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• Architettura E Urbanistica • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • I.T.C.G. “E. Cenni” Vallo della Lucania (SA) Corso Geometri: Tecnologia delle costruzioni Docente: prof. Carlo Guida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ARCHITETTURA E URBANISTICA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Anno scolastico 2012-2013 I.T.C.G. “E. Cenni” Vallo della Lucania (SA) Corso Geometri: Tecnologia delle costruzioni Docente: prof. Carlo Guida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • MOVIMENTO MODERNO Il Movimento Moderno nasce tra le due guerre mondiali, teso al rinnovamento dei caratteri, della progettazione e dei principi dell'architettura, dell'urbanistica e del design. Ne furono protagonisti quegli architetti che improntarono i loro progetti a criteri di funzionalità ed a nuovi concetti estetici. Il movimento si manifestò nella sua massima espressione negli anni dal 1920 al 1930. Un impulso determinante al movimento fu dato dai CIAM (Congressi Internazionali di Architettura Moderna) promossi da Le Corbusier, dove vennero elaborate molte delle teorie e principi moderni. Architettura Organica : Frank Lloyd, Wright (1869 -1959) Alvar, Aalto (1889 -1976) Futurismo: Antonio, Sant’Elia (1888 -1916) Razionalismo: Walter, Gropius (Bauhaus) (1883 -1969) Louis, Kahn (1901-1974) Funzionalismo: Charles -Edouard Jeanneret, Le Corbusier (1887 -1965) International Style: Ludwig, Mies van der Rohe (1886 -1969) Modernismo o Liberty: Antoni, Gaudì (1852 -1926) • ARCHITETTURA POST-BELLICA L’architettura nel periodo fascista divenne la principale forma di propaganda. Tutte le nuove città furono costruite seguendo uno schema ben preciso e gli edifici pubblici furono realizzati con caratteristiche monumentali. I maggiori interpreti dell’architettura fascista furono: Marcello Piacentini, Giovanni Muzio e Giuseppe Terragni. Nel dopoguerra si affermano i principi del razionalismo, tuttavia i numerosi architetti presenti sullo scenario nazionale si affidano alle proprie personalità seguendo strade personalizzate e senza avviare un discorso unitario, avendo come unici riferimenti i maestri del movimento moderno. America, Europa: John, Merrill (1896 -1975) Egon, Eiermann (1904 -1970) Oscar, Niemeyer (1907 -2012 ) Marcello, Piacentini (1881 -1960) Italia: Giovanni, Michelucci (1891 -1991) Giovanni, Muzio (1893 -1982) Giuseppe, Pagano (1896 -1945) Gio, Ponti (1897 -1979) Giuseppe, Samonà (1898 -1983) Edoardo, Persico (1900 -1936) Alberto, Sartoris (1901 -1998) Adalberto, Libera (1903 -1963) Luigi, Figini (1903 -1984) Giuseppe, Terragni (1904 -1943) Mario, Ridolfi (1904 -1984) Franco, Albini (1905 -1977) Luigi, Cosenza (1905 -1984) Gino, Pollini (1905 -1991) Ignazio, Gardella (1905 -1999) Carlo, Scarpa (1906 -1978) Ludovico, Quaroni (1911 -1987) • ARCHITETTURA STRUTTURALISTA Il termine strutturalismo viene coniato negli anni sessanta come critica all'architettura tedesca, con un'accezione che rimanda alle forme archetipe dell'architettura. Lo strutturalismo architettonico critica sia la neutralità dell'architettura moderna che la ricchezza formale espressionista, proponendo un ordine senza gerarchiche, che derivasse dalla stessa struttura architettonica e all'interno della quale optare per scelte individuali. Europa: Aldo , van Eyck (1918 -1999 ) Herman , Hertzberger (1932 - ) Italia Pier Luigi , Nervi (1891 -1979) Riccardo , Morandi (1902 -1989) 2 Anno scolastico 2012-2013 I.T.C.G. “E. Cenni” Vallo della Lucania (SA) Corso Geometri: Tecnologia delle costruzioni Docente: prof. Carlo Guida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • ARCHITETTURE ALTERNATIVE (BRUTALISMO, TEAM X, ECLETTISMO, NEOLIBERTY ) Il termine Brutalismo nacque in Inghilterra (Brutalism) e deriva dal béton brut di le Corbusier che caratterizza l’Unité d’habitation (1950) di Marsiglia, ed in particolare è stato coniato da una frase presente nel suo scritto Verso una architettura: “L'architecture, c'est, avec des matières bruts, établir des rapports émouvantes”. Il termine Team X prende nome da un movimento composto da un gruppo di architetti che si riunivano periodicamente per discutere ed elaborare nuove idee sull’architettura e l’urbanistica). Il termine Eclettismo indica un atteggiamento di colui che sceglie tra diverse esperienze ciò che è affine e cerca di armonizzarlo in una nuova sintesi. Il termine Neoliberty indica un atteggiamento di reazione agli assunti dell’architettura razionalista e organica. Il movimento nasce a Torino con le opere di alcuni architetti che furono fortemente criticate da Bruno Zevi. Europa: Louis, Kahn (1901 -1974) James, Stirling (1926 -1992) Italia: Giancarlo, De Carlo (1919 -2005) Vittorio, Gregotti (1927 - ) Guido, Canella (1931 -2009) • ARCHITETTURA NEO-RAZIONALISTA Il Neo-razionalismo si sviluppa tra il 1960 e il 1970. Si diffonde velocemente in Italia e molti paesi europei, negli Stati Uniti e in Giappone, raccogliendo al suo interno diverse scuole di pensiero architettonico. Si tende a recuperare la cosiddetta "forma pura" nell'intento di promuovere un’architettura che, pur tenendo conto della funzionalità, rifiuti il principio che dalla funzione debba necessariamente discendere la forma. Anche il tema della città è visto con un’ottica diversa ovvero come un insieme di pezzi in sè compiuti . Minoru, Yamasaki (1912 -1986) Europa: Kenzo, Tange (1913 -2005) Jorn, Utzon (1918 -2008 ) Oriol, Bohigas (1925 - ) Oswald Mathias, Ungers (1926 -2007) Robert, Krier (1938 - ) Mario, Botta (1943 - ) Christian, de Portzamparc (1944 - ) Léon, Krier (1946 - ) Italia: Marco, Zanuso (1916 -2001 ) Vico, Magistretti (1920 -2006) Carlo, Aymonino (1926 -2010) Aldo, Rossi (1931 -1998) Giorgio, Grassi (1935 - ) Adolfo, Natalini (1941 - ) • ARCHITETTURA MINIMALISTA La Minimal Art è stata una tendenza artistica degli anni sessanta che ha proposto un radicale mutamento dei canoni proponendo l’essenziale, l’impersonale, la riduzione alle forme geometriche elementari. Influenza anche l’architettura che, superando luoghi comuni, evidenzia al contrario profonde radici estetiche e culturali. Giappone Tadao , Ando (1941 - ) Arata, Isozaki (1967 - ) Europa: Alvaro, Siza (1933 - ) Jacques, Herzog (1950 - ) • ARCHITETTURA POSTMODERNA Il Postmoderno in architettura si caratterizza per il ritorno dell'ornamento e per il citazionismo ed è considerata una risposta al formalismo dell'International Style e del Modernismo. Per il fatto che siano riapparse le citazioni e gli ornamenti questa architettura è stata anche definita neo- eclettica (un’opera di ispirazione eclettica può essere considerata la Neue Staatsgalerie di Stoccarda di James Stirling). Stati Uniti: Charles, Moore (1925 -1993 ) Robert, Venturi (1925 - ) Michael, Graves (1934 - ) Ricardo, Bofill (1939 - ) Italia: Paolo, Portoghesi (1931 - ) 3 Anno scolastico 2012-2013 I.T.C.G. “E. Cenni” Vallo della Lucania (SA) Corso Geometri: Tecnologia delle costruzioni Docente: prof. Carlo Guida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • ARCHITETTURA CONTEMPORANEA Con architettura contemporanea si intende l'architettura prodotta negli ultimi decenni, indicativamente dagli anni ottanta ad oggi. La difficile determinazione dell'intervallo temporale delle opere appartenenti a questa definizione dipende dal concetto di "contemporaneità" che in architettura, così come nell'arte, nella musica o nel teatro, è cronologicamente dinamico. Europa: Richard, Meier (1934 - ) Norman, Foster (1935 - ) Richard, Rogers (1936 - ) Jean, Nouvel (1945 - ) Santiago, Calatrava (1951 - ) David, Chipperfield (1953 - ) Italia: Gae, Aulenti (1927 -2012) Riccardo, Dalisi (1931 - ) Nicola, Pagliara (1933 - ) Aldo, Lori s Rossi (1933 - ) Massimo, Pica Ciamarra (1937 - ) Renzo, Piano (1937 - ) Massimiliano, Fuksas (1944 - ) • ARCHITETTURA DECOSTRUTTIVISTA Il decostruttivismo è un movimento architettonico in netta contrapposizione al movimento postmoderno. In reazione al razionalismo architettonico, gli architetti decostruttivisti vogliono de-costruire ciò che è costruito. Il teorico del decostruttivismo è il filosofo francese Jacques Derrida e la nascita del fenomeno è avvenuta con una mostra organizzata a New York nel 1988 da Philip Johnson nella quale per la prima volta appare il nome di questa nuova tendenza architettonica, che fu definita “Deconstructivist Architecture”. Alla mostra di New York furono esposti progetti di Frank O. Gehry, Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas, Peter Eisenman, Zaha Hadid, ed altri. America, Europa , Italia : Frank, Gehry (1929 - ) Peter, Eisenman (1932 - ) Rem, Koolhaas (1944 - ) Daniel , Libeskind (1946 - ) Zaha , Hadid (1950 - ) 4 Anno scolastico 2012-2013 I.T.C.G. “E. Cenni” Vallo della Lucania (SA) Corso Geometri: Tecnologia delle costruzioni Docente: prof. Carlo Guida ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) Arch. Aldo Rossi (1931-1998):"Caposcuola dell'architettura neo-razionalista". Nel 1956 inizia l'attività professionale presso lo studio di Ignazio Gardella, passando poi per lo studio di Marco Zanuso. Nel 1963 inizia anche l'attività didattica, prima è assistente di Ludovico Quaroni presso la scuola di urbanistica di Arezzo, successivamente
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