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OceanThe Official Magazineog of the Oceanoraphygraphy Society

CITATION Dybas, C.L. 2011. Ripple marks—The story behind the story.Oceanography 23(4):8–11, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.15.

COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 23, Number 4, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2010 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved.

USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA.

downloaded from www.tos.org/oceanography Ripple Marks The Story Behind the Story b y Cheryl Lyn Dybas

They Met on the — of the Riparian Tugai, Coniferous Taiga Once Mingled on Fabled Highway

I imagine a . former channel.” director of conservation at the Minnesota He’ll move through the forest and his days No tigers were glimpsed there after Zoo in Minneapolis, if it’s attempted in Leaving his traces on the mud banks 1958. Although still a matter of debate, the the right habitat. Of a river whose name he doesn’t know. legendary final wild may have That habitat istugai . In his world there are no names or past been killed in February 1970, in Hakkari Stretching through Central in long Or future, only the certainty of now. Province, . green strands, tugai was once widespread. – Jorge Luis Borges, “The Other Tiger” New DNA evidence, however, reveals Now it remains only as fragments along that we may not have seen the last of this such as the in and Amu-Darya In reeds tinged red in the Central Asian sun, tiger-of-the-riverbanks. in Uzbekistan. Other extensive tugai still a tiger roamed. There, in riparian forests that In 2010, the Chinese Year of the Tiger, exists in and around Tigrovaya Balka, and line rivers like the on the border of Driscoll and other scientists are working to along Kazakhstan’s Syr-Darya River, says Olga , the Caspian tiger ( bring back the Caspian tiger. They analyzed Pereladova, director of the World Wildlife virgata) prowled. mitochondrial DNA in samples from Caspian Fund (WWF)’s Program. Until its in the mid-1900s, the tigers preserved in in Russia, WWF-Russia and WWF-Netherlands tiger stalked Bukhara along tugai, thick- Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan, and compared recently undertook a feasibility study for eted watercourses that flow through Central them with those of tigers. The two Caspian (Amur) tiger reintroduction in Asia’s otherwise vast, arid deserts. tigers, it turned out, have almost identical Central Asia. The results identified at least In the early twentieth century, the Russian genetic sequences, differing by only a two likely habitats: the Amu-Darya Delta and government instructed its Army to exter- single nucleotide. the Ili . The Ili River looks espe- minate all tigers as part of an agricultural Pronouncing the Caspian tiger extinct, cially promising. The 894-mile-long Ili runs conversion project across Central Asia. Once Driscoll believes, may have been premature. through northwestern to Kazakhstan, Caspian tigers were almost gone, farmers Some 10,000 years ago, Caspian tigers finally flowing into . There it moved in, clearing tugai and planting crops used a narrow trail to migrate from eastern forms a large delta with vast tugai . like cotton. The tigers retreated, first from China to the region around the Caspian “This delta still has enough healthytugai lowland streams to marshes around larger Sea. The corridor they used—a­ funnel not to offer cover to good numbers of tiger rivers. Finally, they crept into forested much wider than the dusty, caravan-traveled prey,” says Pereladova. “Without prey, there mountain ranges. Silk Road itself—was bordered on one can be no tigers.” In 1947, the banned side by mountains, on the other by desert. What are the prospects for the “Caspian” of the Caspian tiger’s close relative, the From there, the tigers colonized Central tiger? Will it return to Central Asia by the Siberian, or more properly, Amur, tiger Asia. Eventually, some returned eastward next Year of the Tiger in 2022? (Panthera tigris altaica), still found today across southern Siberia, establishing the The way ahead will not be easy. TheA mur in the taiga, or coniferous forests, near the ’s Amur tiger population. tiger itself hovers on the brink, according Amur River in the Russian Far East. But the Tigers likely stopped meeting at this to biologist Dale Miquelle, Director of the edict came too late for the Caspian tiger, says ecological crossroads within the last Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-Russia, Carlos Driscoll, a biologist at the US National 200 years, a result of increasing human pres- which oversees the long-running Siberian Cancer Institute’s Laboratory of Genomic ence in the region. Tiger Project in the Sikhole-Alin Diversity in Frederick, Maryland. The discovery raises the possibility of of the Russian Far East. “Poaching, prey The Caspian tiger’s last stronghold was a repopulating a now tigerless Central Asia depletion, habitat loss from logging of pines reserve in Tajikistan: Tigrovaya Balka, “tiger with Amur tigers, according to Ron Tilson, in the taiga, and now infectious diseases

8 Oceanography | Vol.23, No.4 Tiger photos courtesy of Ilya Raskin. Tugai photos courtesy of Olga Pereladova, WWF-Central Asia. have taken down the tigers. Our last Russia- wide census found fewer than 500 tigers even in remote forests.” A newly designated preserve along the Koppi River should help. In late September, the Khabarovsk Krai Administration in the Russian Far East passed a resolution to protect 94,000 acres of the Koppi River watershed. The river basin provides a home or migration corridor for many large , including Manchurian deer, , brown bears—and Amur tigers. “The most valuable section of the Koppi River has been granted protection in perpetuity,” says Yuri Kolpak, director of the regional arm for Wildlife Conservation and Protected Areas in Khabarovsk Krai. A Koppi River Watershed Council will act as a governing body to coordinate sustainable watershed management, anti- poaching efforts, and regional development opportunities such as ecotourism and catch-and-release sport fishing. The council is an outgrowth of more than a decade of efforts by international and regional non- governmental organizations like the Wild Salmon Center in the United States, regional government, and local district administra- tion and communities. Cooperation that extends from local to international levels, says Miquelle, is at the heart of Amur tigers’ future. There’s also hope on the horizon for the former Caspian tiger, believes Eric Dinerstein, vice president for conservation science at WWF. “With the Caspian tiger, we might be able to do what was once thought impossible,” he says, “’reincarnate’ an gone forever.” When a tiger vanishes into the forest, legend says, last to fade from view are its eyes. The eyes of the Caspian tiger may be forever closed. But a relative close enough to be its shadow might again rustle through reedy tugai. ThenTigrovaya Balka may reclaim its rightful name: a former river channel where tigers indeed dwell. Adapted from an article by C.L. Dybas in BioScience (December 2010).

Oceanography | December 2010 9 R iPPle Marks, Continued Thysanoessa raschii. Krill are much less prominent in the Arctic than the Antarctic. Among them, this species is the most common. It only reaches 25 mm in length. Courtesy of Mirror Images—Identical Species Hopcroft/UAF/NOAA/CoML Thrive inA ntarctic, Arctic Seas

Polar bears live on northern ice, penguins eyes of armed lookouts to protect them vanishes, on southern, with an 11,000-km distance from polar bears. What they found, the new species between them. Life on the North and South oceanographers say, was worth the risk. radiate northward. Poles couldn’t be more different. “Polar seas, far from being biological For example, over 30 million Or could it? deserts, teem with an amazing quantity years, several Antarctic octopi have The forbidding oceans of the Arctic and and variety of life,” says Ian Poiner, chair of colonized the deep sea, each “migration” Antarctic have revealed a treasure trove of the CoML Steering Committee and chief coinciding with retreating ice. secrets to Census of Marine Life (CoML) executive officer of the Australian Institute “One hundred years ago, explorers like scientists. They were stunned to find more of Marine Science. “Only through the Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton saw than 235 species common to the seas cooperation of 500 scientists from more mostly ice in Antarctica,” says Victoria around both poles. than 25 countries could such daunting Wadley of the Australian Antarctic Division. Begun in 2000, CoML is an international environmental challenges [as those of “Now we see life here—everywhere.” research program uniting thousands of the poles] be overcome to produce this The findings in the Arctic are no less far- scientists worldwide. The goal: to assess unprecedented research.” reaching. As ice melt there continues, sea ice and explain the diversity, distribution, and Surprisingly, the Antarctic seafloor is a ridges may play a role as important refuges abundance of marine life—past, present, single bioregion, the scientists found, and a for marine species. and future—by 2010. In October of this year, cold incubator for new species. The effects of global warming on marine CoML researchers presented the results of Research conducted in the 1970s life distribution, abundance, and diversity their decade-long endeavors. suggested separate bioregions around are appearing in unexpected Arctic places. Among initial findings were species both Antarctica. CoML efforts, however, reveal Cold-water amphipods in Hornsund Fjord poles share, including blue, humpback, and that life on the seafloor around the near Spitsbergen, Norway, are vanishing in fin whales, and many seabirds, as well as continent of ice forms a single biological the fjord’s warming waters. Halfway around worms, crustaceans, and butterfly-like plank- province—in spite of 8,500 km of ocean the pole in the Chukchi Sea offA laska, tonic pteropods. The discoveries open a separating Antarctica’s opposite sides. several , including snow crabs, have host of questions about where these animals Scientists are analyzing hundreds of open- extended their ranges northward—by more originated, and how they ended up at both ocean samples from all compass points to than 500 km. ends of the Earth. find out whether marine life distribution has Smaller marine species are replacing larger The biologists also documented been evened out by the flow of the Antarctic ones. The implications for the Arctic food evidence of cold-water-loving species Circumpolar Current. The swift-flowing web, say scientists like Russ Hopcroft of the shifting toward both poles to escape rising current circles the polar continent twice as University of Alaska, may be profound. ocean temperatures. fast as the Gulf Stream flows from the Gulf of Clues lie in a CoML database called OBIS The results were hard-won. A series of Mexico to Europe. (Ocean Biogeographic Information System). polar expeditions took scientists through Glacial cycles taking place over millions of OBIS has logged one million observations of 16-m-high waves near Antarctica. Their years have made the Antarctic an incubator 5,500 taxa in Arctic waters, with more being Arctic colleagues worked under the watchful of many species that today live in northern added. “We’ve filled in major blank spots on waters, molecular techniques show. the Arctic map,” says Hopcroft, “though big Antarctica regularly refreshes the world’s unobserved areas remain.” ocean with new species of sea spiders, Waiting for their day in the sun, he says, isopods, and other creatures. The species could be creatures like the tiny, bright evolve, it’s believed, when glacial expansions orange crustacean Gaetanus brevispinus, around the continent later melt. As the ice among the 235-and-counting species living in two worlds, the Antarctic and Arctic. The revelation that the same species dwell Limacina retroversa. Sea-butterflies, or pteropods, are pelagic snails that at both the north and south poles tells swim through the water and catch food on sticky mucus webs and para- chutes. This species is most abundant in the subarcticA tlantic, and adjoining us that despite an 11,000-km-separation, parts of the Arctic proper. Courtesy of Hopcroft/UAF/NOAA/CoML they—and we—are all citizens of one Earth.

10 Oceanography | Vol.23, No.4 Fueled by Sugar Rush and Remodeled Legs— Christmas Island Red Crabs Run for the Money

Santa and his globe-trotting reindeer have several days without stopping. Crustacean nothing on the red crabs (Gecarcoidea Hyperglycemic Hormone (CHH) allows them natalis) of Christmas Island in the to make super-efficient use of stored energy Indian Ocean. in the form of glycogen in their muscles, In one of the most spectacular migrations spurring its rapid conversion to glucose to on Earth, with the arrival of the monsoon fuel the migration. into work on August 11, 2009, and later died rains each November or December, millions Their walk to the sea is “extremely ener- of his injuries. of red crabs set out on an arduous journey getically demanding,” says Simon Webster, His colleagues published the results of the from an inland rainforest plateau to the an endocrinologist at the University of group’s study in the Journal of Experimental ocean to reproduce. Bristol and member of the research team. Biology, April 30, 2010, online edition. “It is Christmas Island becomes a carpet of red “During the nonmigratory period, the crabs now crucial,” they wrote in the paper’s last as the crabs flow across roadways, scuttle are inactive and stay in burrows on the paragraph, “to compare not just quiescent through shops and homes, and turn the rainforest floor, emerging only for a brief dry season crabs with those undergoing the island’s golf course greens bright crimson. period at dawn to feed. Their migration annual migration, but crabs throughout Some 120 million red crabs live on Christmas behavior reflects a fundamental alteration in their seasonal cycle.” Island. They migrate so females can release metabolic status.” The crabs may not have much time left. their eggs into the sea at the turn of high CHH is but one part of that change. Monsoons have arrived later and later in tide during the last-quarter moon. To switch from muscles suited to short- recent years, causing the crabs to die of “This trip takes them across several kilome- term inland burrow-sprinting to a high- dehydration and exhaustion when they ters of land,” says Lucy Turner, a researcher at endurance march to the coast, genes that ultimately migrate in the absence of heavy the University of Bristol in the UK who has code for proteins involved in muscle recon- rains. In the monsoonal delay, numbers of an studied the crabs, “a long way when you’re a struction are activated in the crabs’ legs. In ant called the yellow crazy ant are exploding. small land crab less than 20 cm long.” essence, the crabs remodel their leg muscles The ants spray the crabs with poison, Scientists have wondered about the mech- for the wet-season migration. then eat them. anisms that let the crabs make a dramatic Tragically, Morris did not live to see his Life on Christmas Island is clearly not a switch from sedentary lifestyle work come to fruition. He was knocked off holiday. In the face of droughts and yellow to 5-km marathon—overnight. his bike on the way crazy ants, icy North Pole lands suddenly A project led by the late Steve Morris look very inviting. of the University of Bristol led to the discovery that hormonal changes Photos are from http://www.environment.gov.au/ play a pivotal role in enabling the parks/mediacentre and are copyright of the Australia Director of National Parks crabs to walk—if not run—for

Che ryl Lyn Dybas ([email protected]), a contributing writer for Oceanography, is a marine scientist and policy analyst by training. She also writes about the seas for The Washington Post, BioScience, Natural History, Canadian Geographic, Africa Geographic, and many other publications. Oceanography | December 2010 11