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Public Participation and Capacity Building for Healthy Watersheds in the Upper Rio Grande of the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca

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Public Participation and Capacity Building for Healthy Watersheds in the Upper Rio Grande of the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR HEALTHY WATERSHEDS IN THE UPPER RIO GRANDE OF THE SIERRA NORTE, OAXACA by M. Clarisa Jimenez Banuelos // A Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree. MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NATURAL RESOURCES College of Natural Resources UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN Stevens Point, Wisconsin December, 2007 APPROVED BY THE GRADUATE COMMITTEE OF LJ Dr. Victor D. Philips Committee Chair Director, Global Environmental Management Education Center and Professor of Forestry GEM Senior Scientist GEM*~~ Watershed Program Manager 11 ABSTRACT This descriptive research is part of a three-year project that is being carried out by the Global Environmental Management Education Center (GEM) in Sierra Norte, Oaxaca, Mexico, where social, economic and ecological problems are especially pronounced in rural areas. While Oaxaca.is one of Mexico's most culturally diverse states, it is also one of the poorest. Oaxaca is predominately rural and derives most of its income and subsistence from the primary production of agricultural products. o~aca has 3,505,821 inhabitants. This population is scattered throughout the state among four thousand communities. Water scarcity and quality are chronic problems and water for human consumption is one of the greatest concerns and one of the major challenges in Sierra Norte. In the rainy season, the steep slopes and suboptimal land use practices combine to increase water runoff. Infiltration is decreasing and runoff is carrying sediments, nutrients and bacteria into rivers and streams, causing problems in water quality and drinking water supplies. Therefore, the purpose of this master's degree thesis is to engage public participation in watershed management and to build local capacity by training local people to track changes in water resources, water quality, land use, and demographics. The citizens were empowered to work effectively in their local communities and to have a positive impact on their watershed. Further, the thesis describes how citizen involvement and biophysical assessment of the water were critical to help the indigenous Zapotec people of Sierra Norte make informed decisions to improve the health of the watershed and their communities. The application of the GEM Healthy Watersheds Model was the guiding framework to drive the study. The field work was carried out within twelve villages in the Sierra Norte, Oaxaca. After this project the citizens of the communities learned the actual condition of the water and initiated actions to prevent pollution caused by human activities including domestic sewage effluent, solid waste, trout tanks, agricultural chemicals and cattle manure runoff The master's degree student led the training and capacity-building process. Four Mexican graduate level students assisted in the field work. They held meetings and workshops in which the citizen participants drew draft maps of streams and land use · activities, discussed water pollution issues, and developed local water resource inventories. Landscape assessment was another important tool which helped to decide the spots where 111 water samples were to be collected. The people were trained to measure water quality in the following parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, flow, turbidity, conductivity and bio-indicators. The level of participation was different within the twelve communities. The people were very enthusiastic and there were at least 59 spots sampled in two different ( dry and rainy) seasons. To facilitate data comparison among the twelve villages, the social information was recorded in charts. The biophysical data collected were displayed in an Excel spreadsheet format. This biophysical information initiated the baseline data for the area. During this study, 142 citizens participated in training on water quality monitoring and awareness and priority setting of local resource management issues in successful capacity building. Working with citizens and stakeholders from the twelve communities, priorities for promoting and improving water quality and quantity, along with increasing sustainable economic opportunities, were established. Moreover, feedback received from the citizens was an important part of the process in local decision-making for action steps to improve watershed health and sustainable livelihoods in the Sierra Norte. Table of Contents ABSTRACT 111 ACKNOLEDGEMENTS Vll LIST OF TABLES Vlll LIST OF FIGURES lX 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and Justification 1 1.2 Objectives 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Water regulations 6 2.2 Mexican institutions and organizations 11 2.3 Overview of Oaxaca's geographical and cultural landscape 12 2.3.1 Geography 12 2.3.2 Water resources 16 2.4 Ecological, social, cultural, and economic conditions 21 2.4.1 Biodiversity 21 2.4.2 Social and cultural aspects 23 2.4.3 Economic aspects 24 2.4.4 Sustainable livelihoods 25 2.4.5 Agriculture areas 26 2.4.6. Forest areas 26 2.4.7 Migration and remittances 28 2.5 Study area description of the Sierra Norte region 29 2.5.1 Land tenure 40 2.5.2 Water local regulations 40 2.5.3 Local challenges 42 2.6 Watershed management efforts 46 2.6.1 Capacity building '46 2.6.2 Public participation 46 V 2.6.3 Environmental services 53 3 METHODS 56 3.1 Public participation and capacity building 57 3.2 Water resource training and assessment 58 3.3 Encourage public participation 58 3.4 Water assessment 59 3 .5 Biophysical base data 62 3.6 Instruments 63 4RESULTS 64 4.1 Time of study 64 4.2 Timeline 64 4.3 Objective 1 Public participation and capacity building 65 4.4 Objective 2 Water resource training and assessment 82 · 4.5 Outcomes for phase two implementation 89 5 DISCUSSION 92 LITERATURE CITED 101 APPENDICES 106 VI ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank my advisor and graduate committee chair, Dr. Victor Phillips, for his guidance and support throughout the two years I spent as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. I would also thank the rest of my committee, Dr. Wes Halverson and Dr. Mai Phillips, for their contributions and support to enhance this project and the content of this thesis. I express my gratitude to the Mexican graduate level students (GL) Floriana Hernandez, Nathalith Clemente, Gonzalo Hernandez y Fabiola Gonzalez for the field work that gave me most of the data for this thesis. I also thank the non­ governmental organization partner of this project in Oaxaca (ERA), which helped in the logistic and administrative work needed for phase one of the project and the twelve community partners for their enthusiasm and confidence in the team and in the project. Global Environmental Educational Center (GEM) and USAID provided the opportunity and funding that made this thesis possible. UWSP professors were very patient and always able to assist and help me. I am grateful to the Halverson, Kermath, and Phillips families for their hospitality. They welcomed me and made me feel a part of their families these·past two years. I thank Santha Bickford for her hospitality, friendship and help in the review of this manuscript, Ron Tschida for improving this thesis grammatically and typographically, Becky Vagts and Bobbi Kubish for their effort in supporting me, and Marco Hernandez, the Mexican graduate student at UWSP who is leading the project in phase two. I would also like to thank my family, especially my daughter Clarisa, for their love and support and for staying close to me· all this time. Vll List of Tables 1. Summary of organization working in water issues 11 2. Biodiversity in Oaxaca 22 3. Economic activities in Oaxaca 25 4. Demographics by gender in twelve Rio Grande villages participating 34 in GEM healthy watershed project 5. Economic sector in Sierra Norte area 39 6. Land owned by the communities' partners in the project 40 7. Equipment and field supplies for water and landscape assessment 59 8. Limits permissible for parameters in EPA and Mexican norm for water 62 9. Variables and instruments used for the study 63 10. Activities developed in the field by six months 65 11. Meetings held with community organizations, institutions working in the area, community authorities and stakeholders to introduce project activities and goals 67 12. Information gathered from secondary sources of social and environmental data 69 13. Initial approach 71 14. Participants trained in the Rio Grande Watershed of Sierra Norte 78 15. Workshop summary 79 16. Community members responsible for water monitoring 83 17. List of sites and times samples were taken for the water monitoring group 85 18. Solid waste characterization in "Cuauhtemoc Cardenas" kindergarten in Capulalapan, Oax. 87 19. Solid waste characterization in "Miguel Mendez" elementary school in Capulalapan, Oax. 88 20. Solid waste characterization in the technical school in Capulalapan, Oax. 88 21. Priorities for phase two implementation 90 Vlll List of Figures 1. Map showing the per capita total internal renewable water availability in America 6 2. The organizational levels in the watershed counsel 8 3. CNA interpretation of what is considered a micro-watershed 9 4. Map of Mexico and the Oaxaca location 14 5. Average annual precipitation of Oaxaca for 1941-2005 16 6. Administrative hydrological regions 17 7. The Papaloapan watershed area 18 8. Region X Gulf Center division based on the perennial streams in the area 19 9. Papaloapan watershed rivers 20 10. Oaxaca State geopolitical regions 24 11. Remittances received in Oaxaca as a result of migration 28 12. Comparative remittances among the three states with the highest rates of migration 29 13. Project area 30 14. Hydrology map for the study area 31 15. Pueblos Mancomunados organization scheme 32 16. Social organization scheme for Chicomezuchil and Yatuni 33 17. Map showing watershed study area 35 18. Isohyetal for Rio Grande Watershed Sierra Norte, Oaxaca 36 19. Twenty years average from four stations in Rio Grande Watershed 3 7 20.
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