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The Chinese Paper-Cut: from Local Inventories to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

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The Chinese Paper-Cut: from Local Inventories to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Regina F. Bendix, Aditya Eggert and Arnika Peselmann (dir.) Heritage Regimes and the State Göttingen University Press The Chinese Paper-Cut: From Local Inventories to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Caroline Bodolec Publisher: Göttingen University Press Place of publication: Göttingen University Press Year of publication: 2013 Published on OpenEdition Books: 12 April 2017 Serie: Göttingen Studies in Cultural Property Electronic ISBN: 9782821875470 http://books.openedition.org Electronic reference BODOLEC, Caroline. The Chinese Paper-Cut: From Local Inventories to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity In: Heritage Regimes and the State [online]. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, 2013 (generated 10 septembre 2020). Available on the Internet: <http:// books.openedition.org/gup/392>. ISBN: 9782821875470. The Chinese Paper-Cut: From Local Inventories to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Caroline Bodolec 1 Introduction On December 2, 2004, China became the sixth country to ratify the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. In 2011, the country held the largest number of elements on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (29 of a world total of 232) and on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding (7 of 27).1 This can be seen as another expression of the international cultural “Soft Power” of China (Huang 2006, Kurlantzick 2007, Li 2009), but it would miss the national impact of the UNESCO Convention. The translation of the concepts into the Chinese cultural laws has had profound consequences for all the elements now called Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). The first part of this article presents the modifications of the Chinese administrative structure subsequent to the ratification of the 2003 Convention (Wang 2010). This highlights some of the ideological con- cepts mobilized by the government to integrate the previous cultural policies. In the same way, it is important to see how the convention principles were read and interpreted through actual national ideology, as, for instance, the hexie shehui 和谐社会, the “harmonious society.” In the second part, the example of the Chi- nese paper-cut practice, a form of popular art performed predominantly by wom- 1 cf. UNESCO 2011a. 250 Caroline Bodolec en, is considered in order to reveal the compiling of the files, starting with a local survey to the inscription on the UNESCO Representative List. Based on infor- mation gathered during my ethnographic researches in Shaanxi province since 1995 (Bodolec 1999, 2005, 2010a, 2010b, 2012) and the study of provincial and national ICH lists, the analysis aims at presenting the channels of communication and the role of the actors at every step of the process. The purpose is to examine how the new international concept of ICH can affect local cultural policy. 2 The Popular Republic of China and Intangible Cultural Heritage Only four months after the ratification of the UNESCO Convention on March 26, 2005, the Chinese State Council decreed a Recommendation to Intensify the Pro- tection of National Intangible Cultural Heritage.2 This document also announced the government projects of national inventories and of a National Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage which constitute the core of the Chinese action plan for the implementation of the 2003 Convention. Until this date, cultural herit- age was associated with the National Bureau of Cultural Heritage,3 but in order to show the importance given to the new concepts, a special organization was estab- lished. 2.1 Modifications of the Administration of Culture in China The recommendation created the Interdepartmental Meeting for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage,4 a temporary organization directly responsible to the State Council. It was composed of vice-directors of important administrations, such as the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Plan- ning, the National Board for Reforms and Development, the National Board for Minority Affairs, the National Bureau of Religious Activities, the National Bureau of Tourism, and the Ministry of Budget. A centralized management was intended which is clearly linked with the difficulties of administrative divisions for the Chi- nese sites of the World Heritage List. The management of these sites is the respon- sibility of local government but they are also subject to regulations of the various ministries (Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Culture, and sometimes National Bureau of Religious Affairs). The dialogue between the various administrations is not regulated and can lead to difficulties in site manage- 2 Guowu yuan baogongting guanyu jiaqiang woguo feiwuzhi wenhua yichan baohu gongzuo de yijian 国务院办公厅关于加强我国非物质文化遗产保护工作的意见n°guoban 国办 [2005] 18, March 26, 2005, published in Guowu yuan gongbao 国务院公报,n°4, 2005. 3 Guojia wenwu ju 国家文物局. 4 Feiwuzhi wenhua yichan baohu gongzuo bu jilianxihui yizhidu 非物质文化遗产保护工作部际联席会议制度. The Chinese Paper-Cut 251 ment. This is clearly the case when the touristic interest takes precedence over cultural integrity at the risk of displeasing UNESCO (Xie 2004: 35–37). Funding came primarily from local government and the national guidelines are not always considered. The establishment of an Interdepartmental Meeting as a single manag- er aims to avoid the problems of split jurisdiction. It also expressed that the Cen- tral Government put considerable importance on this issue, looking for the most effective solutions. When it was created, the Interdepartmental Meeting was associated with an ex- isting department of the Ministry of Culture, the Department for Social Culture and Library Administration,5 which is in charge of popular culture and ethnological research through an extensive network of cultural centers.6 Each district in China has a cultural center with one or more official state ethnologists. They are usually native to the region, fully aware of the local culture and have close contacts with the population. This had great importance in the rapid development of inventories of cultural practices as of the third quarter of 2005. In March 2008, the Interdepartmental Meeting for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage was officially replaced by a permanent organization: The Intangi- ble Cultural Heritage Division.7 Established within the Ministry of Culture, it is no longer connected with the Department of Social Culture and the local cultural centers. Its main partners are now the provincial cultural administrations. 5 Shehui wenhua chu 社会文化处. 6 Wenhua guan 文化馆. 7 Feiwuzhi wenhua yichan si 非物质文化遗产司. This name was added to the Social Heritage Bureau in 2007 but without a special budget and without the creation of positions (Wang 2010: 187). 252 Caroline Bodolec Since 10 of July 2008, according to the State Council (n°guoobanfa 国办发 [2008]79) http://govinfo.nlc.gov.cn/jlsfz/zfgb/200816/201010/t20101009_443108.htm?classid=443) State Council State Council 国务院 国务院 By delegation Ministry of Culture Ministry of Culture 文化部 11 departments 文化部 among them : Department of Art By delegation State Bureau of 艺术司 Cultural relics 10 departments among them : 国家文物局 Department of Science Department of Art and Technology for culture 艺术司 State Bureau of 文化科技司 Cultural relics 国家文物局 Department of Education and Department of Cultural Market Science 文化市场司 教育科技司 Department of Cultural Market 文化市场司 Department of Cultural Industries 文化工业司 Department of Cultural Industries Department of Community 文化工业司 Culture 社会文化司 Department for Social Culture and Library Administration Department of Intangible 社会文化与图书馆司 Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产司 Bureau for External Relations (Department of Hong-Kong, Bureau for External Cultural Macao,Taiwan Affairs) Relations and Office for Cultural 对外文化联络局 Affairs with Hong-Kong, Macao, Taiwan 对外文化联络局 Figure 1, left: The Organization of the Chinese Ministry of Culture before 2008 (Chinese Government n.d.). Figure 2, right: The Organization of Chinese Ministry of Culture since 2008 (Chinese Government n.d.). The new institution has three sections: Management, Protection and the General Secretariat,8 to meet its numerous missions. In line with UNESCO requirements, the ICH division manages the safeguarding of projects and the National Repre-sentative List of ICH (fi le evaluations and elections); it also prepares the national protection policies and the legislative regulations. More surprisingly, the division deals with “the transmission and popularization of elements of excellence of national Chinese cul- ture.” The defi nition of this “national culture,” as well as the elements included in it, have been constantly modifi ed since the end of the 19th century in order to match the current political situations (Wang 1997). By this decree, the newly created division is now responsible for this aspect, which is important for the harmony of the coun- try. Furthermore, for the fi rst time, the term “excellence” appears in offi cial policy papers. It is meant to – in contradiction of the UNESCO Conventions’ principles – sort among the cultural and social practices of China. Only some of them will be worthy of being considered part of the Chinese national culture. s252.indd 2 23.10.2012 12:12:13 The Chinese Paper-Cut 253 2.2 From the Study of Folk Culture to the Recognition of Intangible Cultural Heritage Elements The Chinese government
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