Awash River Basin Flood and Drought Management Strategic Plan

June 2017

i List of Abbreviation

AWBA Awash Basin Authority BHC The Basin High Council DAP Detail Action Plan DEM Digital Elevation Model EBY Ethiopian Budget Year ELWRC Ethiopia Land and Water Resource Center EPCO Electricity Power Corporation EWPC Early Warning Protection Commission FDPPC Federal Disaster Protection and Preparedness Commission GDP Growth Development Program GTP Growth and Transformation Plan Ha Hectare IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resource MoEFCC Ministry of Environmental, Forest and climate change MoH Ministry of Health MoI Ministry of Industry MoLSFD Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy MoWIE Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy NMA National Meteorology Agency RAB Regional Agricultural bureaus RWB Regional Water Bureau UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

i Table of Contents Executive Summary...... vi

List of Figures...... v

List of Tables ...... iv

List of Abbreviation...... i

1. Background...... 1

1.1. Introduction ...... 1

1.2. Vision ...... 3

1.3. Goal ...... 3

1.4. Objective ...... 3

1.5. Scope of the plan...... 3

2. Situation Analysis...... 4

2.1. Legal Framework ...... 4

2.2. Institutional Framework ...... 5

2.3. Significant Pressures ...... 6

2.3.1. Social Pressures ...... 7

2.2.2. Economic Pressures...... 9

2.2.3. Environmental Pressures ...... 9

3. Scenario Analysis ...... 12

3.1. Current scenario ...... 12

3.2. Future Scenario ...... 18

4. Goals, objectives and measures ...... 21

5. Measure – Target – Evaluation Criteria ...... 22

6. Detail Action Plan ...... 23

7. Financial Plan Summary...... 24

ii 7.1. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2010 – 2012)...... 24

7.2. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2013 – 2017)...... 25

7.3. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2010 – 2017)...... 26

7.4. Cost summary per planning area...... 27

8. Risk management ...... 28

8.1. Planning assumption ...... 28

8.2. Expected challenges ...... 28

8.3. Possible solution...... 28

9. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms...... 29

iii List of Tables

Table 1. Legal framework context matrix for flood and drought management...... 5 Table 2 Flood hazard level and coverage in Awash River Basin (Source: Getahun and Gebre, 2015) ...... 14 Table 3 Description of flood and drought at planning areas...... 17 Table 4 Analysis of Measure – Target – Evaluation Criteria ...... 23 Table 5.Basin plan monitoring framework ...... 30 Table 6. River basin plan monitoring methods...... 31

iv List of Figures

Figure 1. Map of Awash River Basin (AwBA 2017 E.C) ...... 1 Figure 2 Population density map of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2015)...... 8 Figure 3 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2015) ...... 10 Figure 4 Geomorphology of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2013) ...... 11 Figure 5. Flood vulnerability map of Awash River Basin ...... 13 Figure 6 Geo-susceptibility map of Awash River...... 14 Figure 7. Extreme and mild drought occurrence overview of Awash River Basin (Shishay, 2016) ...... 15 Figure 8. Long term annual rainfall trends of Addis Ababa, Akaki, Debresina and Debrezeit (AwBA,2013)...... 18 Figure 9. Long term annual temperature trends of Upper, Middle, North and East of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2013) ...... 20 Figure 10. Objective tree - logical connection among goals, objectives and measures...... 22

v Executive Summary

Flood & drought are the most common forms of natural disaster that disrupt human activities, cause loss of human lives & destroy properties. There are just two types of flood in general, namely, the floods that caused by extreme excess of precipitation on the catchment that contributed to the flood in the main and tributaries of the river, and floods owing to unexpected release of an excess amount of water from storage or dam. The flood in Awash River basin is due to the excess precipitation that occurred in the highland of the basin, and finally generates high flood on the downstream part of the basin. The basin originates from the highlands at above 3000masl receiving 2000mm of rainfall. The land use of the basin is characterized by extensive land use for agriculture, combined with urbanization and industrialization, is aggravating the generation of runoff. The basin is currently inhabited by 18 million people (growing at 2.9%) and supports 34 million livestock population putting immense pressure on the natural resource base. These factors contribute to severe land degradation, erosion, flooding and sedimentation. For example, the flood episode at Dire Dawa in 2006 that caused loss of lives and properties, and the frequent flood hazards at Amibara, Gewane, Logiya and Asaita are some of flood events in the basin.

Drought, as a recurrent phenomenon in the Awash Basin, had the most devastating effects in 1974 and 1984 that caused loss of human and livestock population. Droughts are caused due to the absence of rain, & thus grow & retreat in severity at rates measured by normal precipitation in an area. In general, there are four categories of drought, namely: meteorological, agricultural, hydrological & social-economic drought. Drought in Awash River basin is basically a meteorological drought, lack of enough rainfall, followed by hydrologic drought, and manifested as loss of stream flows and storage. In this case climate has the major influence on the occurrence of drought and flood in the basin. This is also reflected in the rise of temperature causing high evapotranspiration and extreme events of erratic and high rainfall.

The vision of flood and drought management strategic plan is to realize the capacity to withstand the adverse impact of drought and flood hazards that occurs at Awash basin by 2017. To achieve the vision of the flood and drought management strategic plan, it has its own general and specific objectives. The general objective of the strategic plan is to reduce disaster risks and potential damages caused by drought and flood through comprehensive and coordinated interventions in the

vi Awash basin. And the specific objectives are: to identify the strategic issues in flood and drought management based on the current and future situation analysis of Awash River Basin; to present the core targets, actions and actors in the implementation of flood and drought mitigation measures; and to design implementation mechanisms for the flood and drought management plan.

The strategic plan of the basin is multi-partite and iterative implementations stretched over 8 years until 2017 Ethiopian Budget Year (EBY. The plan presents the details of actions and actors for the years 2010–2017 EBY inclusive. The detail activities already planned from 2010 and will continue till to 2017, to meet the targeted goals and objectives through the proposed measures and alternatives. In this plan the years 2008 – 2012 EBY will have detail of activities and sub-activities, and the next years 2013 – 2017 will be apparently indicated in bulk.

The basin exists in wide range of resource exploitations and natural phenomena that aggravate the existing and future situations of the basin. The current scenario describes existing state of the basin for risks and hazards of flood and drought while, the future aspects pronounce the effects of the current pressures on environment, social and economic settings of the basin, most importantly climate change and anthropogenic factors. Yet, there are visible burdens that emanate from social, economic and environmental setups of the basin as a whole. The legal and institutional frameworks, and significance (i.e., social, economic and environmental) pressures of the flood and draught management aspect of the basin were analyzed using the current and future situations of the basin. The legal framework consists of the constitution, policy, proclamation, regulation, and conventions such as Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 1994; Environment policy of Ethiopia; Ethiopia Water Sector Policy and Strategy, 2001; Ethiopian Water Resources' Management Proclamation No. 197/2000; Awash Basin High Council and Authority Establishment Council of Ministers Regulation No. 156/2008; United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1994) were respectively considered.

The Institutional framework involves national and international institutions that work in flood and drought management that were ordered based on their contribution at different stages of

vii risk and hazard preparedness, mitigation and response. With the increase in population, economic development activities, and the change in geomorphology of the river basin for instance, anthropogenic, urbanization, industrialization, large scale irrigation expansions and the natural topography have significance pressure on the natural environment within Awash River Basin. This has been a tendency to occupy the floodplains, often resulting in serious flood damages and drought hazard which in turn for the loss of physical properties and lives over the years.

The current scenario indicates that flood and drought are the recurrent common phenomena of Awash Basin, with devastating effect on environmental, social and economic loss. The most noticeable factors that cause these hydrologic risks are; deforestation, soil degradation, unmanageable urbanization and climate change etc. Frequently, the flood hazard is occurs in the basin during summer season specifically June-September, following heavy rains in the eastern highland and escarpment areas of north Shewa, Wollo, Western Hararge and Upstream of Koka Reservoir, draining to Eastwards that increase the water level of the Awash River in a short period of time. Most of the time the high and very high flood risks are in the downstream part of the basin, low-lying flat areas of the Awash River basin that are Amibara, Gewane and Logiya Weredas. The coverage of summary flood hazard levels and coverage in Awash depicts nearly 32% (38,000 km2) of the basin area is highly to very highly hazard zone, while only about 15 % of the basin area is low hazard zone, leaving the rest in the moderate region.

The current situation indicates that drought occurs every two years in the area (Desalegn et al, 2006). Further, Desalegn et al, (2010) after analysis of drought in Awash River Basin, he indicates that droughts occur most frequently around two sites in the Middle Awash Basin (Hurso and Miesso areas), followed by Metehara, Nazareth and Holeta areas in the Upper Awash and Dubti, Mille and Cheffa areas in the Lower Basin. However, on 3- and 6-month time scales, areas most frequently hit by droughts of mild and above mild categories are those located in the Middle and Lower Awash Basin. The same research shows that hydrologic drought events of all severity level are observed in lower part of the basin, at Adaitu and Dubti stations. Shishay, (2016) tried to map drought occurrence of Awash River Basin for September to overview spatial extents of severe and mild droughts. In view of that, extreme drought occurs in the lower of Koka dam and lower part of the basin especially to the north Wollo area. Mild drought occurs

viii in higher percentage in almost all over the basin except in some basins of the upper and lower Awash (upstream Koka and upper most catchment of Awash Terminal). These and other observed facts, generally, reveal the basin faces frequent drought hazards, with severity level growing to the direction of the Awash River flow.

The future scenarios of flood and drought analysis were analyzed from the long term meteorological trend analysis of temperature and precipitation data of the basin. These long term temperature and precipitation trends indicate the following major effects: precipitation decreases - a modest decrease in precipitation throughout the basin; temperature increase- a modest increase in temperature throughout the basin; Kiremt decrease- a five per cent decrease in rainfall during the rainy season; spatial distribution - a modest increase in precipitation in the upper river basin, accompanied by a decrease in precipitation in the lower basin to the east; and extended drought - an extended version of the ongoing 2015-2016 drought; extreme climatic events would be expected in the basin: and the consequence s of climate variability and change could result in incidence of pests and diseases.

In addition, the situation analysis of flood and drought shows that if the current situation continued without further intervention; the impacts worsen the condition of the environment, social and economic development sectors of the basin. Therefore, in order to reduce the impact of food and drought risk, this strategic plan was developed which comprises of two goals, five objectives, and the detail action plan of the six planning areas of Awash River Basin. The detail action plan contains measures, activities, sub activities, targets, year of execution; action owners and budget allo- cated for each activity (see Table 1). The detail action plan for all planning areas comprises about 14 major activities and 27 sub activities that team developed to achieve the goal and objectives indicated below. These activities comprise study, implementation of flood controlling structures and drought resilience mechanisms, capacity building, and activities enabling to strengthen networking among stakeholders in the basin. The estimated total budget required implementing the strategic plan of flood and drought management for the coming eight years is 69.9 Billion ETB. In addition, the estimated cost for contingency and inflation considering 5% and 7% respectively are 3.5 Billion ETB and 28.3 Billion ETB.

ix 1. Background

1.1. Introduction

Awash River Basin is the most consumed and advantageously useable river basin in Ethiopia. It covers a total of 114,123 km2 area. The river travels a distance of 1,280km. The basin contains about 21 major tributaries such as Akaki, Mojo, Keleta, Kesem, Kebena, Borkena, Logia etc., which can be grouped to from six planning units or areas for the purpose this strategic plan. It comprises five regional states and two city administrations that incudes Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Map of Awash River Basin (AwBA 2017 E.C)

Awash Basin is a home for the country’s development sector: irrigated agriculture (25% national agricultural production) and industrial development (36% national manufacturing value and 65%

Page 1 of 71 of all industries in the country). In addition, expansion of urbanization has been taking place in the basin. In connection with this, the basin has experienced tremendous challenges of recurring drought and flood hazards at extensive scale. The basin originates from the highlands at above 3000masl receiving 2000mm of annual rainfall. The land use of the basin is characterized by extensive land use for agriculture, combined with urbanization and industrialization, which aggravating the generation of runoff. According to estimate made in 2016 the basin is inhabited by 18.6 million people (on average growing at 2.9%) and supports 34 million livestock population putting immense pressure on the natural resource base. These factors contribute to severe land degradation, erosion, flooding and sedimentation. For example, the flood episode at Dire Dawa in 2006 caused loss of lives and properties. The frequent flood hazards at Amibara, Gewane, Logiya and Asaita are also additional examples.

Drought, as a recurrent phenomenon in the Awash Basin, had the most devastating effects in 1974 and 1984 that caused loss of human and livestock population. The drought that occurred in 2015- 16 due to El Nino in some parts of Ethiopia is a striking one. Drought in Awash River basin is basically a meteorological drought, lack of enough rainfall, followed by hydrologic drought, and manifested as loss of stream flows and storage. In this case climate has the major influence on the occurrence of flood and drought in the basin. This is also reflected in the rise of temperature causing high evapotranspiration and extreme events of erratic and high rainfall.

Flood and drought management is a vital intervention for sustainable water resource development to impact on social, environmental and economic benefits. It generally improves the environmental safety and health, production and productivity, social stability and wealth in the basin. Particularly, it realizes stable water administration process: protection, development and management, and proves equitable, rational and sustainable use of water resources for the inhabitants of the basin.

Therefore, this Awash River Basin Flood and Drought Management Strategic Plan is prepared to guide the basin wide implementation of integrated water resource management (IWRM). The plan contains vision and goals stretching to the details of measures, major activities and sub activities with their corresponding actors and budget estimates.

Page 2 of 71 1.2. Vision

The vision endowed with this strategic river basin plan can be verbalized as: To realize the capacity to withstand the adverse impact of drought and flood hazards that occurs at Awash River Basin by 2017.

1.3. Goal

The prime aim of flood and drought management in this context is to control hazardous flood waters and use it for the mitigating hazards of drought in the Awash River Basin. With this intent the main goals of this theme are: Goal 1. Manage drought disaster risk Goal 2. Manage flood disaster risks

1.4. Objective

The key objectives to meet the destined goals in basin planning for flood and drought issues in Awash River Basin can be written as below: 1. To reduce drought risks by 15% at the end of 2017; 2. To improve coordination and cooperation for drought risk; 3. To reduce flood risks by 50% at the end of 2017; 4. To improve coordination and cooperation for flood management; and 5. To improve flood water utilization and sustain ecosystem.

1.5. Scope of the plan

The plan tries to address the whole basin, with six planning area specifically Awash Upstream koka, Awash Awash, Awash Halidebi, Awash Adaitu, Awash Terminal and Eastern catchment with im- mediate consideration of identified flood and drought hot spots in the basin. The planning areas are constructed by grouping the 21 sub-basins considering basin hydrology and measurement points, with the fact that one or two regions can reasonably be counted in a planning area. The strategic plan of the basin is multi-partite and iterative implementations stretched over 8 years until 2017 Ethiopian Budget Year (EBY). The plan presents the details of actions and actors for the years 2010–2017 EBY inclusive. The detail activities already planned from 2010 and will continue till to 2017, to meet the targeted goals and objectives through the proposed measures and alternatives. In

Page 3 of 71 this plan the first phase from 2010 – 201 EBY will have detail distributed activities, and the next phase 2013 – 2017 EBY will have indicative plan of activities.

2. Situation Analysis

Awash River Basin exists in wide range of resource exploitations and natural phenomena that exacerbate the existing and future situations of the basin. Yet, there are visible burdens that emanate from social, economic and environmental setups of the basin as a whole. The legal and institutional frameworks as guiding implements are also operational under those prevailing circumstances. This section discusses about the existing overall legal and institutional arrangements that link the phases of flood and drought risk management, and superficially defines significant pressures of Awash River Basin as: social, economic and environmental to sub-basin level.

2.1. Legal Framework

This sub-section describes national legal instruments by which environmental hazards can be managed that can also apply to the Awash River Basin. Table 1 shows the core frameworks and their annotations including the national and international laws on which flood and drought risks and hazards are planned, executed and managed. The national legal documents range from the supreme federal constitution to the Awash Basin High Council (BHC) and Authority Establishment Regulation. Awash Basin Author- ity has mandate to manage the river hence, the authority has been doing river training works to control floods and this indirectly contribute to mitigate drought hazards. As per the international conventions on climate change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992), anthropogenic circumstances are the sole driver of floods and droughts. These legal backgrounds indicate that flood and drought management in Awash River Basin is an urgent priority. This provides a pertinent background to consider issues of ensuring environmental health, public safety, monitoring of projects, impacts of climate change in the holistic process of IWRM, and implementation for flood and drought management.

Page 4 of 71 Table 1. Legal framework context matrix for flood and drought management

Legal frame- Descriptions Explanations works  Right to improve living standards and sustainable devel- Constitution of the opment; Federal Democratic  Right to a clean and healthy environment; Constitution Republic of Ethiopia,  Design and implementation of programs and projects of 1994. development shall not damage or destroy the environment (as environmental objective)  Ensure the control of environmental health hazards  Endorse the protection of the interface between water Environment policy Policy bodies and land (e.g. river banks) of Ethiopia  Promote, to the extent possible, viable measures to artifi- cially recharge ground and surface water resources  Establish preparedness and contingency plans for disasters and emergencies Ethiopia Water Sec-  Recognize and adopt how to manage disasters that asso- Policy tor Policy and Strat- ciate with water; egy, 2001  Promote coordinated planning to combat drought and growing desertification;  Provision of hydraulic structures for the prevention of damages caused by ponded water on Dam structure itself, Ethiopian Water Re- persons, property and crops; sources' Management  Directing water use restrictions in a situation of water Proclamation Proclamation No. shortage emergency; 197/2000  Prevent or reduce damages, and adverse impacts or acci- dents that may occur as a result of floods and other related factors. Awash Basin High  Undertake administration of river training activity; Council and Author-  Execute necessary activities that need for the implemen- ity Establishment Regulation tation of IWRM in the basin; Council of Ministers  Ensure projects, activities and interactions that consistent Regulation No. with IWRM process; 156/2008. United Nations  Plan for protection and rehabilitation of areas, particu- Framework Conven- larly in Africa, affected by drought and desertification, as Conventions tion for Climate well as floods; Change (UNFCCC,  Employ appropriate methods to minimize adverse effects 1994) of climate change on public health and environment; 2.2. Institutional Framework

Institutional framework in this context means the definition of institutions involved in flood and drought management scenarios in line with their contribution at stages of disaster preparedness, mitigation and response. Institutions at nation and basin level can be categorized according to the

Page 5 of 71 contributions they share in planning, executing and coping up with flood and drought risks and hazards management in Awash River Basin.

Generally, institutions in the basin related to flood and drought management can be written off broadly as: The Basin High Council (BHC), Federal Governments (ministries, authorities and Agencies), Regional Governments (Administrative, Bureaus), Local Institutions (cooperatives and unions), International Institutions and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Knowledge Insti- tutions (universities and research centers), Broadcasting Media (radio, television and web), and Companies, enterprises and corporations. Most importantly, the community as a major entity cru- cially partakes in flood and drought risk management. The roles of these categories of institutions can be roughly set to be: (i) Before occurrence; Preparedness and warning; (ii) During occurrence - Mitigation or Prevention; and (iii) After occurrence – Response.

These stakeholders participate at distinct stages of flood and drought risks and hazards. Simple analysis of facts reveals that few of stakeholders are involving in efforts made for early warning and preparedness aspects of flood and drought management, which makes risk control energies insufficient. On contrary, much of them are engaged in actual prevention and mitigation of flood and drought disasters. Even after occurrence of flood and drought disaster measures applied are not uniquely treated and sustaining, and that at times disaster happens recurrently at a place.

By and large, it is technically desirable to build more the Before occurrence – preparedness and early warning, and subsequently but equally, the During occurrence – prevention and After occurrence – response of flood and drought management.

2.3. Significant Pressures

Floods are recurrent phenomena in Ethiopia from time immemorial/ancient. Floods of varying magni- tude, affect some or the other parts of the country, almost every year due to different climates and rainfall patterns. With the increase in population and developmental activities in the region, such as, Anthropogenic, Urbanization, Industrialization, and Large Scale Irrigation Expansions have changed the natural environment within Awash River Basin. This has been a tendency to occupy the floodplains, often resulting in serious flood damages and loss of lives over the years. Of late, some

Page 6 of 71 areas, which were not traditionally prone to floods, also experienced severe inundation. Floods cause severe bank erosion if the river banks are not strong enough to resist heavy floods and not protected with appropriate bank protection works.

Many floods are caused by heavy rains, usually during summer season of the year. This is especially common in highland, escarpment and mountainous areas of the Awash River Basin. Rivers, streams, creeks, ditches, and storm sewers can carry so much water. Even in natural settings, rivers, streams, creeks and overflow every year when rains overload the channel. Flooding can be further aggravated when debris or urban poor solid waste management that blocks the drainage system of the water way.

Flooding urban settlements, especially in Addis Ababa, Adama, Kemisse, Kombolcha and Dire Dawa, annually causes damages to property along streams coming down from the nearby hills. In most cases, such damages occur on illegal settlement at the banks of the streams. Urban settlement in buffer zoning and protection of river banks from obstructive structures to allow flood passage can curtail unnecessary damages of property due to floods. Our pattern of streets/city/ and buildings has interrupted some of the natural drainage ways and reduced the width of some channels. As a result, more water runs off more quickly, and the drainage system becomes overloaded more frequently. The combination of heavy precipitation and base flow/Lake Baseka gets filled and overloaded drainage system can result in four types of flooding: overbank flooding, irrigation ditch/ca- nal flooding, base flow which increases the lake level and street flooding. Each type of flooding is associated with somewhat different hazards.

2.3.1. Social Pressures

According to the population forecast of 2016, the total population of Ethiopia was estimated to be 92,206,005, of which 20.2 % (18.6 Millions) of the total population is predicted to be within the boundary of Awash River Basin. Out of the total population in Awash 39 % (7 Millions) and 61% (11 Millions) reside in rural and urban areas of the basin, respectively (AwBA, 2013).

The annual population growth in the basin is estimated to be in the order of 2.9%, which is the value of a fast population expanding country. AwBA database reports depict that the average population growth for the last decade, from 1999 – 2008 E.C inclusive, is about 25.3% (13.9 – 18.6

Page 7 of 71 Million). This apparently indicates that there exists intensive population pressure on the water resources and higher potential of degradations.

Population concentration and pressures on natural resources is apparent in the upper part as well as closing to the major cities in the basin as can be depicted in figure 3.

Figure 2 Population density map of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2015)

According to the figure much of the peripheral highlands of the basin, western and south eastern highlands of the basin, at altitude of above 1500masl, resided with high densities of population, exceeding 500 persons per square of kilometers, for instance, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa. The runoff producing highlands of the basin are still liable to resource degradations, and consequently flooding or otherwise moisture stress due to over exploitation of resources.

Moreover, absence of enough and modern sewerage line accessibility in line with the increased population density and rapid expansion of urbanization is a factor for improper solid wastes realiz- ing that blocks the nearby water conveyance systems from different sources and city settlement in

Page 8 of 71 the Buffer Zones and protection of river banks from obstructive structures to allow flood passage can curtail unnecessary damages of property due to floods. Our pattern of streets/cities/ and buildings has interrupted some of the natural drainage ways and reduced the width of some channels.

2.2.2. Economic Pressures

The main driving factors that exacerbate the extent and intensity of the economic pressures in Awash River Basin are expansion of agricultural development, change from pastoralist to tradi- tional farming system of the people or from pastoral way of life to a more settled lifestyle based on the cultivation of crops/thereby cutting flood protection dykes and river embankment to conveys water to their farms, industrialization and fragmented approaches to water resources management system.

In addition, mechanized state farms are widely expanding in this basin compared to the other basins in the country. Wonji-Shoa, Metahara, Kessem and Tendaho Sugar Factory and Farm as well as Middle Awash Agricultural Development are among the major ones. As a result, the extent and intensity of socio-economic development activities in the basin is very wide and immense, and impose significant pressures on natural resources. Due to the stated pressures above, Land degradation, Erosion and sedimentation problem has been occurred. Excess/over irrigation water from these farms has been causing rising of the ground water level denying free passage of the subterranean flow under the lake. Thus, water from this subterranean flow rises and enters the lake raising its level/Enlargement of Lake Beseka.

2.2.3. Environmental Pressures

The most noticeable environmental pressures pertaining to the Awash River Basin’s physiography, climate and agro ecology are topography, geomorphology, temperature and evapotranspiration, inva- sion of Prosopis and expansion of Lake Beseka. Each of these factors in one way or another has significant influence on water resources availability, as flood and drought extremes.

The topography of the basin can be characterized as high elevation of escarpments reaching up to 3,700masl at Ankober in the basin’s western highlands, and low-lying plains that sink to 230masl at

Page 9 of 71 and around Lake Abey. The escarpments at the West and North West of the basin produce runoff that lead the water to flow North East wards.

Abbey Ankober

Figure 3 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2015)

The DEM of the basin shows (Figure 4) the most highlands of the basin comprise up to more than 3,000masl at the West. When analyzed with the population distribution map of the basin, areas all above 1,500masl are currently habitations of most socio-economic activities in the basin. The socio- economic development in these areas abnormal modification of the land use system, beyond the land resource carrying capacity, thereby increasing risk to occurrence of flood and drought.

Similarly, geomorphology of the basin affects the size, continuity and density of river streams in the basin that ultimately cause floods. Figure 5 shows the relief conditions of the basin: locations of plains, hills, plateaus, undulations and rolling, depositions, etc.

Page 10 of 71 Figure 4 Geomorphology of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2013)

According to the figure, the uplands of the basin are filled with high plateaus and mountainous relief hills with much hill plans in between. Again, these peripheral sections of the basin contain series of moderate to high relief hills and severely dissected side slopes and plateaus that direct concentrate and enlarge the highland floods. The central and North Eastern part of the basin are composed of moderate to low relief hills with patches of sand and silt deposit zones. These areas are most flooded parts of the basin, due to accumulation of stream flows and dynamic river morphology.

Besides, industrial and agricultural expansion in Awash River Basin is high and dynamic for socio economic development. For that reason, more emphasis is given to economic growth than dealing with environmental issues. Though environmental institutions are established and laws are enacted

Page 11 of 71 in the basin which seems a commitment from the government, most relevant institutions which deal with environmental issues lack the necessary power to fulfill their duties. Since the existing laws do not have enforcement mechanisms, they are not dynamic; they are feeble and easily circum- vented by economically oriented legislations. As a result, it is widely noted that agricultural and industrial development in the basin together with population growth is causing increased environmental pressure.

3. Scenario Analysis

The current and future situations of the basin are described in this section as scenario analysis. The current scenario describes existing state of the basin for risks and hazards of flood and drought. The future aspects pronounce the effects of the current pressures on environment, social and economic settings of the basin, most importantly climate change and anthropogenic factors.

3.1. Current scenario

Recurrent Flood and drought are common phenomena of Awash River Basin, with devastating effect on environmental, social and economic loss. The most noticeable factors that cause these hydrologic risks are; deforestation, soil degradation, unmanageable urbanization and climate change etc. Fre- quently, the flood hazard occurs in the basin during summer season specifically June-September, following heavy rains in the eastern highland and escarpment areas of north Shewa, Wollo, Western Hararge and Upstream of Koka Reservoir, draining to Eastwards that increase the water level of the Awash River in a short period of time.

Figure 5 below shows flood vulnerability in the basin mostly along the main river course. Becho Plain, Wonji area, Metehara, Amibara, Gewane, Logiya and Asaita are the most prominently flood prone areas of the basin. Flood susceptibility still exists in some areas of the western highlands, Shoarobit, Kemise, Kombolcha, and Ambasel; and in the eastern catchment such as Dire dawa.

Page 12 of 71 Figure 5. Flood vulnerability map of Awash River Basin

One of the reasons for floods in Awash River Basin is geo-morphology of the basin, which is dynamic due to the nature of the river course. The geo-susceptibility of the river coincides with the flood vulnerable areas like Amibara, Gewane, Logia and Asaita indicating that floods along the river course occur due to changing river cross-sections, which is directly linked with geology, morphology and sediment characteristics of the river (Figure 6).

Page 13 of 71 Figure 6 Geo-susceptibility map of Awash River

Summary of flood hazard levels and coverage in Awash (Table 3) indicates nearly 32% (38,000 km2) of the basin area is in highly to very highly hazard zone, while only about 15 % of the basin area is low hazard zone, leaving the rest in the moderate region.

Table 2 Flood hazard level and coverage in Awash River Basin (Source: Getahun and Gebre, 2015)

2 Flood Hazard Level Area (km ) Percentage (%) Very high 2,103 1.8 High 35,406 30.9 Moderate 59,272 51.7 Low 16,289 14.2 Very low 1,492 1.3

Page 14 of 71 Drought is one of the recurring natural hazards in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. According to a survey conducted in the Upper Awash Basin, reported that drought occurs every two years in the area (Desalegn et al, 2006). Again, drought analysis in Awash River Basin by Desalegn et al, (2010) indicate that considering extreme drought category on 12-month time scale, areas where droughts occur most frequently are found to be around two sites in the Middle Awash Basin (Hurso and Miesso areas), followed by Metehara, Nazareth and Holeta areas in the Upper Awash and Dubti, Mille and Cheffa areas in the Lower Basin. However, on 3- and 6-month time scales, areas most frequently hit by droughts of mild and above mild categories are those located in the Middle and Lower Awash Basin. The same research shows that hydrologic drought events of all severity level are observed in lower part of the basin, at Adaitu and Dubti stations.

Shishay, (2016) tried to map drought occurrence of Awash River Basin for September (Figure 7) to overview spatial extents of severe and mild droughts. In view of that, extreme drought occurs in the lower of Koka dam and lower part of the basin especially to the north Wollo area. Mild drought occurs in higher percentage in almost all over the basin except in some basins of the upper and lower Awash (upstream Koka and upper most catchment of Awash Terminal)

Figure 7. Extreme and mild drought occurrence overview of Awash River Basin (Shishay, 2016)

Page 15 of 71 These and other observed facts, generally, reveal the basin faces frequent drought hazards, with severity level growing to the direction of the Awash River flow. Hydrologic and meteorological droughts are the most common drought types in the basin. As a summary for looking in to the facts and on the basis of the sub-basin’s key features in social, economic and environments perspectives, the sub-basin level flood and drought characteristics of Awash River Basin is discussed in the following table.

Page 16 of 71 Table 3 Description of flood and drought at planning areas

Planning ar- Key planning area features Flood characteristics Drought characteristics Probable mitigation measures eas Urbanization and industrialization Runoff from the highlands with intensive Awash Implement appropriate catchment with high population concentra- rainfall, aggravated by the modifications Scarcity of appropriate and ustream management (water conservation tions; Rolling topography; Rela- of land use; Lack of proper urban drainage enough storage facilities _Koka and water harvesting) tively high rainfall and spatial planning; Urban flooding High evapotranspiration; Runoff from agricultural lands intensified Catchment conservation; develop Expansion of mechanized agricul- High agricultural water de- by inadequate surface drainage; Inunda- surface drainage; River training; Awash_Awash ture, Extensive farming practice, mand; Liability to effects of tions from Beseka Lake, Urban flooding Water harvesting; Improve water Expansion of lake Beseka climate variability; Less (Adama, Welenchiti) use efficiency and storage storage facilities High evapotranspiration, River training; Provide large stor- Developed mechanized irrigation High sediment load; Frequent flash High agricultural water de- age facility; Improve soil and water Awash Hal- agriculture, Developing agro-pas- floods; Dynamic river morphology and mand, Less and erratic rain- conservation practice; Catchment idebi toralism, Degradation of West meandering; River channel blockage with fall; Lack of storage facili- water harvesting; Improve early Hararge Highlands, sediment and debris ties warning system Inappropriate highland agricul- High rainfall at highlands with lack of ad- ture; Big tributaries from western Lack of in situ water har- Improve water harvesting and stor- equate natural drainage; Inundations at Awash_Adaitu highlands (Borkena, Telalak, vesting and storages; Erratic age; Catchment conservation; River highland plateau and at depression areas; Negeso); High concentration of rainfall; training and provide spillways lack of protections pastoralists; New irrigation development; High Flash floods from highlands with inten- High evapotranspiration; Highland catchment conservation; Awash_Termi- concentration of pastoral commu- sive rainfall; Dynamic river morphology Less and erratic rainfall; River training; Pastureland devel- nal nity; High rainfall receiving high- and meandering; River channel blockage Less water storage facilities opment; Develop storage facilities; lands by sediment and debris at lowlands at farms and pasture lands Improve early warning system Likely of high ground water po- East- tential, No direct stream joining Flash floods from Hararge highlands; High evapotranspiration; Improve water storage; Conserve ern_Catch- Awash, High pastoralist commu- Lack of proper natural drainage system Lack of proper artificial wa- the highland catchments; Improve ment nity concentration; Mostly low- (land locked and low-lying areas ); ter storage facilities; early warning system; land area

Page 17 of 71 3.2. Future Scenario

The key facts on flood and drought susceptibility of Awash River Basin that recent studies dealt about are much related to economic development, climate and hydrologic variability. The basin faces variability and uncertainty over water availability and is highly vulnerable to extreme events. This raises the possibility of water scarcity at particular points in time and space as well as significant adverse impacts from flooding and drought.

According to the water audit report of AwBA, the basin faces very significant seasonal and geograph- ical variation in water availability that is not currently regulated by infrastructure with aggregate surface water availability during the dry season around 28% of the rainy season and a much more arid climate in the downstream, lowland areas in the east of the basin (Tiruneh et al., 2013).

Figure 8. Long term annual rainfall trends of Addis Ababa, Akaki, Debresina and Debrezeit (AwBA,2013) The meteorological trends in the basin for selected stations showed that there is no general long term rainfall trend in the annual series in the upper part of the basin. However, a slight increasing tendency is noticed in the aggregated wet season monthly rainfall, while a decreasing trend is observed eastward

Page 18 of 71 from Addis Ababa. In eastern and lower Awash, the long-term rainfall pattern, though not clearly implied out, shows high seasonal and inter-annual variability and erratic nature of the rainfall which limits most of socioeconomic activities in the basin.

Based on long-term record series of a few stations like Addis Ababa, Bati, Metehara and Dire Dawa (Figure 9) representing the upper, middle, northern and Eastern regions of the Awash Basin, temperature is found to consistently increase eastward of the basin as anticipated, justifying the likelihood of moisture stress and drought.

In economic dimensions the basin is still home for extensive irrigation agriculture, protruding urbanization and industrialization. Crop production is the major component of basin’s economy, which is explained in part by an extension of land under cultivation at 3.8% per annum (Vivid Economics, 2016). This economy accounts for the bulk use of surface water in the region and is obviously depend- ent on water availability, while land clearance can increase runoff and thus raise flood exposure. The same report prepared for the Global Green Growth Institute by Vivid economics, showed a range of model scenarios, though not exhaustive but representative of the near term future climate prediction.

Page 19 of 71 Figure 9. Long term annual temperature trends of Upper, Middle, North and East of Awash River Basin (AwBA, 2013)

These long term temperature and rainfall trends indicate the following major effects: o Precipitation decreases - a modest decrease in precipitation throughout the basin; o Temperature increase- a modest increase in temperature throughout the basin; o Kiremt decrease- a five per cent decrease in rainfall during the rainy season; o Spatial distribution - a modest increase in precipitation in the upper river basin, accompanied by a decrease in precipitation in the lower basin to the east; and o Extended drought - an extended version of the ongoing 2015-2016 drought. This uses current rainfall estimates, appended to estimates from 2002-2004, which was also a dry period. o Extreme climatic events would be expected in the basin

Page 20 of 71 o The consequence s of climate variability and change could result in incidence of pests and diseases In conclusion, the economy of the Awash River Basin is highly exposed to hydrological and meteorological variability such as modest changes in rainfall lead to swings in the basin’s GDP of 5-10 per cent, while a prolonged drought could reduce production by 20 per cent. Despite an apparently abun- dant supply of water in aggregate terms, the basin routinely suffers from localized water shortages at specific points in space and time, and is prone to destructive episodes of flood and drought. This rep- resents a critical economic vulnerability for the basin in the future and hence adequate flood and drought adaptation and mitigation measures should be given priority.

4. Goals, objectives and measures

The logical order of Goal – Objective – Measure for flood and drought management in Awash River basin is schematically shown in Figure 10. The measures are further systematically cascaded to ranges of activities and then to sub-activities that reach to practical grounds and to actors for their implementation.

Page 21 of 71 Goal Objective Measures

Implement drought risk prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures To reduce drought risks by 15% at the end of Implement drought adaptation 2017 measures

Manage drought disas- To improve coordina- Improve/promote legal and adminis- ter risk tion and cooperation for trative capacity for drought risks drought risk

Plan and implement flood risk prevention, preparedness and mitigation measures To reduce flood risks by 50% at the end of 2017 Plan and implement flood adaptation measures Manage flood disaster risks To improve coordina- Build legal and administrative capac- tion and cooperation for ity for flood risks flood management

Raise awareness on flood water use To improve flood water utilization and sustain ecosys- Improve flood water control tem mechanism

Improve flood water use for production Figure 10. Objective tree - logical connection among goals, objectives and measures

5. Measure – Target – Evaluation Criteria

The flood and drought management strategic plan has the criteria to evaluate achievements and draw- backs with regard to the assigned objectives and measures. The measures from the already defined strategic objectives are the basis for setting targets and outline evaluation criteria. This logical analysis is presented in Table 4 below.

Page 22 of 71 Table 4 Analysis of Measure – Target – Evaluation Criteria

No Measures Target Evaluation criteria

Have developed early warning Availability of functional ba- Implement drought risk prevention, pre- 1 system; sin wide early warning sys- paredness and mitigation measures tem Developed or applied technol- Number or quality of tech- 2 Implement drought adaptation measures ogies or methods for drought niques or technologies adaptation adapted Number of legal and admin. Improve/promote legal and administrative Improved capability on 3 Instruments applied or im- capacity for drought risks drought risks plemented Implemented plans in flood Plan and implement flood risk prevention, Plans prepared and reports of 4 risk prevention, preparedness preparedness and mitigation measures implementation and mitigation Number of successful adap- Plan and implement flood adaptation Implemented flood adaptation 5 tive strategies and technolo- measures measures gies Number of legal and admin. Build legal and administrative capacity for Improved capability on 6 Instruments applied or im- flood risks drought risks plemented Number of community in- Improved use of flood water 7 Raise awareness on flood water use volved or technologies im- for different other uses plemented Number and size of flood Improve flood water control mecha- Improved flood water harvest- 8 water harvesting or storage nism ing and storage structures or facilities Improved use of flood water Number of community using 9 Improve flood water use for production for different for production flood water for production

6. Detail Action Plan

The detail action plan of the flood and drought management mainly contains activities, targets, schedules, actors and budget. The detail action plan for all planning areas is indicated in the following pages. About 14 major activities and 27 sub activities are included to achieve the stated goals and objectives. In general, it comprises study, implementation, capacity building, methods to financial improvement and activities enabling to strengthen networking among stakeholders in the basin.

Page 23 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Action Plan 2013 - Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk Conduct drought risk % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective assessment and mapping assessment, mapping buearux and offices 1 and Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop drought risk management plan % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective management plan buearux and offices Develop ground/surface to MoWIE, NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock No 8 1 1 2 4 BoWR, Agencies, MoFAPC and respective water supply BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN 2 Improve/promote drought BoANR, mitigating activities Ha 395 39.53 79.1 79.1 198 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective resilient crop/forage variety MoLF buearux and offices Improve livestock herding MoANR, MoWIE, University and No 8 1 1 2 4 MoLF practices research institute MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Establish basin wide disaster risk Organize disaster risk AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 reduction council and conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 reduction high council NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Reginald and city meeting Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 30 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Reginald office 3 and Develop risk AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginald Develop flood management plan % 100 100 management plan NDRMC office Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective networking for flood and % 100 100 AwBA Strengthen flood and Reginald office drought forecasting drought risk 4 Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, and early warning % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA drought Ethio-tele, World Bank system MoWIE, Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 3 3 15 Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC, NMA

Page 24 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Action Plan 2013 - Action Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner(s) Implement flood 5 River training works Km 40 10 10 10 10 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE control measures Retention pond No 2 1 1 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR DRMC and all Implement flood MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, regional 6 rehabilitation and Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, dev't recovery activities MoE, MoLSA bureaux Conduct trainings on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, AwBA & technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE Conduct awareness management MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 7 and training on adaptive technologies NDRMC, World bank, Universities, Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Propose policy measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 8 legal frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 frameworks on flood MoWIE MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Regional and management water management city Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, Establish and/or AwBA & MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National 9 conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 implement forums MoWIE PARK ,Respective regional office Universities, NMA, Media

Page 25 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Action Plan 2013 - Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner(s) Research Centers, Universities, Hold joint seminars or MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, No 4 1 1 2 AwBA symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, Undertake awaress NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors 10 campaigns Research Centers, Universities, Conduct regular observation on MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, gap and success of response Freq/yr 8 1 1 1 5 AwBA DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, operation NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 1 1 and harvesting ponds NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Undertake local flood 11 water harvesting BoWR, Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 1 1 BoANR and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at artificial No 1 1 1 2 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water at reservoirs 12 artificial reservoirs, MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural lakes and wetlands No AwBA Respective regional bureaux and lakes and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme MoLF, Establish inundation 13 MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based No. 1 1 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Pasture scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR

Page 26 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Activity Plan 2013 - Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner (s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk Conduct drought risk % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective assessment and mapping assessment, mapping buearux and offices 1 and Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop drought risk management plan % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective management plan buearux and offices Develop ground/surface to MoWIE, NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock No 13 2 3 3 5 BoWR, Agencies, MoFAPC and respective water supply BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN 2 Improve/promote drought BoANR, mitigating activities Ha 662 66.17 132 132 331 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective resilient crop/forage variety MoLF buearux and offices Improve livestock herding MoANR, MoWIE, University and No 13 1 2.65 2.65 6 MoLF practices research institute MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Establish basin wide disaster risk Organize disaster risk AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 reduction council and 4conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 reduction high council NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Reginald and city meeting Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 50 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Reginald office 4 and Develop risk AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginald Develop flood management plan % 100 100 management plan NDRMC office

Page 27 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Activity Plan 2013 - Action Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner (s) Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective networking for flood and % 100 100 AwBA Strengthen flood and Reginald office drought forecasting drought risk 5 Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, and early warning % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA drought Ethio-tele, World Bank system MoWIE, Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 18 3 15 Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC, NMA construct Large flood control No 1 1 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald Gov't structures Implement flood 6 River training works Km 30 10 10 10 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, control measures Retention pond No 4 1 1 1 1 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR DRMC and all Implement flood MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, regional 7 rehabilitation and Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, dev't recovery activities MoE, MoLSA bureaux Conduct trainings on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, AwBA & technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE Conduct awareness management MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 and training on adaptive technologies NDRMC, World bank, Universities, Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Propose policy measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 9 legal frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 frameworks on flood MoWIE MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Reginald and management water management city Admin.

Page 28 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Activity Plan 2013 - Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 Collaborators 2017 owner (s) MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, Establish and/or AwBA & MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National 10 conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 implement forums MoWIE PARK ,Respective regional office Universities, NMA, Media

Research Centers, Universities, Hold joint seminars or MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, No 4 1 1 2 AwBA symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, Undertake awaress NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors 11 campaigns Research Centers, Universities, Conduct regular observation on MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, gap and success of response Freq/yr 8 1 1 1 5 AwBA DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, operation NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 2 1 1 and harvesting ponds NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Undertake local flood 12 water harvesting BoWR, Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 2 1 1 BoANR and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural 13 artificial reservoirs, No 1 1 AwBA Respective regional bureaux and lakes and wetlands lakes and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 2 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme MoLF, Establish inundation 14 MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based No. 1 1 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Pasture scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR

Page 29 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk assessment Conduct drought risk % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective and mapping assessment, mapping and buearux and offices 1 Develop risk management NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop drought risk management plan % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective plan buearux and offices Develop ground/surface to NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN MoWIE, Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock water No 19 1 2 2 14 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective BoWR, BoANR supply buearux and offices Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN 2 Improve/promote drought resilient mitigating activities Ha 931 93.08 186 186 465 BoANR, MoLF Agencies, MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, University and Improve livestock herding practices No 20 2 3.72 3.72 11 MoLF research institute MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Establish basin wide disaster risk Organize disaster risk AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 reduction council and conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 reduction high council NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Reginald and city meeting Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment and MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 50 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Reginald office 4 Develop risk management MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginald Develop flood management plan % 100 100 AwBA, NDRMC plan office Establish institutional networking MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective % 100 100 AwBA for flood and drought risk Reginald office Strengthen flood and 5 drought forecasting and Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA early warning system drought Ethio-tele, World Bank Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 3 3 15 MoWIE, NMA Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC,

Page 30 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) construct Large flood control No 2 1 1 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald Gov't structures Implement flood control 6 River training works on main and measures Km 174 10 20 40 104 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, tributaries Retention pond No 4 1 1 1 1 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Implement flood DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, 7 rehabilitation and Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 regional dev't MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, MoE, recovery activities bureaux MoLSA

Awash Halidebi Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Conduct trainings on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, AwBA & technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, Conduct awareness and MoWIE management MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, technologies Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE MoH, MoFAPC, FAO MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Propose policy measures Propose policy measures and legal AwBA & MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 9 and legal frameworks on frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 MoWIE MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Reginald and city flood water management management Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, Establish and/or AwBA & MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National PARK 10 conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 implement forums MoWIE ,Respective regional office Universities, NMA, Media

Page 31 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 2 1 1 and harvesting ponds NGOs, Undertake local flood PADC/BoPAD 12 water harvesting BoWR, BoANR Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 2 1 1 and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at artificial No 1 1 5 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water at reservoirs 13 artificial reservoirs, lakes MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural lakes and wetlands No 3 1 1 1 AwBA Respective regional bureaux and and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 2 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme MoLF, Establish inundation 14 MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based Pasture No. 3 1 2 PADC/BoPAD/ MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme BoLPD/LRDPA/ BoANR Awash Adaitu Detail activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk Conduct drought risk % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective assessment and mapping assessment, mapping buearux and offices 1 and Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop drought risk management plan % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective management plan buearux and offices

Page 32 of 71 Awash Adaitu Detail activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Develop ground/surface to MoWIE, NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock No 8 1 1 2 4 BoWR, Agencies, MoFAPC and respective water supply BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN 2 Improve/promote drought BoANR, mitigating activities Ha 417 41.74 83.5 83.5 209 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective resilient crop/forage variety MoLF buearux and offices Improve livestock herding MoANR, MoWIE, University and No 8 1 1 2 4 MoLF practices reserch institute MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Establish basin wide disaster risk AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 reduction council and conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 Organize disaster risk NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Reginal and city meeting reduction high council Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 30 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Reginal office 4 and Develop risk AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginal management plan Develop flood management plan % 100 100 NDRMC office Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective networking for flood and % 100 100 AwBA Strengthen flood and Reginal office drought forecasting drought risk 5 Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, and early warning % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA drought Ethio-tele, World Bank system MoWIE, Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 3 3 15 Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC, NMA construct Large flood control No 1 1 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginal Gov't structures Implement flood River training works on 6 Km 16 6 10 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, control measures tributaries of the river Retention pond No 4 1 1 1 1 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR

Page 33 of 71 Awash Adaitu Detail activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, Implement flood regional 7 Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, rehabilitation and dev't MoE, MoLSA recovery activities bureaux Conduct trainings on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, AwBA & technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE Conduct awareness management MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 and training on adaptive technologies NDRMC, World bank, Universities, Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Propose policy measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 9 legal frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 frameworks on flood MoWIE MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Reginald and management water management city Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, AwBA & MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National 10 conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 MoWIE PARK ,Respective regional office Establish and/or Universities, NMA, Media implement forums

Page 34 of 71 Awash Adaitu Detail activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Research Centers, Universities, Hold joint seminars or MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, No 4 1 1 2 AwBA symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, Undertake awaress NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors 11 campaigns Research Centers, Universities, Conduct regular observation on MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, gap and success of response Freq/yr 8 1 1 1 5 AwBA DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, operation NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 0 and harvesting ponds NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Undertake local flood 12 water harvesting BoWR, Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 1 1 BoANR and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD

Awash Adaitu Detail activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Store flood water at artificial No 1 3 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water at reservoirs 13 artificial reservoirs, MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural lakes and wetlands No AwBA Respective regional bureaux and lakes and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme MoLF, Establish inundation 14 MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based No. 2 1 1 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Pasture scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR

Page 35 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk Conduct drought risk assessment % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective assessment, mapping and and mapping 1 NMA,buearux MoANR, and offices MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop risk management Develop drought risk management % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective plan plan Develop ground/surface to NMA,buearux MoANR, and offices MoLF, MoWIE, UN MoWIE, Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock water No 16 2 2 2 10 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective BoWR, BoANR supply NMA,buearux MoANR, and offices MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk Improve/promote drought resilient 2 Ha 1151 116 230 230 575 BoANR, MoLF Agencies, MoFAPC and respective mitigating activities crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, University and Improve livestock herding practices No 17 1 2 2 12 MoLF reserch institute Establish basin wide disaster risk MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Organize disaster risk AwBA and 3 reduction council and conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, reduction high council NDRMC meeting MoUHC, MoE, Reginal and city Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment and MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 30 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Reginal office 4 Develop risk management MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginal Develop flood management plan % 100 100 AwBA, NDRMC plan office Awash Terminal Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Establish institutional networking MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective % 100 100 AwBA for flood and drought risk Reginal office Strengthen flood and Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, 5 drought forecasting and % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA drought Ethio-tele, World Bank early warning system Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 3 3 15 MoWIE, NMA Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC,

construct Large flood control No 2 1 1 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald Gov't structures Implement flood control 6 River training works Km 77 10 10 10 47 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, measures

Retention pond No 5 1 1 1 2 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR

Page 36 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Implement flood DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, 7 rehabilitation and Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 regional dev't MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, MoE, recovery activities Conduct trainings on adaptive bureaux NDRMC,MoLSA World bank, Universities, AwBA & Conduct awareness and technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE 8 training on adaptive management NDRMC,MoH, MoFAPC, World bank,FAO Universities, Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & technologies No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE Propose policy measures Propose policy measures and legal MoANR,MoH, MoFAPC, MoEFCC, FAO MoH, MoWIE, AwBA & 9 and legal frameworks on frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, MoWIE flood water management management MoANR,MoUHC, MoLF,MoE, MoJ, MoFAPC, Reginald DRMC, and city Establish and/or AwBA & 10 conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National PARK implement forums MoWIE Research,Respective Centers, regional Universities, office MoST, Hold joint seminars or symposium No 4 1 1 2 AwBA MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN Undertake awaress 11 ResearchAgencies, Centers,World bank, Universities, NGOs, GIZ, MoST, campaigns Conduct regular observation on gap Freq/yr 8 1 1 1 5 AwBA MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN and success of response operation Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Awash Terminal Detail Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 3 1 1 1 and Undertake local flood harvesting ponds NGOs, 12 PADC/BoPADBoWR, BoANR water harvesting Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 3 1 2 and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at artificial Store flood water at No 2 2 2 2 10 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB reservoirs 13 artificial reservoirs, lakes MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural lakes and wetlands No 3 1 1 1 AwBA Respective regional bureaux and and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 3 1 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Establish inundation scheme 14 MoLF, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based Pasture No. 2 1 1 MoFAPC, MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme PADC/BoPAD/

Page 37 of 71 Eastern Catchment Detal Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought risk assessment Conduct drought risk % 100 40 60 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective and mapping assessment, mapping and buearux and offices 1 Develop risk management NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Develop drought risk management plan % 100 100 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective plan buearux and offices Develop ground/surface to NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN MoWIE, Irrigation/ Domestic/livestock water No 21 2 2 2 15 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective BoWR, BoANR supply buearux and offices Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN 2 Improve/promote drought resilient mitigating activities Ha 1040 104 208 208 520 BoANR, MoLF Agencies, MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, University and Improve livestock herding practices No 20 2 4 4 10 MoLF research institute MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Establish basin wide disaster risk Organize disaster risk AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 reduction council and conduct No 8 1 1 1 5 reduction high council NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Regional and city meeting Admin. Eastern Catchment Detal Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk assessment and MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective % 100 30 50 AwBA assessment, mapping and mapping Regional office 4 Develop risk management MoWIE, NMA, Respective Regional Develop flood management plan % 100 100 AwBA, NDRMC plan office Establish institutional networking MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective % 100 100 AwBA for flood and drought risk Regional office Strengthen flood and 5 drought forecasting and Establish HIS - BIS for flood and MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, % 100 0 20 30 50 AwBA,NMA early warning system drought Ethio-tele, World Bank Provide Sub-basin level forecasts Fre/yr 18 3 15 MoWIE, NMA Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC, construct Large flood control No 1 1 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Regional Gov't Implement flood control structures 6 measures River training works Km 20 10 10 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE Retention pond No 2 1 1 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Page 38 of 71 Eastern Catchment Detal Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) Implement flood NDRMC, MoND, MoH, ERA, MoE, Regional 7 rehabilitation and Prepare rehabilitation plan % 100 100 MoWIE, MoH, gov't, AwBA, Ethio-telecom, NGOs, recovery activities MoLF, MoANR UN, ELPA, PADC Conduct trainings on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, AwBA & technologies on flood risk No 8 1 1 1 5 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, Conduct awareness and MoWIE management MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Universities, technologies Scale up adaptive flood AwBA & No 3 1 2 Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, management techniques MoWIE MoH, MoFAPC, FAO MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, Propose policy measures Propose policy measures and legal AwBA & MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 9 and legal frameworks on frameworks on flood water Doc 1 1 MoWIE MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Regional and city flood water management management Admin. Eastern Catchment Detal Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, Establish and/or AwBA & MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National PARK 10 Conduct flood water user forum No 7 1 1 5 implement forums MoWIE ,Respective regional office Universities, NMA, Media Research Centers, Universities, MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN Hold joint seminars or symposium No 4 1 1 2 AwBA Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Undertake awaress Private sectors 11 campaigns Research Centers, Universities, MoST, Conduct regular observation on gap MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN Freq/yr 8 1 1 1 5 AwBA and success of response operation Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

Page 39 of 71 Eastern Catchment Detal Activity Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Target 2010 2011 2012 2013 - 2017 Collaborators owner(s) BoWR/OIDA Construct large flood water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 2 1 1 and harvesting ponds NGOs, Undertake local flood PADC/BoPAD 12 water harvesting BoWR, BoANR Develop ground water recharge MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, No 5 1 1 3 and areas NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at artificial No 2 1 1 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water at reservoirs 13 artificial reservoirs, lakes MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, Store flood water at natural lakes and wetlands No 4 2 2 AwBA Respective regional bureaux and and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 3 1 1 1 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme MoLF, Establish inundation 14 MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water based Pasture No. 3 1 1 1 PADC/BoPAD/ MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme BoLPD/LRDPA/ BoANR

Page 40 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Conduct drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN Conduct drought assessment and ETB (x1000) 1,104.00 441.60 662.40 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective risk assessment, mapping buearux and offices 1 mapping and Develop risk Develop drought risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN management plan >> 139.50 139.50 NDRMC Agencies, MoFAPC and respective management plan buearux and offices Develop ground/surface to NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN MoWIE, BoWR, Irrigation/ >> 3,952.01 494.06 494.06 988.13 1,975.76 Agencies, MoFAPC and respective BoANR Domestic/livestock buearux and offices Conduct drought water supply 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote activities NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, UN drought resilient >> 1,612.62 161.26 322.52 322.52 806.31 BoANR, MoLF Agencies, MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices Improve livestock MoANR, MoWIE, University and >> 1,581.01 197.63 197.63 395.25 790.50 MoLF herding practices research institute

Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, disaster risk reduction AwBA and MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 3 Organize disaster >> 186.00 23.25 23.25 23.25 116.25 council and conduct NDRMC MoUHC, MoE, Reginald and city risk reduction high meeting Admin. council Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, Respective assessment, assessment and >> 4,650.00 1,395.00 2,325.00 AwBA Reginald office 4 mapping and mapping Develop risk Develop flood MoWIE, NMA, Respective Reginald >> 139.50 139.50 AwBA, NDRMC management plan management plan office

Page 41 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s)

Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, Respective networking for flood >> 41.85 41.85 AwBA Strengthen flood Reginald office and drought risk and drought 5 forecasting and early warning Establish HIS - BIS for MoWIE,Respective Reginal office, >> 17,112.00 - 3,422.40 5,133.60 8,556.00 AwBA,NMA system flood and drought Ethio-tele, World Bank Provide Sub-basin >> 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA Mass media, Ethio-Tele, DRMC, level forecasts construct Large flood >> 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald Gov't control structures Implement flood 6 control measures River training works >> 4,615.38 1,153.85 1,153.85 1,153.85 1,153.85 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE

Retention pond >> 5,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR

Prepare rehabilitation DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, 7 Implement flood >> 139.50 139.50 regional dev't MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, NGOs, MoE, plan rehabilitation and bureaux MoLSA recovery activities

Page 42 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s)

Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, Universities, Conduct adaptive technologies >> 168.79 21.10 21.10 21.10 105.50 AwBA & MoWIE Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, awareness and on flood risk MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on management adaptive Scale up adaptive technologies NDRMC, World bank, Universities, flood management >> 125.55 41.85 83.70 AwBA & MoWIE Research centers, MoANR, MoLF, techniques MoH, MoFAPC, FAO

Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, MoWIE, measures and measures and legal MoFAPC, MoT, MoME, MoND, 9 >> 93.00 93.00 AwBA & MoWIE legal frameworks frameworks on flood MoUHC, MoE, MoJ, Regional and on flood water water management city Admin. management MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, conduct flood water MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, National PARK 10 >> 358.05 51.15 51.15 255.75 AwBA & MoWIE Establish and/or user forum ,Respective regional office implement forums Universities, NMA, Media Research Centers, Universities, Hold joint seminars or MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 279.00 69.75 69.75 139.50 AwBA symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, Undertake NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors 11 awaress Conduct regular campaigns Research Centers, Universities, observation on gap MoST, MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 186.00 23.25 23.25 23.25 116.25 AwBA and success of DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, response operation NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

Page 43 of 71 Awash Upstream Koka Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Construct large flood BoWR/OIDA and MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, water harvesting >> 10,000.00 10,000.00 Undertake local PADC/BoPAD NGOs, ponds 12 flood water harvesting Develop ground water BoWR, BoANR MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, MoLF, >> 2,500.00 2,500.00 - recharge areas and PADC/BoPAD NGOs,

Store flood water at Store flood water >> 75.60 18.90 18.90 37.80 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB artificial reservoirs at artificial 13 reservoirs, lakes Store flood water at MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, MoEFCC, and wetlands natural lakes and >> AwBA Respective regional bureaux and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water >> 1,000.00 1,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Establish agronomy scheme 14 inundation irrigation scheme Establish flood water MoLF, MoFAPC, >> 1,000.00 1,000.00 PADC/BoPAD/BoL MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO based Pasture scheme PD/LRDPA/BoANR Total cost (x000 Birr) 5,926,529.83 3,511.25 22,478.31 15,044.31 5,884,565.97 Contingency (5%) 296,279.99 175.56 1,123.92 752.22 294,228.30 Inflation (7%) 2,953,469.30 245.79 3,257.11 3,385.62 2,946,580.79 Grand total (x000 Birr) 9,175,349.12 3,932.60 26,859.33 19,182.14 9,125,375.05

Page 44 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Financial Plan Action owner No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators (s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, Conduct drought Conduct drought MoWIE, UN Agencies, risk assessment and ETB (x1000) 2,484.00 993.60 1,490.40 NDRMC risk assessment, MoFAPC and respective mapping mapping and buearux and offices 1 Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, Develop drought management MoWIE, UN Agencies, risk management >> 233.55 233.55 NDRMC plan MoFAPC and respective plan buearux and offices Develop NMA, MoANR, MoLF, ground/surface to MoWIE, MoWIE, UN Agencies, Irrigation/ >> 6,500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 1,500.00 2,500.00 BoWR, MoFAPC and respective Domestic/livestock BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought water supply NMA, MoANR, MoLF, 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote MoWIE, UN Agencies, activities drought resilient >> 2,699.84 269.98 539.97 539.97 1,349.92 BoANR, MoLF MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, Improve livestock >> 2,523.45 264.69 529.38 529.38 1,200.00 MoLF University and research herding practices institute Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, Organize disaster disaster risk AwBA and MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 3 risk reduction >> 186.00 23.25 23.25 23.25 116.25 reduction council NDRMC MoME, MoND, MoUHC, high council and 4conduct MoE, Reginald and city Conduct flood Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, risk assessment, assessment and >> 4,650.00 2,325.00 2,325.00 AwBA Respective Reginald office mapping and mapping 4 Develop risk management Develop flood AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective >> 139.50 139.50 plan management plan NDRMC Reginald office

Page 45 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Financial Plan Action owner No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators (s) Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, >> 41.85 41.85 AwBA Strengthen flood networking for flood Respective Reginald office and drought and drought risk 5 forecasting and Establish HIS - BIS MoWIE,Respective Reginal early warning for flood and >> 28,648.80 - 5,729.76 8,594.64 14,324.40 AwBA,NMA office, Ethio-tele, World system drought Bank Provide Sub-basin Mass media, Ethio-Tele, >> 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA level forecasts DRMC, construct Large AwBA, MoC, ELPA, flood control >> 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE Reginald Gov't Implement flood structures 6 control River training works >> 3,461.54 1,153.85 1,153.85 1,153.85 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, measures Retention pond >> 10,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Implement flood DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, Prepare 7 rehabilitation >> 139.50 139.50 regional dev't MoANR, MoFAPC, UN- rehabilitation plan and recovery bureaux Agencies, NGOs, MoE, Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, adaptive AwBA & Universities, Research Conduct technologies on >> 168.79 21.10 21.10 21.10 105.50 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, awareness and flood risk MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on management adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Scale up adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research flood management >> 125.55 41.85 83.70 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, techniques MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 9 >> 93.00 93.00 legal frameworks frameworks on MoWIE MoME, MoND, MoUHC, on flood water flood water MoE, MoJ, Reginald and

Page 46 of 71 Awash Awash Detail Financial Plan Action owner No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators (s) MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, Establish and/or conduct flood water AwBA & DRMC, MoEFCC, MoH, 10 implement >> 358.05 51.15 51.15 255.75 user forum MoWIE MoE, National PARK forums ,Respective regional office Research Centers, Universities, MoST, Hold joint seminars MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 467.10 116.78 116.78 233.55 AwBA or symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private Undertake sectors 11 awaress Research Centers, campaigns Conduct regular Universities, MoST, observation on gap MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 311.40 38.93 38.93 38.93 194.63 AwBA and success of DRMC, UN Agencies, World response operation bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

Construct large BoWR/OIDA MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, flood water >> 20,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 and MoLF, NGOs, Undertake local harvesting ponds PADC/BoPAD 12 flood water harvesting Develop ground BoWR, MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, water recharge >> 5,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 BoANR and MoLF, NGOs, areas PADC/BoPAD Store flood Store flood water at MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, 13 water at natural lakes and >> 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA MoEFCC, Respective artificial wetlands regional bureaux and Establish flood water agronomy >> 2,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Establish scheme inundation MoLF, 14 irrigation Establish flood MoFAPC, scheme water based Pasture >> 1,000.00 1,000.00 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR Total cost (x000 Birr) 5,964,202.38 7,638.64 31,936.60 31,334.65 5,893,292.50 Contingency (5%) 298,210.12 381.93 1,596.83 1,566.73 294,664.62

Page 47 of 71 Inflation (7%) 2,963,164.39 534.70 4,627.61 7,051.64 2,950,950.43 Grand total (x000 Birr) 9,225,576.89 8,555.28 38,161.04 39,953.02 9,138,907.55

Page 48 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, Conduct drought risk UN Agencies, MoFAPC and Conduct drought assessment and ETB (x1000) 1,380.00 552.00 828.00 NDRMC respective buearux and risk assessment, mapping offices 1 mapping and NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, Develop risk Develop drought risk UN Agencies, MoFAPC and management plan >> 328.50 328.50 NDRMC management plan respective buearux and offices Develop NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, ground/surface to MoWIE, UN Agencies, MoFAPC and Irrigation/ >> 9,500.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 7,000.00 BoWR, BoANR respective buearux and Domestic/livestock offices water supply Conduct drought NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote UN Agencies, MoFAPC and activities drought resilient >> 3,797.46 379.75 759.49 759.49 1,898.73 BoANR, MoLF respective buearux and crop/forage variety offices Improve livestock MoANR, MoWIE, University >> 3,723.00 372.30 744.60 744.60 1,861.50 MoLF herding practices and research institute Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, Organize disaster disaster risk reduction AwBA and MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 3 risk reduction high >> 438.00 54.75 54.75 54.75 273.75 council and conduct NDRMC MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoE, council meeting Reginald and city Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, assessment, assessment and >> 10,950.00 5,475.00 5,475.00 AwBA Respective Reginald office 4 mapping and mapping Develop risk Develop flood MoWIE, NMA, Respective >> 328.50 328.50 AwBA, NDRMC management plan management plan Reginald office

Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, networking for flood >> 98.55 98.55 AwBA Strengthen flood Respective Reginald office and drought risk and drought 5 forecasting and early warning Establish HIS - BIS for MoWIE,Respective Reginal >> 40,296.00 - 8,059.20 12,088.80 20,148.00 AwBA,NMA system flood and drought office, Ethio-tele, World Bank Provide Sub-basin Mass media, Ethio-Tele, >> 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA level forecasts DRMC,

Page 49 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) construct Large flood AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald >> 11,740,440.94 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE control structures Gov't Implement flood 6 River training works control measures on main and >> 20,076,923.08 1,153,846.15 2,307,692.31 4,615,384.62 12,000,000.00 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, tributaries Retention pond >> 10,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Implement flood DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, Prepare rehabilitation 7 rehabilitation and >> 328.50 328.50 regional dev't MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, plan recovery activities bureaux NGOs, MoE, MoLSA Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research Conduct >> 397.41 49.68 49.68 49.68 248.38 on flood risk MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoH, awareness and management MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Scale up adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research flood management >> 295.65 98.55 197.10 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoH, techniques MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 9 >> 219.00 219.00 legal frameworks frameworks on flood MoWIE MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoE, on flood water water management MoJ, Reginald and city Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, Establish and/or conduct flood water AwBA & 10 >> 843.15 120.45 120.45 602.25 National PARK ,Respective implement forums user forum MoWIE regional office Universities, NMA, Media

Page 50 of 71 Awash Halidebi Detail Financial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Research Centers, Universities, MoST, MoWIE, Hold joint seminars or >> 657.00 164.25 164.25 328.50 AwBA MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN symposium Agencies, World bank, NGOs, Undertake GIZ, Private sectors 11 awaress campaigns Research Centers, Conduct regular Universities, MoST, MoWIE, observation on gap >> 438.00 54.75 54.75 54.75 273.75 AwBA MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN and success of Agencies, World bank, NGOs, response operation GIZ, Private sectors Construct large flood BoWR/OIDA MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, water harvesting >> 20,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 and Undertake local MoLF, NGOs, ponds PADC/BoPAD 12 flood water BoWR, BoANR harvesting Develop ground water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, >> 5,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 and recharge areas MoLF, NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at >> 275.94 45.99 229.95 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water artificial reservoirs at artificial 13 reservoirs, lakes Store flood water at MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, and wetlands natural lakes and >> 7,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA MoEFCC, Respective regional wetlands bureaux and Wereda office

Establish flood water >> 2,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO agronomy scheme Establish MoLF, 14 inundation MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water >> 3,000.00 1,000.00 2,000.00 PADC/BoPAD/ MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO based Pasture scheme BoLPD/LRDPA/ BoANR Total cost (x000 Birr) 31,939,408.67 1,163,330.93 8,211,921.50 4,651,165.54 17,912,990.71 Contingency (5%) 1,596,970.43 58,166.55 410,596.07 232,558.28 895,649.54 Inflation (7%) 11,287,630.98 81,433.16 1,189,907.42 1,046,712.25 8,969,578.14 Grand total (x000 Birr) 44,824,010.09 1,302,930.64 9,812,425.00 5,930,436.06 27,778,218.39

Page 51 of 71 Awash adaitu Detai financial Plan

No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Action owner(s) Collaborators

NMA, MoANR, MoLF, Conduct drought Conduct drought MoWIE, UN Agencies, risk assessment and ETB (x1000) 828.00 331.20 496.80 NDRMC risk assessment, MoFAPC and respective mapping mapping and buearux and offices 1 Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, management Develop drought MoWIE, UN Agencies, plan risk management >> 147.30 147.30 NDRMC MoFAPC and respective plan buearux and offices Develop NMA, MoANR, MoLF, ground/surface to MoWIE, MoWIE, UN Agencies, Irrigation/ >> 4,221.71 527.96 527.96 1,055.92 2,109.87 BoWR, MoFAPC and respective Domestic/livestock BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought water supply NMA, MoANR, MoLF, 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote MoWIE, UN Agencies, activities drought resilient >> 3,235.30 1,702.79 340.56 340.56 851.39 BoANR, MoLF MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, Improve livestock >> 1,600.00 200.00 200.00 400.00 800.00 MoLF University and reserch herding practices institute Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, Organize disaster disaster risk MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, AwBA and 3 risk reduction reduction council >> 196.40 24.55 24.55 24.55 122.75 MoME, MoND, MoUHC, NDRMC high council and conduct MoE, Reginal and city meeting Admin.

Page 52 of 71 Awash adaitu Detai financial Plan

No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Action owner(s) Collaborators

Conduct flood Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, risk assessment, assessment and >> 4,910.00 1,473.00 2,455.00 AwBA Respective Reginal office mapping and mapping 4 Develop risk management Develop flood AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective plan >> 147.30 147.30 management plan NDRMC Reginal office

Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, >> 44.19 44.19 AwBA Strengthen flood networking for flood Respective Reginal office and drought and drought risk 5 forecasting and Establish HIS - BIS MoWIE,Respective Reginal early warning for flood and >> 18,068.80 - 3,613.76 5,420.64 9,034.40 AwBA,NMA office, Ethio-tele, World system drought Bank Provide Sub-basin Mass media, Ethio-Tele, >> 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA level forecasts DRMC, construct Large AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginal flood control >> 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE Gov't structures Implement flood River training works 6 control on tributaries of the >> - - - AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, measures river

Retention pond >> 10,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Implement flood MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, DRMC and all rehabilitation Prepare MoANR, MoFAPC, UN- 7 >> 147.30 147.30 regional dev't and recovery rehabilitation plan Agencies, NGOs, MoE, bureaux activities MoLSA

Page 53 of 71 Awash adaitu Detai financial Plan

No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Action owner(s) Collaborators Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, adaptive AwBA & Universities, Research Conduct technologies on >> 178.20 22.27 22.27 22.27 111.37 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, awareness and flood risk MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on management adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Scale up adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research flood management >> 132.57 44.19 88.38 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, techniques MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, measures and measures and legal MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, AwBA & 9 legal frameworks frameworks on >> 98.20 98.20 MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoWIE on flood water flood water MoE, MoJ, Reginald and management management city Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, Establish and/or DRMC, MoEFCC, MoH, conduct flood water AwBA & 10 implement >> 378.07 54.01 54.01 270.05 MoE, National PARK user forum MoWIE forums ,Respective regional office Universities, NMA, Media Research Centers, Universities, MoST, Hold joint seminars MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 294.60 73.65 73.65 147.30 AwBA or symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private Undertake sectors 11 awaress Research Centers, campaigns Conduct regular Universities, MoST, observation on gap MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, >> 196.40 24.55 24.55 24.55 122.75 AwBA and success of DRMC, UN Agencies, World response operation bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

Page 54 of 71 Awash adaitu Detai financial Plan

No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Action owner(s) Collaborators Construct large BoWR/OIDA MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, flood water >> - and MoLF, NGOs, Undertake local harvesting ponds PADC/BoPAD 12 flood water Develop ground BoWR, harvesting MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, water recharge >> 2,500.00 2,500.00 - BoANR and MoLF, NGOs, areas PADC/BoPAD

Store flood water at Store flood >> 56.70 56.70 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB artificial reservoirs water at 13 artificial MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, Store flood water at reservoirs, lakes MoEFCC, Respective natural lakes and >> AwBA and wetlands regional bureaux and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy >> 1,000.00 1,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Establish scheme inundation MoLF, 14 irrigation Establish flood MoFAPC, scheme water based Pasture >> 2,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR Total cost(x1000 Birr) 5,920,851.51 6,519.31 11,604.50 14,101.92 5,887,643.77 Contingency (5%) 295,993.48 325.97 580.23 705.10 294,382.19 Inflation (7%) 2,953,433.32 456.35 1,681.49 3,173.54 2,948,121.94 Grand total (x000 Birr) 9,169,296.30 7,301.63 13,866.22 17,980.55 9,130,147.90

Page 55 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, Conduct drought risk UN Agencies, MoFAPC and Conduct drought assessment and ETB (x1000) 672.67 269.07 403.60 NDRMC respective buearux and risk assessment, mapping offices 1 mapping and NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, Develop risk Develop drought risk UN Agencies, MoFAPC and management plan >> 406.20 406.20 NDRMC management plan respective buearux and offices Develop NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, ground/surface to MoWIE, UN Agencies, MoFAPC and Irrigation/ >> 8,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 5,000.00 BoWR, BoANR respective buearux and Domestic/livestock offices water supply Conduct drought NMA, MoANR, MoLF, MoWIE, 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote UN Agencies, MoFAPC and activities drought resilient >> 4,695.67 469.57 939.13 939.13 2,347.84 BoANR, MoLF respective buearux and crop/forage variety offices Improve livestock MoANR, MoWIE, University >> 2,616.64 54.16 54.16 108.32 2,400.00 MoLF herding practices and reserch institute Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, Organize disaster disaster risk reduction AwBA and MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 3 risk reduction high >> 541.60 67.70 67.70 67.70 338.50 council and conduct NDRMC MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoE, council meeting Reginal and city Admin. Conduct flood risk Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, assessment, assessment and >> 13,540.00 4,062.00 6,770.00 AwBA Respective Reginal office 4 mapping and mapping Develop risk Develop flood MoWIE, NMA, Respective >> 406.20 406.20 AwBA, NDRMC management plan management plan Reginal office

Page 56 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s)

Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, networking for flood >> 121.86 121.86 AwBA Strengthen flood Respective Reginal office and drought risk and drought 5 forecasting and early warning Establish HIS - BIS for MoWIE,Respective Reginal >> 34,868.00 - 6,973.60 10,460.40 17,434.00 AwBA,NMA system flood and drought office, Ethio-tele, World Bank Provide Sub-basin Mass media, Ethio-Tele, >> 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA level forecasts DRMC, construct Large flood AwBA, MoC, ELPA, Reginald >> 11,740,440.94 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE control structures Gov't Implement flood 6 control measures River training works >> 8,884.65 1,153.85 1,153.85 1,153.85 5,423.10 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE, Retention pond >> 12,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 5,000.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR Implement flood DRMC and all MoWIE, MoH, MoLF, MoANR, Prepare rehabilitation 7 rehabilitation and >> 406.20 406.20 regional dev't MoFAPC, UN- Agencies, plan recovery activities bureaux NGOs, MoE, MoLSA Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research Conduct >> 491.41 61.43 61.43 61.43 307.13 on flood risk MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoH, awareness and management MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Scale up adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research flood management >> 365.58 121.86 243.72 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, MoH, techniques MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, measures and measures and legal AwBA & MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 9 legal frameworks >> 270.80 270.80 frameworks on flood MoWIE MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoE, on flood water water management MoJ, Reginald and city Admin. management

Page 57 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, DRMC, MoEFCC, MoH, MoE, Establish and/or conduct flood water AwBA & 10 >> 358.05 51.15 51.15 255.75 National PARK ,Respective implement forums user forum MoWIE regional office Universities, NMA, Media Research Centers, Universities, MoST, MoWIE, Hold joint seminars or >> 812.40 203.10 203.10 406.20 AwBA MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN symposium Agencies, World bank, NGOs, Undertake GIZ, Private sectors 11 awaress campaigns Research Centers, Conduct regular Universities, MoST, MoWIE, observation on gap >> 541.60 67.70 67.70 67.70 338.50 AwBA MoANR, MoLF, DRMC, UN and success of Agencies, World bank, NGOs, response operation GIZ, Private sectors Construct large flood BoWR/OIDA MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, water harvesting >> 30,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 and Undertake local MoLF, NGOs, ponds PADC/BoPAD 12 flood water BoWR, BoANR harvesting Develop ground water MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, >> 7,500.00 2,500.00 5,000.00 and recharge areas MoLF, NGOs, PADC/BoPAD Store flood water at >> 454.94 56.87 56.87 56.87 284.34 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB Store flood water artificial reservoirs at artificial 13 reservoirs, lakes Store flood water at MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, and wetlands natural lakes and >> 7,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA MoEFCC, Respective regional wetlands bureaux and Wereda office

Page 58 of 71 Awash Terminal Detail Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Establish flood water >> 3,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO agronomy scheme Establish MoLF, 14 inundation MoFAPC, irrigation scheme Establish flood water >> 2,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 PADC/BoPAD/ MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO based Pasture scheme BoLPD/LRDPA/ BoANR Total cost (x000 Birr) 11,881,645.41 9,615.13 34,872.82 5,904,741.59 5,929,707.88 Contingency (5%) 593,946.87 480.76 1,743.64 295,237.08 296,485.39 Inflation (7%) 4,303,731.60 673.06 5,053.07 1,328,820.76 2,969,184.71 Grand total (x000 Birr) 16,776,615.89 10,768.95 41,669.53 7,528,799.43 9,195,377.99 Eastern Catchment Deatl Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) NMA, MoANR, MoLF, Conduct drought Conduct drought MoWIE, UN Agencies, risk assessment and ETB (x1000) 1,656.00 662.40 993.60 NDRMC risk assessment, MoFAPC and respective mapping mapping and buearux and offices 1 Develop risk NMA, MoANR, MoLF, Develop drought management MoWIE, UN Agencies, risk management % 367.05 367.05 NDRMC plan MoFAPC and respective plan buearux and offices

Page 59 of 71 Eastern Catchment Deatl Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Develop NMA, MoANR, MoLF, ground/surface to MoWIE, MoWIE, UN Agencies, Irrigation/ No 10,399.75 990.45 990.45 990.45 7,428.39 BoWR, MoFAPC and respective Domestic/livestock BoANR buearux and offices Conduct drought water supply NMA, MoANR, MoLF, 2 risk mitigating Improve/promote MoWIE, UN Agencies, activities drought resilient Ha 4,243.10 424.31 848.62 848.62 2,121.55 BoANR, MoLF MoFAPC and respective crop/forage variety buearux and offices MoANR, MoWIE, Improve livestock No 4,000.00 400.00 800.00 800.00 2,000.00 MoLF University and research herding practices institute Establish basin wide MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, Organize disaster disaster risk AwBA and MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, 3 risk reduction No 489.40 61.18 61.18 61.18 305.88 reduction council NDRMC MoME, MoND, MoUHC, high council and conduct MoE, Regional and city Conduct flood Perform flood risk MoWIE, NDRMC, NMA, risk assessment, assessment and % 12,235.00 3,670.50 6,117.50 AwBA Respective Regional office mapping and mapping 4 Develop risk Develop flood AwBA, MoWIE, NMA, Respective management % 367.05 367.05 management plan NDRMC Regional office plan Establish institutional MoWIE, NMA, DRMC, % 110.12 110.12 AwBA Strengthen flood networking for flood Respective Regional office and drought and drought risk 5 forecasting and Establish HIS - BIS MoWIE,Respective Reginal early warning for flood and % 34,868.00 - 6,973.60 10,460.40 17,434.00 AwBA,NMA office, Ethio-tele, World system drought Bank Provide Sub-basin Mass media, Ethio-Tele, Fre/yr 250.00 41.67 208.33 MoWIE, NMA level forecasts DRMC, construct Large AwBA, MoC, ELPA, flood control No 5,870,220.47 5,870,220.47 MoWIE Regional Gov't Implement flood structures 6 control River training works Km 2,307,692.31 1,153,846.15 1,153,846.15 AwBA, BoWR MoWIE measures Retention pond No 5,000.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 AwBA ,BoWR MoC, MoWIE, MoANR

Page 60 of 71 Eastern Catchment Deatl Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Implement flood NDRMC, MoND, MoH, ERA, MoE, Prepare 7 rehabilitation % 367.05 367.05 MoWIE, Regional gov't, AwBA, rehabilitation plan and recovery MoH, MoLF, Ethio-telecom, NGOs, UN, Conduct trainings on NDRMC, World bank, adaptive AwBA & Universities, Research Conduct technologies on No 444.05 55.51 55.51 55.51 277.53 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, awareness and flood risk MoH, MoFAPC, FAO 8 training on management adaptive NDRMC, World bank, Scale up adaptive technologies AwBA & Universities, Research flood management No 330.35 110.12 220.23 MoWIE centers, MoANR, MoLF, techniques MoH, MoFAPC, FAO Propose policy Propose policy MoANR, MoEFCC, MoH, measures and measures and legal MoWIE, MoFAPC, MoT, AwBA & 9 legal frameworks frameworks on Doc 244.70 244.70 MoME, MoND, MoUHC, MoWIE on flood water flood water MoE, MoJ, Regional and management management city Admin. MoANR, MoLF, MoFAPC, Establish and/or Conduct flood water AwBA & DRMC, MoEFCC, MoH, 10 implement No 942.10 134.59 134.59 672.93 user forum MoWIE MoE, National PARK forums ,Respective regional office Research Centers, Universities, MoST, Hold joint seminars MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, No 734.10 183.53 183.53 367.05 AwBA or symposium DRMC, UN Agencies, World bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private Undertake sectors 11 awaress Research Centers, campaigns Conduct regular Universities, MoST, observation on gap MoWIE, MoANR, MoLF, Freq/yr 489.40 61.18 61.18 61.18 305.88 AwBA and success of DRMC, UN Agencies, World response operation bank, NGOs, GIZ, Private sectors

Construct large BoWR/OIDA MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, flood water No 20,000.00 10,000.00 10,000.00 and MoLF, NGOs, Undertake local harvesting ponds PADC/BoPAD 12 flood water harvesting

Page 61 of 71 Undertake local 12 flood water harvesting Develop ground BoWR, MoWIE, MoANR, MoEFCC, water recharge No 12,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 7,500.00 BoANR and MoLF, NGOs, areas PADC/BoPAD

Page 62 of 71 Eastern Catchment Deatl Finacial Plan Action No Activity Sub-activity Unit Total cost 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 Collaborators owner(s) Store flood water at Store flood No 420.00 210.00 210.00 AwBA EPCO, MoWIE, RWB artificial reservoirs water at 13 artificial MoWIE, MoLF, MoANR, Store flood water at reservoirs, lakes MoEFCC, Respective natural lakes and No 10,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 AwBA and wetlands regional bureaux and wetlands Wereda office Establish flood water agronomy No. 8,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 6,000.00 OIDA, BoWR MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO Establish scheme inundation MoLF, 14 irrigation Establish flood MoFAPC, scheme water based Pasture No. 8,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00 4,000.00 PADC/BoPAD MoANR, MoEFCC, NGO scheme /BoLPD/LRDP A/BoANR Total cost (x000 Birr) 8,314,369.98 5,773.23 28,477.45 1,192,053.91 7,085,618.38 Contingency (5%) 415,596.15 288.66 1,423.87 59,602.70 354,280.92 Inflation (7%) 3,820,778.08 404.13 4,126.38 268,263.39 3,547,984.19 Grand total (x000 Birr) 12,548,297.21 6,466.02 34,027.71 1,519,919.99 10,987,883.49

Page 63 of 71 7. Financial Plan Summary

7.1. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2010 – 2012)

Total Budget 2010-2012 BUDGET SUMMERY BY MEASURES Cost (x000 Birr) Summary S.N Upstream Awash at Awash Hail- Awash Awash Ter- Eastern Measure Unit 2010-2012 o koka Awash debi Adaytu minal Catchment Implement drought risk prevention, preparedness and mitiga- ETB 3,572.57 5,049.92 10,760.23 3,761.27 9,747.84 11,549.94 44,441.76 1 tion measures Improve/promote legal and administrative capacity for drought ETB 116.25 116.25 273.75 122.75 338.50 305.88 1,273.38 2 risks Plan and implement flood risk prevention, preparedness and ETB 5,880,138.65 5,887,253.20 17,893,076.80 5,881,963.20 5,898,285.90 7,044,208.96 48,484,926.72 3 mitigation measures Plan and implement flood rehabilitation, recovery and adapta- ETB 189.20 189.20 445.48 199.75 550.85 497.76 2,072.24 4 tion measures Produce legal and administrative ETB ------5 capacity for flood risks Raise awareness on flood water ETB 511.50 683.93 1,204.50 540.10 1,000.45 1,345.85 5,286.33 6 use Improve flood water harvesting ETB 37.80 - 5,229.95 56.70 17,784.34 17,710.00 40,818.79 7 and storage Improve flood water use for pro- ETB - - 2,000.00 1,000.00 2,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00 8 duction SUB TOTAL BUDGET FOR EACH PLANNING AREA ETB 5,884,565.97 5,893,292.50 17,912,990.71 5,887,643.77 5,929,707.88 7,085,618.38 48,593,819.21 N.B: Contingency and inflation are not included in the estimation presented in the table.

Page 64 of 71 7.2. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2013 – 2017)

Total Budget 2013-2017 BUDGET SUMMERY BY MEASURES Cost (x000 Birr) Summary Upstream Awash at Awash Hail- Awash Awash Ter- Eastern S.No Measure Unit 2013-2017 koka Awash debi Adaytu minal Catchment Implement drought risk prevention, preparedness and mitiga- ETB 3,572.57 5,049.92 10,760.23 3,761.27 9,747.84 11,549.94 44,441.76 tion measures 1 Improve/promote legal and administrative capacity for drought ETB 116.25 116.25 273.75 122.75 338.50 305.88 1,273.38 2 risks Plan and implement flood risk prevention, preparedness and ETB 5,880,138.65 5,887,253.20 17,893,076.80 5,881,963.20 5,898,285.90 7,044,208.96 48,484,926.72 mitigation measures 3 Plan and implement flood rehabilitation, recovery and adapta- ETB 189.20 189.20 445.48 199.75 550.85 497.76 2,072.24 tion measures 4 Produce legal and administrative ETB ------capacity for flood risks 5 Raise awareness on flood water ETB 511.50 683.93 1,204.50 540.10 1,000.45 1,345.85 5,286.33 6 use Improve flood water harvesting ETB 37.80 - 5,229.95 56.70 17,784.34 17,710.00 40,818.79 7 and storage Improve flood water use for pro- ETB - - 2,000.00 1,000.00 2,000.00 10,000.00 15,000.00 8 duction

SUB TOTAL BUDGET FOR EACH PLANNING AREA ETB 5,884,565.97 5,893,292.50 17,912,990.71 5,887,643.77 5,929,707.88 7,085,618.38 48,593,819.21 N.B: Contingency and inflation are not included in the estimation presented in the table.

Page 65 of 71 7.3. Cost estimates by measure for 6 planning areas (2010 – 2017)

2010-2017 BUDGET SUMMERY BY MEASURES Total Budget Summary Upstream Awash at Awash Hail- Awash Awash Termi- Eastern S.No Planning Areas 2010-2017 koka Awash debi Adaytu nal Catchment Implement drought risk prevention, preparedness and mit- ETB 8,389.14 14,440.84 18,728.96 10,032.31 16,391.18 20,665.90 88,648.32 1 igation measures Improve/promote legal and administrative capacity for ETB 186.00 186.00 438.00 196.40 541.60 489.40 2,037.40 2 drought risks Plan and implement flood risk prevention, preparedness and ETB 5,902,029.21 5,917,412.16 31,879,287.07 5,903,640.76 11,811,011.65 8,230,742.94 69,644,123.78 mitigation measures 3 Plan and implement flood rehabilitation, recovery and adapta- ETB 433.84 433.84 1,021.56 458.07 1,263.19 1,141.44 4,751.93 4 tion measures Produce legal and administra- ETB 93.00 93.00 219.00 98.20 270.80 244.70 1,018.70 5 tive capacity for flood risks Raise awareness on flood water ETB 823.05 1,136.55 1,938.15 869.07 1,712.05 2,165.60 8,644.47 6 use Improve flood water harvesting ETB 12,575.60 27,500.00 32,775.94 2,556.70 45,454.94 42,920.00 163,783.18 7 and storage Improve flood water use for ETB 2,000.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 3,000.00 5,000.00 16,000.00 34,000.00 8 production

SUB TOTAL BUDGET FOR EACH PLANNING AREA 5,926,529.83 5,964,202.38 31,939,408.67 5,920,851.51 11,881,645.41 8,314,369.98 69,947,007.78

N.B: Contingency and inflation are not included in the estimation presented in the table.

Page 66 of 71 7.4. Cost summary per planning area

Planning Cost (x1000Birr) 2010 2011 2012 2013-2017 2010-2017 Areas Total cost (x000 Birr) 3511.246276 22478.30828 15044.30744 5884565.966 5926529.828 Contingency (5%) 175.5623138 1123.915414 752.2153721 294228.2983 296279.9914 U/S Koka Inflation (7%) 245.7872393 3257.106869 3385.61608 2946580.787 2953469.297

Grand total (x000 Birr) 3,932.59 26,859.33 19,182.13 9,125,375.05 9,175,349.11 Total cost (x000 Birr) 7638.640576 31936.59938 31334.64604 5893292.498 5964202.384 Awash at Contingency (5%) 381.9320288 1596.829969 1566.732302 294664.6249 298210.1192 Awash Inflation (7%) 534.7048403 4627.61325 7051.642749 2950950.426 2963164.387

Grand total (x000 Birr) 8,555.27 38,161.04 39,953.02 9,138,907.54 9,225,576.89

Total cost (x000 Birr) 1163330.926 8211921.496 4651165.54 17912990.71 31939408.67

Awash Hal- Contingency (5%) 58166.54628 410596.0748 232558.277 895649.5356 1596970.434 idebi Inflation (7%) 81433.16479 1189907.425 1046712.247 8969578.142 11287630.98

Grand total (x000 Birr) 1,302,930.63 9,812,424.996 5,930,436.06 27,778,218.39 4,4824,010.09

Total cost (x000 Birr) 6519.312706 11604.50231 14101.91897 5887643.774 5920851.508

Awash Contingency (5%) 325.9656353 580.2251153 705.0959486 294382.1887 295993.4754 Adaytu Inflation (7%) 456.3518894 1681.492384 3173.538151 2948121.938 2953433.321

Grand total (x000 Birr) 7,301.63 13,866.21 17,980.55 9,130,147.90 9,169,296.30

Total cost (x000 Birr) 9615.132023 34872.8161 5904741.587 5929707.879 11881645.41

Awash Ter- Contingency (5%) 480.7566012 1743.640805 295237.0793 296485.3939 593946.8707 minal Inflation (7%) 673.0592416 5053.071053 1328820.761 2969184.71 4303731.60 Grand total (x000 Birr) 10,768.94 41,669.52 7,528,799.427 9,195,377.98 16,776,615.89

Total cost (x000 Birr) 5773.23362 28477.45342 1192053.909 7085618.381 8314369.977

Eastern Contingency (5%) 288.661681 1423.872671 59602.69545 354280.9191 415596.1489 Catchment Inflation (7%) 404.1263534 4126.383001 268263.3878 3547984.185 3820778.082

Grand total (x000 Birr) 6466.021654 34027.70909 1519919.992 10987883.49 12548297.21

Grand total for the Basin 1,339,955.11 9,967,008.826 15056271.2 75.355,910.36 101,719,145.5

Page 67 of 71 8. Risk management

8.1.Planning assumption

o High commitment of all stakeholders o Necessary budget is released o Timely decision making from decision makers o Strong Collaboration and Cooperation o The Undergoing Projects will be completed o Good governance

8.2. Expected challenges

o Securing livelihoods for growing population of the basin through economical use of floodplains. o The need for a basin approach taking into consideration interactions between the land and water environments. o Absolute safety from flooding is ideal. Because it is difficult to manage all floods as expected by the flood plain society. o The effects of proposed flood management interventions on the floodplain aquatic ecosystem as these depend on flood events for survival. o Effects of climate change and variability. o Balancing development needs with risks as people will not (and in some instances, will not) abandon flood prone areas. o Industrialization and development expansions (Big cities in the basin selected for Industry zone, 4 sugar factories, infrastructure. expressway, railway …etc.) may cause change in land use aggravates the flood. o Reduced capacity of Koka Dam to handle the excess flood generated at upstream Koka

8.3. Possible solution

o Provide all stakeholders, including the public, with full opportunities to share their views and influence the outcome; o Raise awareness at the basin level and develop a host of preventive and mitigation measures against flood and droughts.

Page 68 of 71 o Build consensus and public support for the outcomes; o Build stakeholders’ commitment; o Ensure implementation of basin flood management plans with full public support; o Ensure sustainability of plans and associated decisions; o Build resilience of flood-prone communities

9. Monitoring and Evaluation Mechanisms

Flood and drought management has the task of establishing sufficient controls over a project to ensure that it stays on track towards the achievement of its objectives. This is done by monitoring, which is the systematic and continuous collection, analysis and use of information for management control and decision-making. In this instance implementation is seen as a continuous learning process where expense gathered is analyzed and fed back into planning and updated implementation approaches.

Flood and Drought Management monitoring is an integral part of day-to-day management. It provides information by which management can identify and solve implementation problems, and as- sess progress. The Logical Framework, the implementation schedule, activity schedules, and the river basin plan budget provide the basis for this monitoring. There are a number of different levels of monitoring, each related to what kind of information is relevant, and the regularity of monitoring.

Flood and Drought Management Evaluation is an assessment, as systematic and objective as possible, of an ongoing or completed river basin plan, program or policy, its design, implementation and Results. The aim is to determine the relevance and fulfillment of objectives, developmental efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. An evaluation should provide information that is credible/reliable/ and useful, enabling the incorporation of lessons learned into the decision-making process of both recipients and donors.

Monitoring and evaluations are interactive and mutually supportive processes. Monitoring and evaluation of development activities therefore provides government officials, development managers, and civil society with better means for learning from past experience, improving service deliv- ery, planning and allocating resources, and demonstrating results as part of accountability to key

Page 69 of 71 stakeholders. The basin plan monitoring and evaluation framework under this theme is summarized below (Table 5), just only to show the levels and frequencies.

Table 5.Basin plan monitoring framework

No Monitoring and/or Evaluation Level Frequency

Activity monitoring – how the detailed activities are pro- 1 Per six months gressing and giving feedbacks Budget or cost monitoring – the alignment of activities with 2 Per six months the planned budget for activities Result evaluation – accounting of the achieved results on due 3 Yearly course of basin plan implementation Impact evaluation – the effects of implementing the activities 4 in plan (physical, institutional, human resource, technology, Per three Years information

Effective Flood and drought management is therefore crucial to successful development river basin plan, and hence monitoring and evaluation. To manage adaptively, river basin plan implementers and managers will need to: - o Understand the whole basin plan design o Gather and analyze relevant information to make good decisions. o Facilitate learning with all key stakeholders; and o Negotiate required changes to basin plans and processes

Page 70 of 71 Table 6. River basin plan monaitoring methods

Method Description

Stakeholder Analysis Identifies participants and information to be included in M&E. Helps to track and understand the evolution of a project. It can help establish a base- Documentation Review line, or information on a specific indicator. Used to measure physical changes over time related to a specific indicator. It pro- Biophysical measurements vides reliable, statistically verifiable data. Used to obtain useful and timely information by observing what people do. This Direct Observation often complements statistical data. Used to analysis and enumerate the range of benefits and costs surrounding a deci- Cost-Benefit Analysis sion. Comparisons are often made within a project, or with other projects to determine efficiency. Used to gain data from a large number of people in a structured way. The data de- Surveys and Questionnaires rived from surveys often require statistical analysis. Used to gain information from an individual or small group, using a series of broad Semi-Structured Interviews questions to guide conversations. These allow for building an in-depth understand- ing of issues. Used to document the sequence of events, or story related to a person, location, group Case Studies or any other unit of investigation. This provides useful information into impact Used to collect general information, clarify details or gather opinions on is- Focus groups sues. This is useful to build consensus and validate data in a group. Used to generate ideas and consensus from a group in developing a ranked Group Ranking list of problems, issues or actions. It often is used to complement other methods. Used to generate information on areas, resources, or social relationships. Mapping These are often useful visual data methods that can generate primary data. These are used to generate data over time, through using journals, diaries, Timeline data trend analyses, seasonal calendars etc. The data generated gives useful trend data, rather than static pictures.

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