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Templat Tesis Dan Disertasi

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Templat Tesis Dan Disertasi 1 I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Siput mata bulan (Turbo chrysostomus) merupakan salah satu organisme invertebrata yang cukup potensial untuk dikembangkan karena bernilai ekonomis tinggi dan memiliki daya tahan tubuh yang cukup baik terhadap perubahan lingkungan (Setyono et al. 2013). Terdapat beberapa jenis dari genus Turbo di Dunia antara lain T. agyrostomus, T. brunneus, T. cinereus, T. cornutus, T. intercostalis, T. marmoratus, T. petholatus, T. radiatus, T. sarmaticus, T. setosus, T. smaragdus, T. torquatus dan beberapa jenis lainnya (Ruf 2007; Ubaidillah et al. 2013) namun yang lebih potensial dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah jenis T. marmoratus dan T. chrysostomus (Dwiono et al. 2001). Seperti jenis grastopoda lainnya, siput mata bulan dilengkapi dengan sekeping cangkang yang berfungsi untuk melindungi organ lunaknya dari incaran predator. Siput ini dikenal dengan nama internasional yellow-mouth turban atau gold-mouth turban dan di Indonesia dikenal sebagai siput bulan (Ambon), siput mata lembu (Pelabuhan Ratu dan Pangandaran, Jawa Barat) (Arifin 1994) dan sisok matan terata (Lombok). Siput mata bulan dapat ditemukan di wilayah perairan Indo-Pasifik termasuk perairan pesisir Samudra Hindia (Kenya, Eychelles, Chagos, Andaman dan Pulau Nicobar), Asia Tenggara (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand dan Filipina) dan Kepulauan Fiji Selatan. Jenis siput ini juga ditemukan di perairan pesisir Kepulauan Ryukyu Jepang, dan di perairan Melanesia Utara hingga Kaledonia Baru Selatan (Soekendarsi 2018). Siput mata bulan ditangkapi masyarakat setempat, dikarenakan rasanya yang gurih dan memiliki kandungan gizi yang cukup tinggi. Setyono (2006) mengemukakan bahwa kerang dan siput memiliki kandungan protein yang sangat tinggi yaitu lebih dari 50%. Siput T. setosus memiliki kandungan protein 63,37%, karbohidrat 27,01%, mineral (K, Mg, Fe, Zn), asam amino (arginin, asam glutamat), dan lemak 0,08% (berdasarkan berat kering) (Merdekawati 2013). Siput mata bulan juga menjadi salah satu organisme akuarium yang cukup diminati karena selain memiliki bentuk cangkang yang khas, siput mata bulan juga dapat berfungsi sebagai pembersih alga yang menempel di akuarium (Venkatesan 2010) sehingga dari hal tersebut siput mata bulan memiliki harga jual per individu sekitar Rp1000,00 sampai Rp9.000,00 di Indonesia dan pasar Internasional mencapai Rp29.900,00 (2,09 US$). Selain itu, karena memiliki bentuk dan warna cangkang yang indah, masyarakat juga sering memanfaatkannya untuk pembuatan kerajinan tangan seperti kancing, hiasan dan bahkan dijadikan souvenir. Harga cangkang siput mata bulan di pasaran Maluku bervariasi antara Rp250.000,00 hingga Rp400.000,00 per kg (LIPI 2009), sedangkan untuk di pasaran Filipina dapat mencapai Rp22.600,00 (1,58 US$) ukuran 44,7 mm dan di Australia yaitu Rp28.200,00 (1,97 US$) ukuran 34–36 mm per individunya (Anonim 2018). Dewasa ini siput mata bulan sudah mulai jarang ditemukan dan menjadi salah satu biota laut yang mulai terancam punah di Perairan Indonesia (Ubaidillah et al. 2013). Ruf (2007) menduga bahwa harga cangkang yang tinggi yaitu sekitar Rp258.000,00 (18 US$) untuk ukiran, menjadi penyebab penurunan drastis organisme tersebut di perairan Sabah. Budidaya menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi ketersediaan komoditas tersebut namun hingga saat ini budidaya siput mata bulan di Indonesia masih belum dilakukan secara komersil. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya informasi mengenai 2 metode budidaya pada khususnya budidaya pembenihan. Pembenihan siput mata bulan di Indonesia masih dalam tahapan awal pengembangan seperti yang dilakukan oleh BBIL LIPI Mataram. Pembenihan siput mata bulan masih mengalami kegagalan pada tahap pemijahan hingga perawatan larva. Pada tahap pemijahan sering dijumpai telur yang mengalami perkembangan yang tidak normal seperti sel telur yang belum matang, cangkang telur yang pecah dan sel telur yang rusak (Setyono et al. 2013). Pada fase larva sering ditemukan kematian yang cukup tinggi baik pada awal perkembangan (veliger) hingga akhir perkembangan larva. Hal ini dilaporkan oleh Kimani (1996) yang mengemukakan bahwa 58% dari 200 larva veliger T. agyrostomus yang dipelihara pada media tanpa substrat mengalami kematian pada 2 hari dan 6 hari setelah pembuahan serta tidak ditemukan individu yang mengalami metamorfosis sampai 7 hari. Beberapa larva veliger bermetamorfosis atau mengalami kematian antara 6–10 hari setelah pembuahan. Menurut Sugama et al. (2007) bahwa masalah yang sering dihadapi pada pembenihan abalon (Haliotis sp.) yaitu kematian yang sangat tinggi terjadi pada stadia post larva mulai menempel dan pada saat juvenil dipindahkan dari substrat ke tempat pembesaran. Fase larva merupakan masa transisi yang dimana penanganan yang keliru dan perubahan kondisi lingkungan perairan dapat memicu kematian larva yang berdampak langsung terhadap kuantitas serta kualitas benih yang dihasilkan. Zupo dan Patti (2009) mengemukakan bahwa konsentrasi pakan yang lebih tinggi memicu pertumbuhan larva siput Nassarius reticulatus yang lebih cepat sedangkan penurunan kualitas air dapat memicu mortalitas yang tinggi. Suhu dan salinitas merupakan parameter kualitas air yang berperan penting terhadap proses fisiologis siput mata bulan sehingga berdampak terhadap perkembangan, pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup larva. Suhu berperan dalam mendukung metabolisme larva, pada suhu yang optimum dapat meningkatkan nafsu makan larva sehingga berimplikasi terhadap performa larva. Grubert dan Ritar (2004) mengemukakan bahwa perkembangan larva abalon H. rubra dan H. Zaevigata juga tergantung pada perbedaan kumulatif antara suhu dan BZP (biological zero point). Pada fase anakan, siput mata bulan juga dipengaruhi oleh suhu sehingga cenderung lebih cepat tumbuh pada suhu 26±0,5 °C dan diduga berhubungan dengan daya konsumsi pakan harian yang tinggi (Hamzah 2015). Sedangkan pada larva kerang mutiara (Pinctada maxima), suhu 28±0,5 oC memberikan pengaruh terbaik terhadap perkembangan dan kelangsungan hidup larva (Hamzah et al. 2016a). Selain suhu, salinitas juga berperan langsung terhadap proses osmoregulasi larva siput mata bulan. Perubahan salinitas dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan kebutuhan energi khususnya dalam menyeimbangkan tekanan osmosis tubuh dan lingkungan sehingga berdampak terhadap pembagian energi. Semakin tinggi jumlah energi yang digunakan untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan osmosis maka semakin sedikit pula cadangan energi yang dapat dimanfaatkan larva untuk bergerak mencari substrat yang cocok untuk menempel maupun untuk kebutuhan biologis lainnya (Amin et al. 2016). Lakshmi dan Rao (2000) mengemukakan bahwa salinitas tinggi mengakibatkan lebih banyak senyawa beracun pada siput T. intercostalis yang diduga disebabkan oleh perubahan osmoregulasi, metabolisme atau karena stres pada hewan. Interaksi suhu 28±0,5 ºC dan salinitas 32±1 ppt memberikan persentase kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan larva kerang mutiara tertinggi dengan menunjukkan peningkatan aktifitas enzim protease dan kandungan CaCO3 yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan 3 perlakuan lainnya (Hamzah et al. 2016b). Freije dan Awadh (2010) juga melaporkan bahwa T. coronotus telah diidentifikasi memiliki kandungan asam lemak jenuh dan tak jenuh pada jaringan tubuhnya serta faktor lingkungan khususnya pakan, salinitas dan suhu dapat mempengaruhi komposisi asam lemak organisme tersebut. Kajian serupa yang telah terpublikasi mengenai perkembangan larva siput mata bulan sudah sering dilakukan antara lain pengaruh faktor nutrisi pada T. cornutus (Hayakawa et al. 2008; Hayakawa et al. 2010), perkembangan larva dan pertumbuhan juvenil T. argyrostomus (Kimani 1996), pemijahan dan perkembangan embriogenisis T. chrysostomus (Setyono et al. 2013) dan lain sebagainya. Namun kajian menyangkut pengaruh kualitas air pada khususnya suhu dan salinitas terhadap larva siput mata bulan (T. chrysostomus) belum dilakukan, sehingga penelitian ini perlu untuk dilaksanakan. 1.2 Perumusan Masalah Budidaya pembenihan siput mata bulan sering mengalami kegagalan akibat perubahan kualitas air pada khususnya suhu dan salinitas yang menyebabkan abnormalitas pada telur dan larva, perkembangan larva yang terhambat dan mortalitas. Mortalitas yang tinggi terjadi pada saat metamorfosis sehingga fluktuasi suhu dan salinitas pada media pemeliharaan sangat berpengaruh terhadap produksi siput mata bulan. Suhu yang optimum dapat meningkatkan nafsu makan larva sehingga berimplikasi terhadap performa pertumbuhan. Pada fase anakan, siput mata bulan menunjukkan daya konsumsi pakan dan laju pertumbuhan cangkang tertinggi pada suhu 26±0,5°C. Selain suhu, salinitas juga berperan penting terhadap proses fisiologi larva. Perubahan salinitas dapat mengakibatkan peningkatan kebutuhan energi khususnya dalam proses osmoregulasi sehingga berdampak terhadap pembagian energi. Semakin tinggi jumlah energi yang digunakan untuk menyeimbangkan tekanan osmosis maka semakin sedikit pula sisa energi yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk metamorfosis maupun untuk kebutuhan biologis lainnya. Salinitas tinggi mengakibatkan lebih banyak senyawa beracun yang disebabkan oleh perubahan fisiologis dan stres pada hewan. Pada larva kerang mutiara, suhu 28±0,5ºC dan salinitas 32±1 ppt memberikan persentase kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan tertinggi dengan menunjukkan peningkatan aktifitas enzim protease dan kandungan CaCO3. Suhu dan salinitas merupakan parameter kualitas air yang berperan penting terhadap produksi siput mata bulan, sehingga dari hal tersebut perlu untuk mengevaluasi suhu dan salinitas optimum dalam mendukung pembenihan siput mata
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