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The World at the Time of Messel: Conference Volume
T. Lehmann & S.F.K. Schaal (eds) The World at the Time of Messel - Conference Volume Time at the The World The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 2011 Frankfurt am Main, 15th - 19th November 2011 ISBN 978-3-929907-86-5 Conference Volume SENCKENBERG Gesellschaft für Naturforschung THOMAS LEHMANN & STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL (eds) The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference Frankfurt am Main, 15th – 19th November 2011 Conference Volume Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung IMPRINT The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates 22nd International Senckenberg Conference 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Conference Volume Publisher PROF. DR. DR. H.C. VOLKER MOSBRUGGER Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Editors DR. THOMAS LEHMANN & DR. STEPHAN F.K. SCHAAL Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected]; [email protected] Language editors JOSEPH E.B. HOGAN & DR. KRISTER T. SMITH Layout JULIANE EBERHARDT & ANIKA VOGEL Cover Illustration EVELINE JUNQUEIRA Print Rhein-Main-Geschäftsdrucke, Hofheim-Wallau, Germany Citation LEHMANN, T. & SCHAAL, S.F.K. (eds) (2011). The World at the Time of Messel: Puzzles in Palaeobiology, Palaeoenvironment, and the History of Early Primates. 22nd International Senckenberg Conference. 15th – 19th November 2011, Frankfurt am Main. Conference Volume. Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main. pp. 203. -
Diagnosis and Differentiation of the Order Primates
YEARBOOK OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 30:75-105 (1987) Diagnosis and Differentiation of the Order Primates FREDERICK S. SZALAY, ALFRED L. ROSENBERGER, AND MARIAN DAGOSTO Department of Anthropolog* Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10021 (F.S.S.); University of Illinois, Urbanq Illinois 61801 (A.L. R.1; School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University/ Baltimore, h4D 21218 (M.B.) KEY WORDS Semiorders Paromomyiformes and Euprimates, Suborders Strepsirhini and Haplorhini, Semisuborder Anthropoidea, Cranioskeletal morphology, Adapidae, Omomyidae, Grades vs. monophyletic (paraphyletic or holophyletic) taxa ABSTRACT We contrast our approach to a phylogenetic diagnosis of the order Primates, and its various supraspecific taxa, with definitional proce- dures. The order, which we divide into the semiorders Paromomyiformes and Euprimates, is clearly diagnosable on the basis of well-corroborated informa- tion from the fossil record. Lists of derived features which we hypothesize to have been fixed in the first representative species of the Primates, Eupri- mates, Strepsirhini, Haplorhini, and Anthropoidea, are presented. Our clas- sification of the order includes both holophyletic and paraphyletic groups, depending on the nature of the available evidence. We discuss in detail the problematic evidence of the basicranium in Paleo- gene primates and present new evidence for the resolution of previously controversial interpretations. We renew and expand our emphasis on postcra- nial analysis of fossil and living primates to show the importance of under- standing their evolutionary morphology and subsequent to this their use for understanding taxon phylogeny. We reject the much advocated %ladograms first, phylogeny next, and scenario third” approach which maintains that biologically founded character analysis, i.e., functional-adaptive analysis and paleontology, is irrelevant to genealogy hypotheses. -
SMC 136 Gazin 1958 1 1-112.Pdf
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 136, NUMBER 1 Cftarlesi 3B, anb JKarp "^aux OTalcott 3^es(earcf) Jf unb A REVIEW OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER EOCENE PRIMATES OF NORTH AMERICA (With 14 Plates) By C. LEWIS GAZIN Curator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology United States National Museum Smithsonian Institution (Publication 4340) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JULY 7, 1958 THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. CONTENTS Page Introduction i Acknowledgments 2 History of investigation 4 Geographic and geologic occurrence 14 Environment I7 Revision of certain lower Eocene primates and description of three new upper Wasatchian genera 24 Classification of middle and upper Eocene forms 30 Systematic revision of middle and upper Eocene primates 31 Notharctidae 31 Comparison of the skulls of Notharctus and Smilodectcs z:^ Omomyidae 47 Anaptomorphidae 7Z Apatemyidae 86 Summary of relationships of North American fossil primates 91 Discussion of platyrrhine relationships 98 References 100 Explanation of plates 108 ILLUSTRATIONS Plates (All plates follow page 112) 1. Notharctus and Smilodectes from the Bridger middle Eocene. 2. Notharctus and Smilodectes from the Bridger middle Eocene. 3. Notharctus and Smilodectcs from the Bridger middle Eocene. 4. Notharctus and Hemiacodon from the Bridger middle Eocene. 5. Notharctus and Smilodectcs from the Bridger middle Eocene. 6. Omomys from the middle and lower Eocene. 7. Omomys from the middle and lower Eocene. 8. Hemiacodon from the Bridger middle Eocene. 9. Washakius from the Bridger middle Eocene. 10. Anaptomorphus and Uintanius from the Bridger middle Eocene. 11. Trogolemur, Uintasorex, and Apatcmys from the Bridger middle Eocene. 12. Apatemys from the Bridger middle Eocene. -
Proceedings of the United States National Museum
PALEOCENE PRIMATES OF THE FORT UNION, WITH DIS- CUSSION OF RELATIONSHIPS OF EOCENE PRIMATES. By James Williams Gidley, Assistant Curator, United States National Museum. INTRODUCTION. The first important contribution to the knowledge of Fort Union mammalian life was furnished by Dr. Earl Douglass and was based on a small lot of fragmentary material collected by him in the au- tumn of 1901 from a locality in Sweet Grass County, Montana, about 25 miles northeast of Bigtimber.* The fauna described by Douglass indicated a horizon about equivalent in age to the Torrejon of New Mexico, but the presence of unfamilar forms, suggesting a different faunal phase, was recognized. A few years later (1908 to 1911) this region was much more fully explored for fossil remains by parties of the United States Geological Survey and the United States National Museum. Working under the direction of Dr. T. W. Stanton, Mr. Albert C. Silberling, an ener- getic and successful collector, procured the first specimens in the winter and spring of 1908, continuing operations intermittently through the following years until the early spring of 1911. The present writer visited the field in 1908 and again in 1909, securing a considerable amount of good material. The net result of this com- bined field work is the splendid collection now in the National Museum, consisting of about 1,000 specimens, for the most part upper and lower jaw portions carrying teeth in varying numbers, but including also several characteristic foot and limb bones. Although nearly 10 years have passed since the last of this collec- tion was received, it was not until late in the summer of 1920 that the preparation of the material for study was completed. -
Abstracts Volume
SVPCA 58, Cambridge 2010, Preface Welcome to the 58th Symposium of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy, hosted by the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. We very much hope you find the meeting rewarding, and that you have time to enjoy the other attractions of the university, colleges, and city centre. The meeting logo was designed by Julia Molnar1 and depicts the finback whale (Balaenoptera physalus) on display above the Museum of Zoology. Enjoy your time in Cambridge! 1JuliaMolnar,RoyalVeterinaryCollege,jmolnar-at-rvc.ac.uk 1 SPPC/SVPCA 2010 Programme Overview Tuesday 14th September: SPPC Session 1, Chair: Matt Lowe 15.30-15.50 Christian Baars Infacol – if it’s good enough for babies, it’s good enough for ammonites. 15.50-15.10 Nigel R Larkin The joy of steel: How to master your awkward fossil in the field. 16.10-16.30 Frank Osbaeck Mechanical and chemical preparation methods used on the lower Eocene cementstone concretions from the Mo-Clay of northern Denmark 19.00 onwards EVENING RECEPTION, ZOOLOGY MUSEUM Wednesday 15th September 9.10-9.20 Welcome, notices for the day Session 1, Chair: Paul Barret 9.20-9.40 Eric Buffetaut et al. The Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblage from the Napai Formation of Guangxi, southern China: a comparison with Thai assemblages 9.40-10.00 Michael J Benton et al. Recovery and expansion of marine vertebrate faunas in the Triassic of South China 10.00-10.20 Susan E Evans and Magdalend Borsuk-Bialynicka The Early Triassic faunal assemblage of Czatkowice, Poland 10.20-10.40 Sweetman, Steven C The first records of amphibians, lizards and maniraptoran dinosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Hastings Group of south-east England 10.40-11.10 COFFEE BREAK Session 2, Chair: Jenny Clack 11.10-11.30 Tim Smithson and Stan Wood Eliminating Romer’s Gap: new tetrapods from the basal Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders 2 11.30-11.50 Per E Ahlberg et al. -
The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution Larry L
Cambridge University Press 0521664861 - The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution Larry L. Mai, Marcus Young Owl and M. Patricia Kersting Excerpt More information Abdur Reef A. n dates: see Oakley’s dating series in box below. A antigen: epitope that specifies the A in the ABO AAA: abbreviation for several societies of interest to blood group. It consists of four precursor sugars human evolutionary biologists, including the attached to glycoproteins of the cell membrane, American Anthropological Association and the aka H substance, plus a specific fifth terminal sugar, American Anatomical Association. N-acetylgalactosamine, that is attached by an enzyme. A Oakley’s absolute dating series A.1 date: highest of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, the direct dating of a specimen, e.g. by measuring the radiocarbon activity of a bone itself. A.2 date: one of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, dating derived from direct determination by physical measurement of the age of the sediments containing the fossil specimen. A.3 date: one of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, the correlation of a fossil-bearing horizon with another deposit whose age has been determined directly by A.1 or A.2 methods. See biostratigraphy. A.4 date: lowest of Oakley’s hierarchical levels of absolute dating, estimating an absolute age on the basis of some theoretical consideration, such as matching climatic fluctuations observed in strata with astro- nomically derived curves of effective solar radiation, or matching terrestrial glacial and interglacial episodes with the known marine paleotemperature or oxygen isotope stage. (Cf. -
New Additions to the Late Middle Eocene Mammal Fauna of Creechbarrow, Dorset, Southern England
Cainozoic Research, 9(1), pp. 65-85, June 2012 New additions to the late middle Eocene mammal fauna of Creechbarrow, Dorset, southern England David L. Harrison1, Paul J.J. Bates1, Malcolm Pearch1, Chris Michaels1, 2 & David J. Ward3, 4 1Harrison Institute, Centre for Systematics and Biodiversity Research, Bowerwood House, 15 St. Botolph’s Road, Sevenoaks, Kent, TN13 3AQ, Great Britain 2Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, Great Britain 3Department of Palaeontology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, Great Britain, and 81 Crofton Lane, Orpington, Kent, BR5, 1HB, Great Britain 4Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Received 24 January 2012; revised version accepted 26 March 2012 Nine little known mammalian taxa are here added to the known late middle Eocene fauna of Creechbarrow, Dorset, UK. They include three lipotyphlan insectivores, Eotalpa anglica, Saturninia aff. mamertensis and Cryptotopos hartenbergeri; a rare adapid primate Adapis laharpi; two artiodactyls Dichobune robertiana and Amphirhagatherium louisi. Two species of miacid carnivore are confirmed as occur- ring in the fauna, Paramiacis exilis and Paramiacis teilhardi, and a creodont carnivore Allopterodon minor is also included, as well as new specimens of some other little known taxa. KEY WORDS: Creechbarrow Limestone, late middle Eocene, lipotyphlan insectivore, adapid primate, artiodactyl, miacid carnivore, cre- odont. Introduction List of abbreviations Hooker’s (1986) monographic work on the Bartonian c lower canine mammals of Britain laid the foundation for the study of the CL crown length unique fauna of Creechbarrow, the only known terrestrial CW crown width deposit of Bartonian age in Britain, now commonly re- HH Headon Hill, Isle of Wight, UK ferred to as Robiacian, because of its strong correlation HZM Harrison Zoological Museum (now the Harrison with the French site of Robiac. -
8. Primate Evolution
8. Primate Evolution Jonathan M. G. Perry, Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Stephanie L. Canington, B.A., The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Learning Objectives • Understand the major trends in primate evolution from the origin of primates to the origin of our own species • Learn about primate adaptations and how they characterize major primate groups • Discuss the kinds of evidence that anthropologists use to find out how extinct primates are related to each other and to living primates • Recognize how the changing geography and climate of Earth have influenced where and when primates have thrived or gone extinct The first fifty million years of primate evolution was a series of adaptive radiations leading to the diversification of the earliest lemurs, monkeys, and apes. The primate story begins in the canopy and understory of conifer-dominated forests, with our small, furtive ancestors subsisting at night, beneath the notice of day-active dinosaurs. From the archaic plesiadapiforms (archaic primates) to the earliest groups of true primates (euprimates), the origin of our own order is characterized by the struggle for new food sources and microhabitats in the arboreal setting. Climate change forced major extinctions as the northern continents became increasingly dry, cold, and seasonal and as tropical rainforests gave way to deciduous forests, woodlands, and eventually grasslands. Lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers—once diverse groups containing many species—became rare, except for lemurs in Madagascar where there were no anthropoid competitors and perhaps few predators. Meanwhile, anthropoids (monkeys and apes) emerged in the Old World, then dispersed across parts of the northern hemisphere, Africa, and ultimately South America. -
A Study of the Pulp Cavities and Roots of the Lower Premolars and Molars of Prosimii, Ceboidea and Cercopithecoidea1
A STUDY OF THE PULP CAVITIES AND ROOTS OF THE LOWER PREMOLARS AND MOLARS OF PROSIMII, CEBOIDEA AND CERCOPITHECOIDEA1 MUZAFFER SÜLEYMAN SENYÜREK, Ph. D. Professor of Anthropology and Chairman of the Division of Palaeoanthropology University of Ankara In a study published in 1939, I had stated: "From the fact that the Eocene pri~nates and the living Cercopithecidae appear to be cynodont it is i~zferred that the South American monkeys have acquired taurodontism independently of the higher Anthropoids and fossil Hominids." 2 During a second visit to the United States in 1946-1947, I had X-rayed a number of additional fossil 3 and recent specimens. In view of this additional material I have decided to reconsider the problem of taurodontism in Prosimii, Ceboidea and Cercopithecoidea and the light it throws on the origin of taurodontism in the South American monkeys. THE MATERIAL Tl~e number of the individuals X-rayed is listed in Table t. Altogether I have so far had X-rayed the permanent teeth of 55 specimens belonging to Prosimii, Ceboidea and Cercopithecoidea. The The classificatory terms Prosimii, Ceboidea and Cercopithecoidea are after Simpson, 1950, pp. 61-66. 2 ~enyürek, 1939, p. 122. 3 In 1939 a specimen of Pelycodus frugivorus, one Adapis parisiensis and one Microchoerus (Necrolemur) edwardsi had been X-rayed at Harvard University. During 1946 - 1947 I have had X-rayed the following fossil prima tes at the American Museun~~ of Natural History of New York : Pelycodus trigonodus Notharctus osborni Notharctus crassus Adapis magnus Amphipithecus -
Primates, Adapiformes) Skull from the Uintan (Middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 98:447-470 (1995 New Notharctine (Primates, Adapiformes) Skull From the Uintan (Middle Eocene) of San Diego County, California GREGG F. GUNNELL Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 481 09-1079 KEY WORDS Californian primates, Cranial morphology, Haplorhine-strepsirhine dichotomy ABSTRACT A new genus and species of notharctine primate, Hespero- lemur actius, is described from Uintan (middle Eocene) aged rocks of San Diego County, California. Hesperolemur differs from all previously described adapiforms in having the anterior third of the ectotympanic anulus fused to the internal lateral wall of the auditory bulla. In this feature Hesperolemur superficially resembles extant cheirogaleids. Hesperolemur also differs from previously known adapiforms in lacking bony canals that transmit the inter- nal carotid artery through the tympanic cavity. Hesperolemur, like the later occurring North American cercamoniine Mahgarita steuensi, appears to have lacked a stapedial artery. Evidence from newly discovered skulls ofNotharctus and Smilodectes, along with Hesperolemur, Mahgarita, and Adapis, indicates that the tympanic arterial circulatory pattern of these adapiforms is charac- terized by stapedial arteries that are smaller than promontory arteries, a feature shared with extant tarsiers and anthropoids and one of the character- istics often used to support the existence of a haplorhine-strepsirhine dichot- omy among extant primates. The existence of such a dichotomy among Eocene primates is not supported by any compelling evidence. Hesperolemur is the latest occurring notharctine primate known from North America and is the only notharctine represented among a relatively diverse primate fauna from southern California. The coastal lowlands of southern California presumably served as a refuge area for primates during the middle and later Eocene as climates deteriorated in the continental interior. -
The Genus Cantius and the Phylogenetic Importance of North American Primates Dakota R
The Genus Cantius and the Phylogenetic Importance of North American Primates Dakota R. Pavell1, James E. Loudon1, Robert L. Anemone2 1Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University 2Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro Introduction Results Discussion During the Eocene Epoch (54 to 33 million years ago), the world experienced a Avizo-generated 3D images of Cantius teeth revealed the 1. Project Status: period of global warming with temperatures ranging from 9 to 23 degrees following distinctive traits: • This project began in July of 2020. Celsius higher than today. The rise in average temperatures created an • Currently ongoing environment suitable for nonhuman primates to inhabit North America. One of • Well developed, mesially positioned paraconids on lower 2. Currently: These data further support the hypothesis that the most common groups of primates during the Eocene Epoch were the molars. Cantius was the first Notharctine primate to evolve. After Notharctine primates. The Notharctine primates had five primary genera: • Conical shaped molars Cantius, there appear to be two major lineage splits within Cantius, Pelycodus, Copelemur, Smilodectes, and Notharctus. • Comparatively short and wide upper molars the Notharctine primates: • Unfused mandibular symphysis • Split 1: Pelycodus and Copelemur (Wasatchian North Purpose American Land Mammal Age – Early Eocene). This project focuses on the dental morphology of Cantius in order to i.) better • Split 2: Smilodectes and Notharctus (Bridgerian North understand its evolutionary relationships to the other Notharctine primates and American Land Mammal Age – Middle/Late Eocene). ii.) its relationship to extant primates. Cantius exhibits a distinct anterior dental The dental morphology of Cantius morphology that can be observed in extinct and extant strepsirrhine primates, suggests this genus is ancestral including modern-day Malagasy lemurs. -
Evolutionary History of Lorisiform Primates
Evolution: Reviewed Article Folia Primatol 1998;69(suppl 1):250–285 oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo Evolutionary History of Lorisiform Primates D. Tab Rasmussen, Kimberley A. Nekaris Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., USA Key Words Lorisidae · Strepsirhini · Plesiopithecus · Mioeuoticus · Progalago · Galago · Vertebrate paleontology · Phylogeny · Primate adaptation Abstract We integrate information from the fossil record, morphology, behavior and mo- lecular studies to provide a current overview of lorisoid evolution. Several Eocene prosimians of the northern continents, including both omomyids and adapoids, have been suggested as possible lorisoid ancestors, but these cannot be substantiated as true strepsirhines. A small-bodied primate, Anchomomys, of the middle Eocene of Europe may be the best candidate among putative adapoids for status as a true strepsirhine. Recent finds of Eocene primates in Africa have revealed new prosimian taxa that are also viable contenders for strepsirhine status. Plesiopithecus teras is a Nycticebus- sized, nocturnal prosimian from the late Eocene, Fayum, Egypt, that shares cranial specializations with lorisoids, but it also retains primitive features (e.g. four premo- lars) and has unique specializations of the anterior teeth excluding it from direct lorisi- form ancestry. Another unnamed Fayum primate resembles modern cheirogaleids in dental structure and body size. Two genera from Oman, Omanodon and Shizarodon, also reveal a mix of similarities to both cheirogaleids and anchomomyin adapoids. Resolving the phylogenetic position of these Africa primates of the early Tertiary will surely require more and better fossils. By the early to middle Miocene, lorisoids were well established in East Africa, and the debate about whether these represent lorisines or galagines is reviewed.