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Phanerotoma) Ocularis Kohl (Hym., Braconidae

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Phanerotoma) Ocularis Kohl (Hym., Braconidae Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 18: 625-629, 1992 Estudio de la capacidad reproductora y longevidad de las hembras de Phanerotoma (Phanerotoma) ocularis Kohl (Hym., Braconidae) J. MORENO MARI y R. JIMÉNEZ PEYDRO La vida de la hembra de P. (P.) ocularis se divide en 3 etapas consecutivas, de du- ración variable, en función de su actividad reproductora: la etapa de maduración sexual (1,95 ± 0,78 días), el período de actividad reproductora (42,73 ± 8,29 días), y la se- nescencia o senilidad (9,48 ± 4,92 días). La longevidad media obtenida para estas hembras se sitúa alrededor de 54,21 ± 11,39 días. J. MORENO MARI y R. JIMÉNEZ PEYDRO. Dpto. de Biología Animal (Entomolo- gía). Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universitat de Valencia. Dr. Moliner, 50. 46100 Burjasot (Valencia, España). Palabras clave: Phanerotoma (Phanerotoma) ocularis, actividad reproductora, lon- gevidad, laboratorio INTRODUCCIÓN buscan durante el día un lugar protegido de la luz y húmedo donde esconderse y que Phanerotoma (Phanerotoma) ocularis sólo abandonan durante el crepúsculo. Bl- Kohl, 1906 es un himenóptero Braconidae LIOTTI y DAUMAL (1969) señalan que este parasitoide ovo-larvario de lepidópteros. ritmo de actividad persiste durante toda la Ha sido citada como parasitoide de Ectom- vida del insecto, salvo si la temperatura au- yelois ceratoniae (Zeller), Paramyelois tran- menta a 25 °C y la humedad disminuye, lo sitella (Walker) (ACHTERBERG, 1990; SHE- que conlleva una agitación desordenada, in- NEFELT, 1973; TOBÍAS, 1986), Cadra cali- cluso durante el día; por el contrario, si la della (Guiñee) (Lep., Pyralidae), Platyedra humedad se mantiene elevada, incluso con gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep., Gelechiidae) una temperatura de 28 °C los adultos no (ACHTERBERG, 1990) y Prays citri (Lep., presentan actividad diurna ni agitación de- Yponomeutidae) (MORENO, 1991). Tam- sordenada. bién se conoce como parasitoide de Ephes- El acoplamiento va precedido de una pa- tia kuehniella Zeller en laboratorio rada nupcial del macho alrededor de la (ACHTERBERG, 1990; DAUMAL et al, hembra, que dura unos 15 segundos. Cuan- 1973; FERRÁN y DAUMAL, 1973a, b; HAW- do el macho localiza una hembra se coloca LITZKY, 1972a, b; MORENO, 1991; MORE- detrás de la misma adoptando una posición NO et ai, 1991; SHENEFELT, 1973). más o menos perpendicular con ella, e ini- El adulto presenta un comportamiento cia la parada nupcial caracterizada por el fototrópico positivo durante las 24-48 horas movimiento continuo y rápido de las alas. posteriores a su emergencia del capullo. Una vez fecundada, la hembra se libera del Durante esta fase de actividad diurna los in- macho y adopta una posición de reposo du- sectos se acoplan, alimentan y dispersan. rante un tiempo variable. Tal y como seña- Seguidamente los adultos de los dos sexos lan BILIOTTI y DAUMAL (1969), un macho puede acoplarse durante su vida con 2 ó 3 A cada hembra se le ofrecen diariamen- hembras. Como ocurre en gran número de te 30 huevos a parasitar entre las 19 h y las himenópteros, P. (P.) ocularis presenta una 9 h del día siguiente, período de tiempo du- partenogénesis arrenotoca: los huevos no rante el que, según MEALS y CALTAGIRO- fecundados dan lugar a machos. La puesta NE (1967) la hembra de P. (P.) ocularis rea- dura alrededor de 60 segundos, y una vez liza la puesta. Estos huevos son posterior- concluida ésta, la hembra va inmediata- mente sometidos a disección para calcular mente en busca de otro huevo. Las hem- el ritmo de puesta diario, y a partir de es- bras son capaces de reconocer un huevo ya tos datos, de la duración de cada una de las parasitado de uno que no lo está y evitan etapas de la vida de una hembra, así como generalmente poner en un huevo ya pa- la longevidad de la misma. rasitado. El material biológico utilizado procede La capacidad de puesta varía a lo largo de la colonia de P. (P.) ocularis mantenida de su vida lo que permite dividirla en dife- sobre su hospedador de sustitución, Ephes- rentes etapas. En el presente trabajo se pre- tia kuehniella, y criada según la metodolo- sentan los resultados obtenidos para la evo- gía descrita por BILIOTTI y DAUMAL lución de la capacidad de puesta a lo largo (1969), existente en la Station de Zoologie del tiempo, las etapas de la vida y la lon- del INRA de Versailles. gevidad de la hembra de esta especie. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS La vida de las hembras de esta especie Para poder establecer la evolución de la puede dividirse, según el criterio de capacidad de puesta, hemos realizado una FERRÁN y LAFORGE (1974), en 3 etapas su- experiencia en la que se disponen un total cesivas: la maduración sexual, período muy de 60 hembras. El número de hembras con- corto que precede a la puesta y durante el siderado ha venido determinado por un es- cual los ovocitos producidos durante la pu- tudio preliminar en el que éste se revelaba pación maduran, el período de actividad re- como un tamaño de muestra adecuado. productora, caracterizado por la puesta Con un número mayor de hembras es difí- ininterrumpida y un cierto ritmo de emisión cil realizar un correcto seguimiento, mien- de huevos, y la senescencia o senilidad, in- tras que un número menor proporciona una tervalo de tiempo que precede a la muerte, gran dispersión en los datos. y durante el cual las hembras ya no ponen. Estas hembras, fecundadas durante las En el Cuadro 1 se presentan los resulta- primeras 24 horas de vida, se mantienen a dos obtenidos, expresados en días, para lo largo de toda la experiencia a una tem- cada una de las hembras estudiadas. Los va- peratura de 25 °C, una humedad relativa lores medios y la desviación típica de estas del 60-70 %, y con un fotoperíodo de etapas así como la longevidad de estas hem- 16:8 h L:0. Cada una de estas hembras se bras aparecen reflejados en el Cuadro 2. aisla en un tubo de vidrio de 2,5 cm de diá- Los resultados obtenidos muestran que metro y 10 cm de altura, el cual se cierra las hembras son aptas para la puesta tras un con un tapón de corcho en el que se reali- corto período de maduración que varía en- zan dos ranuras en su cara interna: en cada tre 1 y 4 días, si bien para el 78,33 % se si- una de ellas se coloca una plaqueta de car- túa entre 1 y 2 días, mientras que sólo el tulina negra de unos 5 cm de longitud y 3,33 % presentan una etapa de maduración 0,5 cm de anchura, una con miel y la otra sexual de 4 días. Un 30 % de las hembras con los huevos a parasitar. La alimentación estudiadas han iniciado su puesta a las 24 h hídrica se asegura mediante un algodón que de la fecundación. La duración media ob- se humedece diariamente. tenida para la etapa de maduración sexual, Cuadro 1.—Duración de las etapas de la vida Hembra Maduración Actividad ,,-,•., , ... y longevidad (en días) de las hembras de P. número sexual reproductora Senüldad I«P«tal (P.) ocularis Hembra Maduración Actividad Senilidad Longevidad número sexual reproductora Cuadro 2.—Valores medios de las etapas de la vida y longevidad (en días) de la hembra de P. (P.) ocularis Maduración Actividad sexual reproductora Senilidad Longevidad 1,95 ± 0,78 42,73 ± 8,29 9,48 ± 4,92 54,21 ± 11,39 1,95 ± 0,78 días, es ligeramente inferior a la obtenida por FERRÁN y LAFORGE (1974) quienes, en un estudio sobre el efecto de la eliminación de la fase sarcófaga en la mor- fología y potencial reproductor de esta es- pecie, obtienen un valor medio de 2,45 ± 1,10 días para esta etapa. Esta dife- rencia creemos que es debida a las diferen- cias en las temperaturas de cría puesto que se trata de la misma cepa: 25 °C en nues- tras experiencias, y 21 °C en las experien- cias de FERRÁN y LAFORGE, 1973). Estos mismos autores (FERRÁN y LAFORGE, 1973) en un estudio sobre la aclimatación de esta especie a su hospedador de sustitu- ción en laboratorio, Ephestia kuehniella, obtenían valores para esta etapa de entre 1,20 ± 0,83 días y 1,84 ± 2,15 días, según la cepa, cuando la temperatura máxima dia- ria se sitúa en 25 °C y la mínima nocturna en 15 °C. Estos resultados apoyan la hipó- tesis de que la temperatura determina la du- ración de esta etapa. La menor variabilidad por nosotros observada estaría relacionada con el mantenimiento de una temperatura constante a lo largo de toda la experiencia. Como se ha señalado anteriormente, tras El valor medio obtenido para este período la etapa inicial de maduración da comienzo es de 9,48 ± 4,92. La longevidad observa- el período de actividad reproductora carac- da oscila generalmente entre 45 y 65 días, terizado por la puesta ininterrumpida. De con un valor medio de 54,21 ± 11,39 días. las 60 hembras estudiadas, en un 43,33 % El valor medio por nosotros obtenido este período dura entre 40-49 días, en un para el período de actividad reproductora 26,66 % entre 30-39 días, en un 21,66 % (42,73 ± 8,29 días) es claramente menor entre 50-59 días, y en un 8,33 % entre 20-29 que los obtenidos por FERRÁN y LAFORGE días. (1973) (66,44 ± 7,69 días y 63,79 ± 7,82 Las primeras puestas obtenidas dan lugar días). Algo semejante ocurre para la longe- únicamente a machos, pues corresponden a vidad pues mientras que nosotros hemos los huevos maduros no fecundados que se obtenido un valor medio de 54,21 ± 11,39 encuentran en los cálices desde la emergen- días, estos autores obtienen valores bastan- cia de la hembra (MORENO y JIMÉ- te mayores, de entre el 73,92 ± 11,48 y NEZ, 1991).
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