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Notes and Documents Downloaded from the Letters of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine to Pope Celestine III 78 LETTERS OF ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE Jan. Notes and Documents Downloaded from The Letters of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine to Pope Celestine III. OP all the perils which beset the unwary historian none is more insidious than the rhetorical exercise masquerading in the guise of http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ an historical letter; it deceives only the more effectually because it was written with no thought of deception, and is often close enough to fact and accurate enough in form to mislead all but the most minute and laborious of critics. The present article is an attempt to follow up the suggestion of M. Charles Bemont that the three letters from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Pope Celestine III, printed by Eymer in the Foedera, are rhetorical studies of this nature. at Emory University on August 24, 2015 The letters in question purport to be addressed by Queen Eleanor to the pope, imploring his intervention on behalf of her son, Richard I, then a prisoner in the hands of the emperor Henry VI. Not only has their authenticity been accepted without question, but bibliographers have derived from them Eleanor's title to a place in the company of royal and noble authors,1 while historians have built up on them a theory of the part played by the queen mother in the release of the captive king. Finding the letters to Celestine HI under Eleanor's name, the modern historians of the twelfth century have connected them with a state- ment made by Roger of Hoveden to the effect that in the year 1198 the pope wrote to the clergy of England, ut imperator et totvm ipsius regnum subiicerentur anathemati, nisi rex Angliae celerius liberaretur a eaptione iltixw.* The editors of the Recueil des Historiens de France * mention Eleanor's letters and then quote Hoveden, leaving the connexion to be inferred. Mansi, in his notice of the life of Celestine HI,4 goes further. Ad instantiam Aleonorae 7natris, he writes, Henricum imperatorem et Leopoldum ducem Austriae 1 Bale, Mai. Brit. Script. Catal. no. liv. p. 247 (1559); Tanner, Bibl. Brit. Eibern., ed. WilMns (1748), p. 28; Hist TAU. it la France, tome xii.; T. Duflus Hardy, Deter. Catal. vol. iii. no. xxiiL p. 19. 1 B. Hoveden, iii. 2&J, ' Tome zix. p. 279. 1 Condi, nil. 694. 1906 TO POPE CELESTINE III 79 comminatione centurarum ecclesiasticarum monuit.6 Watterich also notes that the pope wrote the letter mentioned by Hoveden, monitus et flagitabus a matre regis AUenora, datis ad eum litteris ternis.1 Eleanor's earlier biographers, Isaac de Larrey in the seventeenth century, and Dreux de Radier in the eighteenth century, are still more circumstantial and confident. The Queen, according to Larrey, obligea le pape & 6crire a l'empereor, a qui elle fit offrir one ran9on telle qu'il la voudroit demander.7 Downloaded from Dreux de Radier adds— Elle ne se contenta pas d'6crire k l'empereur Henri . au prince son fils, aa pape Celestin III, k Philippe-Auguate. Oomme elle avan9ait pea par ses letkes, dant trois 6crites aa pape se troavent encore dans le recueil de celles de Pierre de Blois, vioe-chancelier ou secretaire d'Henri II, http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ elle passa elle-mdme en Allemagne.8 Even the most recent historian of the counts of Poitou, M. Richard, accepts and elaborates the old tradition.* The silence of the contemporary chroniclers in itself goes far to render these theories suspicious. The letters from Celestine III to the emperor and the king of France are only mentioned by Hoveden, and have not been preserved, while of Eleanor's own letters, setting aside those to the pope, only three are known, and these do not belong at Emory University on August 24, 2015 to the period of Richard's captivity.10 Roger of Hoveden, Gervase of Canterbury, Ralph de Diceto, and Ralph of Coggeshall all speak of the share taken by the Queen-mother in governing the kingdom during Richard's absence, and in the collection and transmission of the ransom,11 but they say nothing of any influence brought by her to bear upon Celestine LEI. It is significant too that in Richard's letter to his mother, written early in his captivity (30 March 1193), he thanks her for her management of the kingdom, but says no word of her negotiations with the pope, though he expressly mentions Hubert Walter's intervention on his behalf at the papal court.11 • For Leopold's excommunication see B. Hoveden, ill. 274, 276, n. 1,277. For the pope's letter of 6 Jane 1194 see B. de Diceto, it 119. • J. M. Watterich, Pontificum Romanorum Vitae, ii. 788, note, Leipzig, 1872. ' SUL cCEUonor de Ouyenne, Duchesse d'Aquitame, 1691. • Ibid. ed. Oussao (1788),' Supplement,' pp. 487-8. ' A. Richard, Hist, dts Comiet de Poitou, ii. 282-8. Ce n'est qu'apris avoir reju trois Uttres SAlUnor que le pap* ss dtcida d'agir, Ac. u Two, to Pope Alexander III and to the cardinal-deacon Jacincta (Hyacinth) of Saneta Maria in Coamedin (afterwards Pope Celestine HI) in D'Achery, Spiciltgiurn, ed. Paris, 1723, the third, written in the year 1200 from Fontevrault to her son King John, in Ejmer's Foedera, taken from the charter rolls. 11 B. Hoveden, iii. sub arm. 1192-4; Gerr. Cant i. 615-9; B. de Diceto, Ii. tub ann. 1192-4 ; B. Coggeshall, sub arm. 1192-4. 11 Memorials of Rich. I, ii. (Epp. Cantuar.), 852, 353. 80 LETTERS OF ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE Jan. It seems, then, worth asking whether Eleanor's letters are evidence strong enough for the weight of proof which is laid upon them, and how far they bear the external and internal stamps of authenticity. Eymer published the three letters, without indication of source, in 1704, in the first edition of the Foedera,11 but, as Tanner points out,1* they had already been printed among the epistles of Peter of Blois, archdeacon of Bath and of London, the famous twelfth-century letter-writer, and later historians have generally assumed that they were written by him in the capacity of secretary to Queen Eleanor.15 The assumption that they were written by Peter of Blois, based on their inclusion in the early Downloaded from printed editions of his works,16 and in a large proportion of the very numerous manuscripts of his epistles,17 is borne out by the internal evidence of the letters themselves. They show, in a marked degree, the characteristics of the style of Peter of Blois, his elaborate, antithetic constructions, his twisted and affected http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/ turns of expression, his excessive fondness for Scriptural and classical quotations, and for puns and verbal conceits, and his outbursts of rhetorical enthusiasm. They are full, moreover, of his own peculiar phrases and of his pet texts and plays on words, which recur constantly in his writings. But that the three letters were written by Peter of Blois at tha instigation of Eleanor of Aquitaine, or in the capacity of her at Emory University on August 24, 2015 secretary, is highly questionable. His claim, indeed, to have been the Queen-mother's secretary, unhesitatingly maintained by his biographers,18 rests merely on three passages in his epistles and on the attribution to Eleanor of the letters to Celestine. Of the three passages the first occurs in Epistle 87," written by Peter of Blois in 1191 to William Longchamp, bishop of Ely : Ego autem, he says, ad domxnam reginam me contuli, donee videam ultionem de inimicis tuis ut in atatwm piistinum cum gloria et honore revertaris. As the whole letter is concerned with Longchamp's troubles, and as 11 Eymer, Foedera, vol. L London, 1704. The editors of the Hecord edition of the Foedera place in the margin, instead of a citation of the authority, a reference to the preface to the book, from which we may conjecture that they were auspicious of these letters. The preface, however, was never written. 11 Bibl. Brit. Bibern. p. 28. "" Cf. Hist. LiU. de la France, xxi. 786 teq. " J. Merlin, Paris, 1519 ; Jean Busee, Mainz, 1600; Pierre de Gonssainville, Paris, 1667. " I have examined fifty-five manuscripts of Peter of Blois in the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge, in the British Museum, and in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris. Of these twenty-one contain all three letters, three have two oat of the three, three have only one letter, and in twenty-eight none of the letters are included. >• Cf. Diet, of Nat. Bivjr. art. ' Peter of Blois; • A. Molinier, Sources de VExttciro de France, ii. 201 (1913). '• The references are to J. A. Giles's edition of the works of Peter of Blois, Oxford, 1847 ; but the same order in the arrangement of the letters, which is that of Goussain- ville, is preserved in Migne's reprint (Patrol. Lat. vol. 207). 1906 TO POPE CELESTINE III 81 it is probable that Eleanor was inclined to favour the exiled bishop,10 Peter surely only means that he trusts to the queen for the furtherance of Longcharnp's interests. The second passage is in Epistle 124, which is addressed to Walter of Coutances, arch- bishop of Rouen, and is assigned to 1195. Here Peter refers to the nuntii frequently sent from the pope to the Queen, and adds, penes quam eo tempore conversabar. Since these nuntii are cited as instances of faithful friends in adversity the passage does not seem particularly applicable to the period between 1191 and 1195, when Peter is supposed to have been in Eleanor's service, writing letters to reproach Celestine III with his lukewarmness Downloaded from in.
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