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Instructions About the Submission REVIEW OF THE STRATEGIC WIND ENERGY ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA Stefan Szewczuk CSIR Built Environment, Pretoria, South Africa ABSTRACT solution for new build options (considering the direct costs of new build power plants), which was then Via its Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) for Electricity, “balanced” in accordance with qualitative measures the South African Government has set targets to such as local job creation. In addition to all existing and generate electricity from a range of technologies committed power plants, the RBS included a nuclear fleet including wind energy technology. The South African of 9,6 GW; 6,3 GW of coal; 11,4 GW of renewables; and Wind Energy Technology Programme (SAWEP) 11,0 GW of other generation sources. Phase 1 aims to achieve two key strategic outputs Additional cost-optimal scenarios were generated based that will guide South Africa on wind energy on the changes. The outcomes of these scenarios, in development. One of these outputs is the Wind Atlas conjunction with the following policy considerations, led for South Africa (WASA). The other output is the to the Policy-Adjusted IRP. The Policy Adjusted development of a Wind Energy Industrial Strategy Integrated Resource Plan has allocated 10,3% to wind in for South Africa. Two pilot hybrid wind/PV mini-grid the overall generation capacity, in third place after coal, energy systems have been implemented in the rural 45,9%, and nuclear, 12,7%. Table 1 shows the rate at areas of South Africa. These mini-grids were which wind energy schemes (wind farms) are planned implemented to provide the learning and experience to be developed (build rate) up to 2027. for wind and other forms of renewable energy based systems to compliment the grid connected Table 1: Build rate for wind energy electrification programme. IRP 2010-2030 Policy Adjusted Scenario This paper provides a strategic review of wind energy Wind activities in South Africa based on the strategic projects Year Committed New Built of SAWEP Phase 1, including projects that have a wind energy component such as the hybrid mini-grid Built MW Options MW energy systems and the two large grid connected 2010 0 0 projects that are currently in operation in South 2011 200 0 Africa. 2012 200 0 2013 300 0 1. INTRODUCTION 2014 0 400 2015 0 400 The uptake wind energy in South Africa depends on 2016 0 400 whether robust policies and regulations have been put 2017 0 400 in place. The South African Department of Energy’s energy White Paper on Energy (1) is the most crucial 2018 0 400 document from which the various supporting mechanisms 2019 0 400 are then derived and sets out five policy objectives and 2020 0 400 then considers what they mean for demand sectors 2021 0 400 (energy users), supply sectors and crosscutting issues. 2022 0 400 However the White Paper does not set out 2023 0 400 implementation plans and targets for renewable energies 2024 0 800 in the country’s energy balance. This weakness prompted 2025 0 1600 the government to develop a white paper specifically for 2026 0 400 new and renewable energy (2). 0 1600 2027 To build on the Energy and Renewable Energy White 2028 0 0 Papers, the current iteration of the Integrated Resource 2029 0 0 Plan (IRP) for South Africa, (3), initiated by the 2030 0 0 Department of Energy after a first round of public participation in June 2010, led to the Revised 2. QUANTIFYING SOUTH AFRICA’S WIND Balanced Scenario (RBS) that was published in RESOURCE October 2010. It laid out the proposed generation new build fleet for South Africa for the period 2010 to 2030. Over the years, several studies have been carried out to This scenario was derived based on the cost-optimal assess the wind energy potential of South Africa. As each study is completed in chronological order the magnitude 3. CURRENT SOUTH AFRICAN WIND of South Africa’s wind resource has become more clear ENERGY MARKET AND INDUSTRY and more accurate, resulting in strategic plans being developed to exploit this resource. At present only about 0.05% of South Africa’s installed electricity generation capacity is derived from wind energy. Diab’s wind atlas: The first attempt at estimating This tiny amount can be divided into three categories: South Africa’s wind energy potential was done in 1995 by Large grid connected wind turbines (10.2MW) Diab, (4),who reviewed and assessed meteorological Small wind turbines (0.56MW) data that was sourced from the South African Weather Services. Diab concluded that wind power potential is Borehole windmills (approx 22,000 units -12MW) generally good along the entire coast with localised areas, such as the coastal promontories, where potential is very The large grid connected wind turbines are made up of: good, i.e., mean annual speeds are above 6 m/s and power Eskom Klipheuwel (3.17MW) exceeds 200 W/m2, that moderate wind power potential Darling (5.2 MW) areas include the Eastern Highveld Plateau, Bushmanland, Coega (1.8 MW) the Drakensberg foothills in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu- Natal and areas with low wind power potential include the Two wind/PV hybrid mini-grid energy systems in the folded mountain belt (vast region of very complex and Eastern Cape Province do add a small fraction, as do diverse terrain), the Western and Southern Highveld other isolated off grid turbines to South Africa’s generation Plateau, the Bushveld basin, the Lowveld, the Northern capacity. A number of small wind turbines has been Plateau, the Limpopo basin, Kalahari basin, the Cape installed in the country on premises connected to the Middleveld and the KwaZulu-Natal interior grid but these are typically installed behind the electricity meter and do not feed in to the national grid. Small wind DME/CSIR/ESKOM renewable energy resource database: As part of a larger scale project of the (then) turbines are currently being manufactured by Kestrel Department of Minerals and Energy, ESKOM and the Wind Turbines in Port Elizabeth. Kestrel Wind Turbines CSIR, compiled the South African Renewable Energy range in sizes from 0.6kW to 3kW. Adventure Power Pty Resource Database (SARERED), (6). This wind atlas is (Ltd) manufactures an indigenous designed and based on the merging of two micro-scale analyses manufactured medium sized 300kW wind turbine. This using Risø DTU’s WaSP model. The input data was wind turbine is a direct-drive machine and is seen in meteorological data that was obtained from the South Figure 2. African Weather Services. This wind atlas, for the first time, provided more detail as to the possible locations of areas of good and resources in South Africa but not of a quality that could be used for planning purposes. African Development Bank’s Africa wide assessment: Commissioned by the African Development Bank with the support of the Canadian International Development Agency, Helimax prepared a quantitative map of wind speeds for the African continent at a resolution of 50 km, (7). The main purpose of the project was to identify target countries for investment in wind energy by the private sector arm of the African Development Bank. In total eight countries were identified for priority investment by the Bank in wind energy projects: Tunisia, Morocco, South Africa, Mauritania, Madagascar, Cape Verde, Mauritius and Eritrea Hagemann’s wind atlas: A meso-scale wind map of South Africa at 10 m above ground was produced by Hagemann, (8), as part of his Doctorate research at the University of Cape Town. This study was based on the industry-recognised MM5 model. The study modelled wind speeds across the country at various heights above ground and carried out analyses for South African wind power penetration for low, central and high case Figure 2: Adventure Power’s 300kW wind turbine. scenarios with resultant wind electricity production of 20, 80 and 157 TWh/year respectively A range of wind farm developers and Eskom are currently developing wind farms in response to the South African Governments call to establish wind farms. To support industry the South African Wind Energy Wind Atlas for South Africa (WASA) that is intended to Association (SAWEA) has been established and play a significant role in providing information for details of these wind farms can be found on their potential investors for wind farms on areas that have website www.sawea.org.za. opportunities. 4. THE SOUTH AFRICAN WIND ENERGY The second key strategic output is the development of a PROGRAMME Wind Industrial Strategy for South Africa. This will help determine the possibility of establishing a wind industry In 2001 the then Minister of Minerals and Energy in South Africa. The Wind Industrial Strategy project requested international assistance to establish a South aims to play a strategic role in paving the way for the African wind energy industry. The South African Wind gradual phasing in of wind energy in South Africa by Energy Programme (SAWEP) Phase 1 was formulated with informing the South African Department of Trade and funding to undertake projects from the Global Industry’s plans for the local manufacture of wind Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Danish turbines and the associated components. Government. 4.1 WIND ATLAS FOR SOUTH AFRICA (WASA) The goal of SAWEP Phase 1, (4), is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions generated by thermal power generation in The main objective of the new Wind Atlas for South the national inter-connected system. The project Africa (WASA) is to develop and employ numerical objective is to install and operate the 5.2 MW Darling wind atlas methods and develop capacity to enable wind farm and prepare the development of 45 MW planning of large-scale exploitation of wind power in combined wind farms.
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