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Natura 2000 Handbok Över De Finska Naturtyperna

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Natura 2000 Handbok Över De Finska Naturtyperna VERSION 25.5.1999 Natura 2000 handbok över de finska naturtyperna Outi Airaksinen och Krister Karttunen (red.) Svensk översättning: Majsi Åhman (text) och Marko Stenberg (artnamn) Anmärkning Denna publikation är en översättning av den finskspråkiga utgåvan (Airaksinen och Karttunen 1998 (red.) Natura 2000 –luontotyyppiopas, Suomen ympäristökeskus, Ympäristöopas 46, 193 s.). Av arbetstekniska skäl är översättningen gjord utgående från en slutlig men dock ogranskad finskspråkig version som ställvis avviker från den slutliga finskspråkiga utgåvan. Därför kan även texten i den svenskspråkiga översättningen ställvis avvika en aning från den publicerade finskspråkiga utgåvan eller ha en avvikande styckeindelning, dock utan att översättningens sakinnehåll äventyras. I eventuella tvetydiga fall bör dock den finskspråkiga orginalupplagan användas som referens och vid behov bör Finlands miljöcentral kontaktas för närmare upplysningar. Den finskspråkiga orginalupplagan kan erhållas från Oy Edita Ab (PB 800, 00043 Edita, kundservice) eller via Finlands miljöcentrals hemsidor: http://www.vyh.fi/palvelut/julkaisu/elektro/naturaop/luonopas.htm I Helsingfors den 19.05.1999 Jan Ekebom, FL, Äldre forskare 1 Innehåll PRELIMINÄR VERSION 25.5.1999 ..............................................................................................1 Natura 2000 handbok över de finska naturtyperna ..............................................................................1 Anmärkning......................................................................................................................................1 Innehåll.........................................................................................................................................2 Förord ...............................................................................................................................................2 1. Inledning.......................................................................................................................................3 2. Bakgrund ......................................................................................................................................3 3. Beskrivningarnas innehåll ............................................................................................................5 4 Havs- och kustområden.................................................................................................................7 5 Insjövattnens naturtyper ..............................................................................................................33 6 Hedar, ängar och buskmarker......................................................................................................52 7 Fjällen..........................................................................................................................................79 8 Myrar...........................................................................................................................................91 9 Naturtyper på olika slags bergytor ............................................................................................109 10 Skogar......................................................................................................................................119 Förord Natura 2000 är ett nätverk av skyddsområden som omspänner hela den Europeiska unionen (EU). Avsikten med nätverket är att trygga skyddet av hotade, sällsynta och för området typiska arter och naturtyper inom EU. Dessa naturtyper som EU anser viktiga och vars gynnsamma skydds-status medlemsländerna måste trygga, grundar sig på habitatdirektiivet i vars bilaga I naturtyperna har uppräknats. Valet av Natura 2000 områden grundar sig delvis på dessa naturtyper. I den här handboken presenteras samtliga av de 69 naturtyperna, de sk Natura-typerna. För varje typ ges en kort av EU fastslagen beskrivning och en för den Boreala zonen anpassad mera detaljerad beskrivning. Den detaljerade beskrivningen är avsedd för bestämningen an naturtyperna och den inkluderar en förteckning över de mest typiska och sällsynta arterna som påträffas i naturtypen. Härtill presenteras grunder för hur naturtypernas representativitet och naturtillstånd bör bedömas, var naturtypen påträffas inom EU och i Finland. Dessutom presenteras beröringspunkter till andra klassificeringssystem för växtvärlden och miljön, samt den relevanta litteraturen som anknyter sig till naturtypen ifråga. Naturtyperna har grupperats i sju kapitel: hav och kust; insjövatten; hedar ängar och buskmarker, fjäll; kärr; klippor och skog. Nyckelord: natura 2000, naturtyper, den Europeiska unionen, Finland, den boreala zonen 2 1. Inledning Basutgångspunkten för skyddet av naturens mångfald anses allmänt vara skyddet av olika naturtyper (naturmiljöer, livsmiljöer, habitat, biotoper) samt arter. Skyddet av naturtyper är i allmänhet den bästa och på lång sikt den enda metoden att bevara även de i dessa miljöer levande arterna. Också EU:s naturskyddsdirektiv, fågeldirektiv (Council Directive 79) samt habitatdirektiv (Council Directive 92) bygger på de förpliktelser som berör skyddet dels av naturtyper, dels av arter. I habitatdirektivets bilagor uppräknas de naturtyper (bilaga 1) samt arter (bilagorna 2 och 4), vilkas skydd ur gemenskapets synpunkt är viktigast. Dessa direktiv har i Finland vunnit laga kraft genom en naturskyddslag (Naturskyddslagen 1996). EU-kommissionen har dessutom publicerat en handbok på engelska med korta, för alla medlemsstater gällande beskrivningar av direktivets naturtyper (European Commission 1996). Habitatdirektivet föreskriver, att varje medlemsstat framställer förslag på områden till det europeiska nätverket av naturskyddsområden, kallat Natura 2000. Likformiga uppgifter om naturtyper samt arter insamlas från de olika områdena, och dessa sammanställs till en gemensam databas. Medlemsstaterna förpliktigas sålunda bl.a. att utreda i direktivet upptagna naturtypers förekomst, antal, representativitet och naturtillstånd i områden i Natura 2000 -nätverket (Airaksinen 1996). Direktivet förpliktigar också medlemsstaterna att följa direktivet samt att klarlägga huruvida skyddsnivån för dessa naturtyper i respektive länders områden är gynnsam. I finska förhållanden är det ofta svårt att i det praktiska arbetet direkt använda sig av beskrivningarna i EU:s handbok över naturtyperna, t.ex. vid bestämmandet av naturtyper samt vid insamlandet av uppgifter till Natura 2000 -databasen. Syftet med denna, för finska förhållanden avsedda handboken är att hjälpa naturvårdsmyndigheterna och andra i Natura 2000 -projektet involverade vid typbestämmandet och insamlandet av uppgifter om de olika områdenas naturtyper. Manuskriptet till denna handbok har använts av de regionala miljöcentralerna vid beredningen av Natura 2000 –projektet. 2. Bakgrund Naturtyperna utgörs enligt habitatdirektivets definition av sådana naturtyper som gemenskapet anser vara viktiga, d.v.s. sådana på Unionens område förekommande naturtyper som är i fara att försvinna eller vilkas utbredningsområde är begränsat eller vilka är goda exempel på karakteristika för ifrågavarande naturgeografiska region. I direktivet definieras en naturtyp som en typ av land- eller vattenområde, som karakteriseras av vissa geografiska samt abiotiska och biotiska särdrag. En del av naturtyperna i direktivets bilaga har betecknats som särskilt viktiga, d.v.s. prioriterade naturtyper. Med dessa avses sådana naturtyper, som är i fara att försvinna och för vilkas skydd gemenskapet bär ett särskilt ansvar, när man tar i beaktande naturtypens utbredningsområde på Unionens område i förhållande till dess hela utbredningsområde. De särskilt viktiga naturtyperna har i såväl direktivet som i denna handbok försetts med en asterisk (*). 3 Enligt direktivet är gemenskapets mål att bevara skyddsnivån för naturtyperna i bilaga 1 gynnsam. Det betyder att naturtypens naturliga utbredning, struktur och funktion bibehålls samt att fortbeståndet av de för naturtypen karakteristiska arterna är tryggat. Den centrala metoden för att trygga skyddsnivån är grundandet av olika skyddsområden. Direktivet direkt förpliktar medlemsstaterna att framställa förslag till skyddsområden för att bevara olika naturtyper. Den enhetliga, med varandra sammanhängande gruppen av skyddsområden inom EU:s område kallas Natura 2000 -nätverket. Ett av Natura 2000 -nätverkets målsättningar är också att få enhetliga uppgifter om alla viktiga naturskyddsområden inom hela EU-området samt om deras karaktär. Meningen är att man med hjälp av detta material skall värdera och övervaka naturskyddets tillstånd och framskridande inom EU. Från objekten i Natura 2000 -nätverket insamlas data bl.a. om antalet i direktivet upptagna naturtyper som förekommer i respektive objekt samt om naturtypernas areal, representativitet, naturtillstånd och restaureringsduglighet. Avsikten med denna handbok är att underlätta insamlandet av dessa data. Habitatdirektivet uppgjordes innan Finland och Sverige blev medlemmar i EU, och dess utarbetning har sålunda skett utgående från de äldre mellan- och syderopeiska medlemsstaterna synvinkel. Som underlag för valet av naturtyper har man använt den europeiska CORINE-biotopklassificeringen (1991), som uppgjorts med tanke på gemenskapets dåvarande behov. Det betyder att den boreala zonens naturtyper fattas och detta klassificeringssystem har inte heller traditionellt använts i Finland. Man har senare gjort utvidgade och delvis förbättrade versioner av klassificeringen, av vilka den
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