1960S America Music

Home , Doris Coley, Shirley Owens, The Liverbirds, The Shirelles

1960s America Music

Kaleigh Coffey 8th December 2018

Abstract

This is a downloadable document outlining the content, images, andref- erences used in the Music section of the WordPress site. This document will cover the content of the Music top-level page and its three children pages—Woodstock Music Festival, American Folk Music, and Girl Groups and Girl Bands of the 1960s.

Contents

Contents i

List of Figures ii

1 Music Homepage 1

2 Woodstock Music Festival 1 2.1 Woodstock Overview ...... 1 2.2 Musical Acts ...... 3 2.3 Cultural Significance ...... 3

3 American Folk Music 7 3.1 American Folk Music Revival of the 1960s ...... 7

4 Girl Groups and Bands of the 1960s 9 4.1 Introduction to Girl Groups and Bands ...... 9 4.2 Formation of Girl Groups and Bands ...... 10 4.3 Popular Girl Groups of the 1960s ...... 11 4.4 Popular Girl Bands of the 1960s ...... 12

References 14

i List of Figures

1 Woodstock Opening Ceremony ...... 2 2 Guitar stock image ...... 2 3 The Supremes in 1970 ...... 3 4 Promotional image of the Jimi Hendrix Experience ...... 4 5 The Who Band photographed in 1972 ...... 5 6 Joplin in 1970 ...... 6 7 Woodstock Redmond Crowd ...... 6 8 Two Hippies at Woodstock ...... 7 9 Joan Baez and Bob Dylan ...... 8 10 Joan Baez photograph ...... 9 11 The Dandy Girls ...... 10 12 The Shirelles ...... 12 13 The Liverbirds ...... 13

ii 1 Music Homepage

Undoubtedly, the 1960s was a decade of immense social change for the United States.1 Although this transformation is immeasurable, it was marked by significant events and ideologies. This included America’s participation inthe Vietnam War, the emergence of the sexual revolution, and the progressive fight for equal rights presented through the social and political movements of feminism, the civil rights movement, and environmentalism. For a culturally- influenced medium like music, these changes signalled a strong connection between American audiences, social change, and progressive music.2 Subsequently, music provided an outlet for Americans to question their ever-changing cultural surroundings and protest their country’s choices that felt out of their control. In examining the popular music of 1960s America, three separate phe- nomena will be explored—the first Woodstock music festival held in 1969, the emergence of the folk music genre, and the development of the iconic all-girl group. Each of these events highlights the American’s role in challenging their social, cultural, and political environment. • Woodstock • Folk Music, AND • Girl Groups.

2 Woodstock Music Festival 2.1 Woodstock Overview

The summer of 1969 was filled with pivotal events, including the firsthuman landing on the moon and the first withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.3 1D. Farber and B. Bailey, The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s (Columbia University Press, April 9, 2003), 125, isbn: 978-0-231-51807-9. 2J. L. Rodnitzky, ‘The Sixties between the Microgrooves: Using Folk and Protest Musicto Understand American History, 1963–1973,’ Popular Music and Society 23 (December 1999): 105, accessed December 6, 2018, doi:10 . 1080 / 03007769908591755, http : / / www . tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769908591755. 3S. Potter, ‘August 15-18, 1969: Woodstock,’ Weatherwise 60, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 14, issn: 0043-1672, accessed December 6, 2018, doi:10.3200/WEWI.60.4.14-15, https: //doi.org/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.14-15.

1 2. Woodstock Music Festival

Figure 1: Opening Ceremony on Day 1 of Woodstock (M. Goff, Opening Cere- mony at Woodstock, August 14, 1969, accessed December 8, 2018, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Swami_opening.jpg)

Figure 2: Guitar stock image used in Folk Music Graphic (PIXNIO, Picture: Guitar, Shop, Music, Instrument, Wire, Acoustics, accessed December 8, 2018, https : / / pixnio . com / objects / guitar - shop - music - instrument-wire-acoustics)

However, in terms of popular music the first Woodstock Music and Arts festival was being held on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains, located in southeast- ern New York. Although Woodstock is recognized as one of the most famous music festivals of the 1960s, it was not actually the first of its kind. Woodstock followed in the footsteps of other open-air music festivals that took place in the “flower-power” era of the 1960s, including several festivals in Miami and the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival.4 The festival was promoted as “An Aquarian Exposition” that promised “three days of peace and music”.5 This 1969 fest-

4M. Evans, P. Kingsbury, and M. a. B. Woods, Woodstock: Three Days That Rocked the World (Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009), 8, isbn: 978-1-4027-6623-7. 5Potter, ‘August 15-18, 1969,’ 14.

2 2.2. Musical Acts

Figure 3: The Supremes in 1970 (A. B. C. Television, The Supremes from an Ap- pearance on a Smokey Robinson Television Special, Aired 12/18/70. L-R: Cindy Birdsong, Jean Terrell, and Mary Wilson., November 24, 1970, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: The_Supremes_1970.jpg) ival was not perfect however, the roads leading to the site were overfilled with countless cars which caused many of the musical acts to be delayed. Addi- tionally, the commercial aspects of the festival were abandoned during setup, further promoting Woodstock’s message of “peace”.6

2.2 Musical Acts

The original Woodstock festival hosted 33 acts, including famous musicians like Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and The Who. The variety of performers taking the stage at Woodstock represented the immense diversity of music in the 1960s, from the blues to mod-rock to politico-protest, and all things in between.7

2.3 Cultural Significance

Woodstock cannot be discussed without highlighting its cultural significance. The music festival epitomizes the social and cultural transformations ofAmer- ica in the 1960s, in which American youth constructed their own individual 6Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 8. 7Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 26.

3 2. Woodstock Music Festival

Figure 4: Promotional image of the Jimi Hendrix Experience (W. R. b. W. h. a. T. from wikipedia, Promotional Photo of The Jimi Hendrix Experience., between circa 1966 and circa 1970 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1966- 00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1970-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902. Back is stamped 22 November 1968; Hendrix died in 1970. 4 August 2011 (original upload date), accessed December 8, 2018, https : / / commons . wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_experience_ 1968.jpg)

4 2.3. Cultural Significance

Figure 5: The Who, Ernst-Merck-Halle Hamburg, August 1972(H. Klaffs, The Who, Ernst-Merck-Halle Hamburg, August 1972: Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend in Einem Der Ruhigeren Momente, 28 February 2010, 21:43:55, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: The_Who_Hamburg_1972_2.jpg)

identity. Woodstock is remembered for its iconic status, that symbolized the counter-cultural movement of the 1960s.8 The 1960s was a decade of social un- rest, and Woodstock unified those individuals opposing the ongoing conflict in their country. Through this, Woodstock was dubbed the greatest gathering of the “alternative society” an environment for free expression.9

8A. Bennett, ed., Remembering Woodstock, 1 edition (Aldershot, Hampshire, England ; Bur- lington, VT: Routledge, June 28, 2004), isbn: 978-0-7546-0714-4. 9Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 8.

5 2. Woodstock Music Festival

Figure 6: Janis Joplin in 1970 (G. G. M. Corporation, Publicity Photo of Janis Joplin., June 26, 1970, accessed December 8, 2018, https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Janis_Joplin_1970.JPG)

Figure 7: Part of the crowd on Woodstock Day 1 (D. R. a. P. Campbell, Part of the Crowd on the First Day of the Woodstock Festival, August 1969, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG)

6 Figure 8: Two Hippies at the first Woodstock Festival in 1969 (D. R. a. P. Camp- bell, Two Hippies at the Woodstock Festival, August 1969, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG)

3 American Folk Music

3.1 American Folk Music Revival of the 1960s

Although the term “folk music” originated in the 19th century, the origins of this music style exist long before that. Despite the extensive work on folk music, the genre still has no specific and solidified definition.10 However, folk music is often characterized by the common designation of “old songs withno known composers”.11 Folk music experienced its second revival in the 1960s in which artists and audiences sought out authenticity and fought against the ster- ility of commercialism.12 The 1960s folk music revival was largely influenced by the Civil Rights movement, and the lyrics and composition of the popular genre were often political. The main consumers of 1960s folk music werethe American youth, as folk music was heard throughout college campus rallies

10R. Middleton, Studying Popular Music, 1. publ., repr, OCLC: 756379651 (Milton Keynes: Open Univ. Press, 2010), 127, isbn: 978-0-335-15275-9. 11R. Cohen, Folk Music: The Basics, 1 edition (New York: Routledge, May 10, 2006), 1, isbn: 978-0-415-97160-7. 12W. G. Roy, ‘Aesthetic Identity, Race, and American Folk Music,’ Qualitative Sociology 25, no. 3 (2002): 465, issn: 0162-0436, accessed December 6, 2018, http://journals.scho larsportal.info/detailsundefined.

7 3. American Folk Music and on popular television shows.13 The popularity of the 1960s folk revival was largely tied to two causes—the inherent political nature of folk music and the increasing appreciation for an older music style.

Figure 9: Musicians Bob Dylan and Joan Baez photographed in 1963 (R. Scherman, Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. [Entertainment: Closeup View of Vocalists Joan Baez and Bob Dylan.], 08/28/1963, 28 August 1963date QS:P571,+1963-08-28T00:00:00Z/11, accessed December 8, 2018, https:// commons . wikimedia . org / wiki / File : Joan _ Baez _ Bob _ Dylan.jpg)

Famous folk musicians, Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger suggested that folk music was so popular among the American youth because of its inherent political qualities, in which folk music spoke in plain language about everyday events. In saying this, the folk music genre has been compared to a radical newspaper that told audiences what they needed to know, in language they could understand.14 In the early 1960s the relationship of American youth to folk music helped construct an optimistic, pluralistic and inclusive national identity that celebrated the United States’ diverse cultural demographics.15 Ad- ditionally, folk music’s revival in the 1960s was further driven by the increasing interest in the archaic music style utilized. Although revivalists were worried

13R. D. Cohen, Rainbow Quest: The Folk Music Revival and American Society, 1940-1970 (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2002), 159, isbn: 978-1-55849-348-3. 14R. Eyerman and S. Barretta, ‘From the 30s to the 60s: The Folk Music Revival in theUnited States,’ Theory and Society 25, no. 4 (1996): 527, issn: 0304-2421, accessed December 6, 2018, https://www.jstor.org/stable/657909. 15G. Mitchell, The North American Folk Music Revival: Nation and Identity in the United States and Canada, 1945-1980 (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007), 2, isbn: 978-0-7546-5756-9.

8 about the dying-out of this musical style, the folk genre was able to reintro- duce this beloved composition form to American audiences. In summary, the folk music revival of the 1960s highlights music’s significant link to constructing a social, cultural, and political identity. The American youth were able to protest their ever-changing country through the consumption and creation of folk music.

Figure 10: Famous folk singer, Joan Baez photographed in the 1960s (W. Vargas, Joan Baez -1960’s, June 13, 2013, accessed December 8, 2018, https://www. flickr.com/photos/winston_vargas/11525930506/)

4 Girl Groups and Bands of the 1960s 4.1 Introduction to Girl Groups and Bands

Prior to the 1960s, most of the music industry was dominated by men, thus constructing a masculine identity for the expressive art form. Even to this day, there is little to no significance assigned to any girl groups or girl bandsof the 1960s. Much of the musical history scholarship highlights the impactful nature of male dominated bands like the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Pink Floyd. Due to the overwhelming under-representation of women in the music industry, there were only a few role models for young girls who aspired to play pop or rock music.16 At this time, any female with little education beyond the 16S. MacLeod, Leaders of the Pack: Girl Groups of the 1960s and Their Influence on Popular Culture in Britain and America (Rowman & Littlefield, September 3, 2015), 82, isbn: 978-1-4422- 5202-8.

9 4. Girl Groups and Bands of the 1960s basics was often forced into living out a domestic lifestyle. In turn, with thelack of females in the arts, many young women in 1960s America felt dissatisfied and debilitated by domestic drudgery. Despite this, this section will focus upon the overwhelming influence that girl bands and girl groups of the 1960s hadonthe empowerment of women and the representation of females in the arts.

Figure 11: The Dandy Girls, a popular 1960s GirlR. Band( D. Delphin, The Dandy Girls, 1966, accessed December 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/File:68236_The_Dandy_Girls.jpg)

4.2 Formation of Girl Groups and Bands

Although not universally followed, there are several distinctions between the commonly interchanged “girl group” and “girl band”. A girl group is often an act of several female singers who harmonize together, while a girl band is an act in which the all-female group plays their own instruments. In the 1960s, out of all the girl groups and pop solo singer, only Mary Hopkin was known to play her own instrument.17 The construction of the girl band movement was largely influenced by bands like the Beatles. These successful rock bandsof the mid 1960s not only allowed for the liberation of females but through consumption many began to challenge the roles of the traditional “producer” and 17MacLeod, Leaders of the Pack, 82.

10 4.3. Popular Girl Groups of the 1960s

“consumer”.18 With the rise of feminism and the fight for equal rights among men and women, girl groups and bands were constantly being created and celebrated. Betty Friedan’s 1963 book, The Feminine Mystique, captivated readers by highlighting the unfulfilling nature of the domestic housewife’s19 life. In the early 1960s the second-wave of feminism was being moulded through con- stant literature, theories, and representation. The girl groups and girl bands of the 1960s not only provided young females with new role models but also gave them the opportunity to see themselves living a fulfilling, non-domesticated life. Despite the prior gendered assumptions of the music industry, the girl groups and girl bands of the 1960s highlighted the transformation of women, from fandom to musicianship.

4.3 Popular Girl Groups of the 1960s

Some of the popular Girl Groups of the 1960s include:

• The Shirelles

• The Crystals

• The Supremes

• The Ronettes

• The Chantels

• The Cookies

• The Chiffons

• Martha and the Vandellas

• The Dixie Cups

18C. Feldman-Barrett, ‘From Beatles Fans to Beat Groups,’ Feminist Media Studies 14, no. 6 (November 2, 2014): 1042, issn: 1468-0777, accessed December 6, 2018, doi:10.1080/14 680777.2013.866972, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013. 866972. 19Feldman-Barrett, ‘From Beatles Fans to Beat Groups,’ 1045.

11 4. Girl Groups and Bands of the 1960s

Figure 12: The Shirelles, a popular American Girl Group (U. Attractions, Shirley and the Shirelles, No date shown. Circa 1968 (Doris Coley leaves) to 1975-she returns to replace Shirley Owens. Accessed December 8, 2018, https : / / commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shirley_and_the_ Shirelles_circa_1970.JPG)

4.4 Popular Girl Bands of the 1960s

Some of the popular Girl Bands of the 1960s include:

• The Liverbirds

• Goldie and the Gingerbreads

• The Dandy Girls

• The Clinger Sisters

• The Ladybugs

• The Pleasure Seekers

• The Feminine Complex

12 4.4. Popular Girl Bands of the 1960s

Figure 13: The Liverbirds, an all-girl British Band from 1965 (R. Kroon, The Liverbirds Arriving at Schiphol Airport. Valerie Gell; Pamela Birch; Mary McGlory; Sylvia Saunders, April 10, 1965, accessed December 8, 2018, https://comm ons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheLiverbirds1965.jpg)

• Fanny

• The Daisy Chain

13 References

References

Attractions, U. Shirley and the Shirelles, No date shown. Circa 1968 (Doris Coley leaves) to 1975-she returns to replace Shirley Owens. Accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018. https : / / commons . wikimedia . org / wiki / File:Shirley_and_the_Shirelles_circa_1970.JPG. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Bennett, A., ed. Remembering Woodstock. 1 edition. Aldershot, Hampshire, Eng- land ; Burlington, VT: Routledge, June 28, 2004. isbn: 978-0-7546-0714-4. Campbell, D. R. a. P. Part of the Crowd on the First Day of the Woodstock Festival, August 1969. Accessed December 8, 2018. https://commons.wik imedia.org/wiki/File:Woodstock_redmond_crowd. JPG. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. . Two Hippies at the Woodstock Festival, August 1969. Accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018. https : / / commons . wikimedia . org / wiki / File:Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Cohen, R. Folk Music: The Basics. 1 edition. New York: Routledge, May 10, 2006. isbn: 978-0-415-97160-7. Cohen, R. D. Rainbow Quest: The Folk Music Revival and American Society, 1940- 1970. Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2002. isbn: 978-1-55849-348-3. Corporation, G. G. M. Publicity Photo of Janis Joplin., June 26, 1970. Accessed December 8, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Janis_Joplin_1970.JPG. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search.

14 References

Delphin, R. D. The Dandy Girls, 1966. Accessed December 8, 2018. https : //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:68236_The_ Dandy_Girls.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Evans, M., P. Kingsbury, and M. a. B. Woods. Woodstock: Three Days That Rocked the World. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009. isbn: 978-1-4027-6623- 7. Eyerman, R., and S. Barretta. ‘From the 30s to the 60s: The Folk Music Revival in the United States.’ Theory and Society 25, no. 4 (1996): 501–543. issn: 0304-2421, accessed December 6, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/ stable/657909. Farber, D., and B. Bailey. The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s. Columbia University Press, April 9, 2003. isbn: 978-0-231-51807-9. Feldman-Barrett, C. ‘From Beatles Fans to Beat Groups.’ Feminist Media Studies 14, no. 6 (November 2, 2014): 1041–1055. issn: 1468-0777, accessed Decem- ber 6, 2018. doi:10.1080/14680777.2013.866972. https: //doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2013.866972. Goff, M. Opening Ceremony at Woodstock, August 14, 1969. Accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018. https : / / commons . wikimedia . org / wiki / File:Swami_opening.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Klaffs, H. The Who, Ernst-Merck-Halle Hamburg, August 1972: Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend in Einem Der Ruhigeren Momente, 28 February 2010, 21:43:55. Accessed December 8, 2018. https : / / commons . wikimedia . org/wiki/File:The_Who_Hamburg_1972_2.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search.

15 References

Kroon, R. The Liverbirds Arriving at Schiphol Airport. Valerie Gell; Pamela Birch; Mary McGlory; Sylvia Saunders, April 10, 1965. Accessed December 8, 2018. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TheLiv erbirds1965.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. MacLeod, S. Leaders of the Pack: Girl Groups of the 1960s and Their Influence on Popular Culture in Britain and America. Rowman & Littlefield, September 3, 2015. isbn: 978-1-4422-5202-8. Middleton, R. Studying Popular Music. 1. publ., repr. OCLC: 756379651. Milton Keynes: Open Univ. Press, 2010. isbn: 978-0-335-15275-9. Includes bibliographical references (p. [297]-312) and indexes. Mitchell, G. The North American Folk Music Revival: Nation and Identity inthe United States and Canada, 1945-1980. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007. isbn: 978-0-7546-5756-9. PIXNIO. Picture: Guitar, Shop, Music, Instrument, Wire, Acoustics. Accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018. https://pixnio.com/objects/guitar-shop- music-instrument-wire-acoustics. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Potter, S. ‘August 15-18, 1969: Woodstock.’ Weatherwise 60, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 14–15. issn: 0043-1672, accessed December 6, 2018. doi:10.3200/ WEWI.60.4.14-15. https://doi.org/10.3200/WEWI. 60.4.14-15. Rodnitzky, J. L. ‘The Sixties between the Microgrooves: Using Folk and Protest Music to Understand American History, 1963–1973.’ Popular Music and So- ciety 23 (December 1999): 105–122. Accessed December 6, 2018. doi:10. 1080/03007769908591755. http://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769908591755. Roy, W. G. ‘Aesthetic Identity, Race, and American Folk Music.’ Qualitative So- ciology 25, no. 3 (2002): 459–469. issn: 0162-0436, accessed December 6, 2018. http://journals.scholarsportal.info/details undefined.

16 References

Scherman, R. Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. [Entertainment: Closeup View of Vocalists Joan Baez and Bob Dylan.], 08/28/1963, 28 August 1963date QS:P571,+1963-08-28T00:00:00Z/11. Accessed December 8, 2018. https: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_Baez_ Bob_Dylan.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Television, A. B. C. The Supremes from an Appearance on a Smokey Robinson Tele- vision Special, Aired 12/18/70. L-R: Cindy Birdsong, Jean Terrell, and Mary Wilson., November 24, 1970. Accessed December 8, 2018. https : / / commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Supremes_ 1970.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. Vargas, W. Joan Baez -1960’s, June 13, 2013. Accessed December 8, 2018. ht tps : / / www . flickr . com / photos / winston _ vargas / 11525930506/. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search. wikipedia, W. R. b. W. h. a. T. from. Promotional Photo of The Jimi Hendrix Experi- ence., between circa 1966 and circa 1970 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1966- 00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1970-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902. Back is stamped 22 November 1968; Hendrix died in 1970. 4 August 2011 (original upload date). Accessed December 8, 2018. https://commons.wik imedia.org/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_experience_ 1968.jpg. Permission granted to use, share, or modify according to Google Advanced Image Search.