuus siirtyi prosessin kuluessa viereiseltä Hagalundin alueelta Keilaniemeen otettaessa huomioon metron jatke Espoossa ja strategiset arviot. Keskeisten osallisten tahojen asiantuntijoiden kanssa tehtyjä haastatteluja käytetään arvioitaessa Keilaniemen suunnittelutapauksen keskeisiä piirteitä. Asiantuntijahaastattelut toivat esiin useita merkityksellisiä aiheita, kuten Espoon varsin investoijakeskeisen suunnittelukäytännön, kansirakentamisen kalleuden ja tiettyjä näkemyseroja valtion ja kunnallisen tahon välillä suunnittelukysymysten suhteen. Suurin este Keilaniemen tunneli- ja tornisuunnitelmalle on ollut ratkaisun hinta. Espoon kaupunginvaltuusto edellytti, että rakentamisen kustannukset katetaan tonttien myyntituloilla. Suunnitelmaan on tehty monia vähittäisiä muutoksia kulujen sekä riskien vähentämiseksi. On ehdotettu myös vaihtoehtoa, jossa Kehä I muutetaan Keilaniemessä kaduksi, jonka varteen rakennetaan. Suunnittelun myöhemmässä vaiheessa Espoon kaupunginvaltuusto edellytti tämän vaihtoehdon suhteen kuluista ja rakennusoikeuden määrästä arvioita, joita lopulta ei tehty. Haastatelluilta asiantuntijoilta kysyttiin tämän kaltaisesta bulevardivaihtoehdosta, jota tässä työssä on arvioitu Helsingin kaupungin uuden yleiskaavahankkeen selvitysten pohjalta. Avainsanat Keilaniemi, tunneli, tornit, järjestelmien analyysi, muutoskapasiteetti, polkuriippuvuus, kaupunkibulevardi CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR THE STUDY OF KEILANIEMI PLANNING ........................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Systems analysis ............................................................................................. 2 2.2 Path dependence ............................................................................................. 4 2.3 Adaptive capacity ........................................................................................... 5 3 RESEARCH METHODS ...................................................................................... 7 3.1 Research questions ......................................................................................... 7 3.2 Methodological choices.................................................................................. 7 3.3 Study process of the Keilaniemi towers and tunnel ....................................... 9 4 KEILANIEMENTUNNELI – THE PLANNING PROCESS ............................. 13 4.1 Keilaniemi as a development site ................................................................. 13 4.2 The early stages of the car tunnel development in the Keilaniemi-Otaniemi- Tapiola area .................................................................................................. 16 4.3 Accepting the detailed plan for the Keilaniemi car tunnel ........................... 26 4.4 An alternative to the Ring Road I tunnel and residential towers plan .... 31 5 INTERVIEW ANALYSIS FOR THE KEILANIEMI CASE ............................. 36 5.1 The initiation of the development project for tunnel and towers in Keilaniemi .................................................................................................... 36 5.2 The role of investors in advancing the planning in Espoo ........................... 40 5.3 Pros and cons of the development plan in Keilaniemi ................................. 41 5.4 Difficulties during the planning process in Keilaniemi ............................... 46 5.5 Building on top of a tunnel with a deck cover ............................................. 50 5.6 Principles of transport planning in Keilaniemi ............................................ 52 5.7 Responsibility for financing and building the road infrastructure ............... 56 5.8 Reducing the road construction costs and phasing the development ........... 60 5.9 Hagalund area tunnel and residential development...................................... 63 5.10 Boulevardization as an option for the development of Keilaniemi .............. 67 5.11 Boulevardization
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