United States District Court of Connecticut Local Rules

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

United States District Court of Connecticut Local Rules UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT LOCAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE LOCAL RULES FOR MAGISTRATE JUDGES LOCAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE Amended December 1, 2009* *If a Rule was amended after December 2009, the date of amendment is located on the page of the Rule. TABLE OF CONTENTS JUDGES OF THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT ............................................................................................................................ 1 LOCAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE ..................................................................................... 2 RULE 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 2 SCOPE OF RULES ................................................................................................................... 2 (a) Title and Citation ......................................................................................................... 2 (b) Effective Date .............................................................................................................. 2 (c) Definitions ................................................................................................................... 2 RULE 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 3 (RESERVED) ............................................................................................................................ 3 RULE 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 4 COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION .............................................................................................. 4 (a) Complaint or Other Initiating Document ...................................................................... 4 (b) Place of Filing; Number of Copies .............................................................................. 4 (c) Statutory Fee .............................................................................................................. 4 (d) In Forma Pauperis Motion ........................................................................................... 4 RULE 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 5 CIVIL PROCESS ....................................................................................................................... 5 (a) Issue and Service ....................................................................................................... 5 (b) Service Copies ............................................................................................................ 5 (c) Attachments and Pre-Judgment Remedies ................................................................ 5 (d) Filing Return of Service ............................................................................................... 5 RULE 5 ...................................................................................................................................... 6 SERVING AND FILING PLEADINGS AND OTHER PAPERS .................................................. 6 (a) E-Filing ........................................................................................................................ 6 (b) Appearance ................................................................................................................. 6 (c) Proof of Service .......................................................................................................... 6 (d) United States As A Party ............................................................................................ 6 (e) Sealed Proceedings and Documents .......................................................................... 6 (f) Filing of Discovery Materials ....................................................................................... 9 (g) Service in Manually Filed Cases ................................................................................. 9 i RULE 6 .................................................................................................................................... 10 COMPUTATION OF TIME ...................................................................................................... 10 RULE 7 .................................................................................................................................... 11 MOTION PROCEDURES ........................................................................................................ 11 (a) Procedures ................................................................................................................ 11 (b) Motions for Extensions of Time ................................................................................. 12 (c) Motions for Reconsideration ..................................................................................... 12 (d) Reply Memoranda ..................................................................................................... 13 (e) Withdrawals of Appearances .................................................................................... 13 (f) Motions to Amend Pleadings .................................................................................... 13 RULE 7.1 ................................................................................................................................. 14 DISCLOSURE STATEMENT .................................................................................................. 14 RULE 8 .................................................................................................................................... 15 RULES OF PLEADING ........................................................................................................... 15 (a) Statement of the Claim ............................................................................................. 15 (b) Petitions Shall be Legible .......................................................................................... 15 RULE 9 .................................................................................................................................... 16 (RESERVED) .......................................................................................................................... 16 RULE 10 .................................................................................................................................. 17 PREPARATION OF PLEADINGS ........................................................................................... 17 RULE 11 .................................................................................................................................. 18 MOTIONS FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND/OR SANCTIONS ................................................ 18 RULE 12 .................................................................................................................................. 19 (a) Notice to Self-Represented Litigants Regarding Motions to Dismiss ........................ 19 RULE 13 – RULE 15 ............................................................................................................... 21 (RESERVED) .......................................................................................................................... 21 RULE 16 .................................................................................................................................. 22 STATUS AND SETTLEMENT CONFERENCES AND ADR ................................................... 22 (a) Status Conferences .................................................................................................. 22 (b) Scheduling Orders .................................................................................................... 22 (c) Settlement Conferences ........................................................................................... 23 (d) Pretrial Order ............................................................................................................ 23 (e) Trial Briefs ................................................................................................................. 23 ii (f) Failure of Compliance ............................................................................................... 23 (g) Sanctions Against Counsel and Parties .................................................................... 24 (h) Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) ....................................................................... 24 RULE 17 - RULE 22 ................................................................................................................ 26 (RESERVED) .......................................................................................................................... 26 RULE 23 .................................................................................................................................. 27 CLASS ACTION - DISPOSITION OF RESIDUAL FUNDS ..................................................... 27 RULE 24 – RULE 25 ............................................................................................................... 28 (RESERVED) .......................................................................................................................... 28 RULE
Recommended publications
  • Duty of Disclosure for Insurance Contracts: a Comparative Note of the United Kingdom and Indonesia
    Corporate and Trade Law Review Volume 01 Issue 01 January = June 2021 Duty of Disclosure for Insurance Contracts: A Comparative Note of the United Kingdom and Indonesia Shanty Ika Yuniarti Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands Article Info ABSTRACT Keyword: Duty of disclosure is one of the most essential aspects of an insurance contract. Its role in an insurance contract is to avoid fraud and duty of disclosure; misinterpretations. A person seeking insurance must act in good faith, insurance contracts; and good faith requires to disclose every material fact known, related misrepresentation; to the risk. It begins with the proposer for the insurance policy that is contract law; obliged to disclose all information to the insurer. However, there is a possibility either the insured or insurer done a breach of duty of insurance law disclosure. Breach of duty of disclosure includes Non-Disclosure and Misrepresentation. Breach of duty of disclosure also possible to happen in the Pre-Contractual and Post-Contractual Stage in an Article History: insurance contract due to either a deliberate, reckless, or innocent Received: 23 Jun 2020 breach. The duty of disclosure in each country might be different depends on its jurisdiction, for example, the United Kingdom as a Reviewed: 25 Sept 2020 common law country and Indonesia as a civil law country. Accepted: 26 Oct 2020 Published: 18 Dec 2020 ABSTRAK Corresponding Author: Kewajiban pengungkapan adalah salah satu aspek terpenting dari kontrak asuransi. Perannya dalam kontrak asuransi adalah untuk Email: menghindari penipuan dan salah tafsir. Seseorang yang mencari [email protected] asuransi harus bertindak dengan itikad baik, dan itikad baik mensyaratkan untuk mengungkapkan setiap fakta material yang diketahui, terkait dengan risiko.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Alternative Dispute Resolution
    “CONS” OF ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION I. FORUMS AND PROCEDURES FOR ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION A. FORUMS 1. Court – A case may be referred by the court to mediation or arbitration, which is usually before an attorney on the court’s mediation/arbitration panel. 2. Contract – The parties to a contract may include a provision that disputes are to be resolved by binding or non-binding mediation and/or arbitration. The parties may specify a forum such as the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”), JAMS/Endispute, or other associations. If no forum is specified by the parties, the rules of Code of Civil Procedure (“CCP”) §1280 et seq. apply. B. PROCEDURES – ADR Path [see Exhibit “A”] 1. Mediation Court – The rules for court-ordered mediation are set forth in CCP § 1775-1775.16, California Rules of Court (“CRC”) 1630- 1639, and in the local court rules. Contract – The rules for “private” mediation (i.e., a mediator required by contract or voluntarily agreed to by the parties) will depend upon the forum specified by the parties, i.e., the AAA, JAMS/Endispute, or other associations and unassociated mediators. 2. Arbitration Court – The procedures for Judicial Arbitration are found in CCP §1141.10 et seq., CRC Rules 1600 et seq., or local court rules. Contract -- If a contract contains a provision requiring disputes to be submitted to arbitration, then the rules governing Document #: 324 1 arbitration are found in CCP §1280 et seq. However, the parties may provide in a contract that disputes are to be submitted to arbitration and then specify the rules applicable to the arbitration.
    [Show full text]
  • United States District Court District of Connecticut
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT MEGAN MCLOUGHLIN, et al., : o/b/o others similarly situated, : Plaintiffs, : CIVIL ACTION NO. : 3:08-cv-00944(VLB) v. : : PEOPLE’S UNITED BANK, INC. and : August 31, 2009 BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, INC., : Defendants. : MEMORANDUM OF DECISION GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS [Docs. ##55, 56] This case arises out of the loss of electronic banking data that was managed by The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, Inc. ("BNY Mellon"), sued herein as Bank of New York Mellon, Incorporated. The lost electronic information included banking data about customers of People's United Bank Incorporated. ("PUB"). The named Plaintiffs consist of individuals who have or had accounts with PUB. The Plaintiffs bring this putative class action on their own behalf and on behalf of persons similarly situated: individuals with compromised banking information as a result of the Defendants’ loss of personal banking data. The Plaintiffs initially brought this action in Connecticut Superior Court, alleging negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and violations of the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA). The defendant banks removed the action to this Court pursuant to the Class Action Fairness Act (CAFA), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d) on June 24, 2008 [Doc. #1]. On January 2, 2009, the Plaintiffs filed an amended class 1 action complaint [Doc. #53], whereupon the Defendants moved to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, and, in the alternative for lack of standing. [Docs. ## 55, 56]. For the reasons hereinafter set forth, the Court GRANTS the Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Fed.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the District of Kansas
    Case 2:09-cv-02304-JAR Document 77 Filed 09/08/10 Page 1 of 37 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF KANSAS REGINA DANIELS, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Case No. 09-2304-JAR ) UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC., ) ) Defendant. ) MEMORANDUM AND ORDER This matter comes before the Court upon Plaintiff’s Motion to Compel Discovery and for Related Sanctions (Doc. 64). The motion is fully briefed, and the Court is prepared to rule. For the reasons stated below, Plaintiff’s motion is granted in part and denied in part. I. Procedural Requirement to Confer Before considering the merits of Plaintiff’s motion to compel, this Court must first determine whether Plaintiff has complied with the requirements of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and this district’s local rules regarding the movant’s duty to confer with opposing counsel prior to filing a motion to compel. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a)(1) provides that a motion to compel “must include a certification that the movant has in good faith conferred or attempted to confer with the person or party failing to make disclosure or discovery in an effort to obtain it without court action.” D. Kan. R. 37.2 expands on the movant’s duty to confer, stating “[a] ‘reasonable effort to confer’ means more than mailing or faxing a letter to the opposing party. It requires that the parties in good faith converse, confer, compare views, consult and deliberate, or in good faith attempt to do so.” In this case, the parties have exchanged correspondence aimed at attempting to resolve the instant discovery dispute without judicial intervention.
    [Show full text]
  • Closing Functions Pursuant to Public Act 19-88
    CLOSING FUNCTIONS PURSUANT TO PUBLIC ACT 19-88 ACTIVITY PART OF CONDUCTING THE MEMO REFERENCE CLOSING (YES OR NO) Title Searching NO C.(1) Preparation of Closing NO C.(3) Documents which do not transfer title / affect legal rights Preparation of Closing YES: Connecticut Attorney must at C.(3) Documents which DO least actively supervise the drafting of transfer title / affect these documents legal rights Presiding Over the YES: Connecticut Attorney must C.(4) Signing at the Closing conduct and /or arrange for the meeting where documents are executed Attorney Presence at YES: Connecticut attorney must be C.(4)(c) Closing present and available when documents are executed Disbursement of Funds YES: Connecticut Attorney must at C.(5) least oversee and supervise Recording of NO C.(6)(a) and (b) Documents FAQS PURSUANT TO PUBLIC ACT 19-88 ACTIVITY PROHIBITED OR MEMO REFERENCE PERMITTED May Paralegals/Notaries PERMITTED: Connecticut C.(4)(b) Notarize Documents Attorney must be present and available Witness Only Closings PROHIBITED C.(4)(d) Mail-Away Closings PERMITTED C.(4)(e) (Including Remote Execution of Sale Documents) Senate Bill 320/Public Act 19-88 Memorandum Executive Summary Many people have approached the Connecticut Bar Association regarding Public Act 19- 88, “An Act Concerning Real Estate Closings,” (the “Act”) and the Act’s effect on certain practices that have occurred in residential real estate purchase and sale transactions and refinances. The Real Property Section of the Connecticut Bar Association concludes that given the language of the Act, a Connecticut admitted attorney must be meaningfully involved in conducting a real estate closing as set forth herein.1 Introduction Effective October 1, 2019, Connecticut law requires that attorneys admitted in Connecticut in good standing conduct real estate closings.
    [Show full text]
  • May 12, 2017 to Solicit the Parties’ Views on Any Evidentiary Hearing to Be Held
    CONTRA COSTA SUPERIOR COURT MARTINEZ, CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT: 12 HEARING DATE: 05/12/17 1. TIME: 9:00 CASE#: MSC15-01760 CASE NAME: WALKER VS. WEST WIND DRIVE-IN HEARING ON MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT FILED BY SYUFY ENTERPRISES, LP * TENTATIVE RULING: * Defendant Syufy Enterprises, LP files this motion for summary judgment. As captioned, the motion is facially defective because it would not dispose of the entire action and result in entry of judgment in the case. In the interest of justice, however (and bearing in mind the proximity of the trial date), the Court will treat the motion as one for summary adjudication as to the first cause of action for premises liability and the third cause of action for negligence. The parties have supported, opposed, and briefed the motion as if it were a motion for summary adjudication. The motion is denied. The present motion rests entirely on what is asserted to be a release agreement found in the original contract between the parties. The Court holds, as a matter of law, that the purported release language is not a release of claims as between these two parties, but rather an indemnification provision as to any third-party claims brought against Syufy due to Walker’s use of Syufy’s facilities. This case arises from a swap meet occurring on premises owned by defendant Syufy. Plaintiff Walker purchased a vendor ticket, an agreement entitling her to sell goods at the swap meet. The challenged counts assert liability for negligence and premises liability, arising from Walker’s injury allegedly caused by catching her foot in a pothole on the premises.
    [Show full text]
  • Complaint Counsel's Response to Respondent's Motion to Compel Admissions
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BEFORE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION OFFICE OF ADMIMSTRATIVE LAW JUDGES In the Matter of 1 PUBLIC VERSION 1 ASPEN TECHNOLOGY, INC., 1 Respondent. Docket No. 93 10 COMPLAINT COUNSEL'S RESPONSE TO RESPONDENT'S MOTION TO COMPEL ADMISSIONS The Commission initiated its pre-complaint investigation of Aspen's consummated acquisition of its chef rival, Hyprotech, in the summer of 2002. During the course of that investigation Respondent provided the Commission with statements fiom various customers in an effort to persuade the Commission to close the investigation. The statements, combined with other information obtained by the Commission, were insufficient to prevent the unanimous Commission from issuing its Complaint. Respondent then deconstructed 64 of these statements to create 753 separate Requests for Admission ("RFA"). Only one of the statements appears to be sworn and at least a dozen were not even signed by the putative authors.' The statements have no value in this proceeding because there is no doubt that they are inadmissible hearsay. They are not business documents entitled to any Lenox pres~mption.~ Most relate primarily to the personal opinions of the authors as individuals, as opposed to expressing an authoritative position on behalf of the respective companies. They bear no other ' Forty of the statements are from witnesses located in foreign countries and, therefore, not subject to the Commission's subpoena power. -See In the Matter of Lenox, Inc., 73 F.T.C. 578,603-04 (1968) (presumption that documents fiom respondent's files are authentic and kept in the regular course of business); see also Rule 3.43(b)(2).
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Golding: Looking Back on 30 Years of Golding Review in the Criminal Context
    A Review on Golding: Looking Back on 30 Years of Golding Review in the Criminal Context March 30, 2020 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. CT Bar Association New Britain, CT CT Bar Institute, Inc. CT: 2.0 CLE Credits (General) NY: 2.0 CLE Credits (AOP) No representation or warranty is made as to the accuracy of these materials. Readers should check primary sources where appropriate and use the traditional legal research techniques to make sure that the information has not been affected or changed by recent developments. Page 1 of 105 Lawyers’ Principles of Professionalism As a lawyer I must strive to make our system of justice work fairly and Where consistent with my client's interests, I will communicate with efficiently. In order to carry out that responsibility, not only will I comply opposing counsel in an effort to avoid litigation and to resolve litigation with the letter and spirit of the disciplinary standards applicable to all that has actually commenced; lawyers, but I will also conduct myself in accordance with the following Principles of Professionalism when dealing with my client, opposing I will withdraw voluntarily claims or defense when it becomes apparent parties, their counsel, the courts and the general public. that they do not have merit or are superfluous; Civility and courtesy are the hallmarks of professionalism and should not I will not file frivolous motions; be equated with weakness; I will endeavor to be courteous and civil, both in oral and in written I will make every effort to agree with other counsel, as early as possible,
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook on Civil Discovery Practice
    MIDDLE DISTRICT DISCOVERY A HANDBOOK ON CIVIL DISCOVERY PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA Rev. 6/05/15 Introduction The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Local Rules of the Middle District of Florida, and existing case law cover only some aspects of civil discovery practice. Many of the gaps have been filled by the actual practice of trial attorneys and, over the years, a custom and usage has developed in this district in frequently recurring discovery situations. Originally developed by a group of trial attorneys, this handbook on civil discovery practice in the United States District Court, Middle District of Florida, updated in 2001, and again in 2015, attempts to supplement the rules and decisions by capturing this custom and practice. This handbook is neither substantive law nor inflexible rule; it is an expression of generally acceptable discovery practice in the Middle District. It is revised only periodically and should not be relied on as an up-to-date reference regarding the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Local Rules for the Middle District of Florida, or existing case law. Judges and attorneys practicing in the Middle District should regard the handbook as highly persuasive in addressing discovery issues. Parties who represent themselves (“pro se”) will find the handbook useful as they are also subject to the rules and court orders and may be sanctioned for non-compliance. Judges may impose specific discovery requirements in civil cases, by standing order or case-specific order. This handbook does not displace those requirements, but provides a general overview of discovery practice in the Middle District of Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • (2010) 188 Cal.App.4Th 1510
    Filed 10/6/10 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION THREE PHIL HOLMES et al., Plaintiffs and Appellants, G041906 v. (Super. Ct. No. 30-2008-00110902) SIEGLINDE SUMMER et al., O P I N I O N Defendants and Respondents. Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, David R. Chaffee, Judge. Reversed. Adorno Yoss Alvarado & Smith, Keith E. McCullough and Kevin A. Day for Plaintiffs and Appellants. Harbin & McCarron, Richard H. Coombs, Jr., and Andrew McCarron for Defendants and Respondents. Particularly in these days of rampant foreclosures and short sales, “[t]he manner in which California‟s licensed real estate brokers and salesmen conduct business is a matter of public interest and concern. [Citations.]” (Wilson v. Lewis (1980) 106 Cal.App.3d 802, 805-806.) When the real estate professionals involved in the purchase and sale of a residential property do not disclose to the buyer that the property is so greatly overencumbered that it is almost certain clear title cannot be conveyed for the agreed upon price, the transaction is doomed to fail. Not only is the buyer stung, but the marketplace is disrupted and the stream of commerce is impeded. When properties made unsellable by their debt load are listed for sale without appropriate disclosures and sales fall through, purchasers become leery of the marketplace and lenders preparing to extend credit to those purchasers waste valuable time in processing useless loans. In the presently downtrodden economy, it behooves us all for business transactions to come to fruition and for the members of the public to have confidence in real estate agents and brokers.
    [Show full text]
  • July 28, 2011 Villeneuve V. State of Connecticut
    11-11 To Be Argued By: WILLIAM A. COLLIER ======================================== FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT Docket No. 11-11 MARK E. VILLENEUVE, Plaintiff-Appellant, -vs- STATE OF CONNECTICUT, SALVATORE DIPIANO, RICHARD FLORENTINE, FRANCES DERA, PATRICIA KING, MEMBERS OF THE WINDHAM GRIEVANCE PANEL, JULIA AURIGEMMA, JUDGE, (For continuation of Caption, See Inside Cover) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT ======================================== REDACTED BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ERNESTI MATTEI ======================================== DAVID B. FEIN United States Attorney District of Connecticut WILLIAM A. COLLIER ROBERT M. SPECTOR (of counsel) Assistant United States Attorneys R IC H A R D B LU M E N TH A L, BA R B A RA M . Q U I N N , J U D G E , A N D R E W N O R T O N , C O N N EC TIC U T STA TEW ID E G R IEV A N C E COMMITTEE, MICHAEL FEDELE, MARK DUBOIS, ERNESTI J. MATTEI, OFFICIAL CAPACITY, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Defendants-Appellees. TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Authorities. iii Statement of Jurisdiction. viii Statement of Issue Presented for Review. xi Preliminary Statement. 2 Statement of the Case.. 3 Statement of Facts and Proceedings Relevant to this Appeal. 4 I. State Administrative and Judicial Proceedings. 4 II. Plaintiff’s Federal Suit. 8 Summary of Argument.. 11 Argument. 12 I. Connecticut Rules of Professional Conduct 8.4(3) and 8.4(4) Are Constitutional On Their Face.. 12 A. Relevant facts. 12 B. Governing law and standard of review. 12 1. Grievance procedure.
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado Rules of Civil & Appellate Procedure, 2017 Edition
    TABLE OF CONTENTS Colorado Rules of Civil Procedure for Courts of Record in Colorado Chapter 1. Scope of Rules, One Form of Action, Commencement of Action, Service of Process, Pleadings, Motions and Orders . .5 Rule 1. Scope of Rules . .5 Rule 2. One Form of Action . .8 Rule 3. Commencement of Action . .8 Rule 4. Process . .10 Rule 5. Service and Filing of Pleadings and Other Papers . .30 Rule 6. Time . .34 Chapter 2. Pleadings and Motions . .41 Rule 7. Pleadings Allowed: Form of Motions . .41 Rule 8. General Rules of Pleading . .44 Rule 9. Pleading Special Matters . .61 Rule 10. Form and Quality of Pleadings, Motions and Other Documents . .68 Rule 11. Signing of Pleadings . .75 Rule 12. Defenses and Objections—When and How Presented—by Pleading or Motion—Motion for Judgment on Pleadings . .79 Rule 13. Counterclaim and Cross Claim . .99 Rule 14. Third-Party Practice . .105 Rule 15. Amended and Supplemental Pleadings . .109 Rule 16. Case Management and Trial Management . .128 Rule 16.1. Simplified Procedure for Civil Actions . .141 Rule 16.2. Court Facilitated Management of Domestic Relations Cases and General Provisions Governing Duty of Disclosure . .145 Chapter 3. Parties . .153 Rule 17. Parties Plaintiff and Defendant; Capacity . .153 Rule 18. Joinder of Claims and Remedies . .161 Rule 19. Joinder of Persons Needed for Just Adjudication . .163 Rule 20. Permissive Joinder of Parties . .169 Rule 21. Misjoinder and Nonjoinder of Parties . .174 Rule 22. Interpleader . .174 Rule 23. Class Actions . .175 Rule 23.1. Derivative Actions by Shareholders . .183 Rule 23.2. Actions Relating to Unincorporated Associations .
    [Show full text]