Skarptrommelydens Ulike Bestanddeler I Opptakssammenheng

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Skarptrommelydens Ulike Bestanddeler I Opptakssammenheng Skarptrommelydens ulike bestanddeler i opptakssammenheng Av Vegard Fossum Hovedoppgave i musikkvitenskap Institutt for musikk og teater Universitetet i Oslo Oktober 2004 Forord Takk til Hans T. Zeiner-Henriksen, Rolf Inge Godøy, Tor Halmrast og Alexander Refsum Jensenius. Oslo, Oktober 2004 Vegard Fossum Forord ...................................................................................................................................II 1 Introduksjon ........................................................................................................................3 1.1 Innledning ....................................................................................................................3 1.2 Problemstilling og mål..................................................................................................3 1.3 Avgrensning: ................................................................................................................5 1.4 Valg av fremgangsmåte - oversikt over oppgaven .........................................................7 1.5 Kort innføring i enkelte sentrale begreper .....................................................................8 2. Skarptrommens fysikk......................................................................................................12 2.1 Oppbygging av en skarptromme .................................................................................12 2.2 Vibrerende membraner ...............................................................................................15 2.3 Lydutstråling - strålefelt fra skarptrommer:.................................................................20 2.4 Eksitasjon ...................................................................................................................22 2.5 Syntese av skarptrommelyd ........................................................................................23 2.5.1 MAX patch – et forsøk på syntese av skarptrommelyden .....................................24 2.5.1.1 Kort introduksjon av Max/Msp......................................................................24 2.5.1.2 Syntese av skarptommelyd ............................................................................25 2.6 Oppsummering ”Skarptrommens fysikk”....................................................................27 3. Opptak og prosessering av skarptrommelyd......................................................................29 3.1 Rommet – romakustikk...............................................................................................29 3.1.1 Refleksjoner.........................................................................................................30 3.1.2 Absorpsjon...........................................................................................................33 3.1.3 Romresonanser ....................................................................................................35 3.1.4 Kamfiltrering .......................................................................................................37 3.1.5 Oppsummering ”Rommet – romakustikk”............................................................39 3.2 Mikrofoner .................................................................................................................39 3.2.1 Hva er en mikrofon? ............................................................................................40 3.2.2 Ulike tekniske spesifikasjoner som brukes om mikrofoner ...................................40 3.2.3 Dynamiske mikrofoner.....................................................................................43 3.2.4 Kondensatormikrofoner....................................................................................44 3.2.5 Retningsfølsomhet hos mikrofoner.......................................................................46 3.2.6 Mikrofonplassering ..............................................................................................48 3.2.7 Faseproblemer......................................................................................................51 3.2.8 Oppsummering ”Mikrofoner” ..............................................................................52 3.3 Prosesseringsverktøy ..................................................................................................52 3.3.1 Kompressor..........................................................................................................53 3.3.2 Equalizer..............................................................................................................56 3.3.3 Gate .....................................................................................................................58 3.3.4 Klang ...................................................................................................................59 3.3.4.1 Vanlige parametere i ”klangmaskiner” ..............................................................60 3.3.5 Oppsummering ”Prosesseringsverktøy” ...............................................................61 4. Analyse av skarptrommelyd..............................................................................................63 4.1 Digitalisering av lyd....................................................................................................64 4.2 Sonogramanalyse - Å lese et sonogram.......................................................................67 4.2.1 Sonograminnstillinger for analysene ....................................................................72 4.3 Wavelet analyse..........................................................................................................73 4.3.1 PAZ-Frequency................................................................................................74 4.4 Opptak og analyse av skarptrommelyd........................................................................74 4.4.1 Forsøk nummer 1 – Innhold i skarptrommelyd .....................................................77 4.4.2 Forsøk nummer 2 – Ulik eksitasjon – forskjellig plassering på skinnet ................82 4.4.3 Forsøk nummer 3 – Ulik kraft i eksitasjonen ........................................................85 1 4.4.4 Forsøk nummer 4 – Mikrofonplassering og mikrofonvalg ....................................87 4.4.5 Forsøk nummer 5 - Over- og undermikking..........................................................93 4.4.6 Forsøk nummer 6 – effektprosessering .................................................................95 4.4.6.1 Nr. 1 og 2. .....................................................................................................96 4.4.6.2 Nr. 3 og 4 ......................................................................................................97 4.4.6.3 Nr. 5............................................................................................................101 4.4.6.4 Nr. 6 og 7 ....................................................................................................101 4.4.7 Oppsummering av forsøk nr. 1 til nr. 6...............................................................102 5. Konklusjon.....................................................................................................................104 Litteraturliste......................................................................................................................106 Bøker: ............................................................................................................................106 www-Referanser:............................................................................................................107 Appendiks: Innhold på cd-rom ...........................................................................................109 Kom igang......................................................................................................................109 Filer og mapper på CD-rom............................................................................................109 Programmene .................................................................................................................109 2 1 Introduksjon 1.1 Innledning De fleste musikere forholder seg til hvordan instrumentet deres låter. Man kan anta at mange utøvere ser på lyden i instrumentet som viktig og velger derfor sitt instrument med omhu. Gitarister vil f.eks. være nøye i valget av gitar og gitarforsterker, og mange fiolinister har nok et ønske om å ha en Stradivarius grunnet dens overlegne lydkvalitet. Men det er ikke bare instrumentet i seg selv som utgjør lyden som når frem til lytterne eller utøverne. Selv spiller jeg trommer, og som mange andre utøvere har jeg erfart hvor forskjellig instrumentet kan låte både i konsert- og innspillingssammenhenger. Disse erfaringene har skapt interessen for hva som er viktige bestanddeler som utgjør lyden i forskjellige sammenhenger. Det er rimelig å anta at ulike faktorer er av forskjellig betydning for henholdsvis konsert- og innspillingssammenhenger, men at kunnskap om disse i en av sammenhengene vil være delvis overførbare til den andre. I denne oppgaven vil jeg undersøke trommelyd, og da spesielt skarptrommelyd i opptaks- sammenheng. Her er det mange interessante spørsmål som reiser seg. For eksempel: Hva er det som gjør at instrumentet låter som det låter? Hvordan produserer skarptrommen lyd? Hvordan påvirker valg av mikrofon og mikrofonplassering lyden som blir tatt opp? Hvilken innvirkning vil rommet ha på lyden som blir tatt
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