DOCSLIB.ORG

Diamond CP6S Manual.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diamond CP6S Manual.Pdf 80m, 40m, 20m, 15m, 10m and 6m (3.5, 7/14/21/28-29 and 50MHz) Six-band Vertical Antenna CP-6S Operation Instructions ●Description 1 The CP6S is a six-band vertical too close to the building wall may doesn’ t solve the problem, please ask antenna for HF band. cause bad effect for electrical charac- the dealer or Diamond Antenna Cor- 2 Compact, light weighted and very easy teristics of the antenna. poration. to assemble. 2 Don’t install the antenna where is easily 3 It is completely self-supported and reachable by people. [Condition: If the antenna doesn’ t seem does not need any guy wires. 3 Install the antenna firmly not to fall to receive well or propagate well] 4 Trap radials could be concentrated on down due to the strong wind. Even if Check 1: Is the antenna too close to the one direction instead of spreading falling down the antenna, locate the building wall? If the obstacles them around the antenna. This is antenna at the safe place where are too close to antenna, especially convenient if the antenna is people and building are not inflicted VSWR is higher and the radia- installed on balcony railing or window injures. tion pattern is disturbed. side of condominiums and urban Please install the antenna from apartments. <<Before transmitting>> the building as far away as 5 Since the antenna is direct DC ground 1 Transmit after confirming if the antenna possible. at the feed point, coaxial cable and works normally by an SWR meter. If Check 2:Did you assemble the antenna transceiver are being protected from VSWR is less than 1.5, it is no prob- correctly? Please read the the high voltage caused by lighting. lem. If VSWR is higher, stop transmit- instruction again and reconfirm 6 Center frequencies of the antenna are ting and check if the parts of the the assembly. adjustable in each band simply by antenna and coaxial cable are con- Check 3: Is the coaxial cable something change the length of each radial nected. If there are tall buildings or wrong? Please check if solder- element. obstacles or the distance between the ing the connector is okay and 7 Top loading structure utilizing capaci- antenna and the ground is short, the wire breaks by the volt- tive hat enables the antenna to com- VSWR may not be lowered. ohm meter. plete with full quarter wave length ※Diamond Antenna SWR/POWER antennas in its performance. meter is an insertion type being con- ●Antenna location 8 It is rigid and rugged enough to with- nected between a transmitter and an Resonate frequency of HF antenna can stand the wind pressure over 90MPH. antenna. Transmitting power and change based on location. Antenna 9 Mast brackets area adjustable to SWR can be measured with very should be mounted away from tree, build- accept 1 1/5” to 2 1/3” diameter mast. simple operations. In addition with ing and other antennas. 10 Feed point section is kept waterproof those conventional measurement, 1 If the CP6S is located on the roof of a by covering it with support pipe. PEP (peak envelope power) on SSB house or top of a building, look around 11 New band plan on 40m and 10m FM mode can be measured with a PEP the roof to see if there are any band compatible. monitor function. With our Diamond’ s obstacles such as TV antenna or wideband and low insertion loss direc- water reservation tank. The CP6S has -Note--------------------------------------------- tional coupler those measurements to be located as far away as possible <<Installing the antenna>> can be performed with minimum effect from those things to obtain its maxi- 1 Don’ t install on a rainy or windy day in transmission line. mum performance. since it is dangerous. 2 If the CP6S is installed on a balcony 2 Don’t attempt to install the antenna only <<During transmitting>> railing, installing the antenna too close by yourself. Installing the antenna 1 Touching the antenna during transmis- to the building wall may cause bad alone on the roof may lead you dan- sion may cause to electrify. Pay atten- effect for electrical characteristics of gerous accident. Always ask your tion not to touch the antenna espe- the antenna. Locate at least 2m to 5m friends for help installing the antenna. cially for children if installing on a (7’ to 16’ ) away from the building wall 3 Don’ t drop the antenna, tools and balcony railing. depending on structure of the building. attachment when installing the antenna in the height. Install the <<Rumbling Thunder>> antenna before assembling it on the 1 The thunder seems to rumble in the ground. vicinity, don’ t touch the antenna and coaxial. <<Antenna location>> When you don’ t use the radio, take off 1 If the CP6S is located on the roof of a the cable from the radio. (Fig-1) house or top of a building, look around the roof to see if there are any <<If there is something wrong, stop obstacles such as an electronic wire or transmitting immediately.>> TV antenna. The CP6S has to be 1 Keeping transmitting with high VSWR located as far away as possible from may cause the radio to be damaged. those things to obtain its maximum Stop transmitting immediately and performance. Installing the antenna check the following matters. If it ●Parts Description Pipe No. 2 10φ 15208 Internal tooth lock washer M4 15222 Tapping screw M4 x 8 Capacity hat assembly 15221 15209 Single element trap coil assembly Capacity hat fastener ring 15207 15223 ※ Radiator has two water drain holes. (single element trap coil assembly and double elemnt trap coil assembly) Leave them opened. Internal tooth lock washer M4 15222 Screw with radial Tapping screw M4 x 8 element fastener ring 15221 Nut with radial element fastener ring Double element trap coil assembly Radial element fastener ring 15206 15217 Internal tooth lock washer M4 15222 Tapping screw M4 x 8 15221 Pipe No. 1 30φ 15205 Spring washer M6 15220 Radial element Hex head screw 15216 M6 x 8 ※Installation place and position 15219 of the radials is free. It is possible to remove the radial you don’t use the band for. Feed point assembly 10m(28-29MHz) radial 15204 element trap coil assembly 15m(21MHz) radial element 15211 trap coil assembly 15212 Screw with radial 6m(50MHz) radial element Radial element holder element holder 80m(3.5MHz) radial element trap coil assembly 15203 trap coil assembly 15210 15215 Radial element holder Grip nut 15203 15218 40m(7MHz) radial element trap coil assembly 20m(14MHz) radial element 15214 trap coil assembly 15213 Mast support pipe Hex head screw M6 x 8 15202 15219 Spring washer M6 Self-melting tape 15220 15227 V-bolt with nut Mast bracket set 15224 15201A Cable with core 15226 Insulating ring 15225 (Fig-2) ●Parts Description ●Spread around style radial elements more than 12cm(4.7”) above the top Parts # Description Qty end of the mast. 15201A Mast bracket set 2 15202 Mast support pipe 1 15203 Radial element holder 2 24cm 8cm 15204 Feed point assembly 1 15205 Pipe No. 1 φ30 1 15206 Double element trap coil assembly 1 15207 Single element trap coil assembly 1 Single element trap Double element trap coil assembly coil assembly 15208 Pipe No. 2 10φ 1 (Fig-4) 15209 Capacity hat assembly 8 (Fig-7) 15210 6m(50MHz) radial element ●One direction style radial elements trap coil assembly 1 Cable with core 15211 10m(28-29MHz) radial element Applox. 12cm(4.7") Coaxial cable trap coil assembly 1 (not included) Mast 15212 15m(21MHz) radial element Trapping hole trap coil assembly 1 this side 15213 20m(14MHz) radial element 3.5MHz Support pipe trap coil assembly 1 7MHz 15214 40m(7MHz) radial element (Fig-5) Mast brackets trap coil assembly 1 15215 80m(3.5MHz) radial element ●Assembly Instruction Spring washer trap coil assembly 1 1 Put radial element in each radial 15216 Radial element 6 element trap coil assembly by referring Nut 15217 Radial element to the typical element length listed in fastener ring 6 Table A and fasten it with element fastener ring. (Fig-6) 15218 Grip nut 6 Mast 15219 Hex head screw M6 x 8 3 2 Screw radial nut (outside) of radial coil in 15220 Spring washer M6 3 the depth of threaded portion lightly. Mast bracket set 15221 Tapping screw M4 x 8 6 Support Radial element trap coil V-bolt 15222 Internal tooth lock pipe Radial element fastener ring (Fig-8) washer M4 6 15223 Capacity hat 6 Place two radial element holders from fastener ring 2 upper end of the support pipe and 15224 V-bolt with nut 2 Adjustment length of each fasten temporary with screwdriver. Do radial element(Table-A) 15225 Insulating ring 2 not fasten too tightly at this stage, 15226 Cable with core 1 otherwise feedpoint assemblies might 15227 Self-melting tape 1 not be put into the support mast later. <<Note>> Grip nut Radiator ・Fastening the radial element trap coil ※Don’t screw this screw. (Fig-6) Hex head screw Feed point assembly assembly tightly may be damaged. 3 Connect pipe No.1, double element trap Screw Grip nut ・In the case of spread around style coil assembly, single element trap coil Radial element (2pcs/upper radial elements,the turn to fix the assembly and pope No.2 in the vertical & lower) radials is not restricted. However, the element section and fastening them radials of the lower frequencies are with tapping screws and inner tooth Align water drain hole Hex head screw downward when attach more influenced by the surrounding washers by aligning holes in each joint condition.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Use of GIS in Radio Frequency Planning and Positioning Applications
    Use of GIS in Radio Frequency Planning and Positioning Applications Victoria R. Jewell Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering R. Michael Buehrer, Chair Peter M. Sforza Jeffrey H. Reed July 3, 2014 Blacksburg, Virginia Keywords: GIS, RF Modeling, Positioning Copyright 2014, Victoria R. Jewell Use of GIS in Radio Frequency Planning and Positioning Applications Victoria R. Jewell (ABSTRACT) GIS are geoprocessing programs that are commonly used to store and perform calculations on terrain data, maps, and other geospatial data. GIS offer the latest terrain and building data as well as tools to process this data. This thesis considers three applications of GIS data and software: a Large Scale Radio Frequency (RF) Model, a Medium Scale RF Model, and Indoor Positioning. The Large Scale RF Model estimates RF propagation using the latest terrain data supplied in GIS for frequencies ranging from 500 MHz to 5 GHz. The Medium Scale RF Model incorporates GIS building data to model WiFi systems at 2.4 GHz for a range of up to 300m. Both Models can be used by city planners and government officials, who commonly use GIS for other geospatial and geostatistical information, to plan wireless broadband systems using GIS. An Indoor Positioning Experiment is also conducted to see if apriori knowledge of a building size, location, shape, and number of floors can aid in the RF geolocation of a target indoors. The experiment shows that correction of a target to within a building's boundaries reduces the location error of the target, and the vertical error is reduced by nearly half.
    [Show full text]
  • ITU-R RECOMMENDATION F.1096 (09-1994) Methods of Calculating Line-Of-Sight Interference Into Radio-Relay Systems to Account
    Rec. ITU-R F.1096 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R F.1096 METHODS OF CALCULATING LINE-OF-SIGHT INTERFERENCE INTO RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS TO ACCOUNT FOR TERRAIN SCATTERING* (Question ITU-R 129/9) (1994) Rec. ITU-R F.1096 The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that interference from other radio-relay systems and other services can affect the performance of a line-of-sight radio-relay system; b) that the signal power from the transmitting antenna in one system may propagate as interference to the receiving antenna of another system by a line-of-sight great-circle path; c) that the signal power from the transmitting antenna in one system may propagate as interference to the receiving antenna of another system by the mechanism of scattering from natural or man-made features on the surface of the Earth; d) that terrain regions that produce the coupling of this interference may not be close to the great-circle path, but must be visible to both the interfering transmit antenna and the receive antenna of the interfered system; e) that the component of interference power that results from terrain scattering can significantly exceed the interference power that arrives by the great-circle path between the antennas; f) that efficient techniques have been developed for calculating the power of the interference scattered from terrain, recommends 1. that the effects of terrain scatter, when relevant, should be included in calculations of interference power when the interference is due to signals from the transmitting antenna of one system into the receiving antenna of another and when either or both of the following conditions apply (see Note 1): 1.1 there is a line-of-sight propagation path between the transmitting antenna of the interfering system and the receiving antenna of the interfered system; 1.2 there are natural, or man-made, features on the surface of the Earth that are visible from both the interfering transmit antenna and the interfered receive antenna; 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Realistic Approach in Modeling Ad Hoc Networks
    Mohammad Siraj & Soumen Kanrar Performance of Modeling wireless networks in realistic environment Mohammad Siraj [email protected] Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information Sciences) Riyadh-11543,SA Soumen Kanrar [email protected] Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information Sciences) Riyadh-11543,SA Abstract: A wireless network is realized by mobile devices which communicate over radio channels. Since, experiments of real life problem with real devices are very difficult, simulation is used very often. Among many other important properties that have to be defined for simulative experiments, the mobility model and the radio propagation model have to be selected carefully. Both have strong impact on the performance of mobile wireless networks, e.g., the performance of routing protocols varies with these models. There are many mobility and radio propagation models proposed in literature. Each of them was developed with different objectives and is not suited for every physical scenario. The radio propagation models used in common wireless network simulators, in general researcher consider simple radio propagation models and neglect obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper, we study the performance of wireless networks simulation by consider different Radio propagation models with considering obstacles in the propagation environment. In this paper we analyzed the performance of wireless networks by OPNET Modeler .In this paper we quantify the parameters such as throughput, packet received attenuation. Keywords: Throughput, attenuation, opnet, radio propagation model, packet, Simulation. 1. Introduction: Wireless communication technologies are undergoing very rapid advancements. In the past few years researcher have experienced a steep growth in the area of wireless networks in wireless domain.
    [Show full text]
  • The Hertzian Dipole Antenna
    24. Antennas What is an antenna Types of antennas Reciprocity Hertzian dipole near field far field: radiation zone radiation resistance radiation efficiency Antennas convert currents to waves An antenna is a device that converts a time-varying electrical current into a propagating electromagnetic wave. Since current has to flow in the antenna, it has to be made of a conductive material: a metal. And, since EM waves have to propagate away from the antenna, it needs to be embedded in a transparent medium (e.g., air). Antennas can also work in reverse: converting incoming EM waves into an AC current. That is, they can work in either transmit mode or receive mode. Antennas need electrical circuits • In order to drive an AC current in the antenna so that it can produce an outgoing EM wave, • Or, in order to detect the AC current created in the antenna by an incoming wave, …the antenna must be connected to an electrical circuit. Often, people draw illustrations of antennas that are simply floating in space, unattached to anything. Always remember that there needs to be a wire connecting the antenna to a circuit. Bugs also have antennas. But not the kind we care about. not made of metal The word “antenna” comes from the Italian word for “pole”. Marconi used a long wire hanging from a tall pole to transmit and receive radio signals. His use of the term popularized it. The antenna used by Marconi for the first trans-Atlantic radio broadcast (1902) Guglielmo Marconi 1874-1937 There are many different types of antennas • Omnidirectional antennas – designed to receive or broadcast power more or less in all directions (although, no antenna broadcasts equally in every direction) • Directional antennas – designed to broadcast mostly in one direction (or receive mostly from one direction) Examples of omnidirectional antennas, typically used for receiving radio or TV broadcasts.
    [Show full text]
  • MFJ 8 Band Compact Vertical
    MFJ 8 Band Compact Vertical Model MFJ-2389 INSTRUCTIONMANUAL CAUTION: Read All Instructions Before Operating Equipment MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. 300 Industrial Park Road Starkville, MS 39759 USA Tel: 662-323-5869Fax: 662-323-6551 VERSION 1A COPYRIGHTC 2014 MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. MFJ-2389 Compact 8 Band Vertical The MFJ-2389 is an 8 band compact vertical RADIATING ELEMENTS that is designed to operate on 80, 40, 20, 15, 10, 6, 2M, and 70CM bands. The antenna will handle 200W PEP or 50W CW HF or 150W CW/FM VHF and UHF. Due to the compact design the antenna it requires the use of an antenna tuner to cover the bands completely. NOTE When assembling and installing the antenna use 28MHz caution to avoid mounting the antenna near Radiator power lines. 21MHz Assemble the antenna on the ground first if Radiator 21MHZ Radiator possible to make it easier to assemble. Adjustment Element Eye protection is strongly recommended. The 14MHz Radiator elements can be an eye hazard when 7MHz assembling and installing. Mount the antenna Radiator out of normal reach and pedestrian traffic. 29MHz Radiator 3.5MHz Adjustment Element Main Body Radiator When mounting the antenna in high places get assistance. The antenna is not heavy but is awkward when assembled. Some one to assist you may help prevent injuries. Tools Required 7mm, 8mm, and 10mm open end wrench or RADIAL ELEMENTS Adjustable wrench 7MHz Radial PARTS DESCRIPTION 3.5MHz Radial 14MHz Radial 21MHz Radial 28MHz Radial Mast Clamps 50MHz Radial V Clamps Allen Wrench Mast Pipe Nuts Washers(L) Washers (S) Bolts Assembly Instructions 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Radials for the Ground-Mounted Hfp Vertical
    The Ventenna Company LLC Radials for the Ground-Mounted HFp Vertical Any ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical requires some sort of counterpoise. Although simply connecting the ground side of the feed system to earth ground can provide a degree of operability, metallic conductors (radials) make the counterpoise much more effective. Many people putting up a ground-mounted vertical (especially if it's only for temporary use) think that radials of indeterminate length will work about as well as anything. Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, it is possible that incorrectly-sized radials could render the antenna (and the connected radio) completely inoperative and useless. Tests made with the Ventenna Company's HFp Portable HF antenna show conclusively that correctly- sized radial lengths (tuned radials) are critical to the antenna's proper operation. An HFp was set up for 20-meter operation, and connected to a network analyzer so that the return loss at the base of the antenna could be measured (return loss is essentially the inverse of SWR - the data presented here has been converted to SWR). The HFp normally uses three radials, arranged at 120º angles for equal spacing around the base of the antenna. The radials were set up in this manner, and varied in length (all three being set to the same length for each measurement) from 27 ft. to 4.5 ft., with return loss measurements taken at the different lengths. The accompanying chart shows the results of the tests. Radial Length vs SWR (HFp - 20M) 4.00 3.50 3.00 R W 2.50 S 2.00 1.50 1.00 27.5 24.5 23.0 21.5 20.0 18.5 16.0 14.5 13.0 11.5 10.0 8.5 6.0 4.5 Radial Length (Ft.) P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • EN 302 288-1 V1.1.1 (2004-03) European Standard (Telecommunications Series)
    Draft ETSI EN 302 288-1 V1.1.1 (2004-03) European Standard (Telecommunications series) Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short range radar equipment operating in the 24 GHz range; Part 1: Technical requirements and methods of measurement 2 Draft ETSI EN 302 288-1 V1.1.1 (2004-03) Reference DEN/ERM-TG31B-002-1 Keywords radar, radio, testing, SRD, RTTT ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF). In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp If you find errors in the present document, send your comment to: [email protected] Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendation Itu-R Bs.561-2*,**
    Rec. ITU-R BS.561-2 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.561-2*,** Definitions of radiation in LF, MF and HF broadcasting bands (1978-1982-1986) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, recommends that the following terminology should be used to define and determine the radiation from sound- broadcasting transmitters: 1 Cymomotive force (c.m.f.) (in a given direction) The product formed by multiplying the electric field strength at a given point in space, due to a transmitting station, by the distance of the point from the antenna. This distance must be sufficient for the reactive components of the field to be negligible; moreover, the finite conductivity of the ground is supposed to have no effect on propagation. The cymomotive force (c.m.f.) is a vector; when necessary it may be expressed in terms of components along axes perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The c.m.f. is expressed in volts; it corresponds numerically to the field strength in mV/m at a distance of 1 km. 2 Effective monopole-radiated power (e.m.r.p.) (in a given direction) The product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a short vertical antenna in the given direction. (Radio Regulations, No. 1.163.) Radio Regulations No. 1.160 (c) defines the gain of an antenna in a given direction relative to a short vertical antenna Gv as the gain relative to a loss-free reference antenna consisting of a linear conductor, much shorter than one quarter of a wavelength, normal to the surface of a perfectly conducting plane which contains the given direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Applications of Radiowave Propagation
    ECE 458 Lecture Notes on Applications of Radiowave Propagation Erhan Kudeki Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign January 2006 (Edited: Jan. 2010) Copyright c 2010 Reserved — No parts of these notes may be reproduced without permission from the author ! Introduction Apartially-ionizedandelectricallyconductinglayeroftheupperatmospherehelpedguid- ing Marconi’s radio signals across the Atlantic during his historic experiment of 1901. Since the existence of such a layer — the ionosphere —wasnotknownatthetime,the outcome of the experiment, a successful radio contact from Wales to Newfoundland, was abigsurpriseandsparkedanintenseresearchonwavepropagationandthemorphology of the upper atmosphere. Today, in the age of space travel, satellites, and wireless infor- mation networks, radio waves have become an essential element of how we communicate with one another across vast distances. These notes describe the physics and applications of radio waves and radiowave propagation within ionized gases enveloping our planet and solar system. Figure 0.1: Guglielmo Marconi with his receiving apparatus on Signal Hill, St. John’s, Newfoundland in December, 1901. (www3.ns.sympatico.ca/henry.bradford/marconi-newf.html) Acrucialaspectofanionizedgas—aplasma —forradiowavepropagationisthe number density N of its free electrons, which is distributed, in the Earth’s ionosphere, as shown in Figure 0.2. Ionospheric electron density N varies with altitude, latitude, longitude, local time, season, and solar cycle1 and impacts the propagation of ionospheric radiowaves in various ways. Since the response of free electrons to eE forcing depends − on the frequency f of the radiowave field E,thedetailsofionosphericpropagationis frequency dependent. At radio frequencies (see Figure 0.3) less than a critical plasma 111 year periodicity in solar energy output that correlates well with the number of visible sunspots on solar surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmitting and Receiving Antennas
    740 16. Transmitting and Receiving Antennas The total radiated power is obtained by integrating Eq. (16.1.4) over all solid angles 16 dΩ = sin θ dθdφ, that is, over 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π : π 2π Prad = U(θ, φ) dΩ (total radiated power) (16.1.5) Transmitting and Receiving Antennas 0 0 A useful concept is that of an isotropic radiator—a radiator whose intensity is the same in all directions. In this case, the total radiated power Prad will be equally dis- tributed over all solid angles, that is, over the total solid angle of a sphere Ωsphere = 4π steradians, and therefore, the isotropic radiation intensity will be: π 2π dP Prad Prad 1 UI = = = = U(θ, φ) dΩ (16.1.6) dΩ I Ωsphere 4π 4π 0 0 Thus, UI is the average of the radiation intensity over all solid angles. The corre- 16.1 Energy Flux and Radiation Intensity sponding power density of such an isotropic radiator will be: dP UI Prad The flux of electromagnetic energy radiated from a current source at far distances is = = (isotropic power density) (16.1.7) 2 2 given by the time-averaged Poynting vector, calculated in terms of the radiation fields dS I r 4πr (15.10.4): 16.2 Directivity, Gain, and Beamwidth 1 1 e−jkr ejkr PP= × ∗ = − ˆ + ˆ × ˆ ∗ − ˆ ∗ Re(E H ) jkη jk Re (θθFθ φφFφ) (φφFθ θθFφ) 2 2 4πr 4πr The directive gain of an antenna system towards a given direction (θ, φ) is the radiation intensity normalized by the corresponding isotropic intensity, that is, Noting that θˆ × φˆ = ˆr, we have: ˆ + ˆ × ˆ ∗ − ˆ ∗ = | |2 +| |2 = 2 U(θ, φ) U(θ, φ) 4π dP (θθFθ φφFφ) (φφFθ θθFφ) ˆr Fθ Fφ ˆr F⊥(θ, φ) D(θ, φ)= = = (directive gain) (16.2.1) UI Prad/4π Prad dΩ Therefore, the energy flux vector will be: It measures the ability of the antenna to direct its power towards a given direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Ii ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: LONGWAVE
    ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: LONGWAVE RADIATIVE TRANSFER THROUGH 3D CLOUD FIELDS: TESTING THE PROBABILITY OF CLEAR LINE OF SIGHT MODELS WITH THE ARM CLOUD OBSERVATIONS. Yingtao Ma, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Robert G. Ellingson Department of Meteorology Clouds play a key role in regulating the Earth's climate. Real cloud fields are non-uniform in both the morphological and microphysical sense. However, most climate models assume the clouds to be Plane-Parallel Horizontal (PPH) plates with homogeneous optical properties. Three characteristics of 3D clouds have been found to be important for longwave radiative transfer. They are: (1) the 3D geometrical structure of the cloud fields, (2) the horizontal variation of cloud optical depth, and (3) the vertical variation of cloud temperature. One way to incorporate the 3D geometrical effect in climate studies is through the use of an effective cloud faction, for which a major component is the Probability of Clear Line Of Sight (PCLOS). The PCLOS also plays an important role in accounting for longwave 3D effects caused by variable cloud ii optical depth and vertical change of cloud temperature. Aimed at improving the parameterization of longwave radiative transfer through 3D clouds, this study formulated a set of PCLOS models and tested the models with the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) cloud observations. In order to investigate the sampling issue that arises from attempting to obtain domain-averaged information from time series of observations, an evaluation technique was developed and tested with Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model data. Various cloud properties that are necessary for the PCLOS models such as the absolute cloud fraction (N), cloud thickness, cloud spacing, and horizontal size were inferred from the ARM observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Features
    PRODUCT DATASHEET WM330 Broadband Monopole Antenna WM Series 3 - 30 MHz Designed for medium distance Omnidirectional operation, RFS Monopoles are vertically polarized and are characterised by broad frequency band and medium angle radiation patterns. With high power handling, these antennas provide an economical solution, with long- term reliability and stability of electrical characteristics. Particular attention has been paid to the matching of dissimilar metals to minimise electrochemical corrosion. Monopole antennas require a radial ground mat system for specified performance. Ground mat kits are supplied with each antenna. The radiator comprises a cage of stranded marine-grade stainless steel wire. The standard support structure is a guyed triangular galvanised steel mast supported on a heavy-duty ceramic insulator. The insulated tower base is fitted with a horn gap for lightning protection. FEATURES / BENEFITS • Power ratings from 1kW to 50kW. • Ground mat kits included with each antenna. • Radiators manufactured from marine-grade stainless steel wire. • Triangular galvanised steel mast. • Insulated tower base fitted with lightning protection. • Designed for severe environments, wind rating of 306km/h. Technical features ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS Gain dBi refer to graph on page 2 Polarization Vertical Azimuth Radiation Pattern True Omni Directional <2.5:1 Max, 3.0 to 3.15MHz VSWR <2.0:1 Max, 3.15MHz to 30MHz Maximum Power Rating kW Max 50kW average, 100kW PEP (Depending on input connector) Input Connector N-type (1kW) 7/8" EIA (10kW)
    [Show full text]