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Notes on Some Zingibers from West Bengal and Meghalaya, India

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Notes on Some Zingibers from West Bengal and Meghalaya, India Pleione 10(2): 310 - 322. 2016. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Notes on some Zingibers from West Bengal and Meghalaya, India Sreetama Bhadra and Maumita Bandyopadhyay1 Plant Molecular Cytogenetics Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata – 700019, West Bengal, India 1 Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected] [Received 20.08.2016; Revised 12.10.2016; Accepted 29.11.2016; Published 31.12.2016] Abstract West Bengal and Meghalaya encompasses a bulk of Eastern Himalaya and the present study reports the diversity of Zingiberaceae in these two states. A total of 36 species belonging to 12 genera were recorded and morphologically described in the present investigation including their chromosome counts. Key words: Zingiberaceae, West Bengal, Meghalaya, Morphology, Chromosome numbers INTRODUCTION Zingiberaceae, one of the largest monocot families, possess the maximum number of species among all the 8 families of Zingiberales. The highest concentration of zingibers is found in the tropical and sub–tropical regions of the world. These plants generally grow in tropical rain and monsoon forests, in damp and humid conditions (Chen et al. 1989; Jatoi et al. 2007). The centre of diversity of Zingiberaceae is considered to be primarily in South and South–East Asia (Larsen et al. 1998), including the Indo-Malayan region (Chakravorti 1948; Joseph 1998; Larsen et al. 1998; Kress et al. 2002; Islam 2004; Sabu 2006) with a few genera being distributed in the neotropics (South and Central America) and Africa (Smith 1998; Harris et al. 2000). In India, these plants are confined to the Himalayas, specially the North–Eastern parts, and also in the Western Ghats (Joseph 1998; Sabu 2006). According to recent reports, a total of 1377 species of this family are distributed worldwide that belong to 53 genera (Kress et al. 2002; Kong et al. 2010). About 200 species covering 21 genera of Zingiberaceae are known to grow in India (Sabu 2006). According to Jain and Prakash (1994), among these, approximately 70 species are endemic in different parts of the country (North–East, East, South and Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Zingiberaceous plants are characterized by generally rhizomatous herbs with distichous, sheathing, usually ligulate leaves. Flowers are mostly in terminal spikes or racemes, bracteates, zygomorphic, bisexual and epigynous, trimerous; perianth biseriate; only median posterior stamen is fertile with dithecous anther, petaloid staminodes forming showy labellum; style terminal passing through the folded filament of fertile stamen with extruded stigma; ovary trilocular with many anatropous, bitegmic ovules in axile placentation; nectaries 2, epigynous; capsules with many arillate or non-arillate seeds (Larsen et al. 1998; Simpson 2006; Sabu 2006). The present investigation focuses on the occurrence of Zingiberaceous flora in the states of West Bengal and Meghalaya of E & NE India. Sreetama Bhadra & Maumita Bandyopadhyay 311 METHODOLOGY Live plants were collected from field trips during 2010 to 2014 either from the wild, or, authenticated plants were kindly provided by National Bureau of Plant Genomic Resources, New Delhi (NBPGR Regional Research Station, Shillong), Botanical Survey of India (Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong), Ramakrishna Mission Medicinal Plants’ Garden (Narendrapur, Kolkata, West Bengal) and from the NBU Garden of Medicinal Plants (North Bengal University, West Bengal). For collection of wild plants, field trips were generally scheduled, to different parts of West Bengal and Meghalaya, coinciding with the known flowering seasons of these plants in the Eastern Himalaya, so that floral parts and/or fruits could be collected for identification. These plants were later authenticated using relevant references. Voucher specimens (mounted Herbarium sheets) were submitted in the NBU-Herbarium, North Bengal University, West Bengal. Valid names of the plants studied were confirmed from the www.theplantlist.org (version 1.1), accessed on 15th June 2016. Standard taxonomic characters for different taxa were collected from literatures (Baker 1890–1892; Wu & Raven 2000; Sabu 2006) to describe the plants morphologically. RESULTS A total of 36 species belonging to 12 genera of Zingiberaceae were collected for the present study from the states of West Bengal and Meghalaya. Morphological characterization of each of the studied species was done separately and has been presented below alphabetically [PLATE – I; Figures A – W]. Alpinia calcarata (A.H. Haworth) Roscoe in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 347. 1807. Common synonyms: Alpinia calcarata var. breviligulata Gagnep., Alpinia calcarata var. compacta Gagnepien [Plate – I; Figure A] Chromosome number: 2n = 48 (Chakravorti 1948; Ramachandran 1969; Joseph 1998) Leaves sessile. Inflorescence dense panicle. Bracts minute, deciduous, lower cincinni 4– flowered, upper 2–flowered. Bracteoles deciduous, membranous. Corolla greenish–white. Labellum variegated with red and yellow. Lateral staminodes small, subulate. Anther thecae ecrested. Ovary inferior. Stigma slightly projected above the anther. Fruit red. Alpinia galanga (Linnaeus) Willdenow in Sp. Pl. 1: 12. 1797. Common synonyms: Alpinia galanga (Linnaeus) Willdenow var. galanga, Alpinia galanga var. pyramidata (Blume) K.Schumann [Plate – I; Figure B] Chromosome number: 2n = 48 (Raghavan & Venkatasubban 1943; Ramachandran 1969; Joseph 1998) Voucher No.: NBU 09697 Rootstock aromatic. Leaves shortly petiolate. Inflorescence dense panicle, covering sheaths 2, large. Bracts small, deciduous, each subtending a cincinnus of 4–5 flowers. Bracteoles small. Calyx greenish white. Corolla tube greenish white, lobes unequal, spreading. Labellum unguiculate in lower half, margin wavy, white with a few oblique lilac lines. Lateral staminodes small. Anther thecae ecrested. Ovary ellipsoid. 312 Notes on some Zingibers from W.Bengal and Meghalaya Alpinia malaccensis (Burman f.) Roscoe in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 8: 345 1807. Common synonyms: Alpinia malaccensis (Burman f.) Roscoe var. malaccensis Chromosome number: 2n = 48 (Chakravorti 1948; Joseph 1998) Rootstock strongly aromatic. Leaves long petiolate, margin wavy. Inflorescence rachis very stout, erect or slightly curved raceme, ebracteate, cincinni of 1–2 flowers present. Bracteoles white, deciduous. Calyx white. Corolla tube white. Labellum ovate, centre beautifully variegated red and yellow, narrowed to an emarginate apex, with 2 papillose, fleshy swellings at the base. Lateral staminodes subulate. Anther thecae ecrestate. Alpinia zerumbet (Persoon) B. L. Burtt & R.M. Smith in Notes Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 31: 204 1972. Common synonyms: Alpinia cristata Griffith; Alpinia fimbriata Gagnepain, Alpinia speciosa (J.C.Wendland) K.Schumann, Amomum nutans (Andrews) Schultes, Renealmia nutans Andrews, Zerumbet speciosum J.C.Wendland [Plate – I; Figure C] Chromosome number: 2n= 40 (Joseph 1998), 2n = 48 (Chen et al. 1987; Joseph 1998), 2n = 52 (Bhadra & Bandyopadhyay 2016) Voucher No.: NBU 09710 Leaves petiolate. Inflorescence drooping panicle, rachis purple–red, covering sheaths 2, lower cincinni with 2–3 flowers present. Bracteoles tubular, deciduous, white with a pink tip. Calyx white with a pink tip. Corolla tube white with pink apex, central lobe larger than lateral ones. Labellum narrowing to the apex, yellow, heavily lined with red. Lateral staminodes subulate. Amomum dealbatum Roxburgh in Fl. Ind. 1: 42 1820. Common synonyms: Amomum dealbatum var. sericeum (Roxburgh) Baker Chromosome number: Not found Leaves petiolate, acuminate, lamina large. Inflorescence globose. Bract outer ovate, reddish. Bracteoles tubular. Corolla tube white, oblong, white. Labellum large, emarginate, white with a yellow and red line. Lateral staminodes subulate. Filament short. Anther–crest small, Stigma small. Amomum subulatum Roxburgh in Fl. Ind. 1: 43 1820. Common synonyms: Cardamomum subulatum (Roxburgh) Kuntze [Plate – I; Figure G] Chromosome number: 2n= 48 (Sharma & Bhattacharyya 1959), 2n= 50 (Mandi 1990) Leaves sessile, base rounded. Inflorescence globose. Bracts obtuse, red–brown, with a horny cusp. Bracteoles tubular. Calyx lobes subulate. Corolla tube yellow. Labellum with yellow midvein. Lateral staminodes red. Filament very short. Anther–crest small. Stigma subglobose. Fruit red–brown. Boesenbergia longiflora (Wallich) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 685 1891. Common synonyms: Alpinia hamiltoniana Wallich, Boesenbergia fallax Loes, Curcumorpha longiflora (Wallich) A.S.Rao & D.M.Verma, Kaempferia fallax Lingelsh. & Borza [Plate – I; Figure D] Chromosome number: 2n= 36 (Chen et al. 1987, 1988) Sreetama Bhadra & Maumita Bandyopadhyay 313 Leaves cuspidate, base cordate. Bracts ovate, densely imbricate, acuminate, each subtending a single flower. Calyx lobes 3, lanceolate. Corolla tube shorter than bract. Labellum margin crisped Anther connective broad. Stigma thickened, cylindric. Fruit oblong. Seeds many. Cautleya gracilis (J.E. Smith) Dandy in J. Bot. 70: 328 1932. Common synonyms: Cautleya gracilis (J.E. Smith) Dandy var. gracilis [Plate – I; Figure F] Chromosome number: 2n = 24, 26 (Mehra & Sachdeva 1979) Voucher No.: NBU 09717 Stem slender. Leaves sessile, narrow lanceolate. Inflorescence rachis red, slightly flexuous, lax, flowers 2–10. Bracts green, lanceolate, shorter than calyx. Calyx apex minutely toothed, purple–red. Corolla bright yellow. Labellum apically 2–fid. Lateral staminodes
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