Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian
Macalester International Volume 18 Chinese Worlds: Multiple Temporalities Article 12 and Transformations Spring 2007 Towards Chinese Calligraphy Zhuzhong Qian Desheng Fang Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl Recommended Citation Qian, Zhuzhong and Fang, Desheng (2007) "Towards Chinese Calligraphy," Macalester International: Vol. 18, Article 12. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/macintl/vol18/iss1/12 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for Global Citizenship at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Macalester International by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Towards Chinese Calligraphy Qian Zhuzhong and Fang Desheng I. History of Chinese Calligraphy: A Brief Overview Chinese calligraphy, like script itself, began with hieroglyphs and, over time, has developed various styles and schools, constituting an important part of the national cultural heritage. Chinese scripts are generally divided into five categories: Seal script, Clerical (or Official) script, Regular script, Running script, and Cursive script. What follows is a brief introduction of the evolution of Chinese calligraphy. A. From Prehistory to Xia Dynasty (ca. 16 century B.C.) The art of calligraphy began with the creation of Chinese characters. Without modern technology in ancient times, “Sound couldn’t travel to another place and couldn’t remain, so writings came into being to act as the track of meaning and sound.”1 However, instead of characters, the first calligraphy works were picture-like symbols. These symbols first appeared on ceramic vessels and only showed ambiguous con- cepts without clear meanings. -
Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present
SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 264 December, 2016 Sinitic Language and Script in East Asia: Past and Present edited by Victor H. Mair Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established, scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin (MSM) and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino- Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out to be refereed, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. -
A Comparative Analysis of the Simplification of Chinese Characters in Japan and China
CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO CHINESE CHARACTER REFORM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SIMPLIFICATION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS IN JAPAN AND CHINA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ASIAN STUDIES AUGUST 2012 By Kei Imafuku Thesis Committee: Alexander Vovin, Chairperson Robert Huey Dina Rudolph Yoshimi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express deep gratitude to Alexander Vovin, Robert Huey, and Dina R. Yoshimi for their Japanese and Chinese expertise and kind encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis. Their guidance, as well as the support of the Center for Japanese Studies, School of Pacific and Asian Studies, and the East-West Center, has been invaluable. i ABSTRACT Due to the complexity and number of Chinese characters used in Chinese and Japanese, some characters were the target of simplification reforms. However, Japanese and Chinese simplifications frequently differed, resulting in the existence of multiple forms of the same character being used in different places. This study investigates the differences between the Japanese and Chinese simplifications and the effects of the simplification techniques implemented by each side. The more conservative Japanese simplifications were achieved by instating simpler historical character variants while the more radical Chinese simplifications were achieved primarily through the use of whole cursive script forms and phonetic simplification techniques. These techniques, however, have been criticized for their detrimental effects on character recognition, semantic and phonetic clarity, and consistency – issues less present with the Japanese approach. By comparing the Japanese and Chinese simplification techniques, this study seeks to determine the characteristics of more effective, less controversial Chinese character simplifications. -
Negotiation Philosophy in Chinese Characters
6 Ancient Wisdom for the Modern Negotiator: What Chinese Characters Have to Offer Negotiation Pedagogy Andrew Wei-Min Lee* Editors’ Note: In a project that from its inception has been devoted to second generation updates, it is instructive nonetheless to realize how much we have to learn from the past. We believe Lee’s chapter on Chinese characters and their implications for negotiation is groundbreaking. With luck, it will prove to be a harbinger of a whole variety of new ways of looking at our field that will emerge from our next round of discussion. Introduction To the non-Chinese speaker, Chinese characters can look like a cha- otic mess of dots, lines and circles. It is said that Chinese is the most difficult language in the world to learn, and since there is no alpha- bet, the struggling student has no choice but to learn every single Chinese character by sheer force of memory – and there are tens of thousands! I suggest a different perspective. While Chinese is perhaps not the easiest language to learn, there is a very definite logic and sys- tem to the formation of Chinese characters. Some of these characters date back almost eight thousand years – and embedded in their make-up is an extraordinary amount of cultural history and wisdom. * Andrew Wei-Min Lee is founder and president of the Leading Negotiation Institute, whose mission is to promote negotiation pedagogy in China. He also teaches negotiation at Peking University Law School. His email address is an- [email protected]. This article draws primarily upon the work of Feng Ying Yu, who has spent over three hundred hours poring over ancient Chinese texts to analyze and decipher the make-up of modern Chinese characters. -
Using a Radical-Derived Character E-Learning Platform to Increase Learner Knowledge of Chinese Characters
Language Learning & Technology February 2013, Volume 17, Number 1 http://llt.msu.edu/issues/february2013/chenetal.pdf pp. 89–106 USING A RADICAL-DERIVED CHARACTER E-LEARNING PLATFORM TO INCREASE LEARNER KNOWLEDGE OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Hsueh-Chih Chen, National Taiwan Normal University Chih-Chun Hsu, National Defense University Li-Yun Chang, University of Pittsburgh Yu-Chi Lin, National Taiwan Normal University Kuo-En Chang, National Taiwan Normal University Yao-Ting Sung, National Taiwan Normal University The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of a radical-derived Chinese character teaching strategy on enhancing Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learners’ Chinese orthographic awareness. An e-learning teaching platform, based on statistical data from the Chinese Orthography Database Explorer (Chen, Chang, L.Y., Chou, Sung, & Chang, K.E., 2011), was established and used as an auxiliary teaching tool. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest quasi-experiment was conducted, with 129 Chinese- American CFL learners as participants (69 people in the experimental group and 60 people in the comparison group), to examine the effectiveness of the e-learning platform. After a three-week course—involving instruction on Chinese orthographic knowledge and at least seven phonetic/semantic radicals and their derivative characters per week—the experimental group performed significantly better than the comparison group on a phonetic radical awareness test, a semantic radical awareness test, as well as an orthography knowledge test. Keywords: Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL), Chinese Orthographic Awareness, Radical-Derived Character Instructional Method, Phonetic/Semantic Radicals INTRODUCTION The rise of China to international prominence in recent years has made learning Chinese extremely popular, and increasing numbers of non-native Chinese students have begun to choose Chinese as their second language of study. -
The Chinese Script T � * 'L
Norman, Jerry, Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. 1 3.1 Th e beginnings of Chinese writing 59 3 FISH HORSE ELEPHANT cow (yu) (m ii) (xiimg) (niu) " The Chinese script t � * 'l Figure 3.1. Pictographs in early Chinese writing 3.1 The beginnings of Chinese writing1 The Chinese script appears as a fully developed writing system in the late Shang .dynasty (fourteenth to eleventh centuries BC). From this period we have copious examples of the script inscribed or written on bones and tortoise shells, for the most part in the form of short divinatory texts. From the same period there also Figure 3.2. The graph fo r quiin'dog' exist a number of inscriptions on bronze vessels of various sorts. The former type of graphic record is referred to as the oracle bone script while the latter is com of this sort of graph are shown in Figure 3.1. The more truly representational a monly known· as the bronze script. The script of this period is already a fully graph is, the more difficult and time-consuming it is to depict. There is a natural developed writing system, capable of recording the contemporary Chinese lan tendency for such graphs to become progressively simplified and stylized as a guage in a complete and unambiguous manner. The maturity of this early script writing system matures and becomes more widely used. As a result, pictographs has suggested to many scholars that it must have passed through a fairly long gradually tend to lose their obvious pictorial quality. The graph for qui'in 'dog' period of development before reaching this stage, but the few examples of writing shown in Figure 3.2 can serve as a good illustration of this sort of development. -
Proposal to Encode Small Seal Script in UCS Source: TCA and China Action: for Consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4634 Date: 2014-09-30 Title: Proposal to encode Small Seal Script in UCS Source: TCA and China Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 This document proposes to encode 10,516 Small Seal Script characters in UCS. Note: This document shows 799 of 10,516 characters, with TrueType fonts. The fonts of remaining ones will be provided later. The 799 characters in this document are selected from Volume 1 of the 14 volumes Tenghuaxie version Shuowen Jiezi (14 卷 藤花榭本說文解字). 1. Small Seal Script and the Book Shuowen Jiezi The Small Seal script (小篆) is a kind of ancient Chinese script, predecessor of modern Chinese (漢字, Hanzi). The book Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字), edited by Xu Shen (許慎, 58 AD to 147 AD), collects the Small Seal characters of Qin Dynasty (秦, 220 BC to 206 BC) of China. The collection contains 9,353 canonical Small Seal characters, 1163 variants (called “Chongwen” in Shuowen Jiezi). Chongwen contains Zhouwen (籀文, Small Seal script in Zhou Dynasty, 周 1046 BC to 256 BC) and Guwen (古文, the scripts used in the other six nations excluding Qin in the Warring States period, 475 BC to 221 BC) which are incompatible with Small Seal characters. There were two types of publicly accepted scripts prevailing in Qin Dynasty, canonical Small Seal script and clerical script which was used by the public (known as Qin Li in philology, also named Gu Li to distinguish from subsequent Han Li). Some people think Small Seal script is a calligraphy typeface, which is a misunderstanding. -
The Origin and Evolvement of Chinese Characters
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portal Czasopism Naukowych (E-Journals) BI WEI THE ORIGIN AND EVOLVEMENT OF CHINESE CHARACTERS Writing, the carrier of culture and the symbol of human civilization, fi rst appeared in Sumer1. Like other ancient languages of Egypt and India, ancient Sumerian symbols have been lost in the process of history, but only Chinese characters still remain in use today. They have played a signifi cant role in the development of Chinese lan- guage and culture. This article intends to display how Chinese characters were creat- ed and how they were simplifi ed from the ancient form of writing to more abstract. Origin of Chinese characters Chinese characters, in their initial forms, were beautiful and appropriately refl ected images in the minds of ancient Chinese that complied with their understanding of reality. Chinese people selected the way of expressing meaning by fi gures and pic- tures, and Chinese characters begun with drawings. Three Myths in Ancient Times It is diffi cult to determine the specifi c time when the Chinese characters emerged. There are three old myths about the origin of Chinese characters. The fi rst refers to the belief that Chinese characters were created by Fu Xi – the fi rst of Three Sovereigns2 in ancient China, who has drew the Eight Trigrams which have evolved into Chinese characters. The mysterious Eight Trigrams3 used for divination are composed of the symbols “–” and “– –”, representing Yang and Yin respectively. 1 I.J. Gelb, Sumerian language, [in:] Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Encyclopedia Britannica, re- trieved 30.07.2011, www.britannica.com. -
Prosodic Structure in Chinese Characters, Revisited
Prosodic structure Thanks! Overview • Grants from Taiwan’s National Science Council / • Character “prosody” Ministry of Science and Technology: • in Chinese characters, • NSC 97‐2410‐H‐194‐067‐MY3, NSC101‐2410‐H‐194‐115‐ Radical position and reduction MY3, MOST 103‐2410‐H‐194‐119‐MY3 • Reduplication revisited • Many lab assistants over the years: • Stroke shape and position • Ko Yuguang, Yang Chentsung, Hsu Chiung‐Wen, Hong • Guo‐Ming, Hsu Zi‐Ping, Du Pei‐Fen, Su Yu‐Ting, Liu Yu‐ Lengthened strokes James Myers Jay, Chuang Wei‐Chiang, Hsieh Yu‐Yi, Pan Hsiao‐Yin, Su • Curved strokes National Chung Cheng University Si‐Qi • Hooked strokes [email protected] • Plus: • Chen Tsung‐Ying, Zev Handel, Wolfgang Behr, Jane Tsay, Niina Zhang, and Lin Yu‐Hsuan 2 3 ILAS Workshop on Phonetics and Phonology – October 2017 Overview Chinese characters are productive Chinese character grammar • Duality of patterning • Character “prosody” Exponential growth • Radical position and reduction Productivity “Morphology” (model fit > 80%) • • Reduplication implies Recursion (Sproat, 2000) • Stroke shape and position grammar…. 鱗 • Lengthened strokes • • Curved strokes Shape regularities (Wang, 1983) • Hooked strokes 牛 → 特 cf. 牢 “Phonology” • “Prosody”: global shape constraints • Myers (1996, 2016) Data from Yip (2000, p. 19) 4 5 6 Character prosody Overview Radicals (部首) as affixes • Chinese characters tend to show: • Character “prosody” • Morphological properties • Binarity • Closed class • Asymmetrical edge prominence (right and bottom) • Radical position and -
Index Časopisu Studia Orientalia Slovaca Ročníkov 1–10 (2002–2011) · a Cumulative Index to Studia Orientalia Slovaca Vols 1–10 (2002–2011)
Index časopisu Studia Orientalia Slovaca ročníkov 1–10 (2002–2011) · A Cumulative Index to Studia Orientalia Slovaca vols 1–10 (2002–2011) Zostavili · compiled by Raoul David Findeisen Martin Slobodník∗ Štúdie · Articles 1 Anderl, Christoph. »Notes on the Development of Vernacular Literature in China and the Language of the Early Recorded Sayings« 4: 103–124 2 Andrš, Dušan. »Role umění v živote člověka: Feng Zikai a jeho příspěvek k čínské estetice první poloviny 20. století« [The Role of Art in the Life of Man: Feng Zikai and his Contribution to Chinese Aesthetics of the First Half of the Twentieth Century] 4: 153–175 3 Benická, Jana. »Čínsky mahāyānový buddhizmus: odstupňované spôsoby vhliadania pravej povahy sveta« [Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism: Different Stages of Discernment of the True Nature of the Phenomenal World] 1: 29–42 4 ——.»Večné “ja” v čínskom buddhizme? Rozhovory majstra Nanyang Huizhonga s „chanovým hosťom z juhu“« [Eternal »Self« in Chinese Buddhism? The Dialogues between Chan Master Nanyang Huizhong and the »Chan Guest from the South«] 2: 61–78 This index has been compiled with the cooperation of Katarína Čavojská, Ján Ďurica, Hana Kucharovičová, and Stanislav Vavrovský, hereby gratefully acknowledged. 458 Findeisen/Slobodník · Contents SOS 1–10 (2002–2011) 5 ——. »Taiwanci, Japonci alebo Číňania? O taiwanskej spoločnosti počas japonskej okupácie ostrova očami spisovateľa Wu Zhuoliua (1900–1976)« [Taiwanese, Japanese or Chinese? Taiwanese Society under Japanese Occupation as Viewed by the Writer Wu Zhuoliu (1900–1976)] 4: 125–140 6 ——. »Yogācāra a jej teória existencie “objektívnej podpory mysle”« [Yogācāra and Its Theory on the Existence of the »Objective Support« of the Mind] 6: 105–122 7 ——. -
The Writing Revolution
9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iii The Writing Revolution Cuneiform to the Internet Amalia E. Gnanadesikan A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication 9781405154062_1_pre.qxd 8/8/08 4:42 PM Page iv This edition first published 2009 © 2009 Amalia E. Gnanadesikan Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell. Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of Amalia E. Gnanadesikan to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. -
3608 - Roadmap Snapshot
JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3608 - Roadmap Snapshot INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2 N3608 2009-04-09 Title: Snapshot of Pictorial view of Roadmaps to BMP, SMP, SIP, TIP and SSP Ad hoc group on Roadmaps (Michael Everson, Rick McGowan, and Ken Whistler) Source: Adapted by: V.S. Umamaheswaran Status: For review and adoption by WG 2 at its meeting M54 Distribution: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2, ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 and Liaison Organizations Replaces: JTC 1/SC 2/ WG 2/ N3398 Summary This document is the latest snapshot of the roadmap documents that has been presented to and adopted by WG 2 (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG 2). Included in this document are four tables containing the roadmaps to ● the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP - Plane 00) (version bmp-5-1-5, 2009-02-04) ● the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP - Plane 01) (version smp-5-1-4, 2009-02-04) ● the Supplementary Ideographic Plane (SIP - Plane 02) (version sip-5-1-1, 2009-02-26, and ● the Tertiary Ideographic Plane (TIP - Plane 03) (version tip-5-1-1, 2008-10-17, and ● the Supplementary Special-purpose Plane (SSP - Plane 14) (version ssp-5-1-0, 2008-04-04). The Roadmap ad hoc group maintains and updates the roadmaps as a service to the UTC (Unicode Technical Committee) and to WG 2 (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2/WG 2).