RGS-IBG Field Research Programmes

Maracá Rainforest Project 1987-1988

An ecological survey of the riverine island of Maracá, an important tropical forest reserve in Brazilian Amazonia, and four related programmes: forest regeneration; soils and hydrology; medical entomology; land development.

At the invitation of the Brazilian Secretariat of the Environment, SEMA (Secretaria Especial do Meio Ambiente) and in association with the National Amazonian Research Institute, INPA (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia) Patron: HRH The Prince of Wales

Leader: Dr John Hemming, Director and Secretary, Royal Geographical Society; Field Leader: Steve Bowles; Administrator: Fiona Watson.

Scientific Programme Directors: Ecological Survey: Dr James Ratter, Chief Principal Scientific Officer, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh; Brazilian counterpart, Dr Ângelo ds Santos, INPA Ecologia Forest Regeneration: Dr John Proctor, Department of Biological Science, University of Stirling; Brazilian counterpart, Dr João Ferraz, INPA Silvicultura. Soils and Hydrology: Professor John Thornes, Department of Geography, University of Bristol; Brazilian counterpart, Flávio Luizão, INPA Ecologia. Medical Entomology: Dr Victor Py-Daniel, INPA Entomologia. Land Development: Dr Peter Furley, Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh

Number of members: 202 Duration: February 1987 - March 1988 and follow-up monitoring in 1989 and 1990

At the invitation of the Brazilian Environment of Roraima. Maracá is a vast 100,000-hectare Secretariat (SEMA) and in collaboration with the uninhabited island, 60 kilometres long and 25 National Amazon Research Institute (INPA), the kilometres wide, on the Uraricoera river, a RGS mounted the largest British project ever to tributary of the Amazon. Its forests, wetlands, work in Brazilian Amazonia. It was a welcome patches of savanna, and small hills are largely invitation, since, although Brazil contains almost unexplored. SEMA has a purpose-built research 60 per cent of the world's surviving rainforests, it station on the eastern tip which served as a is difficult for foreign scientists to obtain comfortable base for the project. permission to work there. The Maracá Rainforest Project's research SEMA requested an ecological survey of the proposals were welcomed by Brazilian authorities flora, fauna and physical geography of its Maracá as being of real practical benefit to their country. Ecological Reserve, in the northernmost Territory For the Ecological Survey, 89 scientists and 41

technicians, the majority of whom were Brazilian, sandflies which transmit leishmaniasis. This recorded, studied and in some cases collected team's work will help to control some of the Maracá's rich fauna and flora. Botanical teams region's worst diseases. from Kew, Edinburgh, INPA, Paraiba and other Brazilian institutions collected and identified The Land Development programme was based off 2,800 "numbers" of plants and inventoried, tagged Maracá island, where there is active colonisation and measured over 9,000 trees. Whereever of nearby forests and savannas. Settlers were possible eight replicates were collected of each interviewed and soils and vegetation of their number for distribution to appropriate herbaria in deforested land were analysed. Rates of Brazil, UK and USA. Ornithologists observed a deforestation were assessed using Landsat satellite remarkable total of 450 species; entomologists imagery and studies of farming methods, collected over 30,000 of specimens of a wide horticulture and history of frontier settlement in range of insects from ants and termites to moths, Roraima were carried out. butterflies, bees and flies and some new species were discovered. Maracá is very rich in bats with Data from this programme will go to Brazilian 46 species recorded; studies were made of government agencies concerned with colonisation monkeys, small mammals, otters and other in order to help the settlers and minimise the animals. Aquatic studies included work on fish, environmental damage they cause by lessening zooplankton, molluscs and sponges. Geological, their rate of failure. soil and meteorological data was gathered to complete the survey. Much research was carried out in the interior of Maracá island and this involved numerous The Forest Regeneration Programme is a long- tough river trips up formidable rapids, mapping term study investigating ways in which rainforest the myriad channels and waterfalls, cutting many could grow after destruction. Artificial gaps were new trails through the dense vegetation and often created and the sequence and rate of seedling steep terrain, and establishing sub-camps. growth, rate of litterfall, decomposition, changes in soil composition and effects of clearance on It was a fundamental objective of this Project water and nutrient cycles were tested. This team to involve as many Brazilian scientists as possible also studied the reasons for the abrupt natural (over 130 participated) and to present the results boundary between forest and savanna by in Portuguese at a major review conference in examining changes in soil chemistry, water table, Manaus in April 1989 and in Brazilian journals. soil micro-organisms and vegetation across the This policy increased the chances of the Project's boundary. findings being applied to save Amazon forests.

The Soils and Hydrology team devised a set of Major sponsors included: experiments looking at changes in soil chemistry, The Ford Foundation, The Overseas Development erosion and rainwater runoff after different types Administration, The Sainsburys' Headley Trust, of forest clearance. It showed the importance of The Baring Foundation, The Dulverton Trust, ICI the root-and-litter mat in checking erosion, and Brazil, Souza Cruz (BAT), Lloyds Bank made other important discoveries that will help International, European Brazilian Bank, Linhas rainforest conservation. Correntes (Coats Paton), The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Edinburgh, The Royal Society, In a series of long river journeys, the medical The British Academy, Mercedes-Benz do Brasil, entomologists studied insects which transmit Petrobras, Mercury outboard motors and Philip some of the major diseases of Amazonia such as Harris laboratory equipment. the Simuliidae blackfly vector of onchocerciasis, Anopheles mosquitoes which carry malaria and

Further reading: Milliken, William, & Ratter, James A. eds. (1998) Maracá:The Biodiversity and Environment of an Amazonian Rainforest, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, , 492 pages, maps, diagrams.. Hemming, John H.; Ratter, James A., foreword by HRH The Prince of Wales, (1993) Maracá - Rainforest Island, Macmillan, London. 134 pp., colour plates, map.

MARACÁ RAINFOREST PROJECT, BRAZIL 1987-88

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Arrais, Maria das Graças Medina, (1987) Marrs, Robert H., (1987) Nitrogen Levantamento florístico. mineralization in forest regeneration Barrett, Toby V., (1987) Relatório de viagem and campo plots. à Estação ecológia de Maracá (RR) Mougeot, Luc (6 February - 1 March 1987) para avaliar o problema da presença Dry season survey - report 2. Land de triatomíneo nos alojamentos. development programme. Campos, Lúcio A. de Oliveira, (1987) Mougeot, Luc (1-17 September 1987) Wet Estudos da população de Abelhas na season survey - report 3. Land floresta tropical úmida de Maracá. development programme. Colares, Elton P., (1988) ‘Algumas Martini, José M., (1987) Aspectos geológicos observações de Pteronura brasiliensis da Ilha de Maracá. na Ilha de Maracá,’ (Manaus McParland, Kelly, (3 April 1987) ‘Scientists to Workshop) explore treasure-trove island,’ Asian Edwards, Peter J., (1987) Forest inventory. Times. Eden, Michael J. and McGregor, Duncan, Miller, Robert P., (1987) Study of seed (1989) Ilha de Maracá and the dispersal and natural regeneration of Roraima region. several commercial hardwoods Ferraz, João B.S., (March-May 1987) Forest occurring on Maracá Island, Roraima. regeneration programme progress Milliken, William (1987) General report. report. Nunes, Andrea, (1988) ‘Uso do habitat e Ferraz, João B.S., Souza Neto, José F., ecologia alimentar de Ateles (1987) Transição entre floresta e belzebuth,’ (Manaus Workshop) campo. O’Shea, Mark, (1988) The Herpetofauna of Ferraz, João B.S., (1987) Transição entre a Ilha de Maracá, Territory of Roraima, mata e campo. Brazil. (An annotated checklist of Furley, Peter A., (1987) Co-ordination of known species), 12. mimeo. programme and data collection of Paterson, Robert A., (1987) Horticultural natural resources/land potential. Soil- development in Roraima. plant relationships of the forest- Proctor, John, (1987) Rainforest dynamics. savanna transition. Rafael, José A., (1987) Levantamento de Harley, Raymond, (1987) Floristic survey of insetos. the Ilha de Maracá. Ratter, James A., (1987) Levantamento da Hemming, John, (1987-89) Maracá vegetação do leste da Ilha de Maracá. Rainforest Project, progress reports Ross, Sheila M., (1987) Soils and hydrology 1,2,3,4 and 5. project. Hemming, John, (1998) Maracá Rainforest Ross, Sheila M.; Luizão, Flávio J.; Ferraz, Project, Brazil 1987-88: A biblography João B.; Ataide, Sulineide P., (1989) Jolivet, Pierre, (6-21 June, 1987) Ecological Relatório de pesquisa - Ilha de survey of the Ilha de Maracá. Maracá, RR, abril-junho 1989. Kapos, Valerie, (11-16 May, 1987) Forest Silva, José Maria Cardoso, (1987) regeneration - use of micro-climate Levantamento preliminar da Avifauna recording devices. da Ilha de Maracá. Lewis, Gwilym, (1987) Plant inventory - Stannard, Brian L., (1987) Levantamento floristic survey. florístico. Lise, Arno, A. (1987) Levantamento de Tadei, Wanderli P., (1987) Incidência e Artropodofauna - Araneae. distribuição de espécies de Luizão, Flávio (1987) INPA’s soil fauna and Anopheles na ilha de Maracá. decomposition group.

Thompson, Jill, (1987) Summary of collection Anonymous, (1991) ‘Brazil study boosts Forest Regeneration Programme. rainforest revival,’ Environment Thompson, J; Newing, H.; Ferraz, J.; Luizão, Matters, Lloyds Bank, London, p. 5. F.; Miller, R.; Ataide, S.; Santos J.L. Anonymous, (Undated) ‘Edinburgh team dos, (1989) Report on the Maracá studies Brazilian rainforest,’ Bulletin, research, April-June 1989. University of Edinburgh, p. 7. Thornes, John B., (1987) Soils and Bain, Iain, (February 1986) ‘Back to hydrology. Amazonia,’ The Geographical Viana, Virgílio, (1987) Dynamics of forest- Magazine, p. 55. (448) savanna boundary at the northern Bowles, Steve, (Autumn 1986) ‘RGS to Amazon forest’s fringe. explore Brazilian Rainforest,’ Royal Viana, Virgílio, (1987) Regeneração florestal. Geographical Society Newsletter, London c) Articles Bowles, Steve, (February 1988) ‘Up the Anonymous, (1986) ‘Brazil invites British Amazon with a Paddle,’ The Roundel, scientists to Amazonia,’ Brazil (ICI Magazine) Journal, Vol. 44, No. 391. Clover, Charles, (28 September 1989) ‘Rain Anonymous, (1986) ‘Regeneration included forest goods market urged to save in Amazon study,’ Timber Trades Amazon land,’ The Daily Telegraph. Journal, 13 December. Dawnay, Ivo, (20 February 1988) ‘Jungle Anonymous, (1986) ‘RGS help to save fights back,’ The Financial Times. Amazon rainforest,’ Species, Hemming, John H., (15 May 1992) ‘Maracá, Newsletter of IUCN Species Survival onde a natureza fez seu ninho,’ A Commission, August . Gazeta de Roraima. Anonymous, (1986), ‘Saving the Rainforest,’ Hemming, John H., (18 June 1989) ‘Maracá, Country Life, 13 February, p. 381. uma expedição amazónica,’ Jornal do Anonymous, (1987), ‘European scientists to Comercio. study the Amazonian rainforest at Hemming, John H., (18 March 1989) ‘Stirring Maracá,’ Spirit of Enterprise, The things down in the rainforests,’ The 1987 Rolex Awards. Daily Telegraph. Anonymous, (1987), ‘Para inglês ver,’ Veja, Hemming, John H., (30 April 1989) No. 978, p.80. ‘Turbulence amid the trees of Anonymous, (1987), ‘Pesquisador critica Amazonia,’ The Observer. xenofobia,’ Folha de São Paulo, 27 Hemming, John H., (August 1988) ‘Denizens January . of the Forest,’ The Geographical Anonymous, (1987), Pesquisa para inglês Magazine, vol. 60, no. 8, pp. 2-10. ver,’ Isto é, 14 January, p. 35. (448) Anonymous, (1988)‘Brazil’s Maracá Island,’ Hemming, John H., (August 1993) ‘Maracá - Forestry, Supplement ‘88 of ODA Rainforest Island,’ Connect (The Newsletter p. V. staff magazine), no. Anonymous, (1989) ‘Viagem á um mundo de 64, p. 13. beleza intacta,’ Visão, 18 January Hemming, John H., (Autumn 1987) ‘Maracá,’ Anonymous, (1990) ‘Inglês traz ao Pará Threatened Plants Newsletter, Kew, experiência de Roraima,’ O Liberal, Vol. 18, pp. 13-14. (PR Mar 4.163) Belém, Pará. Hemming, John H., (Autumn 1987) ‘The Anonymous, (1990/91) ‘The Maracá Project Maracá Project Grows in Scope,’ Pack. An Amazon case study,’ Shell Royal Geographical Society Education News, No. 31, pp. 4-5. Newsletter, London.

Hemming, John H., (Autumn 1993) ‘Maracá - Valporto, Oscar (29 March 1987) ‘Cerrado e Rainforest Island,’ Traveller, vol. 23, mata amazónica fazem de Maracá no. 4. uma ilha de pesquisa,’ Jornal do Hemming, John H., (December 1986) ‘Forest Brasil, p. 16. in a River,’ The Geographical Wavell, Stuart (13 December 1986) ‘The river Magazine, Vol.58, no. 12, p. 616. of happy returns,’ The Guardian. (448) Hemming, John H., (May/June 1989) d) Broadcasts ‘Maracá, uma expedição amazónica,’ Barnett, Adrian, (17 March 1988) Natural Horizonte Geográfico, São Paulo. History Programme, BBC Radio 4. Hemming, John H., (Summer 1990) ‘Maracá Barnett, Adrian, (8 April 1988) Nature Rainforest,’ The Environmentalist, Notebook, BBC World Service. Kew, Surrey, vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 144. Hemming, John, (26 February 1988) Today House, Richard, (24 February 1987) Programme, BBC Radio 4. ‘Xenophobia casts shade on Amazon Hemming, John, (18 March 1988) Nature research,’ The Independent. Notebook, BBC World Service. Johnstone, Bill, (11 December 1986) ‘Brazil Hemming, John, (18 March 1993) John Dunn invites RGS explorers,’ Nature Vol. Show, BBC Radio 2. 324, p. 503. Hemming, John, (18 March 1993) Simon Macklin, Debbie, (27 May 1989) ‘Last Exit to Weston Show, Radio Wales. the Amazon,’ New Scientist. Hemming, John, (19 March 1993) AM McGregor, Duncan, (1994) ‘Review of John Alternative, Johnny Walker Show, Hemming, Ed., The Rainforest Edge’, BBC Radio 5. The Times Higher Education Lewis, Gwilym, Nature Notebook, BBC World Supplement, No.1114, pp. 20-21 Service. Milliken, William, (Sept/Oct 1989) ‘Projeto O’Shea, Mark, (18 July 1988) Interview on Maracá - refreshingly basic navigation Pebble Mill, BBC Radio WM. in the Amazon,’ Navigation News. Read, Tom, (6 August 1988) Channel 4 TV Montgomery, David, (22 February 1988), ‘La Odyssey - The Maracá Rainforest selva húmeda,’ Visión. Project. Nortcliff, Stephen, (Spring 1989), ‘Down in Ross, Sheila, (3 November 1988) Interview the forest,’ Reading Reading. on Natural History Programme, Radio O’Shea, Mark, (July 1989) ‘What’s green with 4. black spots and lives in a hole?,’ Ross, Sheila, (13 January 1989) Interview on Snake Keeper, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 16- Nature Now, BBC World Service. 19. Watson, Fiona, (1 August 1988) Ciência em Oliver, William, (January 1989), ‘Pigs and Foco (science programme), BBC Peccaries,’ Species, Newsletter of World Service Brazilian Section. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Watson, Fiona, (December 1988) Interview Ratter, James A., (Autumn 1987) ‘Visit to on news programme, BBC World Brazil Feb-April 1987,’ Guild Service, Brazilian Section. Newsheet, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Rocha, Jan, (4 December 1986) ‘Rainforest project angers local scientists,’ The Guardian, London. Thornes, John, (3 June 1989) ‘Solutions to soil erosion,’ New Scientist.