DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Plymouth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

MARITIME POLICY AND THE SUCCESS OF NATIONS THE CASE OF GREEK-FLAGGED OCEAN SHIPPING by KATERINA KONSTA A study submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSHOPHY Graduate School of Management, Faculty of Business August 2017 Copyright Statement This copy of the study has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognize that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the study and no information derived from it may be published without the author’s prior consent. ii MARITIME POLICY AND THE SUCCESS OF NATIONS THE CASE OF GREEK-FLAGGED OCEAN SHIPPING by KATERINA KONSTA A study submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSHOPHY Graduate School of Management, Faculty of Business August 2017 iii Dedicated to my husband Nikos Koliniatis, our beautiful daughter Tina, and our four-legged children Hera, Leon, and Lola Αφιερωμένο στον άντρα μου Νίκο Κολινιάτη, στην όμορφη κόρη μας Τίνα, και στα τετράποδα παιδιά μας Ήρα, Λέων, και Λόλα iv Acknowledgments There are numerous people without whom the completion of this thesis would never have been achievable. They have contributed in a myriad number of ways and I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all for their selfless moral support and generous intellectual input over the duration of this work. I would like to thank my husband Nikos Koliniatis and my beautiful daughter Tina Koliniatis for their unwavering love, as well as Hera, Leon and Lola. They are my world, and I want to devote this work to them. This study could never have been completed without the generous, kind, professional guidance, and help of my supervisor and good friend Professor Michael Roe. When Professor Michael Roe retired, Professor Jingjing Xu my second supervisor at the time, became my supervisor. Professor Xu is sincerely thanked for her constant support and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr James Benhin as my second supervisor for his support. Many thanks to my oral defence committee, Dr Sarah Tuck (the internal examiner), Professor Maria Lekakou (the external examiner), and Dr Simon Ashby (the Chair of the Board) for their time, interest, and helpful comments. It is an honour being guided, supported, and examined by experts. Many thanks to the University of Plymouth for the provision of the facilities and the infrastructure. Special thanks must be made to the Delphi panel members who rendered their valuable time and effort to participate in the research. Unfortunately due to the anonymity assurance, I am not able to mention their names. In particular, special thanks to the former Minster of the Hellenic Ministry of Shipping, Professor Louka Katseli for her time, ideas, and support. Many thanks to the Publishers for granting permision to use their materials. I must sincerely thank my good friends Vaggelis Rodopoulos and Aggeliki Chatzistyli for their endless encouragement, and support throughout the whole period of writing up the thesis. I would like to sincerely thank my mother Matina Konsta, my brother Dr.Nikos Konstas, and my sister in law Martina Slajerova. Last but not least I wish my father, Captain Avgoustis Konstas would be with us. He heritaged me with his passion for shipping, and his endless love for his hometown Vrontados at Chios Island, the land of Captains and shipowners. I was 3 years old, the first time I went on board a bulk carrier with my mother to join him, and there after I used to spend every summer on board bulk carriers. Acknowledging this, I believe that shipping runs in the Greek DNA. v I would also like to thank the potential reader, and researcher who will be inspired by my work, and will take it one step further. Katerina Konsta August 2017 vi Authors Declaration At no time during the registration for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy has the author been registered for any other University award without the prior agreement of the Graduate Committee. This study has been privately financed. Relevant scientific and commercial conferences were regularly attended at which work was presented and contacts with experts from Greek shipping; external institutions and individuals were either visited or contacted for consultation purposes and papers were prepared and published. PUBLICATIONS Refereed Konsta, K., (2013), Searching for literature on Greek Maritime Policy, Reflections on legal issues in a diverse maritime world, Cambrian Law Review, Aberystwyth University, Volume 44, 50-86 (Appendix 5) Presentation at conference Konsta, K., (2016), Multilevel and Holistic Methodology Application to National Maritime Policy: The Case of Greek Shipping Policy, Plymouth Doctoral Colloquium, (UKPDC) 2016, Thursday 16 – Friday 17 June 2016, University of Plymouth, http://www.ukpdc.org. (Appendix 6) vii Konsta, K., (2014), Mapping the Greek Maritime Policy, 1970-2010: Mapping the Abyss?, Postgraduate Society Conference, Plymouth, UK, 12 November 2014. (Appendix 7) Signed Word count: 78,223 words Date: Tuesday 1st of August 2017 (excluding figures, tables, footnotes, bibliography, and appendices) viii KONSTA KATERINA. (2017). MARITIME POLICY AND THE SUCCESS OF NATIONS: THE CASE OF GREEK-FLAGGED OCEAN SHIPPING Abstract In an era that national flags are dying off (Sletmo 2001) there is no dispute about the success of Greek flagged shipping. How can a small nation like Greece retain the highest percentage of all national fleets? Literature identifies that this success is due to several reasons. However, what are the elements that contribute to the success of Greek-flagged shipping? This study establishes that ‘the success of Greek ocean-going flagged shipping is a blend of a tendency for governments to experiment with various policies intended to promote national competitiveness, individual entrepreneurship, the cluster as well as culture, knowledge and skill’. Litrature from different disciplines and sources are summarised, compared, contrasted, and synthesised in order to develop a coherent outcome and gain a new perspective in the respective field. Since “policy is like beauty in the eye of the beholder…” (Roe 2007c) a multilevel, holistic, exploratory, inductive, deductive, abductive, and overall pragmatic methodological approach is considered, as the only viable option for complex research questions related to maritime policy. A three-method approach is applied with every method contributing to each other: the Timeline A to Ω and Literature Analysis, Delphi Method, and the Application of Porter’s diamond on national competitiveness. The belief that traditional flags are dying off, implies that they are not dead yet. The Greek Registry, and every ship registry is a system of people, organisations , and processes and it is that system that contributes to the success of the flag. Contrary to the belief of some players, government policy affects the size and the quality of the national flag ocean-going fleet undertaking various polices intented to promote national competitiveness. This study contributes to academic knowledge as well as to the Greek and any other registry’s competitiveness, as well as to the govenemental decision making and development of maritime policies. Recommendations are made for the Greek flag and the maritime policy, as well as for the application of the GREKON MODEL to the real maritime world and academia. ix Contents Copyright Statement ........................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ v Authors Declaration ....................................................................................... vii Abstract ........................................................................................................... ix Contents .......................................................................................................... x List of Figures ............................................................................................... xiv List of Tables................................................................................................. xvi List of appendices ........................................................................................ xviii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................... xix Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................. 1 1.1 Reasoning, Objectives and Hypothesis ............................................... 1 1.2 Definitions ............................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 Greek-flagged ........................................................................................ 8 1.2.2 Policy ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2.3 Timeframe ............................................................................................. 9 1.3 Tramp shipping, bulk carriers and tankers. ....................................... 10 1.4 Structure of Study ................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2. Literature Review ....................................................................... 13 2.1 Literature Methodology ....................................................................... 13 2.2 National Competitiveness & Porter’s
Recommended publications
  • Vigilantism and Security

    Vigilantism and Security

    Vigilantism and security: State, violence and politics in Italy and Hungary By Manuel Mireanu Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science and International Relations In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Dr. Xymena Kurowska Budapest, Hungary December, 2014 Statement I hereby declare that the thesis contains no materials accepted for other degrees in any other institutions. This thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. ii Abstract This thesis explores the relationship between the state and vigilante groups in two situations from Italy and Hungary. It asks the question of the possibility of successful security articulations that emerge from actors endowed with lower levels of social capital. Vigilantism is one such possible security practice. The practices of the vigilante groups that I look at cannot be fully captured if we focus on either state-centred security, or on socially dispersed security practices. Their practices are performed by agents with lower levels of securitising capital than state elites, but with sufficient legitimacy and capabilities to enact security successfully. These practices are not dispersed through ‘society’, but they are concentrated in groups and patrols with explicit programs, hierarchies and purposes. I argue that vigilante groups can practice security autonomously from the state – even if they have the state’s ‘blessing’. I argue that vigilantism is an instance of everyday security. Vigilantism illustrates practices of security with clear goals of providing services to a target audience. Vigilantism fulfils a security demand.
  • Pushbacks and Lack of Accountability at the Greek-Turkish Borders Roberto Cortinovis No

    Pushbacks and Lack of Accountability at the Greek-Turkish Borders Roberto Cortinovis No

    Pushbacks and lack of accountability at the Greek-Turkish borders Roberto Cortinovis No. 2021-01, February 2021 Abstract Amid escalating geopolitical tension with Turkey, in March 2020 the Greek authorities announced a hardline approach towards asylum seekers attempting to cross its land and sea borders with Turkey. The framing of cross-border movements as a ‘threat’ to the country’s national security served to justify a derogation from the human rights standards and procedural guarantees that are granted to people seeking protection under EU law. Since then, a pattern of systematic pushbacks at the border and informal returns represents the most visible expression of this hardening of border policies at the EU’s south-eastern borders. This paper analyses the negative impact of this heavily securitised approach on asylum seekers’ fundamental rights, in particular its implications for the right to asylum that underpins the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The paper also reflects on the limits and ambiguities that have characterised the EU’s response to the situation at the Greek-Turkish borders, focusing on the role and responsibilities of the Frontex Agency. It underlines the need for the EU to remedy the shortcomings in existing accountability mechanisms, to guarantee effective remedies for victims of fundamental rights violations at the border. Establishing a sustainable human- rights-compliant management of migration in the eastern Mediterranean also requires that the EU move away from its focus on containing and restricting asylum seekers’ mobility – a focus that has characterised cooperation on migration and asylum with Turkey within the framework of the 2016 EU-Turkey Statement.
  • Explaining Change in Greek Policy on EU-Turkey Relations 1996-1999: the Prime Minister’S Leadership Style and the Formulation of the Helsinki Strategy

    Explaining Change in Greek Policy on EU-Turkey Relations 1996-1999: the Prime Minister’S Leadership Style and the Formulation of the Helsinki Strategy

    1 The London School of Economics and Political Science Explaining Change in Greek Policy on EU-Turkey Relations 1996-1999: The Prime Minister’s Leadership Style and the Formulation of the Helsinki Strategy Kyriakos Moumoutzis A thesis submitted to the European Institute of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, July 2009 UMI Number: U615703 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615703 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 -11 j* j i i y & M ) : ? -a - +x 'S -< -1 12.155M- 2 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made.
  • Government Reorganization-Formation of New Minor Parties- Economic Policies-Foreign Relations Cabinet Reshuffle (Jan

    Government Reorganization-Formation of New Minor Parties- Economic Policies-Foreign Relations Cabinet Reshuffle (Jan

    Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 30, April, 1984 Greece, Page 32791 © 1931-2006 Keesing's Worldwide, LLC - All Rights Reserved. Government reorganization-Formation of new minor parties- Economic policies-Foreign relations Cabinet reshuffle (Jan. 16–17, 1984). Further cabinet change (March 26). Formation of right-wing EPEN party (Jan. 29). Formation of left-wing ESPE party (Feb. 22). Parliamentary approval of draft five-year plan (Nov. 21, 1983). Presentation and approval of 1984 budget (Nov. 30–Dec. 23). Congress of General Confederation of Greek Workers (Dec. 9–11). Proposed prices and incomes policy (Dec. 20). Private sector wage agreement (Feb. 12, 1984). Killing of US naval officer (Nov. 15, 1983). Controversy over US policy towards Greece and Turkey (February 1984). Alleged Turkish firing on Greek ship (March 8). Joint alumina plant agreement with Soviet Union (March). The government of Dr Andreas Papandreou, formed after the 1981 elections [see 31261 A] and extensively reshuffled in July 1982 [see 32585A] with further minor changes in 1983 [ibid.], underwent several modifications in January 1984. Mr Gregoris Varfis, a member of the Cabinet as Deputy Foreign Minister with responsibility for European Affairs (and described in The Times of Jan. 17 as ‘a rare pro-EEC voice in the Socialist government’), resigned for health reasons on Jan. 16. His replacement was announced on the following day as part of a reshuffle affecting several portfolios as follows: Prof. Apostolos Lazaris Minister
  • 1983 Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors

    1983 Annual Meetings of the Boards of Governors

    INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 1983 ANNUAL MEETINGS Public Disclosure Authorized OF THE BOARDS OF GOVERNORS SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized WASHINGTON, D.C. SEPTEMBER 27-30, 1983 Public Disclosure Authorized INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION 1983 ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE BOARDS OF GOVERNORS SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS WASHINGTON, D.C. SEPTEMBER 27-30,1983 INTRODUCTORY NOTE The 1983 Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, held jointly with that of the International Monetary Fund, took place in Washington, D.C., September 27-30 (inclusive). The Honorable Miguel Boyer, Governor of the Bank and Fund for Spain, served as Chairman. The Annual Meetings of the Bank's affiliates, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the Interna­ tional Development Association (IDA), were held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the Bank. The Summary Proceedings record, in alphabetical order of member coun­ tries, the texts of statements by Governors relating to the activities of the Bank, IFC and IDA. The texts of statements concerning the IMF are published separately by the Fund. T. T. THAHANE Vice President and Secretary THE WORLD BANK - Washington, D.C. December, 1983 III CONTENTS Page Opening Remarks by Ronald Reagan President of the United States ......................... 1 Opening Address by the Chairman Miguel Boyer Governor of the Bank and Fund for Spain .............. 7 Annual Address by A.W. Clausen President of the World Bank ......................... 16 Report by Ghulam Ishaq Khan Chairman of the Development Committee ............
  • Greece's New Political Economy

    Greece's New Political Economy

    Greece’s New Political Economy State, Finance, and Growth from Postwar to EMU George Pagoulatos 0333_752775_01_preiv.qxd 1/27/03 2:37 PM Page i Greece’s New Political Economy This page intentionally left blank 0333_752775_01_preiv.qxd 1/27/03 2:37 PM Page iii Greece’s New Political Economy State, Finance, and Growth from Postwar to EMU George Pagoulatos in association with St Antony’s College, Oxford 0333_752775_01_preiv.qxd 1/27/03 2:37 PM Page iv © George Pagoulatos 2003 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RC21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries.
  • Information to Users

    Information to Users

    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 UNNEGOTIATED TRANSITION . SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME: THE PROCESSES OF DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN GREECE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Neovi M, Karakatsanis, B.A., M.A.
  • 24079-9781475580303.Pdf

    24079-9781475580303.Pdf

    SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS 1984 ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution International Standard Serial Number: ISSN 0074-7025 ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND SUMMARY PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS SEPTEMBER 24-27, 1984 WASHINGTON, D.C. ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution This page intentionally left blank ©International Monetary Fund. Not for Redistribution CONTENTS PAGE Introductory Note xi Address by the President of the United States of America, Ronald Reagan 1 Opening Address by the Chairman of the Boards of Governors, the Governor of the Fund and the Bank for Japan, Noboru Takeshita 8 Presentation of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Report by the Chair- man of the Executive Board and Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund, J. de Larosiere 19 Discussion of Fund Policy at Second Joint Session Report by the Chairman of the Interim Committee of the Board of Governors on the International Monetary Sys- tem, Willy De Clercq 30 Statements by the Governors for Ireland—Alan M. Dukes* 35 United States—Donald T. Regan 39 France—Pierre Beregovoy 44 Dominican Republic—Jose Santos Taveras* 48 Korea—Mahn-Je Kim 53 Indonesia—Radius Prawiro 56 Canada—Michael H. Wilson 60 Discussion of Fund Policy at Third Joint Session Statements by the Governors for Italy—Giovanni Goria 67 India—Pranab Kumar Mukherjee 75 United Kingdom—Nigel Lawson 80 Zambia—L.J. Mwananshiku* 90 Germany, Federal Republic of—Gerhard Stoltenberg ... 97 Tunisia—Ismail Khelil* 101 Netherlands—H.O. Ruding 104 Australia—Paul J. Keating 108 Israel—Moshe Y. Mandelbaum Ill Speaking on behalf of a group of countries.
  • Koliastasis P Phd 280714.Pdf

    Koliastasis P Phd 280714.Pdf

    Title The permanent campaign strategy of Greek Prime Ministers (1996–2011) Candidate Panagiotis Koliastasis Degree This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 4 Abstract Various academic authors have analysed the implementation, the causes and the impact of the permanent campaign strategy by political executives in presidential and parliamentary systems, notably the United States and United Kingdom. This study builds on this literature and extends the research on the permanent campaign in the European parliamentary majoritarian context by examining contemporary Greece as a national case study. In particular, the study addresses three questions. First, did contemporary Greek Prime Ministers adopt the permanent campaign strategy? Second, why did they do so? Third, what impact did the implementation of the permanent campaign have on their public approval? The research focuses on the cases of three successive Prime Ministers in Greece: Costas Simitis (1996–2004), Kostas Karamanlis (2004–2009) and George Papandreou (2009-2011). Simitis and Papandreou were leaders of the centre-left PASOK, while Karamanlis was the leader of the centre-right New Democracy. The study finds that all three Prime Ministers undertook the permanent campaign strategy in order to maintain public approval, aligning themselves with their British and American counterparts. They established new communication units within the primeministerial apparatus, consulted with communication professionals to form a coherent communication
  • The Networks and Narratives of Anti-Refugee Disinformation in Europe About This Report

    The Networks and Narratives of Anti-Refugee Disinformation in Europe About This Report

    The networks and narratives of anti-refugee disinformation in Europe About This Report This report provides a snapshot of the different online communities involved in the promotion of hate and disinformation targeting refugees and the migration sector in 2020. It looks at networks of accounts in Greek, German and English language, and provides an overview of the narratives employed in anti-refugee disinformation and the dynamics which drive this activity online. Beirut Berlin London Paris Washington DC Copyright © Institute for Strategic Dialogue (2021). Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) is a company limited by guarantee, registered office address PO Box 75769, London, SW1P 9ER. ISD is registered in England with company registration number 06581421 and registered charity number 1141069. All Rights Reserved. The research for this report was supported by a grant from Open Society Foundations. www.isdglobal.org The networks and narratives of anti-refugee disinformation in Europe 3 Executive Summary This report represents the findings of a study exploring digital manipulation around the refugee crisis throughout 2020. It seeks to outline the different online networks associated with anti-refugee disinformation and hatred in the Greek, German, and English languages, and the key narratives deployed by these networks. It is grounded in a network-first approach to analysis, exploring networks of accounts mentioning and being mentioned by social media channels identified as promoting anti-refugee disinformation and hatred. Through this approach we identified a network of nearly 5,000 accounts associated with anti- refugee disinformation and hatred in Greek, German and English language, producing over 280,000 messages in 2020.
  • MWG Paper 5 May 2010

    MWG Paper 5 May 2010

    1 Georgia Mavrodi European University Institute SPS Department [email protected] Top-down, bottom-up, and from the sides: the Europeanisation of Greek policies of immigration and its limits Migration Working Group, EUI, 5 May 2010 © Georgia Mavrodi 2010. Please do not cite or quote 1 Table of contents I. Introduction………………………………………………………………...….2 II. Greek immigration policy developments, 1990 – 2005……………….5 III. The “Europeanization” of Greek immigration policy across domestic institutions…………………………………………………………………..…9 i. Domestic policy legacies ……....................9 ii. The Executive ………………………………11 iii. The Parliament……………………………..19 iv. The Courts………………………………… 23 IV. Concluding remarks: what can we learn from the Europeanisation of the Greek immigration policy? …......................................……………….....28 References....………………………………………………………………...…30 Annex……………………………………………………………………..…....35 2 Introduction The recent debates concerning the declining role of the sovereign state in defining and formulating immigration policy has been significantly enhanced by the developing European integration process and its implications for migration and immigration policy in the member-states, in the accession states, and in the periphery of the enlarged EU. In the public, media, and academic discourses, immigration legislation and policy practices in the EU member states since 1990 have been often attributed to the impact of “Europe”, namely to the effects that the process of European integration may induce on national policies. These
  • Report to the Greek Government on the Visit to Greece Carried out By

    Report to the Greek Government on the Visit to Greece Carried out By

    CPT/Inf (2020) 35 Report to the Greek Government on the visit to Greece carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 13 to 17 March 2020 The Greek Government has requested the publication of this report and of its response. The Government’s response is set out in document CPT/Inf (2020) 36. Strasbourg, 19 November 2020 - 2 - CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 3 A. Dates of the visit and composition of the delegation .............................................................. 3 B. List of establishments visited by the CPT’s delegation ......................................................... 3 C. Context of the visit .................................................................................................................... 4 D. Consultations held and cooperation encountered ................................................................. 5 E. Immediate observations under Article 8, paragraph 5, of the Convention......................... 6 II. FACTS FOUND DURING THE VISIT AND ACTION PROPOSED ................................ 7 A. Foreign nationals deprived of their liberty under aliens’ legislation ................................... 7 1. Preliminary remarks .......................................................................................................... 7 a. Background .............................................................................................................