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1960S America Music 1960s America Music Kaleigh Coffey 8th December 2018 Abstract This is a downloadable document outlining the content, images, andref- erences used in the Music section of the WordPress site. This document will cover the content of the Music top-level page and its three children pages—Woodstock Music Festival, American Folk Music, and Girl Groups and Girl Bands of the 1960s. Contents Contents i List of Figures ii 1 Music Homepage 1 2 Woodstock Music Festival 1 2.1 Woodstock Overview ........................ 1 2.2 Musical Acts ............................. 3 2.3 Cultural Significance ........................ 3 3 American Folk Music 7 3.1 American Folk Music Revival of the 1960s ............ 7 4 Girl Groups and Bands of the 1960s 9 4.1 Introduction to Girl Groups and Bands .............. 9 4.2 Formation of Girl Groups and Bands . 10 4.3 Popular Girl Groups of the 1960s . 11 4.4 Popular Girl Bands of the 1960s . 12 References 14 i List of Figures 1 Woodstock Opening Ceremony .................... 2 2 Guitar stock image ............................ 2 3 The Supremes in 1970 .......................... 3 4 Promotional image of the Jimi Hendrix Experience .......... 4 5 The Who Band photographed in 1972 ................. 5 6 Joplin in 1970 ............................... 6 7 Woodstock Redmond Crowd ...................... 6 8 Two Hippies at Woodstock ....................... 7 9 Joan Baez and Bob Dylan ........................ 8 10 Joan Baez photograph .......................... 9 11 The Dandy Girls ............................. 10 12 The Shirelles ............................... 12 13 The Liverbirds .............................. 13 ii 1 Music Homepage Undoubtedly, the 1960s was a decade of immense social change for the United States.1 Although this transformation is immeasurable, it was marked by sig- nificant events and ideologies. This included America’s participation inthe Vietnam War, the emergence of the sexual revolution, and the progressive fight for equal rights presented through the social and political movements of feminism, the civil rights movement, and environmentalism. For a culturally- influenced medium like music, these changes signalled a strong connection between American audiences, social change, and progressive music.2 Subsequently, music provided an outlet for Americans to question their ever-changing cul- tural surroundings and protest their country’s choices that felt out of their control. In examining the popular music of 1960s America, three separate phe- nomena will be explored—the first Woodstock music festival held in 1969, the emergence of the folk music genre, and the development of the iconic all-girl group. Each of these events highlights the American’s role in challenging their social, cultural, and political environment. • Woodstock • Folk Music, AND • Girl Groups. 2 Woodstock Music Festival 2.1 Woodstock Overview The summer of 1969 was filled with pivotal events, including the firsthuman landing on the moon and the first withdrawal of U.S. troops from Vietnam.3 1D. Farber and B. Bailey, The Columbia Guide to America in the 1960s (Columbia University Press, April 9, 2003), 125, isbn: 978-0-231-51807-9. 2J. L. Rodnitzky, ‘The Sixties between the Microgrooves: Using Folk and Protest Musicto Understand American History, 1963–1973,’ Popular Music and Society 23 (December 1999): 105, accessed December 6, 2018, doi:10 . 1080 / 03007769908591755, http : / / www . tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03007769908591755. 3S. Potter, ‘August 15-18, 1969: Woodstock,’ Weatherwise 60, no. 4 (January 1, 2007): 14, issn: 0043-1672, accessed December 6, 2018, doi:10.3200/WEWI.60.4.14-15, https: //doi.org/10.3200/WEWI.60.4.14-15. 1 2. Woodstock Music Festival Figure 1: Opening Ceremony on Day 1 of Woodstock (M. Goff, Opening Cere- mony at Woodstock, August 14, 1969, accessed December 8, 2018, https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Swami_opening.jpg) Figure 2: Guitar stock image used in Folk Music Graphic (PIXNIO, Picture: Guitar, Shop, Music, Instrument, Wire, Acoustics, accessed December 8, 2018, https : / / pixnio . com / objects / guitar - shop - music - instrument-wire-acoustics) However, in terms of popular music the first Woodstock Music and Arts festival was being held on a dairy farm in the Catskill Mountains, located in southeast- ern New York. Although Woodstock is recognized as one of the most famous music festivals of the 1960s, it was not actually the first of its kind. Woodstock followed in the footsteps of other open-air music festivals that took place in the “flower-power” era of the 1960s, including several festivals in Miami and the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival.4 The festival was promoted as “An Aquarian Exposition” that promised “three days of peace and music”.5 This 1969 fest- 4M. Evans, P. Kingsbury, and M. a. B. Woods, Woodstock: Three Days That Rocked the World (Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2009), 8, isbn: 978-1-4027-6623-7. 5Potter, ‘August 15-18, 1969,’ 14. 2 2.2. Musical Acts Figure 3: The Supremes in 1970 (A. B. C. Television, The Supremes from an Ap- pearance on a Smokey Robinson Television Special, Aired 12/18/70. L-R: Cindy Birdsong, Jean Terrell, and Mary Wilson., November 24, 1970, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: The_Supremes_1970.jpg) ival was not perfect however, the roads leading to the site were overfilled with countless cars which caused many of the musical acts to be delayed. Addi- tionally, the commercial aspects of the festival were abandoned during setup, further promoting Woodstock’s message of “peace”.6 2.2 Musical Acts The original Woodstock festival hosted 33 acts, including famous musicians like Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and The Who. The variety of performers taking the stage at Woodstock represented the immense diversity of music in the 1960s, from the blues to mod-rock to politico-protest, and all things in between.7 2.3 Cultural Significance Woodstock cannot be discussed without highlighting its cultural significance. The music festival epitomizes the social and cultural transformations ofAmer- ica in the 1960s, in which American youth constructed their own individual 6Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 8. 7Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 26. 3 2. Woodstock Music Festival Figure 4: Promotional image of the Jimi Hendrix Experience (W. R. b. W. h. a. T. from wikipedia, Promotional Photo of The Jimi Hendrix Experience., between circa 1966 and circa 1970 date QS:P,+1950-00-00T00:00:00Z/7,P1319,+1966- 00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1326,+1970-00-00T00:00:00Z/9,P1480,Q5727902. Back is stamped 22 November 1968; Hendrix died in 1970. 4 August 2011 (ori- ginal upload date), accessed December 8, 2018, https : / / commons . wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_experience_ 1968.jpg) 4 2.3. Cultural Significance Figure 5: The Who, Ernst-Merck-Halle Hamburg, August 1972(H. Klaffs, The Who, Ernst-Merck-Halle Hamburg, August 1972: Roger Daltrey, Pete Townshend in Einem Der Ruhigeren Momente, 28 February 2010, 21:43:55, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: The_Who_Hamburg_1972_2.jpg) identity. Woodstock is remembered for its iconic status, that symbolized the counter-cultural movement of the 1960s.8 The 1960s was a decade of social un- rest, and Woodstock unified those individuals opposing the ongoing conflict in their country. Through this, Woodstock was dubbed the greatest gathering of the “alternative society” an environment for free expression.9 8A. Bennett, ed., Remembering Woodstock, 1 edition (Aldershot, Hampshire, England ; Bur- lington, VT: Routledge, June 28, 2004), isbn: 978-0-7546-0714-4. 9Evans, Kingsbury, and Woods, Woodstock, 8. 5 2. Woodstock Music Festival Figure 6: Janis Joplin in 1970 (G. G. M. Corporation, Publicity Photo of Janis Joplin., June 26, 1970, accessed December 8, 2018, https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Janis_Joplin_1970.JPG) Figure 7: Part of the crowd on Woodstock Day 1 (D. R. a. P. Campbell, Part of the Crowd on the First Day of the Woodstock Festival, August 1969, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Woodstock_redmond_crowd.JPG) 6 Figure 8: Two Hippies at the first Woodstock Festival in 1969 (D. R. a. P. Camp- bell, Two Hippies at the Woodstock Festival, August 1969, accessed Decem- ber 8, 2018, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Woodstock_redmond_hair.JPG) 3 American Folk Music 3.1 American Folk Music Revival of the 1960s Although the term “folk music” originated in the 19th century, the origins of this music style exist long before that. Despite the extensive work on folk mu- sic, the genre still has no specific and solidified definition.10 However, folk music is often characterized by the common designation of “old songs withno known composers”.11 Folk music experienced its second revival in the 1960s in which artists and audiences sought out authenticity and fought against the ster- ility of commercialism.12 The 1960s folk music revival was largely influenced by the Civil Rights movement, and the lyrics and composition of the popular genre were often political. The main consumers of 1960s folk music werethe American youth, as folk music was heard throughout college campus rallies 10R. Middleton, Studying Popular Music, 1. publ., repr, OCLC: 756379651 (Milton Keynes: Open Univ. Press, 2010), 127, isbn: 978-0-335-15275-9. 11R. Cohen, Folk Music: The Basics, 1 edition (New York: Routledge, May 10, 2006), 1, isbn: 978-0-415-97160-7. 12W. G. Roy, ‘Aesthetic Identity, Race, and American Folk Music,’ Qualitative Sociology 25, no. 3 (2002): 465, issn: 0162-0436, accessed December 6, 2018, http://journals.scho larsportal.info/detailsundefined. 7 3. American Folk Music and on popular television shows.13 The popularity of the 1960s folk revival was largely tied to two causes—the inherent political nature of folk music and the increasing appreciation for an older music style. Figure 9: Musicians Bob Dylan and Joan Baez photographed in 1963 (R. Scherman, Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. [Entertainment: Closeup View of Vocalists Joan Baez and Bob Dylan.], 08/28/1963, 28 August 1963date QS:P571,+1963-08-28T00:00:00Z/11, accessed December 8, 2018, https:// commons .
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