SHANGHAISEWERAGE, PROJECTr 2 CON-STRUCTIONCOMEPANY
PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized [,, r -'SHANGHAI SECDSEWERAGE DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORYSERVICES
JUN0 5 S0 r5;: } /0 KL; Appraisal Report - Volume 4 /4 ~~~~~~~~RECEIVE ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNMEN X Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
JUN05
The World Bank
Public Disclosure Authorized ShanhaiAcademyof EavirnmezutalScdences In associatiowith,
ga Wo.INJTtE5R- ur.. 498'-=N CONSULT J Maoa
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. ;I, j.el . #. - , ,, - . .5 ...... Seod Sbanghi Sew-a Pwojec May 1995 ApptaiLl Rqxpt - Vdume 4-E nvamneAess
PREFACE
Introduction
This English version of the EnvironmentalAssessment Report (EA) for the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project (SSPII) Phase I has been peared by the Shanghai Academyof Enironental Sciences (SABS) in close contac with the intemational Design Review and Advisory (DRA) Consultant.
SAES was assigned by the ShanghaiSewerage Project ConstructionCompany (SSPCC) to carry out the environmentalassme for SSPII,which the World Bankchas classifiedas a CategoryA project. A Prelimiary EA (PEA) was completedby SAES in August 1994. This documentwas reviewed by the DRA Consultant and the conclusions were presented in the Predesign Review Report (PDR) prepared by the DRA Consultantin January 1995.
Since then SAES has completed the Fmal EA. i.e. a refined and updated report based on the comments made by the DRA Consultant on the PEA, and an newly available infonnation and decisions reached during preparationof the project.
The primary task for SAES has been to prepare a Chinese version of the EA, intendedfor the national approval process for which NEPA has responsibility. In addiion, SSPCC has responsibilityfor providing an English version for approvalboth by NEPA and the Wodd Bank. This version should comply with the World Bank OperationalDirective 4.01 (OD 4.01).
The DRA Consultant is responsiblefor ensurng that the Fmal EA has been udated in accordance with OD 4.01, and that all issues which have emerged as a result of the on-goingplanning process. are adequatelydealt with.
In order to make this feasible the DRAConsultant has worked in close co-operaion with SAES. As far as possible marial prepared by SAES, has been translated and made available to the DRA Consultant. By frequent contact, the various commentsand suggestionsof the DRA Consultanthave been conmnunicatedto SAES, to enable the Academyto consider necessaryadjustnents or additions in the Chinese version of the EA.
The English version of the EA is based on a translationof the Chineseversion that has been submitted to NEPA for approval. Some topics consideredto be of particulr interest to the World Bank have been further elaboratedby the DRA Consultantand presented in SupplementaryDoctuments. It should be noted that these documentsare fully in accordance with the results and conclusions of the nmin report.
Several reports includedas backgroundmaterial in the Chinese versionare not translated intoEnglish.
RevWw 025 May 995 AppRep%v4.ow 1 PrEfe p- Seod Sbaghai Sewerg Proect may 1995 Appraisal Report - Vohume4:Ervironmeaul Asscsuent
The English version is prested in the same fonmat as the Chinese version. This means that the format of OD 4-01 is not followed strictly. A List of Chapters in this dotcm includes cross- references to the OD 4.01 format for ease of refence. This procedure and format has been adopted in order to ensure high confonmity bween the two documents so that Ihe national handling and approval process can be facilitated.
Scope and Status of the Report
This Environmental -Assessnent Report is a 'second level' document in a series of reports produced for the World Bank appraisal of the SSPI project scheduled for June 1995.
The series of reports includes three levels of docuntation;
Strategic Planning Report Top level, master plan update for Shanghai City.
Feasibility Report Second level, covers the whole SSPUI project, and includes several stand-alone volumes including this Enviromnental Assessment Report. However this document is mainly concened with Stage I of the Project,
Enginoeerng Third level, covers SSP!I Stage 1. Report
Figure p.1 illusaes the rdationship between the three levels of documentation and the various volumes.
Organisation and Management of the Report
This Report was prepared as part of a study carried out for the preparation of the SSPII Project, which is included in the World Banks three year lending programme for China. To carry out the study, the World Bank commissioned Design Review and Advisory Services in connection with the planning and design of the project and appointed lnacnsult A S (the DRA Consultant) to undertake the work. The contract was funded by the Norwegian Consultant Fund, Account Nr. TF 020464 The DRA Consultant entered into an associaion with Mott MacDonald of the UK for this workL In addition. bilateral funding from the Governments of France and Canada enabled specialist inputs on the trament of the wasewater and on connection/rehabilitation strategy to be provided by Sogreah of France and Reid and Crowther of Canada respectively.
The work was undertake in collaboration with vanous local design bureau and consultants, and all
Revision 0:25 May 1995 AppReplv4.ow Pra p-2 SecandShanghai Sevetage Poect may 1995 Appiam Rapon - Volume4:FAvzwinel Assmuue tasks undertaken by the DRA Conult wer performedjoindy and integcly with these bodies.
The Shanghi Sewerage Company (SSC) is responsiblefor wastewater managementand SMG has formed Shanghai Sewerage Project Construction Company (SSPCC) to undertake proiect implenentation.
Acdowledgeo ents
The SSPII Project was undertakenjointly by the DRA Consultantsand the numerousorganisations which fall under the umbrellaof ShanghaiMunicipal Government. The DRA Consultantswould like to express their appreciationof the help given during the project and the prepartionof the EA by all their professional friends and colleguesin Sbanghai.A list of panicipatingorganisasions and persons in the EA preparation work is given in Appedix F.
The DRA Consultant commencedwork in October 1994.
Revioa 0.25 My 1995 AppRepAv4.ow Prace 3 FIGURE P.1 SECONDSHANGHAI SEWERAGE PROJECT STRUCTUREOF PROJECTAPPRAISAL REPORTS
PRIMARYLEVEL DOCUMENT (VOL 1) STRATEGICPLANNING REPORT
SECONDARYLEVELOOCtMENT(VOL2) FEASLUY REPORT
TEAWf LEL DOCUMENrT(OL3) ENGINEERAIGIhORT SHANGHAICIlY
SMSPIIT_S8AGE1 |
| I I I~~~~OL
RESErEBENREAVi N
M~~~~~~~~M Seond Shghai Scwragc Poject May 199S APPrA Repon - Vohlnu 4:Evironenal Assussmew
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface EXECUTVE SUMMARY
[NTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 BackgroundInfonnation about Shanghai 1-1 1.1.1- LocationandClimate 1-1 1.1.2 Social Economy 1-1 1.1.3 Water Network 1-1 1.1.4 Existing SewerageSystem 1-2 1.2 Sewerage Development 1-3 1.2.1 ShanghaiComibined Sewerage Project Stage I (SSPI) 1-3 1.2.2 Transfer of Water Supply Intake to the Upper Huangpu River 1-4 1.2.3 Wujing and Minhang Sewage Outfall Constructionproject 1-4 1.2.4 SewageDisposal in the Pudong Area 1-4 1.2.5 ShanghaiSecond Sewrage Project (SSPII) 1-5 1.3 Need for the Project 1-5 1.4 AssessmentObjectives 1-7 1.5 Basis of the Environental Assessment 1-7 1.6 Criteria for the EnvironmentalAsessme 1-8 1.7 Assessmen Paramerersand Scope 1-9 - 1.7.1 AssessmentParameters 1-9 1.7.2 Assesment Scope 1-9 1.8 Contents of the Report 1-9 1.8.1 Contentsof the Main Report 1-10 1.8.2 Contentsof Sub-reports 1-10 1.9 Study Approachfor the EA 1-12
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-1 2.1 Service Area 2-1 2.2 Design Capacityand Watcr Quality 2-1 2.2.1 Design Capacity 2-1 2.2.2 Design Strengdhof Sewage 2-3 2.3 Options for Trunk Sewer Routing 2-5 2.3.1 Pdxi 2-5 2.3.2 Pudong 2-5 2.4 Project Elemens 2-6
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2.4.1 Pumping Stations 2-6 2.4.2 Trunk Sewer 2-7 2.4.3 Sewage Treatment Plant 2-8 2.4A Oiutfall 2-8 2.5 Construction Methods and Spoil 2-8 25.1 Construction 2-8 2.5.2 Quantity of Spoil 2-9 2.5.3 Options for Spoil Disposal 2-9 2.6 Land-Acquisition and Borrowing 2-9 2.7 Project Cost 2-10 2.8 Schedule of the Project 2-10
3. ENVIRONMENTAL SElfING OF THE PROJECT-RELATED AREA 3-1 3.1 Natral Setting 3-1 3.1.1 Geographic Situation 3-1 3.1.2 Geology and Morphology 3-1 3.1.3 Clme 3-1 3.1.4 NatrmalDisaster - Eartqupake 3-2 3.1.5 Groundwater 3-2 3.2 Ecological Enviroment 3-2 3.2.1 Coastal Shoal Resoucmes 3-2 3.2.2 Natural Vegetation 3-2 3.2.3 Planted vegetation 3-3 3.2.4 Fauna 3-3 3.3 Socio-EconomicAspects 3-3 3.3.1 Populationand Land 3-3 3.3.2 Resourcesof Rural Labour Force 3-4 3.3.3 Agriculnural Production 3-4 3.3.4 Inhstril Productiom 3-5 3.3.5 Rural Cultral. Educational and Public health Undertakings 3-5 3.4 Status of Sewerage Systems 3-5 3A.1 Status of seweage Systen in Luwan and Xuhui Districts 3-5 3.4.2 Status of Sewerage System south of Zhaojia Gou, Pudong 3-6
4. PRESENT STATUS OF RIVER SYSTEMS IN THE SHANGHAI AREA 4-1 4.1 Environmentl Status of the Huangpu River and Illand Waterways 4-1 4.1.1 Background 4-1 4.1.2 The Huangpu River 4-1
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4.1.3 Puxi Tnbutaies of the HuangpuRiver 4-2 4.1.4 Network of Watrways in Pudong Area 4-4 4.2 Envionmental Status of the Chan2iang Estuary 4-6 4.2.1 Natural Conditions 4-6 4.2.2 Water EnvironmentalConditions 4-8
5. IDENTIRCATION OF ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS 5-1 5.1 Project Acivities that may have Impact on the Environment 5-1 5.2 Screening of Major Factors of Enviromntal Impact 5-1 5.3 Major Potential Envronmental Impacts 5-1 5.3.1 ConstmctionPhase 5-1 5.3.2 Operation Phase 5-2 5.4 Envionmentl SensitiveObjects 5-2 5.5 Standards for Assessment 5-2 5.5.1 Staudards for Assessingthe Water Quality of Changjiang Estuary 5-2 5.5.2 Stndards for Assessing the water Quality of Huangpu River and its Tributaries 5-2 5.5.3 Standards for Assessing Quality of the Wastewater to be disoarged 5-3
6. ANALYSISOF OPTIONSFOR WASTEWATERTREATMENT AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL 6-1 6.1 Options for Wastewater Treatmemt 6-1 6.1.1 Objectivesfor EffluentDischarge 6-1 6.1.2 Analysis of EffluentTreatment Efficiency 6-2 6.1.3 Process Selection for SewageTreatment 6-3 6.2 Options for Sludge Disposal 6-7 6.2.1 Sludge Quantities 6-8 6.2.2 Sludge Treatment Requirements 6-8 6.2.3 EvaluationCriteria 6-8 6.2.4 Utilizationin Agriculture 6-9 6.2.5 Appficatiomon Land 6-10 6.2.6 Landfill 6-11 6.2.7 bncieration 6-13 6.2.8 Comparison of Sludge Options 6-14 6.2.9 RecoDmmendation 6-15
7. IDPACT IN WATER ENVIRONMENTOF C1HANGJIANGESTUARY 7-1 7.1 Present Status at BaElouggang 7-1 7.2 Waste Water Dilution and Mixing Zone 7-1
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7.3 PredictionMethod for Wastewater DiscwlrgeImpact 7-3 7.3.1 MathematicModel of;he Changiang Esmary 7-3 7.3.2 Tracer Test in Changjiang Estuary 7-5 7.4 Near Field Impact Analysis for WastewaterDischarge 7-7 7.4.1 Wastewater Mixing Zone 7-7 7.4.2 Probability of Wastwater Rising to the Surface 7-9 7.4.3 Probabili y of WastewaterReaching the Shore 7-9 7.4.4 Estimate of Upstreamand Downtream Impact 7-10 7.4.5- Estimate of VastewaterRetetion Time 7-11 7.5 Far field Impact Analysis for Wastewater Discharge 7-11 7.5.1 Far Field Disersion of Water Discharge 7-11 7.5.2 Wastewater Transport 7-12 7.5.3 Polutant Transformation 7-12 7.6 Potential Impact on EcologicalEnviromnent 7-13 7.6.1 Improvementof the EcologicaiEnviromment in the intertidal Zone 7-13 7.6.2 Impact on Near Fidd EcologicalEnvironment 7-13 7.6.3 Impact on Far Field EcologicalEnvimnment 7-14 7.6.4 Possibility of Eutrophicationin the ChangjiangEstuary 7-14 7.7 Impact Prediction for Enviromeal SensitiveObjects 7-15 7.7.1 Possible Impact on HangzhouBay 7-15 7.7.2 Impact on Water Intakes in the ChangjiangEstuary 7-15 7.7.3 Possible Impact on Inland Water Diversion 7-15 7.7.4 Possible Impact on Shanghai Pudong Nr 2 Intemnational Airport 7-16 7.8 Sumnwy of the Impact on the Aquatic Environmen 7-16 7.8.1 Use of Water Body 7-16 7.8.2 Mixing Zone of Sewage 7-16 7.8.3 Area Affected 7-16 7.8.4 Acceptabilityof the SewageDischarge and Pollution Control 7-16 7.8.5 EcologicalImplication 7-17 7.8.6 Potential Effects on EnvirmentaUlly SensitiveObjects 7-17
8. IWACT ON INLAND ENVIRONMENT 8-1 8.1 Predicted Quality of Inland Water Environmnt 8-1 8.1.1 Water Quality Model of River Network 8-1 8.1.2 CalculationCondition 8-1 8.1.3 CalculationProcedure 8-2 8.2 Impact Assessment for Inland Water Envirnmental Quality 8-4
9. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ON THE NATURAL, ECOLOGICALAND SOCLALENVIRONMENT 9-1 9.1 Benefits 9-1
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9.1.1 EnvironmentalImprovements in the Area served by die Project 9-1 9.1.2 EnvironmentalImprovements at the Outf2ll Area 9-2 9.2 Impacts on Nanaualand EcologicalEnvironent 9-2 9.2.1 Impacts on Artificial Vegetation 9-2 9.2.2 Impact on NantualVegetation 9-3 9.2.3 Inpact on Wildlife 9-3 9.2.4 Impacts on Rivers 9-4 9.2.5 Impactson Surface Waters along the Proposed Route 9-4 9.2.6 Impactson Groundwater 9-4 9.3 ripacts on Social Environment 9-5 9.3.1 Introduction 9-5 9.3.2 Impacts firn Land Acquisition 9-6 9.3.3 Impacts on Buildings 9-8 9.3.4 Impacts on Existing Villages 9-13 9-3.5 Impacts on Transportation 9-14 9.3.6 Impactson Farm Land 9-15 9.3.7 Impact on Electrical Power and CommunicationLines 9-16 9.3.8 Impact on Cultural Relics, Historic Sites and Graves 9-16 9.3.9 Impact of Wind borne Dust and Noise 9-16 9.3.10 impact of Consnzction and DomesticWastes 9-16 9.3.11 hnpact on Water Supply Sources 9-17 9.3.12 Impact of Spoil 9-17 9.4 Public Participation 9-18 9.4.1 Method 9-18 9.4.2 InvestigationScope 9-18 9.4.3 People Investigated 9-18 9.4.4 InvestigationResult 9-18 9.4.5 Summaryof Public Opinion 9-22
10. RISK ASSESSMENT 10-1 10.1 Risk Impact Assessmen for ChangjiangEstuary 10-1 10.1.1 Possible EarthquakeInpact on the Outfall 10-1 10 1.2 Damage by Ships 10-1 10.1.3 EnvironmentalImpact Caused by EmergencyDischarge . 1-1 10.1 4 Risk Caused by Scomuingor Siltation 10-2 10.2 Risk Impact Assessmentfor Inflad Waterways 10-2 10.3 Risk Assessmentfor Sewerage Systen Maintenance 10-2
I1. MTIGATION MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENTIMPACTS 11-1 11.1 Objectives 11-1 11.2 Mitigation Measuresfor Social Impact from Land Acquisition 11-1 11.2.1 Rational Resetldementof Labour Force 11-1
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112.2 Compensationfor Land Lease 11-1 11.3 Mitigation M4easuresfor Project Impact on Buildings _ 11-2 11.3.1 Co(mpation and Resettlement 11-2 11.3.2 BuildingNew Structuresfor Affected Enterprises 11-2 11.3.3 MinimizingConstruction Impact on Buidings 11-2 11.4 MitigationMeasures for Traffic Impact 11-2 11.4.1 Route Selection 11-2 11.4.2 BuildingTemporary Bridges 11-3 1 1.43 Notice and Signs for River Sections under Constructions 11-3 11.5 MitigationMeasures for Impact on Fannland 11-3 11.5.1 Strict Control of EffluentDrainage 11-3 11.5.2 Recovery of Borrowed Farm Land 11-3 11.5.3 Temporary Channels for Water Irrigation and Drainage 11-4 11.5.4 Buildingnew and Temporary Irrigation Pumping Stations 11-4 11.6 MitigationMeasures for Impact on Water Environment 11-4 11.6.1 SedimentationTanks for ReducingSand from Construction Effluent 11-4 11.6.2 ReadjustingWater Level and PreventingRiver Flooding 11-4 11.7 MitigationMeasures for Impact on Vegetation 11-5 11.8 MitigationMeasures for Impact on Electrical Power Supply and Communicationsetc. 11-5 11.9 Measures for Cultural Reics, Historic Sites and Graves 11-5 11.9.1 Timely Reporting and Fmdings to Department Concerned 11-5 11.9.2 RespectingLocal Customs 11-5 11.10 Dust Reduction 11-6 11.11 Construction Noise Control 11-6 11.12 Disposal of Wastes from Construction Sites 11-6 11.13 Water Supply for Project-affectedResidents 11-6 11.14 Preparing Plan for Transporfingand Disposal of Spoil and Construction Wastes 11-7 11.15 Enhancementof SewageDispersion 11-7 11.15.1 LayoutofDiffusorSystmatrSewageOutfall 11-7 11.15.2 Orientationof SewageOutfall Diffusor Ports 11-7 11.15.3 WarmingSigns around the SewageOutfall 11-8 11.15.4 Impact Control of EmergencyOutfall 11-8 11.15.5 Threat of RiverbedScour to Diffusor Safety 11-8 11.16 Mitigation Measures for Sludge Diposal 11-8 11.16.1 Heavy metal Control 11-8 11.16.2 Recoveryand Utilizationof Methane 11-9 11.16.3 Prevention of Beach Pollution by Leachate from Landfilt Sites 11-9 11.17 Summary of EnvironmentalImpact and MitigationMeasures 11-10
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12. MANAGEMENTAND MONITORINGOF THE SSPII PROJECr 12-; 12.1 Managementduring Project Construction 12-1 12.1.1 Basis for Project ConsmuctionManagemmnt 12-1 12.1.2 ManagementOrganization 12-1 12.1.3 ConstructionPreparation Management 12-1 12.1.4 Managementof Project Construction 12-2 12.2 Managementof the SSPn System 12-5 12.2.1 ManagementBasis 12-5 12.2.2 ManagerialInstitution 12-6 12.2.3 Co-ordinationof ManagerialAgencies 12-8 12.2.4 Preparation of Progmme for OperationalManagement of the SSPII System 12-9 12.2.5 Publicity and Education 12-10 12.3 Monitoring Programmefor Operation of the System 12-10 12.3.1 Monitong Sandards 12-10 12-3.2 Major Targets of Monitoring 12-10 12.3.3 MonitoringVariables and SamplingFrequeny 12-12 12.3.4 Layoutof MonitoringSampling and MonitoringMethods 12-12 12.4 Set-up of Monitoring Systen 12-13 12.5 MonitoringInstitutional Arrangements 12-13
13. CONCLUSIONSAND RECOMhMENDATIONS 13-1
LlST OF TABLES
1.1 Existing Sewerage Systm in Sbanghai
4.1 Typical Curren Velocities at Bailoggang of the ChangjiangEsuary 4.2 Water Quality at South Channel (1987-1991) 4.3 Water Quality at Bailonggang(1992) 4.4 Distribution of Main Pollutants m the Water Body and Water Phase at Bailonggang 4.5 Average Surface Substrate Quality at Bailonggang 4.6 Plankton Species 4.7 Diversity Indices Distnrbutionof Large Benthosover SamplingPoints 4.8 Heavy metal Ccentraton in Muscle of Fishes Caught in the Changiang Estuary 4.9 Historical Water depth at Bailonggang 4.10 Maximum Scouring of Near Shore River Bed at Bailongpng (1958-1990)
6.1 National Integated Standard for Wasewater Discae 6.2 Pollution ReductionRe airmentsfor the SSPII 6.3 Removal Efficiency of Primary Treatment
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6.4 Renoval Efficiency of EnhancedPrimy Treatnent 6.5 Removal Efficiency of SecondaryTreatment 6.6 Sludge Production 6.7 Pollutant Content of Sludge from Treatment Works in Shanghai 6.8 Cost Estimates for SewageTreatment Works 6.9 SludgeTreatrsent requiremes and Disposal Principles 6.10 Evaluationof Sludge DisposalOptions
7.1 M _iimmEiilution Required at Eailonggang (DroughtSeason) 7.2 MinimumDilution Requiredat Bailonggang(Flood Season) 7.3 Average Minimum DilutionRequired at Bailonggang 7.4 MathematicalModelling SinmlationProgramme (1,700,000 n/day) 7.5 Tracer Test Programme 7.6 Area of Wastewater MixingZone 7.7 Probability if Rising to Surfaceunder Different Conditions 7.8 Contact Frequency of the Boundary and the Shore under Different Hydrological Conditions 7.9 Distance (m) between OC,C=O.Img/l and the BailonggangOutfall 7.1O Estimationof retentionTime (days) for the Water Body at Bailonggang
9.1 Agricultural Land and Trees Affected by the Project Consuction 9.2 Land Acquisitionand Rentaland Related Cost for the Consruction of SSPH 9.3 BuildingsAffected by the ProjectConstruction 9.4 Public Questionnaire Form 9.5 Result of Public Questionnaire
10.1 Impact on Water Intakes Resultingfrom Damage to the SewerageSystem
12.1 Requirementsfor Surface Water Monitoring
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LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Location of Shanghai 1.2 Position of Shanghai in the National Economy 1.3 Huangpu River System 1.4 Planned Sewerage Service Areas in Shanghai 1.5 Aligmnent of Existing Pipelines 1.6 Alignment of Water Supply Conveyers 1.7 Proposed Alignment of SSPII 1.8 Approach of EA
2.1 Service Area of SSPII (excluding Wujing Minhang) 2.2 Conveyer Aligmnet of SSPII, Phase I 2.3 Alternive Routing of South Line 2.4 Location of SSPII Pwnping Stations
3.1 Townships in Pudong Area (along the SSPII roung) 3.2 Location of Pumping Station in Puxi
4.1 Huangpu River System and Water Quality Monitoring Stations 4.2 Water Quality Monitoring Sections of Longhmagang and Puhuitang 4.3 Pudong River System and Monitoring Sections 4.4 Locations for Sampling Large Benthos at the Changjiang Estuary 4.5 Heavy Metal (Cd, Cu and Zn) Accumulation in Corbicula flummea Samples Taken at Intertidal Zones near Bailonggang of Changjiang Estuary 4.6 Heavy Metal (Hg. Cr and Pb) Accumulation in Corbicula fluminea Samples Taken at Intertidal Zones near Bailonggang of Changjiang EsuaLry 4.7 Sea-Bed Profile at Bailonggang of the Changiang Estuary
5.1 IdentiTication of Environmental Impacts for the SSPII
7.1 Mathematic Model Area 7.2 Grids of Mathematic Model 7.3 Curem Field of Bailonggang Water Body during Flood Season (a) 7.4 Curent Field of Bailooggang Water Body during Flood Season (b) 7.5 Current Field of Bailonggang Water Body durng Dry Season (a) 7.6 Curent FEidd of Bailonggang Water Body during Dry Season (b) 7.7 Dilution Contour of Sewage Discharge Based on Mathematic Model in Dry Season (with Flow of 7000 m3 /s at Datong Station) 7.8 Dilution Contour of Sewage Discharge Based on Mathematc Model in Mean Flow Season (with Flow of 30000 m3/s at Datong Station) 7.9 Relation between the Concentration of Rhodainme B and Diffusion -rme in Trcing-test
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during Ebb Tide 7.10 Relation between the Concentrationof Rhodamine B and Diffusion Time in Tracing-test during Rising Tide 7,11 Far Field Impact of Sewage Discharge in BOD5 based on Model (Dry Season and Flood Season) 7.12 Far Field Impact of Sewage Discharge in Ammoniabased on Model (Mean Flow Season) 7.13 Euler Residual Current Field
8.1 Huangpuand Pudong River Systems
9.1 Principle Roads in PudongArea
12.1 Diagramof ExistingManagement Configuration of CombinedSewerage System in Shangai 12.2 Arrangementof Responsibilitiesfor CombinedSewerage System Monitoring
Reviion O26 Maw1995 A 4w F-2 Secon Shanghai Senge Pmje may 1995 Appai9 Report- VolumeS:Evironmental Asesunie
SHANGHAI SECOND SEWERAGE PROJECT
ENVIRONMNTAL ASSESSMEN
LIST OF CHAPTERS
Reference to OD 4.01 Annex B'
Preface EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (a) '- INTRODUCTION (b) 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION (c) 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PROJECT-RELATED AREA (d) 4. PRESENT STATUS OF THE RIVER SYSTEM IN THE SHANGHAI AREA (d) 5. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS (e) 6. ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL (ft 7. IMPACT ON WATER ENVIRONMENT ON CHANGJIANG ESTUARY (e) 8. IMPACT ON INLAND ENVIRONMENT (e) 9. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF PROJECT CONSTRUCTION ON THE NATURAL, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT (e) 10. RISK ASSESSMENT 11. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ENVIRONMENT EMPACrS (j) 12. MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING OF THE SSPII SYSTEM (hi) 13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
'The World Bank Operational Manual. Operational Directives 4.01: Enviomnental Assessment.
RPeisonl024 mai 195 AppftWp4.O Lci Secoo Shi Seweragc PojeJC May 1995 Appraisal Report - Voluate 4:EnvironamenalAssessm
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Background
Shanghai,with a populationof approximately13 million peopleand the People's Republic of China's largest metmpolitan area, is presently enjoying an unprecedentedeconomic growth. However, the present urban services, and in particularthe sewerageand sanitationsystem is not compatible with Shanghai's aspiratioa1to beoDmea major ecowomicaid financialcentre.
To improve Shanghai's sanitation, and to reverse the deteriorationin the water quality of the rivers and canals in the metropolitanare brought about by discharges of industial wastes and untreated sewage, the Shanghai Municipal Government (SMG) has begun a phased programme of improvements.One of the major projects is the Shanghai SecondSewerage Project (SSPJI)
In Shanghai,the Shanghai Sewerage Company(SSC) is responsiblefor managementof the sewerage system. The Shanghai Sewerage Project ConstructionCompany (SSPCC) has been formed by SMG to undertakeproject implementation.
SMG has requestedthe InternationalBank for Reconstructionand Development(the WorldBank) for financialsupport to SSPII
The EnvironmentalAssessment Report (EA) for SSPIL Phase I, has been produced to meet the requiements of the Governmentof the People's Republicof China and the World Bank. The World Bank has advised that the SSPII project is a CategoryA projecLShanghai Academyof Environental Sciences (SAES)has been conmissioned by SSPCC to prepare the EA.
The legal framework for the EA is the Enviromnental Protection Law, the Water Law, the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law, and the Land ManagementLaw of the People's Republic of China, together with a number of national and local regulationsand standards based on these laws-
The SSPII Project
SSPI will collect wastewater from the Wujingand Minhang Industrialareas, from the Xuhui. Luwan, Huangpu. Hongkou and Yangpu districts in Puxi. and from the Pudong New Area. Because of the substantialinvesunents required, the SSPI projectwill be implementedin phases. A priority has been laid down for the order in which the SSPn drainage catcbmentsare to be served. The Phase I service area will be the Wujing and Minhang industrialareas, the Xuhui and Luwan districts of Puxi, and 156 kn2 of the Pudong New Area. In total, the Phase I service area will cover 269.5 lak2 with a populationof 2.8 million. The wastewatervolume for Phase I is ested to be 1.7 million m31day, while the ultinate flow (year 2020) is 5.1 million m3lday.
Revisiu:23 May 1995 AppRep4cx=.owv EJc E-l Second Shanhai SewerageProject May 1995 Appraisal Report - Volme 4:EnivironauetalAssessmrne
The main componentsof the SSPII project are interceptionfacilities, invertedsiphons underneaththe Huangpu River and other water channcls, sewage conveyors, wastewater treatment and sludge handling facilities, and a submergedoutfall into the ChangjiangEsuary.
The tota! capital cost (includingland) of the SSPII. Phase l, is estimatedto be 5.177 billion Yuan-. The completiondate for Phase I is 1998.
Existing Water Environment Status
The Shanghai area has a network of rivers and canals. The principal river, the Huangpu. flows through the metropolitanarea The Huangpuis a tidal river with a net average flow of 341 mA/s.In addition to the functions of navigation,industrial and agriculturalwater use. The Huangpu is also a source of drinking water to the Shanghaiarea. The Huangpu receivesthe majority of the municipal wastewater. and is polluted. The water quality has been monitoredat different sectionsof the river, and the results show high contents of pollutants such as organic material (COD) and ammonia- nitrogen.
The tributaries and canals connectedto Huangpuare controlledby sluicegates.These tnbutaries are generally heavily polluted ("black and stink'). There are several water intakes in these tributaries supplying different townships with water.
The Changjiang (YangtzeRiver), the longestnver in China, flows to the north of Shanghaiabout 20 kn away from the City Proper, and has an averageflow of 29,300 m3Is. The Changjiangflows into the East China Sea. Bailonggang,which is located on the South Channd of the estuazy, is proposed as the location for the SSPII Phase I outfall. The water quality around Bailonggangis mainlyaffected by the river flow, the tide and the coastal current. A water quality survey indicatesthat the water quality is basicallygood, with a few exceptions.COD values indicate somepollution. and ammonia- nitrogen is affected by the water coming frm upstream, especiallyduring the drought season. The dissolved oxygen is always mntained at a high level. The ChangJiangcarries silt from upstreamto the estuary and this has a significantimpact on the estuary. The light transmittanceis poor because of the silt, and this restricts the growth and production of algae, thus preventingthe occurrence of Red Tides.
At Bailonggang there is an existing outfall directly to the beach (the South Trunk Sewer). This discharge causes senous pollution near the outfall.
Environmental Benefits of the Project
The main environmentalbenefits of the SSPII sewerage project will be improvedwater quality in the Huangpu River and its tributaries. In addition the project will allow the Pudong area to be developed satisfactorily.
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRcpNvd4c.Ow Exec E-2 SecondShanghai Sewcrage Pricjc May 1995 AppmisulRePon - Voume 4:Environnenal Assessmer
Water qualitymodels for the river networkshave been used to predict the water quality in rivers and creeks. Tbe results show that there will be an overll improvementin the water quality.
There are important drinking water supplies in the upper Huangpu reachcs, and the collection and interception of wastewater from Wujing and Minhang areas will directly safeguard these water intakes. At Bailonggangthe existing outfall will be abandonnedand the sewage diverted into the proposed submerged outfall. This will improve the local environmentalsituation considerably.
In additionto the direct positive cnvironental impact there will also be importantsecondary benefits from the project, as: for example health benefits caused by a reduction in water born diseases, increasedproperty values, aestheticbenefits and developmentbenefits. A project of this nature must be viewed within the overall context of the future economic developmentin Shanghai. particularly the Pudongarea. If adequatesewerage infrastructureis not provided, then the economicdevelopment of the Pudong New Area would not be sustainable.
Adverse Envirnmental Impacts of the Project
Despitethe fact that the project is designedto improve the environment,such a large projectwill also have some unavoidablenegative impacts. Of particular concem is the waater discharge to the ChangjiangEstuary, and impacts related to the constructionperiod.
To estimate the quality of the SSPII sewage, samples have been taken from the SSPI sewage. Based on this data, the following loads are estimatedfrom the SSPII sewage: BOD5 190 t/day. COD 422 t/day, NH37N 47 t/day, Tot-P 7 tlday, based on a flow of 1.7 million ni/day.
Studies have shown that the concentation of dissolved oxygen in the Changjiang Essmaryis always at a high level. This indicates that problems with oxygen deficiency are not to be expected. BOD dischargesare therefore unlikelyto cause problems, and priority should not be given to the removal of BOD from the SSPII discharge.
Nutrient levels and Red Tides are a problem in the Changjiang Estuary. Results from the Hangzhou Bay Envmonental Study show high levels of both nitrogen and phosphorousin the study area. and this is thought to contribute to the problems of the Red Tides. However, the conribution of N and P from Shanghai is minimal compared to the loadsdischarge by the Changjianginto the East China Sea. For this reason there is no immediate urgency to provide more than preliminary treatment for the SSPII Phase I discharge. Land should, however, be ensured for future upgrading. A policy of phosphorouscontrol should be consideredat a later stage of the project.
Sinmlationsof the SSPII Phase I discharge show that at the discharge point there will be a mixing zone, in which the dilution will be less than 50, extendingto between 0.5 to 3.2 krr. dependenton the season. The probability of pollution rising to the surface of the estuary is less than 5 %, and the
Revisioi-23 May 1995 AppRcp%v4emxa.ow Exec E-3 Second ShanghaiSewerage Projc my 1995 AppiAsl Repon - Volume Envirometal A4:nssm plume will not reach the river bank. A passage for fish migration will thus be preserved.
Implementationof the SSPII project will require pmanent and temporaryacqisition of fanrland, danolition of houses, and cause interferenceto water and land transportation. The land acquiSition and resettlementwill be handled and compenated for in accordancewith national and local policies. A Resettlemet Action Plan (RAP) is under preparation. To minimize the impact from the construction period, diffrent mitigation measures will be put into action. A summary of these is enclosed.
Conclusion
The Environmentl Assessment is based on scientific studies and modelling work, and the mai conclusions are:
The adverse environmenal imp from the SSPII are limited. The wastewater dischargedto the ChangjiangEstuary at Bailonggangwill effectivelybe dilutedand dispersed ito the very large water body with only minor impacts.
During the construction period the potential adverse inpacts are significant, and it is therefore very impornmt that necessaxy mitigation measures are taken to avoid or limit these impacts.
The SSPII Project will result in important environmentalbenefits:
SSPII will contnrbutesignificantly to the improvementof water quality in the Huangu and its tnrbutariesin Puxi and Pudong.
* SSPII will eliminatethe existing southernoutfall at Bailonggangand thus improvethe local environment.
* SSPII is an inportant project for the developnt of Shanghai, especiallythe Pudong New Area.
* SSPII will improve the sanitation system and the waterwaysand thus be beneficialto the inhabitantsof Shanghaiboth in tenns of health and in terms of quality of life-
Rz.isi=nl3 May 199 AppRepXv4ecu.aw aec E-4 Secord Sha i Scweoge Prict May 1995 Appiaisal Repont- Valune 4:EnvironumutalAssessment
Summary of Environmenta Impact and Mifigation Measures
bean Potntil impact Miigation mcaes Action inution Peparingnesule progmt SSPCC Residents Resettleent of rsidents along the proposed sewer routc According to local policiesand regutions: SSPCCrrownship govt (1) compensation:(2) equalor better housing |ndustrial Economic losses Arrging compensationand rcsetlemen SSPCC commucial bidg accrding to natinal and local reulatkis Work out harvestplan SSPCC Tenmporaryloss during thc bonowing perod The Sma regulationsconcermingcompetoation SSPCCITowDnshipgovt Land cleaned and replced with original Conracoxoriginwl nd Loss of soil fertility & dumped topsoil, rs Farmland with debris collecting fertilizers for applying to land when reurned Damage to irrigation & drainage Temporaty water channel Contrator/SSPCC Trnsferring water by pumps ContractorfSSPCC Field Tracks Providing temporay accesses ConuactorlSSPCC Highway/road Affecting tmffic Building temporary road ContractoriSSPCC Bridge Affecting traffic Re-artanging routing alignmcnt or building SSPCCTowvnshipgovt emporry bridge Making a dctour SSPCCJlIand River Temporary disruton navigaion authority Putting warning sgs at night Connactor/SSPCC Not using effluem for fishing pond Contractorivilageo& Polluting rivcrs and channels town govt Effluent from consuuction Proidingov sedimervation anks ContracorlSSPCC Lowering water level of wels Connecting mainswith water supply systen or SSPCC/vdbage & twn transfering water with vehicles gowt River/channel Flooding Transfeffing water or pumping away ComracwrlSSPCC Strictly corolling pollumnts of Category 1. SSC!MunkicipalEPB Polluting water enviomnent and with Total Load Cotrol Policy w contol pollutn of Caegoty la Diffuser section be located beyond -5 m SSPCC Pollution dispersion impact contour, alignmenttend 55. risensset on difuser section with nultiple potts Damaging diffusers by shipping Set-up of waming signs SSPCC/Maritine Safety ..C mejiang & Superintendent Changiang Buau
Good mainnae to keepoutlet pumpsand SSC high tank well Emcrgencyoutlets Locatingemergency outlets beyond -2 m SSPCC bathmetriccontoutr Riverbedscour or siting that Making arrangementsin suctural design SSPCC threatensdiffusers sgr Regulr sunding of rivabed SSC Loss of farmilandforever Arrag jobs for fam ers SSPCC
society Conracor employingworkcsm fonm local SSPCC A large numberof consuuction plbces workers
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Itenm PotentialilpCt Mitigation asures Aaion insition S§PCCprovridinrg service SSPCC
Noise Disturbanceduring construction Not allowed to consuc at night wihim 200 m Connactor/SSPCC phase away from rsidentials Proceedawrding to spoil disposalplan Cont=sor/SSPCC Used f&-raising ground baseof ne btuildinp Disposalof residualspoil or bxckfill for odthr consructio if nececssay SSPCCShaunghaiSpoil Spoil Disal Spoil not allowedto be disposedon famland M a Autboriy . ~~~~~~~orto fill rirverclnrmel/pondetc. Odeiver to proper pice by bargs where TrAnsportof residualspoil need Cedctor/SSPCC by cowly higbwa anhorles hmmdiay nrt residualspoil Conractor/SSPCC Cover the spoil or sprinkle watcr and unnsport ContaworlSSPCC in waEcondition to avoid flying due to wind Dust Dust cauied by spoil Clean wheelsof vehiclestrnsporting spoil CactorISSPCC
Spoil-rnsport vhicks not bc ovredoaded ConractorSSPCC Spoil for roadbackfill be coveredwith asphalt Contractor1SSPCC Environmentalsanitation Transportin dime SSPCCJSaniationDept Domesticwaste problms_ Vegettion Coveragearea reduced Planing moretrees and grasson roadsides Villages& town Govt. |Electrc& Contactingrelated deparm andmking SSPIC communication Dmage sewerroute away lines Cultural rdics & Not fund along die ot Stoping consmuctionand rporidng to Cntructor1SSPCC Historic sites depamnet cnerned if found Graes Removing Informingearly and respectinglocal cison SSPCCfTown& villge
Structuresout of Ceful surveyand consuction demolishingand Colapse & breakdown die to removingar consttuction Rebuilding SSPCC Repairingin tim Streng ylt mantena and repair to keep SSC Sewagefbooding back tc inand systemin good condition Systemoperatio watersdue to operationstop of the system Equippuigsmadby power supplysystm to SSPCCISSC prevem impactsfrom powesrinrrrption Hleavymeal inpacts on ETforcwgsweruse srds SSClMuniioal EPB farmland Explosionby CH. gas Providingventilation for ldfill sires SSC:MunicipalEPB Sludgedisposal Contributingto greenhouse Recoveringand reusing SSC/Mutiipal EPB effects Leachatefrom landfillsite Carefullydesigning and constructionlandfill SSPCCIMunicipalEPB . sites
Sewerrpair & Hi1S poisoning St-ngrhening safetyeducation SSC mintenmuce Toxic a Diffusing,poisoning. polluing Reponingto lcal EPB and tking mores as Contnctor/SSPCC hazardouswastes soil (not found in arensalng die soonas findingthat sewer route
Revisioni023May 199 AppRe:pv4czi.ow F-%ec E-6 Second Shanghai Sewcugr Pojm May 1995 Apprisal Repon - Volune 4-Enviromn.caalAsscam
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR SHANGHAI SECOND SEWERAGE PROJECT, PHAS I
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information
1.1.1 Location and Climate
Shanghai is situated at the mouth of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) at 31 0 14'N and 121°29'E. It borders the East China Sea to the east, Eanhou Bay to the south, the ChangJiang to the north, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west (Fig. 1.1).
Shanghai is situated on the fluvial plain formed by the interaction between the Changjiang and the sea. 2 2 2 [t has an area of 6,340 lak . of which land accounts for 6,218 kn and water surface for 122 kn .
The climate of Shanghai has characteristics of monsoon areas influenced by the sea, with four distinct seasons and abundant rainfall. It exhibits a humid subtropic monsoon cliniate.
1.12 Socal Economy
Shanghai is a metropolis directly under the jurisdiction of the cental government. It is divided into 14 districts and 6 counties. It had a total population of 12.95 million at the end of 1993. Shanghai is one of the most imnportant industrial bases in China, and also the biggest port and an important centre of economy, science and technology, trade, finance, information and culture. Shanghai has a vical position in the national economy of China (Fig. 1.2). According to statistics for 1993, the per capita GDP and per capita national income are 3.4 times the average nationwide levels. Its industrial output accounts for one-sixeenth. port trade volume of one-fourth. export commodity one-seventh. and revenue one-twelfth of the national figures. The GDP of Shanghai amounts to 151.161 billion yuan with a total industrial and agricultural production value of 342.324 billion yuan.
1.1.3 Water Networkl
Shanghai has a comprehensive natual waterway network with an average density of 6 - 7 kin/lJ 2 . The Changjiang, the longest river in China. is about 20 Ikn to the norb of the main City- It has an average dicwharge of 29,300 ni./s with an annual flow of 900 billion m'n The other major waterways in the city are the Huangpu River, the most important surface water source in Shanghai. and Wusong Creek (Suzhou Creek), the biggest of its tributaries. Among others, Yunzao Bang, Gaoqiao Gang, Qiu Jiang. Yangpu Gang, Hongkou Gang, Bailian Jing, Liulei Tang, Laoyu Tang, and man-made channels such as Jinhui Canal, Dazhi Canal, Dianpu Creek, Chuanyang Canal, form the Huangpu
RevisionO:23 M 1995 AppRep%W4ch1,ow Chapter I 1-1 -SS
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4s, Q k E.M'1 J. SecondShanghai Svwefagc Projec May 1995 AppraisalReport - Volume 4:Environenul Asesuseni
River system ( see Fig. 1.3).
1.1.4 ExisdtingSewage Systems
Based on statistics. the total wastewaterdischarged from Shanghaiamounts to 5.5 million 3/Id.of which 3.75 million m3/d is industrial effluentand 1.75 millionm 31d is domestic sewage, accounting for 68% and 32%, respectively, of the city total. Of these wastewaters,only 180,000 m31d, about 3% of the total, is subject to tratm in sewage treament works before being discharged, and mosL of this is domestic-sewage. The West Trunk Sewer and South TnuinkSewer built in 1970s are designed to convey 1,000,000 m?Jdof sewage to the Changjiangestuary and the East China Sea respectively, accountingfor 18 percent of the city total. No treatmentis providedfor this sewageand it is discharged through the intrtidal outfalls, the environmentin the vicinity has been subject to a certain amount of pollution. The combinedsewerage project stage 1 ( SSPI ) was completedin 1993 and is designed to convey 1,400,000 Tr3 Id of sewage from the city proper and 300.000 meld from the Gaoqiao area. At present, of the total amount of the sewagefrom the Puxi area, 2,580.000 m3 .d is disposed of outside the city with the remaining 3,000,000 n3 Id, accountingfor 54 %, being discharged into the Huangpu River without any proper treatment( Table .1 ).
Table 1.1 Existig Sewage and Seweage Systems in Shanghai
Sewageand disposal Quanty (10,000 med) % Note City total, 550 industial 375 68 domestic 175 32 Final disposal:
to treatment works 20 3 With total capacityof 465,000 m31d
to Westem TunmkSewer 70 13
to Southern Trunk Sewer 30 5
to SSPI dischargingto Changjiang 140 25 With surplus capacity River
to the Huangpu and its tributaies 2 54
Because of the discharge of large volumes of untreated wastewater, the Huangu River and its tributaries have come black and malodorous. In addition, the water quality of the HuangpuRiver has been degraded seriously, and the amnualnumber of days of *black'quality has been increasmgyear by year, greatly polluting the urban environment, affing drinking water supply, impactng the public health and industrialand agricultumalproduct quality. and resaining the economicdevelopment
RevisionO:M May 1995 AppPx4p:hbI.ow Chapt 1 1-2 Seond Shanghai ScweiageProjet May 1995 App.a.salReport - Voluume4:Envineronemat Aementu of the city.
1.2 Sewerage Development
In 1984, with the help of Australia consultants on the Shanghai Liquid Waste Management Study, Shanghai Environmental Protection Bureau planned a strategy for the management of Shanghai urban sewage. This reconmnended the phased construction of sewer system to discharge the intercepted sewage into the Changiiang River and the East China Sea to use the natural dilution capacity of these water bodies.
The policy adopted in the Shanghai Sewerage Plan combines localised and decentralized treatment systems. As Shanghai is being located on the estuary of the Changjiang, it is beneficial to discharge untreated sewage from the city to these water bodies with a large dilution capacity providinig that the water quality standards for these water bodies can be met. At the same time, a number of existing and planned small scaled sewage treatment works serving areas outside the service area of principal sewer systems, will provide treatment services.
Table 1.2 illustrates the planned sewerage system in Shanghai.
Table 1.2 Planned Urban Sewerage System m Shanghai
Nr. Name of Designed Domestic Industrial Infiltraion existing capaciy ffluent effluent (million Note discharge (million (million (million m3 Id) sysu:m m3/d) m3/d) m3Id)
I Shidong Kou 0.7 0.6 0.13
2 Zhuyuman 1.7 0.5 0.92 0.24
3 Bailonggang 4.934 2.3 2.2 0.38 inluing 700.000 YielIdftrom Minhangand
Total 7.334 3.4 3.25 0.82
1.2.1 Shanghai Combid Sewerage Project Stage I (SSPI)
The purpose of the SSPI was to improve the HIuarngpu water qualiry by controlling and prevemting pollution and elimistig the anaerobic conditions in Suzhou Creek- Project COnstruction stred in August 1988, and was completed and put into operation in December 1993. The service area of the
Revisiodk23 May 199S App5ep%vhlow Chapler1 1-3 Seod ShanghaiSewege Poec may 1995 Appaisal Repon - Volume4:Environencal Asesmm completed sewer system is 70.57 kanzwith capacity of 1,700,000 mIld dry weather flow, and its service population is 2,550,000. Total investment for project construcion was 1.6 billion yuan. Sewage intercepted and tansported by the system is dischargeLinto the Changjiang River dtrough the outfall at Zhuyuan. Before being discharged into the river, the sewage is subject to preliminary treaumentwhich consists of large- and small-sizedscreens as well as sedimentationtanks ( Fig. 1.4 and 1.5).
122 Rldocation of Water Supply Intake to the Upper Huangpu River
In order to improve the water supply water for the city, ShanghaiMunicipal Government cormnenced in 1985 a project to relocate the water supply intake to a site near Songpu Bridge in the upper reaches of the Huangpu River. The first phaseof the project construion of temporaryintake at Linjiangwas completedin July 1987 (Fig. 1.6). In 1992, ShanghaiWater Companyformally applied to the World Bank for a loan to complete the second constructionphase of the water intake relocation project. Constructionfor this phase started in 1994, and is scheduled to be completedin 1997. After the completionof the project, a water transfer system will provide the existingwater treatmentworks in the Puxi area ( except Baoshanwater works ) with 5,000,000 m3;dof water from the upper reaches of the HuangpuRiver. This will greatly imrprovethe water supply quality in Shanghai.
1.2.3 Wujing and MiNhang Sewage Inteepor Project
Accordingto the results of analysisof polution sources in the upperHuangpu water source protection zonc and related water quality modelling, wthdrawal of water at Songpu Bridge would lead to a variation in the flow of the Huangpu River, which would allow polluted water in the Minhang and Wujing section to the river to affect water quality at the proposed intake at Daqiao. In order to protect the water quality at the Daqiao intake, the Shanghai Envrnent Project recommendedin 1993 an option that, in addition to the measures for water pollution control in SongjiangCounty, the industrial effluent generated from Minhang and Wujing should be intercepted by a northern trunk sewer and discharged into the Changiang River through the proposed outfall at Bailonggang.
1.7.4 Sewage Disposal in the Podong Area
Since announcingthe developmentand openingup of Pudong New Area by the Slate Council in April 1990, there have been dramatic changes in the urbanizedareas and land use withouta corresponding increase in capacity of the municipal infrastructure. According to preliminary planning, the wastewater flow in the Pudong New Area is about 1.4 million m3/d, which canot be catered for by the existing municipal sewerage system, let alone to deal with the long-term requirements for development and apening up of the Pudong New Area. Therefore, the constructionof sewerage in Pudong is vital for the developmentof the area.
ResisonO:23 May 1995 AppRepAv4dic.ow Chape 1 1-4 SecondShalughai Sewerage Poject May 1995 AppraisalRcpot - Volme 4:Envitoamenal Assessmt
1.2.5 Shangh Second Seweage Project (SSPI)
To provide a satisfactory methd for final disposal of sewage presedy discharged into the Huangpu River. die recommended outline is that three additional trunk sewers (northemn,middle, and southern) are constructed to intercept the combined sewage from Puxi and wastewatr from the Pudong New Area and convey it via thre turnks crossing the Huangpu to Bailonggang for discharge after certain degree of treatment, into the Changjiang cstuary through three or four submerged outfalls with diffuser systems (Fig. 1.7 and Table 1.3). The sewage from Puxi will be conveyed under the Huangpu via siphons at Nenjiang Road, Dongjiadu and Baibuqiao at Longhua.
The scale of the project requires a phased approach both because of the large investment required and because it is estimated that it will take ten years to reach the design capacity.
After consideration of the operation of the existng South Trunk Sewer and the service areas of the proposed northern, middle, southern and Wujing-Minhang trunk sewems,and bearing in mind projects under construction or proposed in the Pudong New Arna, the recommended phasing option proposes that the easten section of the middle trunlk western section of the southn trunk and the connector sewer along Jianping Road, and the related outfall, sewage tmrnemt plant and teminal punping station be implemented first, in order that as much wastewater as possible could be intercepted at least capital investmnt TIhe total dry weather flow of the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project (SSPII) would be 1.7 million m3Id.
1.3 Need for the Project
At present, the general enviromnental quality in Pudong New Area is better than in Puxi. However, the surface waters have been subject to increasing pollution, and the pollutionproblemin the Huangpu River is getting worse year by year. Water bodies along the ChangJiang River can basically meet the requirements of Category 11 of the State Surface Water Environmental Quality Standards (GB3838- 88). while the quality of water at Bailonggang, because of the discharge of sewage from the Southen Trunk Sewer, has been severely degraded.
In the Puxi area. large amounts of untreated sewage (excepting dtose interoepted by SSPI) and effluent from the sewage treatment works are discbarged into the Huangpu River and its tributaries, brmging about a significant impact on the environment and on public health and compromising the position of Shanghai as an international metropolis in the next cenuiry.
It has now become urge=t to implement the construction of SSPII in order to develop the Pudong New Area, improve the investment enviromnent, disposing of sewage from the central cty area, protecting the water quality of the upper Huangpu water source protection zone and solving the sewage problem in Minhang and Wujing.
Reisiov0:23 May 1995 AppRtepWv4ch.lw Chaplr X 1-5 Fig 1-3 iluangpu River System mu dord&jkvu Iv6th
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Fig 1-4 Planned Sewerage Sevice Areas in Shanghai 3L q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~JuuOnOrfaJI[
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Table 1.3 Planned Sevice Area of SSP II
Sewer Area Seavice Dry Designed River- sysme area weather Flow crossing (kn 2 ) flow (mnls) location (m3Id)
SSPU. Yangsi ind.zone 40A 521.000 7.84 South Yangsi residential area Line Zhangiiang H-rec zone (partial) Wangqiao ind.zone Chuanshaown
Wujing and Minhang 700000 10.53
Soudien pan of Puxi QXuhuiand paril Luwan) 19 434.000 18.64 Baibuqiao. Longhua
Subtotal 1,655.000 37.01
SSPI. Lnjiazui trde zone 90.9 941i000 14.16 Middle Huaun conmprezone. Line Yan.gjingresidentia; area Jinqiao export processingzone Beicai comprezone
Middle part of Puxi (Nanshi. Huangpu) 8.7 272,000 7.88 Dongiiadu
Subtotal 1,213.00 22.04
South Zhoujiadu area 24.5 316,000 4.75 Trunk Yunlian comprezone Sewer Liuli indzwne (built) Zhangjiang Hi-tee zone
Southern part of Puxi (Luban. part of Luwan) 2.7 192.000 2.89
Subtoal 24.5 508.000 7.64
SSPII. Gaoqiao residential area 20.3 259.000 3.9 North Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone (expended) Uine Northrn pan of Puxi (Hongkou.Yang-pu) 33.5 1.299.000 52.93 Nenjian Rd.
Subtotal 20.3 1,558,000 56.83
Total |176.1 4.934.000
Revision0:23May 1995 AppRepAv4chl.ow Chapie I 1-6 Seod Shang!ai Seweuge Pujec May 1995 Appisal Repon - Volume 4:EDvironmenal Assesimem
1.4 Assessment Objectives
The Shanghai Sewerage Projea Construction Company, in accordance with the Guidelines of EnvironmnentalManagement for ConstructionProjects of the People's Republic of China. entrusted Shanghai Academy of EnvironmentalSciences in April 1994 to prepare an environmentl impact assessment for SSPII. The objectivesinclude the following:
* S.urveying-andassessing the environmentalstatus in the project construction areas and surroundingareas:
O Identifyingand assessingthe potentialimpacts of the proposedproject during its construction and later operation;
* Analysingthe social and environmentalbenefits of the proposedproject;
- Recommendingmeasures and related policiesfor mitigatingpotential impacts, to be adopted by the project developerand project operationunits.
- Preparing the required environmentalmanagement and monitoring plan; and
* Avoiding and mitigating possible adverse impacts of the construction project on the envimnment and ensuring chatthe project generates a net benefit.
1.5 Basis of the onmental Assessment
(1) EnvironmentalProtection Law of the People's Republicof China (issuedby the I Ith Session of StandingCommittee of the 7th NationalPeople's Congress, 26 Dec 1989);
(2) Water Law of the People's Republic of China (issued by the 24th Session of Standing Committee of the 6th National People's Congress. 21 Jan 1989);
(3) Water Pollution PreventionAct of the People's Republic of China (issuedby the 5th Session of StandingCommittee of the 6th National People's Congress. 11 May 1984);
(4) Guidelines to Water PollutionPrevention Act of the People's Republicof China (issued by State Council, 12 July 1989):
(5) Guidelines for Environmental Management of Construction Projects (No. (86)NE003) (issued by Environmental Protection Commtission of State Council, State Planning Conmnission,and State EoDnomicCommission. 26 March 1986):
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRcpv4cbl .ow Chapte x 1-7 Second Shanghai Sewerage Project May 1995 Apprisal Rqorn - Voume 4:Enviro_neau2 A_eumem
(6) Regulationof Water Source Protection of Upper Huangpu (issued by the 14th Session of Standing Comnittee of the 8th Shanghai Municipal People' Congress, 19 April 1985; amended by the 21st Sessionof StandingComnnittee of the 9th Shanghai MunicipalPeople's Congress, 28 Sept 1990);
(7) Noise Pollution Prevention Regulationof the People's Republic of China (Sept 1989);
(8) ShanghaiSewerage Plan (Draft) (preparedby SUCDI. Dec 1993);
(9) PreliminaryFeasibility Study of the SecondSewerage Outfall at Bailonggang(prepared by SUCDI, Aug 1992);
(10) Preliminary Feasibility Study of the Second Sewerage Outfall at Bailonggang(Revised) (prepared by SUCDI, Oct 1993);
(11) FeasibilityStudy of Shanghai Urban SewerageManagement Stage n ( preparedby SMEDI etc, Jan.1995 );
(12) Appraisal Report on the Proposal of Stage I of the SecondSewerage Outfallat Bailonggang (preparedby Shanghai InvestmentConsulting Company, June 1994).
(13) AppraisalComments on the TOR for EIA of ShanghaiSewerage Project ( stage n) ( issued by NEPA EnviromnentalAssessment Centre. 23 Nov.1994 ):
(14) Letter in Reply for the Appraisal Conmnentson the TOR for EIA of ShanghaiSewerage Project ( stage )( by NEPA, 17 Feb. 1995 ): and
(15) Document about the Approval of the Project Proposal for the Fir Stage of the Second Sewerage Outfall at Bailonggang(Revised) (prepared by SUCDI. Oct 1993).
1.6 Criteria for the Environmental Assesment
(1) Standard for EnviromnentalQualiLy of SurfaceWater (GB3838-88); (2) Standard for Integral Discharge of Wastewaters(GB8978-88); (3) Standard for Ambient Noise in Urban Areas (GB3096-93).
RevisionO2 May 1995 AppRep\lvlow Chapcr I 1-8 Sd Sh Shanghai Snwlge Pj=C May 1995 AporaisalRepon - Volume4:Enviro_nental A _esune
1.7 Assessment Parameters and Scope
1.7.1 Assessient Parameters
(1) Inland Water System PH. COD, BOD5. DO, Nitrogen Ammonia, Oils, Cu. Cre. Pb, Cd. Zn
(2) The Changjiang River Esmary PH, COD; BOD5. Oils, Zn, Zu, Total Cr. Pb. Cd, E.Coli, Total Nitrogen, P03Q,
(3) Social Environment Land, labourforce, buildings,residents, industrialand agriculturalproduction, transportation
1.7.2 Assessment Scope
(i) Inland Water System The main Lrunkof the HuangpuRiver, about 70 km from the site of proposed water supply intake (part of Shanghai EnviromnentalProject) to Wusong Kou.
The Huangpu tnbutaries and rivers that the proposed sewer system will pass aCMss, is covering an area of about 269.6 km2.
(2) The ChangjiangEstuary Southern Passage. Southern Channel, water areas on both sides of the proposed outfall. about 10 km each side, of the proposed outfall.
(3) Odour and Noise Areas within 50 - 500 m from the pumping stations and sewage treatment works.
(4) Social Environment Mainly in Pudong area, including Yangshi, Sanglin, Beicai, Zhangjiang. Tangzhen. Wanggang, Hequin as well as villages close to the proposed sewer.
1.8 Contents of the Report
The Envirornental Assessment Report comprises following three parts:
* Outline of EA report * Main report of EA * Sub-reports of EA
Rcvision:23 May 1995 AppRepXv4chJcw Chalpter 1 1-9 Second S9ingl Sewerag Projct May 1995 Apptisal Repont- Vdiume 4:Envimment alA nIt
1.8.1 Contents of the Main Report
Chapter Two: describing the sewer route selection, sewage treatment, sludge, spoil disposal etc:
Chapter Three: describing the natural, social and environmental status in the project construction areas, which are used as basic material and information fer the study;
Chapter Four: describing the status of enviromnental quality and aquatic eco-environment in the Bailonggang area of-the Changjiang River Estuary and other water systems that might be affected by the proposed project;
Chapter Five: identifying possible impacts from the proposed project on the environment, and defining the scope of the EIA;
Chapter Six: analysing and selecting options for sewage treatment and sludge disposal, and assessing related inpacts of these options;
Chapter Seven: assessing the impact of sewage discharge in to the Changjiang Estuary;
Chapter Eight: predicting the improvements of inland water enviromnmentafter the project is constructed, analysing related engineering benefits;
Chapter Nine: assessing the project impacts during various construction periods on inland natural. eco-environmental and social environments;
Chapter Ten: analysing possible risks that might occur during and after the project construction;
Chapter Eleven: recommending measures for mitigating or avoiding various impacts,. to be adopted by the project construction units and subsequently by the operations units;
Chapter Twelve: proposing sewerage system management and monitoring plan;
Chapter Thirteeh: key issues in EIA and conclusions
1.8.2 Contents of Sub-reports
The following sub-reports are background reports and studies for the EA. They are not translated into English.
A. Assessment of Project Impacts on Changjiang Water Environment
On the basis of surveying and monitoring the environmental status of aquatic enviroment in the
Rcvisinn0:23May 1995 AppRtepXvchl.ow Chapter I 1-10 Second ShanghaiSewmge Pnjct May 1995 AppraisalRepoit - Volume4:EXironcnzal MAcsamsnua
Changjiang Estuary, modeling and predicting the impacts of discharging sewage into the Bailong Gang area of the estuary on its ecology and water quality.
B. Analysis and Impact Assessmentfor SewageTreatment and Sludge Disposal Options
On the basis of economic and effective analysis of sewage treatment and sludge disposal options. recomme:ndingthe preferred treatment option for SSP II. and assessing possible impacts of options on the environment.
C. Assessing the Impacts of the ConstructionProject on local natural and social enviromnents.
On the basis of surveying local natural and social enviromnents, analyzing possible impacts of the proposed project during and after the construction,and recommendingvarious mitigationmeasures.
D. Assessing the Inpacts of the ConstructionProject on bland Water System
Collecting and monitoringthe existing water qualityand water flow of inland water system,modelling and predicting the improvementsin inland water environment, when the sewage is discharged into the Changjiang River instead of to the Huangpu River and its tributaries, and assessing the enviromneta benefits of the project in improvementsto quality of inland water system .
E. EnviromnmntalManagement and Monitoring Plan for the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project (SSPII)
Reconmnending,for project construction and future operation. the methods to be adopted for environmentalmanagement and monitoring. institutionalarrangements, co-ordination among related managementorganiations and implementationof the monitoring lan, so that the construction project would produce maximum environmental benefits.
To the English version of the EA some supplementarydocuments are enclosed. These are
A. Water and Discharge Standards B. Summary of Ongoing Studies for the Changjiang Estuar, - The DHI Modclling Studies - The HangzhouBay EnvironmentalStudy C. Wastewater Treatment D. EnvironmentalBenefits - Future PollutionLoads into the Huangpu - Secondary Benefits E. Combined Sewer Overflows F. EA Preparation - List of EA Preparers
RlVsilon:23 May 199I AppRpW4chlaw ChapeI I-1 Site survey Analysisof environmentalfeatures relawd to projec|
3-jPreparaion ofTOR P l
-* lScingaisks and conducting EA]
Eng. analysis Naluralccosystcn Socialen|;ironmiJ Environ.quality Publicconcms
Ioilln3!GH <
LrAnh -- -fnA |LhibliclBa iicipalon
Fig. 1..8 AppronchOf EA SecondShanghai Sewerge Prjcct May 1995 AppraIsaRepon - Volume4:Envionumenol Assesment
- EA Meetings
1.9 Study Approach for the EA
The smdy approach for the EA is shown on Fig 1.8
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppUp%v4ch.ow Chapter1 1-12 Second Sngha S-ewge Pajeci May 1995 Alisa Repon - Vone 4Envmimwn Asesmen
2. PROJECT DESCRIPON
2.1 Service Area
The service area of the SSPHproject covers 21.7 Jun2 of Xuhui and Luwan Districts in Puxi and 155.8 km2 of Lujiazui, Yangjing, Jinqiao, Zhangjiang,Beicai. Zhoujia Du, Yunlian and Liuli etc. to the south of Zhaojia Gou, in Pudong area, giving a total area of 177.5 knir. If Minhang and Wujing in Puxi are also deemedto be included, then the total service area increasesto 269.6 kn'.
The district area and populationto be served within the service area (Fig. 2.1) are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 District Area and Population withi the Service Area of SSPII
Name of Ame Populaion Name of Arca Populatio Are Name of DrBict Omr) Served A|e Nanc of Disrict (kmn) Sewned (x 10o) (X 10
Lujaui financial-ade zone iS 450 Zanjiang Hi-leh Pak 20.5 130
Huaz compucousivedistric 11 220 Wangqiao indusmtane 5.7
Wedged vills 15-5 78 Cghuanh Town livng zone 13 130
YaMg residenti quarter 10.0 200 Yans iadustrialzone 3.3 46
S bgchuresidentiquar 4.7 94 Yan resideal quaer 12 240
Padong HudFg rednia quaner 7.2 144- 4 176 inqi lving zone 3.5 70 Zhaoya Bang 7 245
J6q inWusial zone 19 uzi aonnmuqiao 4 140
Beica compbehesivedirict S 50 Wanping 2.21 78
Zhojiadu residentaquare 3.7 74 LavgbuaTown 1.71 60
Yuna conpelersivedistict 4.1 so Pui Tang 2.34 82
Liuhindustral Zonc 2.6 Wujingand Minhang 92.1
2.2 Design Capacity and Water Quality
2.2.1 Design Capacity
The average dry weather flow (DWF) in year 2000 for this project is 1.7 million m3/d, in which, 437,500 mn3/dis for two districts in Puxi, 766,000 m3 /d for Pudong area and 490,000 3lJd for the Minhang Wujing area. The distribution of wastewater ,apacity in each district of Puxi area can be seen in Table 2.2.
Revisior23 May 1995 AppftepWch.ow Chapter 2 2-1 ILujaz /1/1/7 9a~~ng .Ball
~~uniian~ ~ Va uig Wigag St liangou evc rso SI exldn Chuansh/ ;rO~~~~~~~~WflLegend Zoujladu Llull $no,
(excluding WVujlng,Mlinghang) Fig 2-1 ServiceAreai ofrSSPII Second Shaghi Swerage Project May 1995 Appraisl Report - Volume 4:kErvirnmeal Assessment
Table 22 Service Arm and Flow Anlocaion of SSI[
Popubaion 2020 ADWF Plad ADWF of Name of Dharict or Sysl un AJm Served (alO' Wid) itrcptng SSPc (Ma houti (XO') Flow 1) 3 I ______j ______(xlO' m ld) (xlO' m'ld)
______So hT unkSewer Luban 4.4 176 192 480 134
ZbouJi2duResidential Quarter 3.7 74 60 30
Yunlian Comprehesive Disuict 4.1 SO SO 25
liuli I Zonc 2.6 42 21
Zhar4diangHi-Tech Park 20.5 130 239 119
Wangqiao bdustralZone 5.7 92 46
Chuansba Town Idusnial Zone 13 130 S6 23
o4 S60 730 480 403
Souten Trnk in Pudong
Zhaojiaang 1 7 245 160 400 - 112
xlaoruuqio 4 140 71 178 50
Wanping 2.2 78 43 108 30
LghelTown 1.7 61 32 128 22
P0mi Tang 2.3 82 127 5SO 89
Yagai bidusialZone 3.3 46 45 23
Yaga Resida Quanrt 12 24C 90 45
Wujing and Mira 700 490
Sub-otl 32.5 892 1.268 1322 861
Middle Tnk in Pudong
Laiapu Finance-TadcZonc 1 S 450 218 109
Huasm ConpabewiveDisaict 11 220 94 47
Wedgedvals 15.5 78 57 29
Ymgft R_mdal Quacr to10 200 100 S0
S_aRcsuan Reid_aW rmutLr 4.7 94 36 1S
Hudong ReIdenta Quarter 72 144 54 27
Jinqiao living Co _mphnivcDist 35 70 30 iS
Jiinqao ndustl Zonc 19 247 124
BeicaiComprerhensiveDsuict S 50 23 12 Sub-oral 90 j 136 859 431 Grnd Total 177.5 2.752 2.87 1.802 1.692 Ote ADWF = avcer dry weather flow
Revision0:23 M I995 AppRep%v4ch2.ow Chapter 2 2-2 Fi!22 Covye Ainmn o SPI.Pas4
F.g 2-2 Conveyer Alignment of SSPItI Phasc I 4
SOM
-~~~~~~~~~~~-
g3rt RtOtL
Fi:, 2-3 Ahernative Routing, of South Line SecondSnghuai Sewrage Pojea may 1995 AppaisalRepon - Volumne4:Ewmimnovent Asessm
2.2.2 Design Sregth of Sewage
2.2.2.1 Domestic Fraction
In order to ascertainthe quality of the seweagc in the cxisting SSPI conveyor, a programmeof daily samplingand analysis of wasewater generatedfrom the Puxi area has been carried out over a period of one month. Table 2.3 shows the results.
Table 2.3 Measured Concenttions of Wastewater fm PWxi (8 Feb - 8 March 1995) Unit mg/L
Parameter Rangc of concnaaion Aveagc swnttzoum Ss 80.0- 190 130 BODs |543 -116 850 COD 158- 258 199 NHrN 18.4- 34.5 22.7 Ordho-P 0.23 - 1.63 1.00 TotalP 2.38- 7.50 3.89
In addition, daily analysesof sewage stegth of the sewage from the Souther Trunk Sewer was also carried out between 1 - 30 March 1995. The results show high concentrationsof BOD (Table 2.4). These data are high for normal domesticwastwaters. This may be a result of diumpingnigltsoil into the Southern TrUnkSewer and the results may not be typical of SSPII.
Table 2.4 Measured Co ions of Wastewaterfrom Eising Southern Tnk Sewer (1 - 30 Mardh L995) Unit: rgL
Prainzr Range of conemnation Avera c moncen
SS 230 - 996 525
BOD5 234 - 866 482
COD 338 - 1860 759
NH_rN 13A - 86.5 39.7.
Orho.P 1.98-20.6 6.56
ToWa P 236 - 49.1 9.70
RevisionO24May 1995 AppRep%v4cb2.ow Cbapter2 2-3 Secomi Shaoghai SewerageProject May 195 Appisal RePo - Volume 4Envimn _crsl
2.2.2.2 Industrial Fraction
The Wujing-Minhangarea is an industrialzone with a high proportionof industrial effluent. If the wastewaters generatedthere are classifiedas 'clean' and 'dirty", the 'dirty' portion represems only a small pan of the total industrial effluent (for instance, five major polluters discharge about 0.5 million m3/d of wastewaterof which "dirty' effluent is only 20%). Based on this the COD concentation will rise from 50 mg/l to an esimated 250 mg/l. and that of ammonia nitrogen from 6 mgnl to 30 mg/l.
T.hewaeater quality is closely related to the proportion of industrialeffluent and the dcharactristcsof wastewaterswiUl be different from one industial sector to another. However, an overall comparisonwill give an industrialview of the wastewaterquality, particularlyas the proportion of industrialeffluent from SSPI and SSPH are similar (Table 2.5).
Table 2.5 Constitues of utrial Wastwater fhm SSP1 and SSPI
Averge Dry in which industrial eRluent Sysean Weaher FHw (milion m3ld) Flow (m31d) Popotion ()
SSPI (Puxi) 1.40 622.000 44.4 Xuhui-Luwan 0.437 216.000 49A Wujijg-Mhnng 0.490 265.000 54.1 SSE5l Pudong 0.768 281,000 36.6 Subtol 1.70 762.000 44.8
2.2.2.3 Total Flow
From the above analysis, the design effluentquality for SSPII can be equated to the results of the analyses of the SSPI sewer. However, in order to err on the side of caution, the average wastewaterconcenrations or the 95 % not exceded concentration(except for that of total phosphorus because of its discrete observations)are to be used accordingto circumstance(Table 2.6).
RevisionO-.24May 1995 AMppRtPftWcw2.ow Cbapwr2 2-4 P~~pafrn~~-*i~~
Fig, 2.4 Locastionofs*l SSPII Puming Stations Second Shnghai SewaWgeProec May 1995 Appmsal Repo - Volume 4:Environmeal Asseumem
Table 2.6 Design Strength of SSP Sewage Unit:mg/L
Parameter Averagecoacemrn 9S% un-exccedmntconcenration SS 130 175
BODs 85 112 COD 199 248
NH7N 22.7 27.7 Ordo-P 1.0 1.3
otaI P 3.9 4.2
2.3 Optons for Trmuk Sewer Routing
2.3.1 Pui
The wastewar in Puxi flows from two areas comnecdg at LonghuaRoad (W) (Figure 2.2) before the Huangpu River siphonat Baibuqiao. %
One tnk sewer is located along the Second ZhongshanRoad (S) and Wanpig Road (S), connectng the intercepted wasuewaer from the Luban (LonghuaRoad), Zhaojia Bang and Xiaomuqiao pumpingstations;
The other trunk sewer is located along the Kaixuan Road. ZhongsbanRoad (W), the Second Zbongsian Road (S) and Longha Road, connectingthe interceptedwastewater from the Puhui Tang and LonghuaTown pumpingstations.
2.3.2 Pudong
* Southem Sewer:
Option 1: The southern tunk sewer will be laid along Yaohua Road and Jyang Road, with a southern branch trunk to the north along the Outer Ring Road and Jiyang Road. The above two sers will connectJiyang Road on the north bank of the ChuanyangCanal and will then be routed north along the lianping Road. (Fig 2.3).
Option II: The soutllern trunk sewer will be laid along Yaohua Road and Jiyang Road, connectng to die southern branch trunk at the Outer Ring Road. It vwllthen be routed to lianping Road along the Outer Ring Road. (Fig 2.3).
Revision024 May 199 AppRepl4cb2.ow Chprcr2 2-5 Second Shaga Sewerage Project May 199S AppraisalReport.- Vol_e 4:1nvismernalAesm
* Option comparisonand selection
Option I I Lengthof the sewer Relativelyshort Total length will be increased. especiallyfor the connecting sewer at Jianping Road. Construction difficulty Great difficultiesand will affect Easy construcion. the revetmentof Chuanyang Canal, bridges and residence
______nearby.
Capital cost (million yuan) 2,530.59 2,491.72 Land acqpisitionfunds 1,210.87 1=.36 (million yuan) The cost can be reduced when accountis taken of land acqusitionfor the Outer Ring R0ad. Others Wastwater from Wujing/Minhang Wastewaterfrom Puxi should will make a detour. first to the make a detour, first to the north and then to the south south and then to the north.
From this comparison,the cost for Option II is about 27.38 million yuan lower than Option I and the impact on bnrdges,land traffic, shippingdock and buildings is smaller Therefore, Option I is selectedfor the route of the southern sewer.
* Pudong Middle Trunk
The middle trunk sewer is laid to the east of the JianpingRoad, along the north of the Longdong Road and to the WastewaterTreant Plant at Bailong Gang of Changjiangesuary (Fig 2.2).
* Connecting
The connectingsewer of the southern trunk and middle trunk is laid under Jianping Road.
2.4 Project Elements
2.4.1 Pmnpmg Stations
Six existng pumping stations would be rehabilitated and five additional stations would need to be constructed, namely Luban Road Pumping Station (included in the Shangha Eironmnal Project) in Puxi, and 'A and 'B of the Southem Trunk, '2 of the Middle Trmnkand outfall
RevisioaO:24May 1995 App%vpftUow Chaper2 2-6 SeontdSla 2iSewegc Punech May 1995 AppraisalRepon - Volumc4JEwvihmncmal AssesJnet pumpingstaions in Pudong. Their locationsand specificationsare show in Fig. 2.4 and in Table 2.7.
Table 2.7 SSPII Pumping Stations
Pumpingagado Locad=n Am DWF PuMptyp Nr. Specimficton Ranark (am) (I _T itIsd) Row HS Poew (M._* (M) kW) _
Lubs M. ron of Lob= Rd. bede HP 422 134 2UnL-1. 3 1.5 6.7 I SS w (prote
Rd.Lougima Ln uaRd.(Luban Rd.) 692 30 1200113-100 1 32 5.4 280 Rluab. 7ZLD.646.3 2 0.6 6.3 55
Laq*mTown LOgM Rd. (W). nb of 1269 22 36ZIJi970 4 23 7.2 II RIDb. Paxi La_bG-c I
Zhaoia B-9 Arotmd Dapuo 1195 112 12HIS0tD 100 4 3.2 5A 230 Rhab. 26ZLBH70 2 15 6.7 150
XlCWAoiqiao Endof Xisuqio Rd. 123D 50 lZ0WHI-12A 5 3.6 10 4W0
Waping RPdA. Wamp Rtd.(5) _ond 695 30 36ZtB.70 4 2.3 7.2 I13 Wdub. I~~~~~~~~~BAf I I Pui Tang Yiuaa Rd. (KajwumRd.) 1472 t9 36ZLU-70 3 2.3 7.2 13D Rdub. 1 i.35 6.7 155
'2 af MT E fORR. N of LOt 6960 431 1400LB-12 7 22.07 14 3 New Rd. E bua of CaujiaGCg I______
"A ofr W o Yaubu R. (nh) 762S 528 12M0H136 6 17.93 13.5 IO Ne besidc M u i __ __ _ I___I_
Padwtc 'B orST W of lId..Rding N of ORR 3450 269 160101346 7 30.54 19.6 16C0 New
Ctkfal PS isie Sewage - 1.695 14WHL5-12A 6 29.71 10 630 New
2.4.2 Trunk Sewer
The total length of tnmk sewer of within SSPII is 49.121 on. of which 0.7 kn is the siphon crossing the HuanwgpuRiver and 1.6 km is the outfall at Bailonggang. Excavationdetails for constuction are preseted in Table 2.8.
Revisio:24 May 1995 AppRpXv4cb2.ow Citaplr 2 2-7 SecondShanghai Sewerge Projec May1995 Appraial RLport- Volume4 :Envijpnucl sseameg
Table 2.8 Excavation of Conveyor Consruction for SSPII
Conveyorsperificdon Spoil Loctijon - -qmnnrty LA-g Type-l Nr. Sire (m)
Puxi inteceptor 5.2 Cirde I 2.4 26
LoughuaGa_g to H_a_ 0.2 Circe 2 2.4 2
Crowingsiphen ef Huangpu 0.7 Cirde 2 2.4 6
Ya_ Rd. (Braneh)"A PS of Sdern Tnmk =3_
Outer RingRd. I'S PSof Soubh_T_nk _ 25 LongdoegRd. '2 PSof Mdidd Tsunk n|
OuSl_PS 33
Yaoa Rd. teJiyangRd. 5.77 CU_VEIt 2 2_5x 2.5 122
Ouftr Ring Rd. 2 Culvet I 2.7x2J7 46
||OuterRing Rd. _ 9.5 Culves 2 3.4 x 3.0 301
imping Rd. | 6.65 Culven I 3.0 x 3.0 190
L=g=gR.3. uvl 2.2x 2.2 6
LongdoqgRd. 3325 Culvert 2 2.4 x 2 4 - 2.6 64 x12.6
,,Longdolig Rd. 10.65 Culvert 2 3.0 x 3.0 304 Ouf inC1zMm4ja esyM 16 Cine I 4.3 35
g ~~~~~TOWl 49.12 - | I :
2.4.3 Sewage Tre0tMent lant
Primary or Preliminay Treatment Plant with a capacity of 1.70 million m3Jd would be built.
2.4.4 Outfall
The outfall will be situated at Changliangestuary northeastof Heqing Township. A head tank will be constructedand a main outfall 4200 nmminner diameter, and one emergency outfall, will be built. The diffuser section would comprise 6 risers with multiple discharge ports.
2.5 Construction Methods and Spoil
2.5.1 Coostroction a) Trunk * Sheet piling is to be used for the Southern Trunk-;
Revisiond:24May 1995 AppReppv4cbh2.o Chatner2 2-8 Second Shanghai Sewerge Project May 1995 Appmial Repor. - Volume 4:EnvironmentalAssesme
* Excavation is to be used for the other truunk in principle. b) Siphon * Reinforced concretejackdng is to be used for the syphons across'the Huangpu River and ChuanyangCanal; * Diking and excavationare tO be used for other rivers in general; * For the outfall, shield tunnellingis to be used.
2.5.2 Quantity of Spoil
Based on the above constructionmethods and the calculatedvolumes of conveyors, the quantity of spoil gererated from the constuction of SSPII is esimated as 1.277 million m3, assuming a bulking factor of 1.1 (Table 2.5).
2.5.3 Options for Spoil Disposl
The spoil generated during the constructionis mnixed.In consultationwith Shanghai and Pudong spoil managementinstitutes, this spoil could be used for non-smirutualreclamation or road building. The principles to be followedfor disposal of spoil are:
(1) Disposal should be localisedwherever possibleto give minimm local impact; (2) Disposal should cause no effect on the social envioment and people's living -standards; (3) Spoil should not be disarged into waterways.
Disposal of the 1.277 million m3 spoil would be in three ways as shown in Table 2.9.
Table 2.9 Disposal of Spoil Cenated from Construcion of SSPII
Location Amount(mi) Disposl desainatiom Transportdistance ______~~~~~~~~~~(kin)
Xubui and Luwan in Puxi 28.000 Outer Ring Rd. base 7
Culvert of MT. siphons. 'A & 724,000 Road building and back filing 20 'B PSs in Zbanajiang Hi-Tecl Park
Longdong Rd. to Bailong Gag 525.000 Reclmaton alng shordine of 18 I Changiang river
2.6 Land Acquistion and Borrowig
Accordingto preliminary estimation,the pmanet land acquisitionwould amount to 158.2.7ha (equivalentto 2.374 mu). During the constructionperiod, 107.7 ha (equivalent to 1,615 mu) of temporary land acquisitionwould be needed for storage of building materials, consuction
RcvtiswnO24May 1995 AIpRzplv4c2.ow Chapter2 2-9 SecondShanglli SewerageProject May 1995 AppraisalRepot - Volume4:hEvioroncena Ass mew
buildings. and piling excavatedsoil.
2.7 Projed Cost _
A preliminarily estimate of the invesunentrequested for SSPII Phase I is 4.172 billion yuan, in which capital cost accounts for 2.17 billion yuan, preparatory costs including land acquisition and resealement 922 million yuan, contingencycosts for the construction316 million yuan, and contingencycost for price 657 million yuan, and others 108 million yuan.
2.8 Schediue or te Project
Sectionsof conveyors in Puxi were laid in 1993 along with implementationof the Inner Ring Road Project, and constructionof the remainder is planned to start in the lamerhalf year of 1995. The accomplishmentof the whole project is expectedby 1998.
RevisionO:24May 1995 AppepW%4cb2.ow Cbapter2 2-10 SecondShanghai Swerage Projet May 1995 Appaisul Repoon- Volume4:Enviteamental Assessne
3. ENVIRONMNITAL SETTINGOF THE PROJECT-RELATED AREA
The project area comprises Xuhui and Luwan Districts in Puxi, and 7 townshipsof Yangsi, Sanlin, Beicai, Zhangjiang, Tangzhen, Wanggangand Heqing in Pudong.
3.1 Natural Setflng
3.1.1 Geographic Situation
Xuhui and Luwan Districts are sitated to the west of the HuangpuRiver and in the southern fringe of Shanghai Proper.
PudongNew Area is situated to the eastof the Huangpu River, borders the Changjiangestuary in the east and the Huangpu River in the west, and is adjacent to Nanhui County and Minhang District in the south. The project-relatedarea oDvers7 townships located in the southern and middle parts of the New Area (Fig. 3.1).
3.1.2 Geology and Morphology
In this area the strata is a alluvionof the ChangjiangRiver formed by accumulationof silt carried by the Changjiangunder the interactionof waveand tide. Its shape is triangularstn uling from Wusoung Kou toward the southeast. The elevation of the area is about 3.5 to 4.5 m. being higher in the southeast and lower in northwest. Only a few areas have an elevation over 5 m above Wusong Datm. The average elevationof Liuli, Beicai, Zhangjiang, Wauggang,Heqing. etc. is about at 3.5 to 3.9 , whilst that of Yangsiand Tangzhen is over 4 m
From driling tests it is known that the stm in this area, from bottomto top is as follows: volcanic rock of Jurassic period (pyroclastic-edimentaryrock), continentalvolcanic rock of Tertiary period and accumulation horizon including clay and sand-gavel of Quatenary period. Basic rock is generally at a depth of 300 to 350 mwith the shallowest one of 227 m at Jinqiao and the deepest one of 396 m at Heqing.
The volcanic action in the later Jurassic period was apparentlydominated by a real fracture structure from Fengjing to Chuansha, and a tectnic volcanic basin was developedon this fracture at Jinqiao.
In respect of engineering geology, the soil layer less than 30 m deep was primarily formed by the sedimntary bed of marine and river-lakephases in the Holoceneepoch. The lithologicalsoil mainly comprises clay, subclay and silt.
3.1.3 Climate
The project area is at the northern edge of the north subtropic zone and is affected by east Asian
Revisionr:23May 1995 AppRepXv4ch3.ow Chapter3 3-1 iAK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C0
rig E.; JP'I'OPE A (al S
F:ig3-1 Township)silo lludong Ai-en (aloiig tbie SSPIII r-outing) SecondSMgJ3 ScwaWePoe May1995 AppmimlRpat -Volme 4:Evirnanxl= Asessmem monsoons. The climate is maritime with four distioct seasons and abudant precipitation, full of sunshine, and with modate temperaue. In this area the mean annual temperature is 15.50C. evaporationis 1436 m- and annl precipitationis 1428.5mm concenrat in the period of May to September. Wind direction is genrally southeast, but is sometime northwest and northeast. Typhoom or tropical storms are often during July to Septmber, and strong typhoons occur 3 to 4 times every 10 years.
3.1.4 Natural Disaster - Earthquake
The project-relatedarea situated is east of the Kunshan-HuzhouSeismic Belt of the ChangjiangRiver Delta and is a low risk earthqake region. The first incidentrecorded was in 961 AD. Since then there have been 60 records of earthquake, in which only one was destructive. This happenedon I September 1624 and the intensity at the epifocusis estimatedto have been Richter scale 6.
3.1.5 Groundwater
The project area has a series of aquifers of considerablethickness. The groundwater in the shallow stratum is slightlybrackish, whilst in deeper strata is mosty fresh.
3.2 Ecological Environment
3.2.1 Welland Resources
From the old beach to Sanjia Gang of Cbangjiangestary. 24 km in length, there are spread several pieces of land with shoot weeds, with reeds and shallow waters, totally 535.2 ha in area.
From Sanjia Gang to Panjiahong, 11.7 hn in length, the wetland are broad with grass and reeds, totally 399.4 ha in area in which the area of wedand 2 - 3 m above Datum is about 865.4 ba, and 166.7 ha are reclaimable.
3.2.2 Natural Vegetation
3.2.2.1 Wet Land Vegetation
Wet land vegetation mcludesthat on the itidal zone of Changjiangestuary and fresh water aquatic vegetation.
* Communities of intertidal vegetation growing on the wetland of the Chanjiang estuary mainly are Phragmites commnis, Valisneria spiralis. Pyrola romndolia ssp. dchis. etc.;
* Fresh water aquatic vegetation, which mainly grows in the waterwaysiside the dyke and
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRcp%v4ch3.9w Chapter3 3-2 SecondSanghai Sewcmgc Pmjcc May 1995 AppraisalRepont - Volme 4:EnvironmentalAssesneu
ponds, small rivers, channels,etc.. isMyiophyilum wtidWn, Ceratophyliumdemerswm, HydrilUa verticalla, duckweod (Lwma mnor), Spirodea poly"r*iza, Altenaithera philoxeroides, water lettuce (Pirsa soircs), water hyacinth (Eldihona crassipes), etc.
3.2.2.2 Naturally occurring land based vegetation
Major species are mesophyteherbaceous. in which majority are annual plants such as the composite family (Compositae), the grass family (Gramiea). the pulse family (Legumi_zae), etc., and dominant species are Erigeronannuws. Elezsine indica, green bTisdegrass(Sbaa vuidis), mother crysanthernum (Dendranthemaindicum), asiatic plantain (Plantago asiaica), Rwnex japomca. selfheal (PruneUavulgaris), Saururus chinensis, vetch (Vcia sativa) etc.
3.2.3 Planted vegetation
Planted vegetation includes crops growing on farmland and orchards, and trees and plants for urban landscaping. In recent years, along with the urbanization of Pudong area, a large area of farmlan has bxen acquired, but some is now idle following acquisition.
3.2.4 Fauna
The only non-agricultural anials are those able to survive in the agricultural area including Apodenus agranus Raus, avipeas Rauns norvegicus.Ms musculusr,and yellow weasel (Musela sibirica), ferret badger (Helicns mochea). etc.
The bird population is dominatedby the house sparrow (Passer montanussatruraus), house swallow (Hirwzdorusn-ca guturalis), tit major (Panmsmajor), thrush (Gamdomcanoers). etc. Most of them dwell in woods near villages or towns whilst collectingfood in the farmlandduring daytine.
3.3 Socio-Econmic Aspects
3.3.1 Population and Land
Accordingto the statstics for late 1993, there were 185.300 people living in the 7 townships on the alignment of the SSPII, Phase 1, conveyors in Pudong, of which 53,000 are non-agricultural popu!ation. In the land area of 130.45 km2, 4,825.6 ha is cultivatedland: Population density is 1,420 per kml (Table 3.1). Along with decrease in cultivatedland area due to rapid encroachment by urban and rmal constructionin recent years, the average cultivatedland per capita is only about 0.8 to 1.1 mnu(530 - 730 m2).-
The total populationof XuLuiand Luwan Districts in Pusxiis 1,187,500. Land areas of those districts are 54.76 and 8.05 kn2 with populationdensities of 14,008and 52,217 per km2 respectively(Table 3.1).
RevisionOl3 May 1995 AppRcp%v4ch3.ow Chapter3 3-3 SecondShanghai Sewenge Projeat my 199 Apprisal Repon- Volume4:Environmeual Asssslenz
Table 3.1 Population and Land of Project-Rlated Ars in 1993
Township Population Land area Cultivated Population (kn2 ) land (ha) density
Yangsi Town 15,816 2.58 - 6,130
Yangsi 7,389 4.26 224.7 1,735 Township Sanlin 45,118 33.17 1,841.5 1,360
Pudong Beicai 34,706 20.26 574.9 1,713 Zhangjiang 25,049 19.12 479.2 1,310 Tangzhen 15,102 14.88 460.3 1,051 Wanggang 18,545 17.27 581.9 1,074 Heqing 23,558 18.91 663.1 1,246
Puxi Xuhui 767,100 54.76 - 14,008
Luwan 420,400 8.05 _ 52,217
3.3.2 Resources of Rural LabourForce
AccordingtO the statistics of the end of 1993, there was a labour force of 74.563 in the 7 townships in Pudong. Of that those engaged in industries account for 49A%, fanning 19.2%, and with people commutingelsewhere accountingfor 12.5%.
3.3.3 AgridculturalProduction
In the 7 townships,the main crops are grains (rice and wheat) and vegetables.A diversifiedeconomy is promotedthere such as agriclture, forestry, aninal rearing and fisheries. It has becomeone of the main bases of vegetable and non-staple food production. Annual yield of grains is 53,300 t. together with 1.7 million poultry, 4.212 t of fresh eggs, 8,836 t of milk and 179,000 pigs. Annual agricultural production is valued at 210.89 million yuan.
RcvwnO:23May 199S AppRepIv4ch3.ow Chapter3 3-4 Secnd Sbangi SewergePmoiec May 1995 ApprisalRepof - Velumc4:Envinmenal Assessmem
3.3.4 Industrial Production
There are more than 1,000 townshipand village enterprises(TVEs) in the Pudong area with 92.093 employees. Annual output value of industry reaches 6.08 billion yuan, and total profit and tax amounts to 520 million yuan.
In the Xuhui and Luwan Districts of Puxi there are 1,009 iidustrial enterprises with 320.600 employees, 23.511 billion yuan of annual output value.
3.3.5 Rural Cultural, EAL-caionaland Publc Health Undr g
In the townships, there are culturalstations, broadcastingstations, cinemaand auditoria, hospitalsand clinics, middle and primary schools available. Water supply services cover the area and there is compulsory education at junior middle and primary schools.
3.4 Status of Seweae System
3.4.1 Status of Sewerage System in Luwa and Xuhui Districts
Except for some of the sewage of Xuhui and Luwan which is drained off to the South Tnmk Sewer or to Longhua SewageTreamet lant, the rest is dischargedto the HuangpuRiver and its tributaries via pumping stations. In the constuction area (21.7 bar) of the SSPII, there are six sub-cn.ments, each equipped with a pumping station (Fig. 3.2). The location and discharging direction of these pumping stations are presented in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Statas Quo of Sewage Pumping Stations i Xuhii and Luwan Disricts
Nr Pumping Location Drainage Note station receptor 37 Luban South end of Luban South Trunk Overflow to Huangpu Road Sewer River 38 Zhaojia Bang 20 Rihui Road (E) South Tnmk Overflow to Huangpu Sewer River
39 Xiaomuqiao In South Railway HuangpuRiver Station 40 Wanping By Baibuqiao LonghuaGang 41 Longhua 41 LonghuaRoad (W) Longhua Gang 42 Puhui Tang 415 Yishan Road Puhui Tang
RevisionO.23May 1995 AppRcp%v4ch3.ow OCptcaa3 l~~~~~~hoIo.B, l 2~~~~~~~69 PS \
Man 1~~~~~~~4
Fig.3-2, Locationof PumpingStntlons in Puxi Second ShanghaiSewage scPn* May 1995 ApprasalRepon - Volume 4:Eavironmen1aiAss:uem
3.4.2 Status of Sewerage System South of Zbaojia Gou, Pudong
At present, the sewage collectionsysten is somnewhatbackward in Pudong. In the newly developing area, it has separate systems for storm mnoff and sewage, whilst in the old area, there is a cotnbined sewerage system. At present, as there is only one sewage treatment plant in Pudong, a lot of industrialeffluent and sanitary sewageis mostly dischargedinto the tributaries of the HuangpuRiver. with more being directly dischargedinto the HuangpuRiver throughthe stormwater drainage system.
Some sewage is discharged to the South Trunk Sewer.
3.4.2.1 Sewage Treatment Plant
Dongchang SewageTreatment Plant, which was built in 1954 and expandedin 1968 is the only one in Pudong. It has a design capacity of 7,000 m3/d but treats only 4.000 m3/d, and services the areas of Dongchangand Qicangzhan. This sewagetreatment plant provides only primary processingbefore dischargingto the Huangpu River.
3.42.2 Storm Water Pumping Stations
In the older Pudong area along the HuangpuRiver, there are 11 storm water pumpingstations, the main function of which is to discharge the runoff into the Huangpu River during the rainy season. Names and locations of those 11 pumping stationsare shown in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 Locations of Storm Water Pumping Stations in Pudong
Nr Pumping Location Nr Pumping station Location station
1 Jingdong East of Yangjing 7 Liuli Pushan Road at Town Liuliqiao
2 Yaohua 751 YaohuaRoad 8 Nanmatou By Ferry of Nanmatou
3 Zhoujiadu In No.3 Iron-Steel 9 Lujiadu 100 Lujiadu Road Mill
4 Shangnan 1300 ShangnanRoad 10 Zhangjia Bang 8 ZhangjiabangRoad 5 Bailian Jing 385 BailianjingRoad 1I Qicangzhan 1 Dongfang Road 6 Tangqiao 83 Tangqiao Road
Rievsion:23 May 1995 AppRep%v4dh3.OW Caper 3 3-6 Second Shanghai Sewerge Projea May 199S Apprisl Report - Volune 4:Envirunzemal Assessment
3.4.2.3 South Trunk Sewer
The South Trunk Sewer, builtat the beginning of the 1970sis 29 kn long and takes the sewage from Nanshi District and adjoining areas in Pudong. Its original design capacity was 300.000 ni3l/d but since rehabilitationin 1983, the capacity has been increasedto 550,000 m3/d.
There are 6 boosting pumpingstations along the trunk sewer and 5 sewage pumpingstations on the link sewers which collec flows generated from the service areas. The link sewer pumpingstations are located at Dezhou Road, ShangnianRoad, Hunan Road, LongdongRoad and WendengRoad.
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRepXv4cd3.ow Chaper 3 3-7 SecondSlu Seweu Projet June 1995 Appuil Repoit - Volume:
4. PRESENT STATUS OF RIVER SYSTEMS IN THE SHANGHAI AREA
4.1 Environmentl Status of Inland Wakrways
4.1.1 Bakgoud
Shanghai, located in the Taihu Lake Basin, is surrounded and divided by a network of rivers and lakes. The average density of the waerway network is 6-7 km/fkm2 with a maximumdensity of 20 knmm. The Changjiaug, HuangpuRiver and Suzhou Creek are the three nmainrivers in the Shanghai area.
4.1.2 TIe HuangpuRiver
The total length of the HuangpuRiver measured from Dianfeng is 113.4 kn of which the main trunkmcasures 84.56 kn from Mishidu to Wusong Kou (Figure 4.1). The average river discharge flow estimated over many years is 341 mni3s.The average widti is about 500 m, and it is 800 m wide at Wusong Kou. The depth is 5-15 m. with the deepest point being about 20 m. From the city cene to the river mouth is about 39 km. Water levels vary each day due to tidal effects. The tidal rnge at Wusong Kou is 2.27 m and the maximumtidal range during the summer typhoon season can reach 4.48 m The spring tide can travel upstram to Dianfeng. The Huangpu River, as the main drainage chanel from Taihu Lake, takes an anmnalflow of 2.215 billion m3 from Taihu Lake which is 78% of the total rnoff flow.
Since the Huangpu River receivesmuch of Shanghai's municipaland industrial wastewater,the river quality is affected. The section of river witn the city is particularly polluted. In additionto being used for navigation and flood drainage, the Huangpu River is also the main drinldng water source for Shanglbpinnmicipality. Presently, four water intakesat Linjiang, Minhang.-Wusong and Zhabei are used to supply the city. The capacity taken from the HuangpuRiver each day is about 4,700,000 n3, 89% of which is taken at Linjiang water intake, 2% at Minhang section and 9% downstream of Zhabei and Wusong.
The present chaacteristics of the main river are shown in Table 4.1.
Revision 023 May 1995 AppRepW4ch4.ow Chapler4 4-1 Second Shanghai SeweragcProca May 1995 Appraisal Report - Volonic 4:Eamironuenal Assesmem
Table 4.1 Water Quality of Maistram of Rua EgpuRiver (1981i9) unit: mgfl (exct pH)
Ibm cuumiu sum Ha(qra Makean samdd oSfwSWaurV
Sawa Lhu NamN Yaap WUm" I I m IV v 3w,.w juft Wa..rWae W ,r _
pH* 6.93 7.36 7A2 7.05 7.19
DO 5.89 4.99 3.J1 209 4.35 sa1>90% 6 5 3 2
DOD, 2.34 2.D 3.9 6.54 2.97 c3 3 4 6 10
COD Is 15.7 30. 44.4 25.1 <15 cI5 IS 20 25
PV 4.5 5.17 4.87 42 4.97 2 4 6 8 10
NHN 0.81 1.47 1.97 2.78 1.75 - - =- -
puma 0.003 0 0D07 0.0ta . O.OM 0.002oOil 0.0 0.1
Pawl 0.25 0.33 028 0.93 032 0.05 0.05 0.05 a05 I
TotalHg 0.00007 0 0.00013 O.008 OA.0 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0
TOWa 0.0900 0 0.001 0.00D1 0.0003 0.003 0.005 0.00 0.005 0.01 Cd- 0.015o .o _1OMsOs .o TaialCu 0D0S 0.0E 0.03 0023 0.014 <0.0o 1.0 ID I
Note: * Montoring result n 1993: Aveage moniloring suultfrom 1991-1993.
4.1.3 Puxi Tribut es of the Huangpu River
Wthin the area related to the project construction,Longhua Gang and Puhui Tang are receiving water bodies of the effluent genemratedin the proposed service areas. These tributaries have no water sources themselves and are only connected with the HuangpuRiver and its tributaty network (Fig 4.2). In order to prevent floodinga gate has been installedat the connectionpoint with the Huangpu River. Since the outflow is blocked and waste water and surface runoff are contnualy entering the watercourse, the water quality is extremely bad (Table 4.2 and Table 4.3).
Revision023 May 1995 AppRepivIlchCow Chapcr4 4-2 N ~~~~~~~~~17~~~~~~~~~~~~~0e)|tA XU , 5 -8\ 1<~~~ klE ^ t
a,t *.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t SecondShanghai Scweragc Project May 1995 Appraisal Report - Volume4:EXnvionmel Assessment
Table 4.2 Water Quality n Longhua Gang (1993)
unit: mgnI(except pH) Cross section Humin Road* Nr 2 Concrete Baibu Qiao Item Product Factoxy pH 7.28 7.11 6.92 DO 0 0.31 1.1 BOD, 77 42.3 25.6 COD 156 129 82.3
NH3-N 20.5 9.53 7.43 Volatile phenol 0.027 0.017 Petroleum 4.6 4.99 4.5 Hg 0.0001 0.00019 Cu 0.071 0.044
Cr6+ <0.004 0.002 0.002
.Actualdata in June, 1993.
Table 4.3 Water Quality Status in Puhui Tang (1993) unit: mgnI(except pH)
Cross section Caobao Road Hongmei Road Item pH 7.23 7.4 DO 0 0
BOD5 31 23 COD 157 87
NH3-N 20 24 Petroleum 3.1 0.98 Cr6+ <0.004 <0.004
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRepXv4ch4.ow Chapter4 4-3 SecondShanghai Sewerge Project M 1995 ApprAa Repon - Vehumne4:Enviroumemnasesung
4.1.4 Network of Waterways in Pudong Area
4.1.4.1 Network Distribution Characte
Pudong New Area, is largely bounded by sea and rivers. The average ground level is about 4 m. being higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest.The area is cnss-crossed by rivers and ditches and the density of the networkof waterways is 8.5 km/ln2. The area of inland water accounts for 16.3% of the land. There arc I i key river courses with a total length of 176.95 kan (Fig 4.3).
ChuanyangCanal, with a total length of 28.25 kn, is mainly used for flood diversion and navigation. It flows from the HuangpuRiver in the west to the Sanjia Gang and then to the ChangjiangEstuary at the coast. PudongCanal which runs through the Pudong New Area, Nanhui and Fengxian Counties, is a trunk river for south/northflood diversion and navigationin mneeastern parr of the area. All other rivers are natural water courses. The east/west river course is about 6 m wide and the north/southrivers are 4-12 m wide. The riverbed bottom is at an elevation of 0 - 1.0 m and the chanmelis quite shallowand narrow.
Since he Pudong New Area is located on a river p:ain and water gates have to be set up to connectthe network with the HuangpuRiver or ChangjiangRiver, the hydrodynamicsare consequentlyin xtemely bad condition. In addition, many traditionalvillage areas have been urbanizeddue to developmentin recent years, but the sewerage system is not adequate. As a result the river networkalso receives waste water and surface water runoff.
4.1.4.2 Present Status of Water Quality in Pudong River Network
Since the river network in Pudong lacks hydrodynamicself-cleaning capability, but receives substantialpollution load it has becomeanaerobic (Table 4.4).
There arc 3 existing water treatment works along the ChuanyangCanal, located at Beicai. Yaoshi and Chuansha Town. Neverthelessthe water qualily in the Chanyang Canal is still unsatisfactory (Table 4.5)
RevisioO3 May 1995 AFPRepXv4ch4.ow Chapmer4 44 IL
L~ \L
~~~~~~~~I * *<;8
Fig 4-2 Water Quality Monitoring Sections of Longiwa Gang and Pubui tang
F'-, 4-3 Podong River Svstem and Monitoring Sei
Fig 4-3 Pudong River System and MWonitoringSections SecondSMbani SeW-ag ProjcA May t995 AJppisal Repon - Volme 4:Eavhnialv Amesunea
Table 4.4 Water Quality Stats of River Network in Pudug New Area (December 1994) unit: mgA (except pH)
Water Quality Parameter
Nr Site River pH DO BOD, COD NH3 N Petrol
1 Beicai Bailian Jing 7.1 2.8 15.1 48 8.03 0.96
2 Sunqiao HcngmianGang 7.5 3.2 4.1 24.8 11.7 0.23
3 Sanqiao Zhngjia Bang 7.7 3.9 5.9 33.4 28.2 0.24
4 Tanghen CaojiaGou 7.5 1.2 7.9 39.1 52.9 1.08
5 Cluansha Town Pudong Canal 7.6 5.8 4.5 25.2 14.1 0.16
6 Zhaoqiao Gaoqiao Gang 7.8 4.5 3.7 21.4 5.5 0.34
7 Longgou Sanba River 7A - 33.7 69.1 16 0.87
8 Tuanjie Xigou Gang 7.7 0.7 6.5 34.9 27.2 0.34
9 Dawan Zhangjia Bang 7.5 4.8 4.9 24.9 7.4 0.1
10 Xijiaqiao Caojia Gou 8 1.1 5.5 31 76.7 0.51
Table 4.5 Water Quality Stus in Chuanyang Canal (1993) unit: mgl, (aeept pH)
Item Sanjia Gang Beicai | Yaosbi Zbangjiang Yangsi Watcr Works
pH 7.78 7.67 7.75 7.7 7.7
DO 4.28 4.17 4.03 4.11 4.28
BOD5 _ 3.91 4.26 4.11 4.18 4.05
COD 27.4 30.7 29.2 27.4 28.7
PV 6.59 7.89 7.22 7.62 7.24
NH3-N 5.52 9.83 20.8 13.7 8.48
Volatile phenol 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.019 0.005
Petrol oil 0.16 0.1 0.23 0.25 0.19
Hg 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.0O005
Cd 0.0"34 0.0028 0.0072 0.0029 0.0019
Cu 0.00 0.006 0.00O 0.005 0.009
R"wMevisiouOm3Ma 1995 AppRcpkv4cb4.aw Chapter 4 4-5 Secoa Shughli Sew&mgerojea May199s Apprisa Repon- Volume4:EnviwAwnez Asessme
ct' | 0.004 0.004 0.009 0.00a 0.006
4.2 Environmental Status of the Changjiang Estuary
4..1 Natural Conditions
Below Xuliujing, the estuary of the Changiang River is split by ChongmingIsland into the South and North Branches. The South Channel and North Channel divide from the Souti Branch below Liuhe River by Changxingand Hengsha Islands, and the South Chanmelis further divided into Lhe South and North Passages. Thus, the estuary divides into three levels with four branches entering the sea (Fig. 4.4).
The river flow of Changjiangis very large. Based on records from the hydrographicstation at Datong, about 624 kanupstream from the mouthjust beyond the tidal linit, the annual mean river discharge flow is 29,300 i I/s3 with max flow of 92,600 3 ls and total annual flow of 924 billion 3 - The river flow shows seasonal variations: the period of May to October is the flood season, accountingfor 72% of annual total with the highest month in July; the period of Novemberto April is the drought season accoxiting for 28%;, with the lowest flow in Februay.
Downstam from Xuliujing, the distributionof the flow between the Branches is uneven and changeablewith time. Most of the flow is dtrough the South Branch; the flow emteringthe North Branch is decreasingand can basically be neglected. The flow in the North and South Channels is comparativelyclose, and the flows in both Passagesare quite similar to each other. From data gathered since 1956, the flow in the North Channel is larger than that in the South, and the flow in the North Passage is larger than that in the South.
The tidal regime in the estuary follows an irregular semidiurmalshallow water pattern. Becausethe estuay is very wide. the tidal inflow is very significant. Under average annual conditions,the tide inflow at the river mouth could be 266,300 m3/s, 8.8 times that of the annual averaged flow, and the total inflow could be 3.25 billion e 3 . The inflow of a neap tide in the draught season is about 3 3 1.3 billion m , and the inflow of a spring tide in the flobd season could be 5.3 billion rn.
Outside the estuary there exists a forward tidal rren in the East China Sea and a rotary tidal wave in the Yellow Sea. Both tidal range and current are affected by these two tidal systems. and particularlyby the East China Sea current Becauseof the restraining indluenceof the channels, the propagationof the tidal current is parallel with the aris of channels.
Because of these conditions, there are differences in the duration of both flood tide and ebb tide on the upper river. Generily, the duration of ebb tide is longer than that of flood tide. The further,upstream, the shorter the duration of flood tide, and the longer the duration of the ebb
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRep%v4ch4-ow Chapter4 46 Second Shanghai Scwcage Pioje may 1995 Appraisal Repon - Volume 4:Envirnmental Assessauz tide. At Bailonggang,there is a two-hourdifference between the duration of the flood and of ebb tides.
The avcrage tidal difference outside of the river mouth is about 2.5 m in general, and increases westwards. At Xiajun, the range in tidal level is 2.91 m; whilst that at BailonggangSection being 2.6 m.
The current velocity regime is basicallysimilar to the tide regime. Current velocity increasesas the river surface becomes narrower. The average velocity is 0.7 - 1.2 mls for ebb tide and 0.7 - 0.95 m/s for flood tide. The maxumun current velocity could be over 2.3 m/s. The maximum flood tide occurs 1 - 1.5 hours before high tide, maxinmmebb tide occurs I - 2 hours before low tide and tidal reversal occurs 1 - 2 hours before and after the middle level tide.
The ChangjiangRiver is a silt-rich river. Accordingto data from Datong Station, the river carries about 486 million tonnes of silt per annum. The average annual silt content is 0.547 kg/r 3. The naxinum annual silt-carrying load is 678 million tons and the minimum is 341 million tons, ranking fourth among the large rivers in the world. During the flood season, the silt load accounts for 87% of that of whole year, whilst in July it carries about 21% of whole year. The silt load in February reaches the lowest level less than 0.7% of the annual total. At Datong Station, silt with a size of less than O.1mmaccounts for 94.9%. The medianis 0.027 mm and whilst that for suspendedsilt in the estuary is 0.019 mm. Silt in the estuary mainly comprises fine sand and clay, becoming finer from Xuliujingtowards the mouth. From the Lanmensato the outside of the river mouth, the silt content becomes similar. The mineral constitents of the suspendedsilt mainly include heavy minerals as magetized, ibnenie, epidoze. hematite, amphibole, garnet. etc., and clay minerals such as iLi'e, chiorile, kaoinite, and montmonilonite.
The temporal and spacial variation of suspendedsolids in the Changjiang Estuary is comparatively complex. According to on-site measurements( August 1978 ). the silt content of the North Branch is higher than that of South Branch, the North Channel is higher than South Channel, and the South Passage is higher than North Passage; the North Branch has the highest SS content and South Channel the lowest. The SS contentat Lamnmenshaat the river mouth is higher than that upstream or downstream, and is the most turbid zone in the estuary. The SS content varies with the season being high in sununer and low in winter. However,beyond the river mouth, the situation is different. In water with a depth over 30 m, the suspended silt content does not vary greatly with the season and the annual average content is below 0.1 Kg/mni
Saline intrusion at the Changjiang River mouth varies. In summer, with large fresh water flows, fresh water dominates the area within.the Hengsa Section. In winter, because of the lower fresh water flow, saline intrusion occurs. According to on-site measurements in 1986, the salinity of bottomnwater at Flood Tide Trench ( Changxing) and Majiagangwas 5%o, and in February 1987, the highest salinity level of water surface at Zhuyuan reached6%. and that of bottom water
RevisinO3 My 1995 APpRcpv4ch4.oW Chapter4 4-7 Second ShanlghaiSewcire Projec May 1995 Appraisal Repon - Volume 4:Envivonmrenal Amuent
reached 8%o. Records show that the highest saline level at Waigaoqiaowas 9.07%o. In general, saline intrusion in the North is higher than in the South.
4.2.2 Water Environental Conditions
422.1 Hydrographic Condition and Siltation
Bailonggangis adjacent to the point where the South Channel branchesinto the South and North Passages. On-site mieasurementsshow that the current velocity in the deep water of this section is very high. At spring tides, the average current velocity of the flood tide is 0.60-1.08 n/s and at ebb tide is 0.67-1.29 m/s. Whilst the maximinvelocity of flood tides is 2.12 m/s and that of ebb tide is 2.27 m/s, occuring at the surface. For the bottom layer, the average current velocity is lower: the velocity of flood tide is 0.36-0.89 ni/s and the ebb tide is 0.52-1.20 mls. The current velocity of flood tides in the drought season is higher than that in the flood season, and the velocity of ebb tides in flood season is higher than that in drought season. In the flood season, the current velocity of the ebb tide is higher than that of flood tide, and in the drought season, the velocity of the flood tide is close to that of ebb tide.
Table 4.1 illustrates the velocity of current at Bailonggangduring the droughtand flood seasons, and shows that in the deep water zone of the main channel, the current velocity is relativelyhigh, whereas the current velocity of the ebb tide in shallowwater near the shore is much lower. In the zone between thI-Rhnllow water and the deep water, because of the steep slope in the river bed, there is a signific. , sswise variation in flow velocity. The BailonggangArea can be divided into three zones frow-she south bank to the centre of the river, as follows: shallow water zone, transition zone ( baween the shallow water zone and deep waterzone ) and deep water zone.
The average silt content of South Channel is between 0.2-1.0 kg/m3. The silt content of spring tides is higher than that of neap tides, and the silt content of bottom layers is higher than that of the top layers. The silt content of the top layer is 0.1-0.6 kg/m3 and that of the bottomlayers is 0.3-5.0 kg/rn3. Suspended silt in the South Channel mainly comprises fine sand and clay. Clay accounts for 42-55%. The silt content in the South Channel varies accordingto the tidal cycle. There are two obvious peaks in each tidal cycle. The period between maximumflood and slack flood and that between maximum ebb and slack ebb are periods with high silt content. The characteristics of suspended silt transportationin the South Channel are that, the silt transportation capacity of the spring tide in the flood season is higher than that in drought season, and, the silt transportationcapacity of the neap tide in a drought season is higher than that in flood seasons. and that of ebb tide in the flood season is higher than that in the drought season.
Revision0:23Mav 1995 AppRcp%v4cbI4.aw Chitaper4 48 SecondShanghai SeweraSc Project May 1995 AppraisalReport - Volunce4:Eovronmental Asscssment
Table 4.6 Typical Current Velocities at Bailouggan of dte Changjiang Estuary Unit: mWs
Elenvation AvMax Tidal In main channel Outer of main channel
-Phase Flood Season Drought Flood Season Drought Season (mIs) Season
Spring Neap Spnng Nep Spnng Nap Spring Neap Top Average Flood 0.81 0.40 0.96 0.22 0.99 0.41 1.17 0.26 Elevation Ebb 0.96 0.83 1.08 0.43 i.41 1.08 1.38 0.42 Maxi-um Flood 1.41 0.82 1.60 0.35 1.81 0.74 1.90 0.43
Ebb 1.46 1.28 1.55 0.63 2.11 1.64 1.98 0.63
Middle Average Flood 0.78 0.44 0.86 0.20 0.90 0.47 1.04 0.23 Elevation Ebb 0.99 0.76 0.97 0.43 1.30 1.09 1.14 0.37
Maxnn Flood 1.22 0.68 1.30 0.38 1.51 0.86 1.74 0.38
Ebb 1.35 1.20 1.41 0.59 1.99 1.91 1.55 054
Bottom Averaa Flood 0.48 0.37 0.59 0.19 0.76 0.34 0.89 0.19 Eevation Ebb 0.75 0.59 0.79 0.30 1.20 0.98 0.86 0.29
Maximm Flood 0.86 0.63 0.99 0.38 1.31 0.58 1.52 0.36
Ebb 1.09 0.97 1.35 OA1 1.99 1.87 1.26 0.45
Vertical average Flood 0.75 0.44 0.86 0.20 0.93 0.45 1.08 0.25
Ebb 0.93 0.71 0.95 0.40 1.29 1.05 1.15 0.37
The silt content at Bailonggang is higher compared with other sections in the South Channel, and in addition, the variation in silt content is very significant. According to measurements carried out in March 1991 and July 1992, the vertical average silt content at flood tide was 0.04 - 0.82 kgim', and that at ebb tide was 0.05 - 0.65 kg/rn. The average top clevation silt conmentat flood tide was 0.05 -0.53 kg/rn and that at ebb tide was 0.05 - 0.35 kg/rn 3 . The average bouom elevation sil content at flood tide was 0.04 - 1.38 kg/n 3 . and that at ebb tide was 0.06 - 1.49 kg/m`.
Rcvisioa(k23May 1I95 AWRepxv4cM4.ow Chapser4 4-9 SecondShanglai Sewcrage Projea May 1995 Appnisal Repon- Volume4:Environntli Assessmem
In summer, because of the high river discharge flow from the Changjiang,fresh water dominates the water area near the proposedBailonggang outfall with a salinity of about 0.1 %a. In wintcr, becauseof the effects of saline intrusion, the salinity rises. Figure 4.5 shows the variation of salinitywith tidal cydes at the measurementstation 3.5 km away from the shore.
4.2.2.2 Water QLality
Water quality in the ChangiiangEstuary is affected mainly by flow, tides and currents along the shore and has wide spacial and temporal variations. Table 4.2 illustrates the water quality results monitoredat Xuliujing. NVusongKou. BailongGang and NanhuiZui during the period from 1987 to 1991.
RevisionO23May 1995 AppRcp%v4ch4. Chapter4 4-10 Sonnd ShanghaiSCwcrage Project May 1995 Appirisal Repott- Volume 4:Ervironmcr*lAssessmsn=
Table 4.7 Water Quality at South Chael ( 1967 - 1991)
Unit:mg/L
Season Drought Season Flood Season
Moniuonng Xuliujing Wasong Bailong Nanhui Xuliujing Wsong Bailong Nanhui SUatinnKOU Gang Zui Kau Gang Zui
DO 11.7 9.8 11 11.1 7.6 6.5 7.1 7
BOD5 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 6 COD* 14.7 20.1 15.3 48.3 13.7 20.3 13.5 26.5
NHJ-N 0.46 IA9 0.72 0.54 0.1 0.44 0.07 0.09 Phenols 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.002 0
Oils 0.17 0.26 0.32 0.28 016 0-24 0.30 0.23
P 0.013 0.028 0.016 0.017 0.011 0.019 0.009 0.01
SS 241 342 842 1392 436 427 404 938 Cu 0.023 0.037 0.051 0.063 0.044 0.054 0.036 0.12
Zn C.102 0.106 0.127 0.179 0.106 0.13 0.091 0.33 Pb 0.013 0.022 0.023 0.017 0.021 0.026 0.023 0.06 Cd 0.0004 0.0005 0.0003 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0011 0
Cr 0.024 0.039 0.038 0.067 0.031 0.032 0.024 0.06 Hg O.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0002 0.0002 0
As 0.0054 0.007 0.012 0.011 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.01
Saliniy 0.11 0.24 1.94 6.43 0.11 0.12 0.11 0.53
* Values of top and middle elevations averaged from five years ( 1988 - 1992)
* Observationsat Xuliujingshow that the quality of water flow from upstrean of ChangiiangEstuary is good, exceptingsome parameters such as CCT)which are subject to slight pollution especially in drought season; DO concentrationhere is high. indicating a strong reaeration ability at this section; and in addition, it is fresh water zone as salinity is low.
RevisionO23May 1995 AppRip%vV4h4.ow Chauir4 4-11 SecondSha,q&W Sewerage Project May 199S Appaisl Repon - Vohme4:Eniroinenul Asessmet
* For reach between Wusong Kou section and the section of Bailongpng. the main organic pollution indicesare high concentrationsof COD and Nitrogen Ammona in drought season and COD in flood scason; water quality in flood season is better than that in drought season when there exist the effects of saline intrusion; and the effects of the Huangpu River, DO at the section of Wusong Kou is obviously lower than dtat of the nearby water areas.
* Observationsat Nanhuizuirepresenting the downstreamof Bailonggangshow high silt content to cause COD in excess of the standard limit; BOD5 is sometimes exceedingthe standard limit as well; due to back flow from sea, the salinity during drought season obviously rises.
Measurement for temporaland spacial variationin water quality of Bailonggangarea was carried out over an area of 9 lam2, and was assessedaccording to Category m stndards in the National EnvironmentalQuality Standardfor Surface Water ( GB3838488).
RevasionO:23Mav 1995 AppRcp%v4ch4.ow Chapier4 4-12 Second Shangha SnwerA Pmic May 1995 AppwrisalPeport - Volum 4:Enviomental Assensme
Table 4.8 Water Quality at Bailonggang of the Changjiang Estuary (1992) - Unit: MgA excpt pH andindicaed elsewhere
Dsuht Seasn Flod Sason Surfee Water Parmetcr Stand (GB33W8)
Max Mm Avg Exc. M.x Mi. Avg Exc.(%) Cut 11 Cat. 111 M%)
DO 12.6 8.03 10.66 0 8.15 527 6.62 0 6 5
BOD, 4.33 0.96 1.96 1.6 4.18 0.73 2.12 6.5 3 4
COD 20.8 9. 144 40.6 18.2 7.8 11.5 15.6 <15 15
PV 8.96 2.02 3.74 2.4 7.44 2.63 4.5 6.3 4 6
NH,-N 2.13 0.13 0.7 - 0.14 0.02 0.05 - O.oT 0.02
P(xlO0) 477 27.7 186 78.1 4AI 0.68 1.98 0 100 130
Cil 434 83 48.8 4 146 3.49 7.84 0 250 250
SO 93.1 11 31.1 0 27.4 2.22 11 0 250 250
Fe 0.247 0.03 0.07 0 0.267 0.02 0.067 0
Mn 0.61S 0.036 0.186 71.9 0.527 0.106 0.217 100 0.1 0.1
Cu 0.052 0.007 0.017 0 0.041 0.011 0.017 0 1 1
Zn 0.M 0.015 0.068 0 0.19 0.025 0.055 0 1 1
Cdx10J) 44.8 9.6 17.2 - 13.8 6.9 9.66 0
Ca. 4.77 2.73 3.57 0 4.81 0.19 2.39 0 53 50
Cd(x]O') 0.47 0.1 0264 0 029 ni 0.14 0 5 5
Pb(x10') 27 16 21.3 0 22.7 9.1 13.9 0 53 50
.Hg(xlO) 0.2 nBi 0.06 0 0.11 nil 0.03 25 0.05 0.1
(xB0) 21.5 10 16.5 0 127 35.1 63.9 0 200 200
pH 8.39 7.4 7.96 0 8.18 7.24 7.76 0 6.6 - 8.5
Phenos 0.01 nil = 0.002 0.005
Oils 0.47 nil 0.30 0.53 0.17 j 0.36 100 0.05 0.05
NO; 0.0S5 nil - 0 0.033 0.0003 - 0 0.1 0.15
TKN 0.266 0.048 - 0 0.5 1
CN- 0.019 nil - 0 0.0044 nil - 0 0.05 0.2
As 0.0046 nl | 0 ml n3 0 0.05 0.05
|EColi(indtl) | 110000 | c10W0 - 64.5 >2 223800 0 - | 100 10000
Note: Standaid-exceeding ate is referredto Categozym of Envirumental QualirvStandard of Surface Water (GB383848): nil- mans under deteamle linmitI means smIndaEd(Or unionizedammonia.
RevisionO:23 May 1995 AppRcplv4ch4.ow Chapter4 4-13 Second Shanghai SewcfUgc Pn"a May 1995 Appraisal Rpan - Volume 4:Eavirnamcnial Assesment
* In drught season. parameters exceedingthe standards includeCOD, total Phosphorus, ammonia Nitrogen, total Manganese,phenols, and E. Coli; and those exceeding the fishing water standards indude total Phosphorus,Copper and Zinc;
* In flood season, parametersexceeding the standards includeCOD, total Manganese, Mercury, BOD5, and E.Coli; and those exceedingfishing water standards includetotal Phosphoms and Copper.
From this it can be seen that the water at Bailongganghas been subject to pollutionby organic pollutantsand some heavy metals.
The silt content at Bailonggangis higher than other sections of the South Channel. Silt brought to the esmary mainly comprises fine sand and clay which have a strong adsorptioncapacity for pollutarts especially for heavy metals, resulting in a great reductionof pollutionconcentration in these waters ( Table 4.9 ).
Table 4.9 Partitioning of Major Pollutants in Water Phase and on Solid Phase at Bailonggang
_Draugt Season Flood Season
Water Water Suspended K Watr Watcr SUSPene K Body Phas Matia Body Phase Material (mg/I (mg/I) (mgn) (mgfl) (mgnI)
t Fe 8.8 0.07 3640 5.2xlO 9.05 0.071 30700 4-3x1Os
Mn 0.224 0.018 856 4.SxlO' 0.258 0.003 874 2.9xl01
Pb 0.022 0.008 95.4 1.zxlo' 0.0148 0.004 43.1 1.2x 10'
Cd 0.0003 0.00007 1.65 24xzlO' OOOD16 0.00004 0.441 I.Ixio'
Cu 0.019 0.004 70.5 lAxl 0.019 0.005 49.4 9.9x103
Zn 0.072 0.017 t298 I.8i1O' 0.063 0.01 19.1 1.9zlO1
COD 25.2 11.6 |27152 2.3xlO' 14.5 8.23 23655
K - Partitioning coefficients
Note: ITerc are many factors that might affea COD in estuary waters. The data in the table have been calibrated with TOC masurement values and are avcrayc values of top and middle devtions.
RcvisinO.23 May 1995 AppRepkv4ch4.ow Chapter4 4-14 SecondShanghai Seweagc Project May 1995 AppfaisalRepon - Vohluc 4:Esvironneal Assessm
42.2.3 Substrate Quality
Because of the direct discharge of untreated sewage fron the outle ( at Bailonggang) of the existing South Trnk Sewer to the ChangdiangEstuary, the substrateof the shore has been subject to obvious pollution. There is a belt of black sludge 200 - 300 m in width and 10 - 30 cm in thickness, about 50 m downstream the outlet, and where exists a strong smell.
The heavy metal content of the substate decreasesas the water gets deeper. Since the end of the 1960's or early 1970's when the South Trunk Sewer was built and put into operation, pollutants in the sewage have been verticallydeposited, transportedand have accumulatedin the sand and clay on the shore for over twenty years. The substrate has been polluted to a depth of 0.5 m.
The substrate of the river channel on the side of the outlet, has also been polluted by the sewage discharged from the Bailonggangoutlet, but that on far side of main channel seems basically free of contamination( Table 4 10 ).
Table 4.10 Average Surface Substrate Quality at Bailonggang Unit: mg/kg
Main channel Criterion for Variable Intertidal Subtidal zone assess_ent zone Inmerside Outer side
Cu 32.4 28.7 36.5 20.8 30 Zn 94.8 76.7 100 53.1 80 Pb 21.9 21.4 26.4 16.5 20 Cd 0.0433 0.206 0.228 0.185 0.5 Cr 43.1 89.3 86.3 92.2 80 Hg I 0.133 0.0801 0.120 0.040 0.2 Fe (x 103) 25.6 32.5 34.4 30.7 Mn 400 677 687 667
As 4.6i9 _0 |COD (x 104) 10.9 15.2 6.58
RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRcp\v4cb4.ow Caupter4 4-15 Second Shanghai Scwczage Projcct May 1995 Apptisal Repon - Volumc 4:Enviroinental Assess_nt
4.2.4 Ecological Environment
* Micro-organism -
The count of colifornns at the Bailonggang outlet is in order of 10' ind. exceeding the limit of the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (I x 104/L). The number in the river centre is smaller than that near the shore. The total bacterium count is about 10'-104/l, two or three orders higher than the coliforTn counts.
* Plankton
The biomass of algae species in tha w2ter is greatly affected by the light and by nutrient salts. Chlorophyll (a) in the Changiang Estuary was measured, the result was then converted to biomass. Compared with the resuits from aboratory incubating tests, the biomass measured on site was much smaller, which shows that the poor light transmittance because of high silt content has restricted the growth and production of algae, thus preventing the occurrence of red tides.
There were 12 phytoplankton species, 13 crustacean species and 7 wheel animalcule species found in the Changjiang estuary. The major species are shown in Table 4.11
Table 4.11 Plankton Species
Algae Crustacean Rotatoria
Coscinodiscs limnetkus Moina sp. Kercie.la gradraora Surirella sp. Bosninafarais Keratella cochlearis Pediastrum simplex Diaphanosome Keracella vaiga Synedra sp. leuchdmbergianmu Brachionus calycijorus Coelosphaffium sp. Sinocalaiws dorrm Brochionus capsuliflorus Microcystis aeruginosa Sinoaarans sinensis Brachiornus urceus Pediastrum sp. Schiaadccria inooinus Esdorina eleganus Schmackeria poplesia Melosira sp. Mesocyclops icuckarti ? Cydops vicinus Smodsaytomus sursi
In this community, some of the species live polluted environments and some live in clean environments. Most of the commnunityconsist of both species.
* Benthos
Benthos are resident biota because of their almost total immobility. Benthic diversity and biomass can to some extent reflect the environmental quality at their habitats.
Revir onO:23 May 1995 AppReplv4cb4.aw Chaprcr4 4-16 SecondShanzhai Sewauge Project May 1995 AppAisulRepon - Volumn4:Environmenl Assemaem
There are about 60 large benthos found on the beach at Bailonggang,32 crustacean, 12 mollusca and annelids, 2 aquatic insects and 2 other species. Of these. 4 speciesJive in the polluted environment, such as Brancliura sowerbyri and LAmbriculussp etc. Some are fresh water species such as Corbicula flumineaetc. Some species ( about 18 ) are in the rather salty fresh water environment and there are other 18 species that live in dilute salty water, the number of which is small.
Table 4.12 illustratesthe diversity index distributionsof macro-invertebratebenthos over different months when samples were taken. By comparingthe diversity inde-xdistnbutions for the whole year, or comparing the monthly diversity indices, one can see clearly that the Nr.4 sanipling point is the location with most serious pollution,and next is Nr.3 samplingpoint. Nr.7 sampling point has little pollution. This fact shows that the sewage dischargedfrom the outlet on the shore is dispersed but remains, damagingthe bio-speciesliving near the shore and resulting in small diversity indices.
Table 4.12 Diversity Indices Distribution of Macro-Invertebrate Benthos over the Sampling Points
Sampling Month location 9 11 5 7
1) Gaoqiao 1.5 1.8 2;.2 1.5 1.6 2 2) Limin 1.3 1A. 0.4 1.1 1-6 1.9 3) CaoluE 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.1 4) Heqing E 0.2 0.2 0 0.1 0 0.1 (BailongGang ) 5) Jiangzhen E 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.2 1.2 2 6) Zhuqiao E 2.9 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.2 3.2 7) Donghai 3 2.6 3.5 2.8 3 3.2 Farm 33.
* Fish
The Changliang Estuary is one of the major fishing grounds in China with over 100 fish species. The main commercial fish include Coilia mystus, Coilia ectenes and HemisalanPrognathus. which forms the nain fishing industry of the ChangJiangEstuary. Accordingto statistics from 1987, the landed catch of Coilia mystus and Coilia ectenes as stable. but in the waters from Wuhaogouto Bailonggang, Hemisalanxprognathus fishing disappeared.
Rcvbion0.2 May 1995 AppRcpXvach4.w Clupwr4 4-17 - A
a~~~~~~J '-j^ 0N
ii ~~~~Lu t
g4ln LS L hou itte a
Fig. 4.4 Locations for Sampling I-srge Benthos at the Changiiane.Estuagr Cd1 1**.m.tk,) 'II~~~~~~~~i
W}sK ol,, X , L/
S6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
6 t o .3 ......
a) .*ee+ ' IeA
Ir. -Z C
4.~~~~C4 eA ^ . ~~~~T-H30,A+*(mgfkg) 4 ~P P P * ~~~~~~~~~~~~0
0...... o~~e £sz+e 0
e 3 -cr azd Pb
V ~ ~ 7C A.P SecondShanghai Sewehage P May 1995 Appaisl Repon- Volume 4:EnvirornenalAssesment
* Bio-accumulationEffects
Conenmation of heavy metals accumulatedin the Corbicula flumineacould show the level and range of impacts from sewagedischarged at the oudet. Figure 4.6 illustrates the distnrbutionof heavy metals in the Corbicula flumineasampled at the intertidal zones up and down the outlet of the South Sewer System.
The act umulation of heavy meals in fish is less serious than that of the bentios ( Table 4.13), excepting Zinc which exceeds the food standards.
Table 4.13 Heavy Metal Concentration in Tissues of Fishes Caught in the Changjiang
Heavy Metal
Content (mglkg) Cu Pb ( x l0 3 } Cd ( x 10-3 ) Zn
Sampling Location Heqin 1.12 100.1 6.42 9.47 Yangyuan 1.1 105.3 8.31 13.11 Sanjiagang 1.94 102.3 8.48 8.24 Food Standards 4 500 50 5
The vertical patrn of heavy metals show that their concentrationin animal bodies is higher than that in mud samples, which in tunmis higher than that in water samples. Heavy metals carried by the sewage are adsorbed on the suspendedsolids in water bodies and then settled on the river bed. They will be accumlated in the bodies of benthos throughgills or as food.
4.2.2.5 River Bed Stability
Since the 1950s, the South Branch of the ChangjiangEstuary has been subject to serious scouring and siltation, and there has been great change in the flow and silt load in the South Channel. During the period 1961 to 1985. a mono channel has been developed into a complex chanrel, and the river bed morphology has also changedgready and formed Ruifengshazuiand Yawosha shoal. In the South Channel, two deep troughs have formed, called Main Trough and ChangxingFlood Tide Trench of the South Cha-nnel.
The South ChanndeMain Trough was formed in the course of steady evolution of the South Channel from a mono- to complex channels. The Soutd Chamel Main Trough has -10 m in depth, and was extended during the period from 1971 to 1976, at an average stretch of about 1.4 Ian
RevisO23 Ma 199S AppRepv4ch4.ow Clupter4 4-18 Amvnisauu.in SuutzD uil Jo BuuoSUiojie 1a luIUOJd pOi-UGS L'rZt*i.
LS61 - COO..-.- 1161*§t 6L1 - 1961 .61. (w) oqj011j0oiuhslju 000' 008s OO,OC 00Ft 00,01 0081 -1-
...... ,. ,. %.. %-r o- ...... *@§::E,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,-Z1 -
...... ';,;;'..../,...... ,, , , ,,,,,.....'...... -B .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . _-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... ,. -;X.--...... 4 .
...... ,..,.,,,,,...,,..,.,,..,.,.,,....,.,,,,.,...,.,,,,,....,.,..,,,,,.,,::...... ,,,.,.,.,...... Sg ,,..... SecondShanghai Sewemgc Pojeca May 1995 Appisal Repon- Vohmc 4:Envi nomeuuA _cssn each year, and during the period from 1976 to 1985, the average annual extension rate was 277 m.
The variation in depth at the section where the outlet of the existng Southern Trunk Sewer is located shows that river bed scouring and siltation occurs ( Table 4.14, Figure 4.7). Table 4.10 illustrates the maximumscouring.
At Bailonggang, the boundary between beach and trough is very obvious; the area within 1 km from the shore is th river beach, and the area between 1.0 - 2.2 km from theshore isatransition zone with slope of about 1 %. The river bed within 3.0 km of the shore is stable with maximum scouring and siltation of 3.7 m, while the river bed 3.5 km away from the shore is subjectto a wide range of scouring reaching - about 9 m.
Note that baselines of the cross-sectionsat the existing Southern Trunk Sewer outfall and the proposed outfall are about 300 m in distance and that of laner is situated outer.
Table 4.14 Historical Water Depth at Bailougpng
Unit: m below Datum
Sounding period Distance from the shore ( m )
Year Month 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
1958 6-10 -1.5 -6 -12.2 -11.9 -11.6 -11.7
1961 5-6 -6 -9.7 -9.4 -10 -10.6
1979 10 -7.7 -10.3 -8.3 4 -4.1
1980 10 -2.3 -8 -10.5 -8.5 -3.8 -3.4
1981 10 -2.9 -9.7 -11 -9.3 -5.6 -3.2
1982 10 -2.7 -9 -11.8 -10.3 -7.5 -3.2
1983 9 -2.9 -9.4 -11.8 -10.7 -9 4.9
1984 9 -2.8 -9.3 -11.8 -11.1 -10.2 -6.8
1985 9 -2.8 -8.6 -11.4 -11.1 -9.6 -6.4
1986 9 -2.9 -9.3 -11.2 -11 -9.8 -6.3
1987 4 -3.1 -8.3 -9.7 -10.2 -9.7 -7.2
-990 10 -3.4 -9.5 -11.6 -11.1 -9.5 -8.1
RevisionO:23 May 1995 AppRepv4ch4.ow Chaptecr4 4-19 SecondSbunghmi Sewege Pojec MY 1995 Appmisl Report- Voume 4:Ewmim_rou Asem
Table 4.15 Maximum Range between Scouing and Siltion of River Bed at Bailongag ( 1g58 - 1990 )
Distance from shore ( ln) 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 - 4
Deepest altitude (m) -3A -9.7 -12.2 -11.9 -11.6 -11.7
Shallowest altitude (m) -1.5 -6 -9.7 -8.3 -3.3 -2.7
Range(m) 1.9 3.7 2.5 3.6 8.3 9
RevisiouO:23May 199S AppRcp%v4cb4.aw Chapt=4 4-20 Secod ShanghaiSeweage Proj ay 1995 AppmisalReport - Volumek4lEvironmentalAssessemt
5. IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONE AL DIPACTS
5.1 Project Actvtiees That May Have Impat an the Enviroment
Developmentactivities of the Shanghai Second SewerageProject can categorized into to parts, namely constructionphase and operaton phase.
During the project preparatory and land acquisitionphase, resetlement could result in changes in the social and ecological environment. During the constructionpbase, the followingactivities could have an impact: land clearing and occupation,destruction of vegetation,demolition of roads and bridges, blocking roads and waterways, transportand disposal of spoil, conveyor construcdon, constructionof pumpingstations and sewage treatm plant, dust and noise.
During the operationphase, the major impactsare the effect of sewage disdhargeinto the Changjiang estuary on its water qualityand regime; improvementin the water quality of the Huangpu River and its tnbutary network, ifluence of sludge from the sewage treatment plant, wastes, odour, noise on the surroundingenviromnent. Tne environmentaliWpacts of project implementationcan be referred to in Fig. 5.1.
5.2 Categories of Major Inironmenpacts
Based on the principalfeatures of this project, the major potential envinmental impactsare:
mpactson the water environment;
* Impacts on the social environment.
5.3 Major Potential Environental Impacts
5.3.1 Construction Phase
During this phase, the major impacts are mainly social, as follows:
(1) Land acquhcitionand borrowing;
(2) Social changes caused by resettlement;
(3) Induced changes in natural and ecologicalsystem:
(4) Dust, spoil, and noise producedby the constuction.
Revision 0:23 May 1995 AppRepWv4ch5.ow- hapter5 5-1 Second Soghai Sewege Pwject May 1995 Appuisa Repon - Vohlue4:Euwviramoal Asenum
5.3.2 Operatin Phase
The major potential impacts are on the water environment:
(1) Impacts on the water quality and ecologicalenvironmnct of Clangiiang estuary;
(2) Effects on the water intaks in the Upper Huangpu;
(3) Effecs on the water enviromnmeof iributariesof the HuangpuRiver and waterway network;
(4) Impacts of wastes, sludge, nalodour, noise produced by sewage treamet plant and pumpingstations.
5.4 Enviromentaly Senstive Objects
-ShanghaiPudong No.2 InternationalAirport; * Water intakes in ChuanyangCanal and other inland waterways; - Water bodies in the Changjiangestlaly (such as Sanjia Gang, Wuhao Gou) potentiallyto be used by water diversion to replenish inland waterways; e Coastal shallow water for fish iugrationpassage in the Changjiangestuary; e Fishinggrounds outside the Changjiangestuary.
5.5 Standards for Assessnent
5.5.1 Standards for Assig the Water Qualityof Chanliang Estuary
* Category m of Envimntl Standardfor Surface Water Quality (GB3838-88) for usual parmeters;
* Category IV of Envirnmental Standardfor Surface Water Quaiity (GB3838-88) tempornly for COD because its rather high baseline;
* CL ss 3 of Shanghai Surface Water Quality Standardfor NH3-N;
* Meanwhile refering to Category 3 of Marine Water Quality Standard(GB3097-82) and Fsheiy Water Quality Standard(TJ35-79).
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5.5.2 Standards for Asssing the Water Qulity or HuangpuRiver and its Tributaries
* Category n of EnviromnmentalStandard for SurfaceWater Quality (GB3838488)for the Water Source ProtectionZone of the Upper Huangpu;
* Category m of EnvironmentalStandard for SurfaceWater Quality (GB383"88) for the Water Source ProtectionSub-Zone of the Upper Huangpu;
* Catebory IV of Environmenl Standard for Surface Water Quality (GB383-88) for reachs below the Water Source ProtectionSub-Zone of the Upper Huangpu;
* Category m of EnviromnentalStandard for SurfaceWater Quality (GB3838-88) for the reaches as water source in the trbutaries of HuangpuRiver;
* Category IV or V of EnvironmentalStandard for Surface Water Quality (GB3838- 88) for the reaches except those as water source in the tributaries of Huangpu River in accordancewish their functions.
5S.53 Standards for Asessing Quality of the Wasewater to be Discharge
* Integral Wastewater DischargeStandard (GB8978-88)for Category 1 pollutants;
* New/Expansion/Rcnovationof Class 2 of lIegral WastewaterDischarge Standard (GB8978-88)for Category2 pollutants.
Revsi 023 May 1995 AppRep%Y4chS.ow Chaprs 5-3 Landacquisilion
- Landbomtowing
- Resettlementof inrrastruclure
- BuildingdemoUiion & reconsitucilon
Soclo-environmentalImpacts Residentresettlement Labourforce rearrangement
-Enterpriserelocation - Waterquality Improvement of lluangpu River Treeresetilement
Trafficblocking Waterqualty Improvement of trlbutaries
- ChangesIn naluralecosystem
paio tpha nt lon p sirt anpate|
inAing duit IncreaseIn pollutlon loading In Chasgllang -iying du51t& slurry - Emlsslonof construclionmachine
- Mechanicalnoise & vibration Offensieodour
Noise - Slurry Sludge Naturalenvironmental impacds - Domestilewastewater & refuse Nolse
-Oroundwatercontamination derivedfrom channel dredging andland excavatlon Spoil
FIg. 5-1 Identificatlon of Environmental Impacts for the SSP 1I Seond ShanghaiSeweuge Prioect May 1995 AppmisalReport - Volume4:Enwimnenal Assesta
6. ANALYSIS OF OPlTONS FOR WASMEWATER TREATMET AND SLUDGE DISPOSAL
6.1 Options for Wastewater Treatment
6.1.1 Objectives for Effluent Disharge
In accordance with the National Integrated Standard for Wastewater Discharge ( GB8978-88), pollutants are grouped into two categories based on the their nature. Pollutants of the First Category are mainly metals which nay be accmulated in animals and plants and have adverse impacts an public health. The Standards require these pollutmts to be controlled at the site where the are generated. In practical terms. it is very difficult to remove them from effluents using conventional bio-chemical processes, and they should be controlled on site. Pollutants of the Second Category refers to the substnces whose long-term effect is less harmful than the Category One pollutants. The Maximum concentration limits for the Second Category pollutants are illustrated in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 National Integrated Stndard for Wastwter Discuarge
Standard Css I Cls 2 Class 3 classification
Values New, Exist_ig NOM Existing Pollutants expending and exapning and rebuilding rebuilding mg/i
mg/I mg,1 mg/i mgJl _
pH 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 SS 70 100 200 250 400
BOD5 30 60 60 80 300 CODC. 100 150 150 200 500 Oils 10 15 10 20 30 Phenols 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 CN 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 S2- 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0
NH3 - N 15 25 25 40 PC 4 (3P )- 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0
Cu 0.5 0.5 1.0 I0 12.0 Zn 2.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 Mn 2.0 5.0 2.0 5.0 5.0
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indexused to control the effluentdischarged into water-storagerivers and closed waters.
According to the Category 2 values for new, expending and renewed projects, the designed conentrations for the SSP Stage n should meet the reductionrates illustr-ted in Table '.2. As the ChangjiangEstuy is not a dosed water body, phosphate is not consideredhere.
Table 6.2 PoUutionReduction Requirements for SSPII
Parameter Ss [BODS COD |NHi3 N
Effluent Quality 130 199 227 (mg/l) ._11 StandardValues 200 60 1S0 25
(mgf) _ I__ ReductionRate _ 29A 24.6 _ (%)_
6.1.2 Analysisof Effluent Treatment Eficiency
6.1±1 Prdimuaiy Treatent
Preliminary treatmentconsists of screeng and grit removal in aerated chambers. The objective is to remove largeand/or abrasive materialsthat could clog or damage the downstrm facilities. There is little removal of BOD or other polutant parameters.
Fmdings fom a study by East China Normal University show that it is accpetable to discharge 2.8 million m&/daywith a BOD load of 294 tld at Bailonggang.The water quality up to 6 km downstream will be over the background values whilst teding to the background level beyond 6 lkmfrom the outlet. As the actual flow of SSPII is 1.7 million m3/dayand the average BOD load 145 t/d, the impact will be even smaller. This means that preliminary tremet should be acceptable for SSPII. More specificdiscussion of the impact on the Changjiang Estuary. is presented in Chapter 7.
6.1.2.2 PrimaryTrea_mt Effideuty
Primary treatmentprocesses include sedimentation to reemovesuspended solids and digestion of the sludgeproduced. For SSP II, the design includes twelve sedimentaion tanks, each 60 m in diameter with 4 m waterdepth and an effluent retention time of 1.5 hrs. Pollutant removal efficiencYfor the proposed treament sysn ilclustted in Table 6 .3, based on typical efficiencies of primary
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Table 6.3 Pollutsn Removal Efrciency of Primary Treament Processes
Parameter Influent Total Removal Effluent Total concentration influent load rate (mg/J) effluent load (mg/I) (tld) (%) (tid)
BODs 85 145 25 64 108
COD 199 338 25 149 254
SS 130 221 40 78 133
NH 3rH 22.7 39 5 21.6 37
Po 3l (P) 1.0 1.7 10 0.9 1.5
Table 6.3 shows that the BOD 5 concentration in the tred effluent is 64 mg/I. which does not quite meet the requirement of the national standards.
6.1.2.3 Effiiency of Chenically Enhanced Primaay Tr.a_ent
Prior to the sedme on tanks, the pretreated wasewarer would be dozed with Alumminium or iron salt. ASter nixing, the wastewater would pass through a saries of sedinienation tanks for coagulation and sedomentation. In order to ensure thorough mxmg, the chemicals should be bighly diluted before being added ( in dte US, the concenation of chemicals used in sewage treatment works is 20 - 35 ppm, and in Norway, 100 - 200 mg/A).
Under normal conditions, with adequate operation and maitenance. the removal efficieny could be improved to the level that meets the national standards. Table 6.4 gives details.
Tabe 6A Removal Efficiency of Enhanced Primary Treatment
Parameter Influent Total Removal rate Effluent Total concentaion influent (%} coenation effluent (mg/I) loads (tid) (mgOl) load (t/d)
BODS 85 145 65 30 51
COD 199 338 65 70 118
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ISS 130 221 85 120 33 NH3rN 22.7 39 20 18.2 31
3 p0 4 1.0 1.7 85 0.15 1 0.26
6.1.2.4 Efficency of Secondary Treatent
If secondary treatment is requuied,the usual process selected is the activatedsludge process. Under normal conditions, secondary trtment works could reach the pollutant removaleftcienry as illustrated in Table 6.5.
Table 6.S Pollutant Removal Effiiency of SecondaryTreament
Parameter Influent Total Removal rate Effluent Total concenotration poluta ) concenaion effluent (mg/I) (t/d) (mg/I) (tld)
BOD5 85 145 90 8.5 14 COD 199 338 85 30 51 Ss 130 221 90 13 22 NHr-N 22.7 39 20 18 31
po.3- I 1.0 1.7 20 0.8 1.4
The effluent would meet the dischargestandard after secondary treatment.
6.1.2.5 Sludge Digestion Effciency
Sludge from the sedimernon umks usually contain large amountsof organic materialand bacteia. As the sludge has a noxious smell and is unstable, further treatnt is required, for example anaerobic digestion and dewateringbefore disposal.
Anaerobic digestion is one of the mosteffective bio-chemicalmethods for breaking cells. In addition. it removes large amounts of organic substances. The main consituents of anaerobic gases are CH, and COj
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The gas composition(volume ratio) could be:
CH4 : 65-70% _ C02: 25-30% 02: 0-0.3% CO: 2-4% HC: 0-15% N 2 : -1%
CH, (methane) produced during the digestion process in sewage trmen works can equally be colected and used as a fiul for domestic heating and for heating sludge. lhe moisture content of digested sludge is about 98% - 99%, therefore dewateing is required. The quantity of sludge generated from the sewage trmen works is shown in Table 6.6.
Table 6.6 Sludge Production
Moiste Sludge tream processesand sludge production(m3i/day) content (%) Prelinar Primary Enbanced Secondary treaatt en Pt_e I
___ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~treatment
0 0 90 190 201 97 0 3000 6333 6700 80 0 450 950 1005 40 0 150 317 335
Table 6.7 illustrates the main polluns in sludge from seven sewage treatnent works in Shanghai analysed in 1994.
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Table 6.7 Polutant CODten of Sludge from Sewage Treatment Works In Shanghai
Pollutant Content (mg/[) Pollutant Content (mg/I)
Moisture( %) 76.1 - 99.6 Cd 0.60 - 32.6
Ni 11.7-134 Cr 18.8-185
Cu 31.3 -741 Hg 2.78 - 5.51
Zni 388 -6048 As 2.13 -18.9
Pb 13.0 - 376 Ar - OH 0.142- 7.44
6.1.3 Process Selection for Sewage Treatent
Based on the estimation by local and overseas DRA experts working on SSPII, capital costs and operation costs for various treatnent process options ( preliminary treatment, prinary treatment, chemically enbanced primary treatment and secondary treatm ) that might be used in the proposed treatment works are illustrated in Table 6.8. Costs of prinary treatment and secondary treatment in the table include the cost for sludge thickening. dewatering and digestion. The operation cost does not include sludge digestion cost.
Table 6.8 Constuction and Operation Cost Estimated for the Proposed Sewage Treatment Works
Treatment Cost Unit Local experts Overseas degr experts
Preliminary Capital cost Mill. yuan 130 treatment Operation cost Mill. yuan/year 4.5
Primary Capital cost Mill. yuan 908 904 ttatnt Operation cost Mill. yuan/year 18.5 17.8
Improved Capital cost Mill. yuan 1,916 primary prenaryn Operaton cost Mill. yuan/year 67
Secondary Capital cost Mill yuan 2,582 2.558 trcatmenit Operation cost Mil yuan/year 98 34
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It can be seen from Table 6.8 that the cost of prelminary raument is estimated to be 130 million Yuan, or about 14 percent of the cost of primary treatmentworks. The cost of secondary treatment works would be almost tree times dtat of the primary treabent works.
Studies havc shown that dissolved oxygen and BOD5 levels in the Changjiang esmuaryhave not becomea serious problem, thereforecontrol of BOD5 could be postponedto a later stage. If primary tatment is adopted BOD%in the trated effluentwould not meet the maximinliniit in the Dischge Standards. The secondary treatment option capital cost would be higher than that of the enhanced primary treatent option. Nutnent levelsand red tides are not a problem in the Changjiang estuary, although their impact on the East China Sea remains unucrtain. Although the pollution contribution of Shanghai compared with the tomi load from the ChangjiangBasin is limited, more control over nutrients is needed. In addition, control of phosphorus should be considered. Compared with secondary treatment, enhanced primary treatuent is more effective in removing phosphorus - the removal rate could reach 85 percent - and therefore, it is a priority option. At present, therefore the preliminary treatment opdon sbould be considered, but land should be reserved for future use if an increase in treatment levels are required.
6.2 Options for Sludge Diposal
The following methods were considered to be of particular interest for disposal of sludge from a possible sewage treatment plant at Bailonggang:
1. Utilizationin agricultre 2 Applicationon land 3 Landfill 4 Inineration.
The priority option may be the utlization in agriculture,on conditionthat there is sufficientfarmland available and the quality of the sludge is acceptable ( in compliancewith related standards). If not, landxfl may be the best option.
Disposal of sludge at sea has been practised by some countries, but internationalconventions are restricing this option. In an internationalperspective dumping of sludge at sea will be controversial and is not recommended.
The focus concerned for sludge disposal is: (1) no adverse consequence to be imposed on the environmentfrom the sludge disposedof; (2) availabilityof adequatespace for the disposal of sludge. if the sludge is to be disposed by delivering to rem areas by barges or trucks, it will be found difficult and less reliable in practical operadon. It is therefore recommendedthat the final disposal of sludge should be witin the Shangai Municipality.
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62.1 Sludge Quantities
The estimatedquantities of sludge for various options of treatment are give in sub-section6.1.2.5. Table 6.6.
6.2. Sludge Trealtent Requirements
Treatment will be required before fial disposal of sludge. Expected treatment requirements and correspondingdispodal principles are indicatedin Table 6.9.
Anaerobicdigestion and thermal treatnent will reduce sludge volume and improve the environmental and hygicnicconditions for finaldisposal, whilemechanical dewatering will reducethe sludge volume and change its consistencyfirom liquid to pasty/solidcondition.
Table 6.9: Sludge Treatment Requrments and Disposal Principles
Sludg Dispo SludgeTamnt Requiremem Disposal Princples
IA: Utilizsation Anacrobicdigestion Sprding on ftiWand aconin to in agridue Mechanicaldewa_ering. 2G-30% Stadard DS PlougI hoe into dte top soil. Tbemi treatment Acceptabl for grass. wheat etc but nmo for vegctablesor rice.
1: Applicaton Anaerobicdigestion Mixed with soil and sprad (0.1-10m) on lnd Medhnical dewateing_ 20-30% as top layer on domestcand idstra DS lanfls, for examip on te green belt Thermwltreaent 60-70% DS. along the Ouer Ring RPd etc. rg yutlizdon from digesion
2: Lndfin Possibe anaebic digestion Dispol wtin a sean dll at Mechanicaldewacimg. 20-40% Baoagang and furdier southwards. DS Lad reclamationalong th c-oast linc.
3: Incinaion Mechanlal dewarig. 20-30% Incinerationplant and securmlandfil for DS slag and ades at Bailonggang. Incineration
6±3 Evaluation Criteria
The evaluationof options for sludge disposl has been based on cnteria which take into account the uncertaintyabout fimre flow and waste watr charctics. Thc criteia are;
Investmentrequirements Envionmenl and hygienic acceptability Flexibility
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Operational reliability/availability Suainability.
These critria are discussed below for each disposal option. The total cost of both treatment and disposal has to be taken into accountwhen comparingthe different options. The investmentitems are listed below.
6.2.4 Utization in Agriculture
_nent Requremas
The main invesment componens will be:
Anaerobicdigestion facilities Mechanicaldewatering Wharfat Bailonggang Barges and tmcks Landfill and storage areas
Environmental and hygienic acceptability
Sludge disposal n agricultue and forestry will utilize the positive value of the sludge as feizer or soil conditioner. lTe enviromental acceptabilitydepends on low values of heavy metals and toxic components. Industrieswith such dischargesshould have separate waste water treatment plants.
At present agriculture has a low level of m in, and spreading and ploughing in the sludge will, to a large degree, bc carried out by te farmers and a special task force. The workrs will be exposed to possiblegas and toxic componentsin the sludge.
A comprehensivecontrol and monitoring system has to be established to ensure environmentaland hygienic safety
Transportationof the sludge will cause some air pollution. Run-off from the famdand vnll cause some pollution, but this can be limitedby proper storage and spreading procedures.
Flexibiiy
National Standard (GB 4284-84) sets the maximumquantity of dry sludge at 30 t/ha per year. This will restrict the flexibilityof the availabilityof farmland.
Land requirementassuming secondarytretment in Phase L has been estimated as 50 kmDIy.
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The Standard also requires a minmm of 20 years before application on the same soil if metal concradons are dose to dte standard. The system has limited flexibility for sludge with high concentrationsof heavy metals, unless an emergency landfill is establishd.
Operational riabilit/ availabiity
A comprehensive managementsystem is necessary in order to make the system operational, and to facilitate cooperation with the large number of famers required to receive sludge.
A comprehensive control and monitoringsystem has to be established to ensure environmentaland hygienic safety.
As the sludge cannot be applied during the crop season, a paved area with retention walls for temporary storage will be necessary. The size of the storage area will be dependant on the regime agreed between the cropping periods and the sludge spreading activities.
The systemnis sensitive to any breakdown or failure at the sludge digestion and dewatering plant.
The transportation system is considered reliable, but the sludge will not be dry and the trucks will need sidecwalls to prevent spills.
A standby landfill will be required in case of interruptions in the tratnent process or in the transportationsystem.
S2ustainxabiit
Sludge may not be used in drining water protectionzones, or on rice or vegetablefields. This means that most area of Shanghai is unfit for sludge disposal.
6.2.5 Application on Land
Investment Reqimt
The main investmentcomponents will be:
Anaerobic digestion facities Mechanicaldewatering Therma tatment plant Wharf at Bailonggang Barges and trucks Landfil and storage area
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Evironmetal and hygiec acpbaility
Tbe physical and chemical c racteics of the sludge have to be monitored and controlied at the treatment plant. The hygienic requiremnts have to be stricter, for disposal on amenity areas and parks where the public has access, than for top dressing on secure landfill sites.
Flexibility
The quanities of siddge at each acceptableIxation are larer than in option 1 and the requrements in terms of physical and chermcal characteristicsare also less sensitive. This option is therefore relatively flexible.
Operational rdeiablity/ availability
Each location can receive relatively large quanmities.The transportationsystem will be fairly snnple to manage and operate Dried sludge has a texture like fine granular soil and can be rnsported by ordinary trucks.
Even so. a standby landfil should be established next to the treatment plant to cater for possible critical situations.
The system is sensitiveto any breakdownor failure at the sludge digestion. dewateringand termal treatment plant.
Sustinabity
There is. in general, a shortage of top soil in Shanghai.The basic sub-soil is silty clay which is often usedas top dressing material. The sludge could be an acoeptablesource of mixingmaterial which also will improve the soil quality needed in any top layer.
6.2.6 landfill
Invesbnent Requrements
The main investmentcomponents will be:
Possible anaerobic digestion facilities Mechaical devwteringand possiblelime stabilization Landfill Trucks
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If the landfill has to be establishedaway from the treatment plant, additional investnents will be required in the followingunits:
Wharf at Bailonggang Barges
Enyfronmentaland hygienic acceptabity
LandfiHlingof sludge is commonlyregarded as enviromnenLalacceptable if necessay design and opautional actionsare taken to mimize the impacts. These actionsinclude:
The use of fill material other than sludge below the ground water table Sealingthe area to prevent water tntrsionor leachateescape The coUectionand piping of the leachateto the treamnentplant The collectionand ventilationof explosivegases to avoid the risk of explosionor health hazards to workers Seaing the final surface and covering with top soil.
Disposal of primay sludge will generate gases. particularly hydrogen sulphide (H2S) which is maodorous. In order to reduce the odour problem, the sludge could either be stabilizedby anaerobic digestionor temporarilystabilized by using lime for conditioningbefore dewatering.Sludge stabilized by lime will however generateammonia (NH3) which also has a pungent smell, but is generallymore acceptable.
Flemibility
This option has considerableflexibility. The landfill site should be developed in separatecells, and provided sufficient capacity is available, varnationin quanmtieswill only bring forward or delay developmentof the ncxt cell.The landfiUoption is not scnsitiveto the content of heavy metalsor toxic components.
The landfill may also accept sludge from other domestic waste water treatment plants.
Operationa ribiityl availability
The management and operation of a landfill is simple compared to the other disposal options. A particular benefit is that the treatment and disposal site would both be located at Bailongng. The most critical opemion is fte leachate treatment plant, but this would be handled by pumping the leachate to-the inlet at the waste water treatment planL
A second option would be to develop a separate landfill for sludge next to the existing landfill at Laogang for domestic solid waste. The sludge wil have to be barged and a wharf wil have to be
Revision o-2 May 1995 AppRcp%v4ch6.ow Chapter6 6- 12 SecondShanghi Sewerge Prject May t995 AppaisalReporg - Volume4CEnvir0mead A _smet constructed at Bailonggang.
There is considerable landfill capacity at Bailonggang,but in futire it will be necessary to establish a separate landfill possibly further south along the coast line. A possible location is next to the Laogang landfill for domestic solid waste. The landfill is operated by SESAB, and managerial and opeaional benefits could be achievedby cooperation. There wiDlalso be environmentalbenefits by locating different landfills in die same area.
Sediment deposition from the ChengjiangRiver is exeding the coastlinein some areas by 40-60 m every year. The land could be reclaimedand filled to 4-6 m above sea level, and utilized as farmland or for other purposes. This provide a great potentiaIfor landfilUingof waste and sludge.
62±7 lIncineration
Investment Requirements
The main investmentcomponents will be: Mechanical dewatering nineraton plan Landfill Trucks
Enviromnental nd hygienic acceplity
The most important environmental isme related to inc a is air pollution. The quantity and quality of the emission is dependenton the incinerationprocess, the flue gas treatmem, the sludge compositionand the use of auxiliary fuel. ncinerationis regarded as an acceptablemethod provided the air pollution is controlled and in acrdanc with environmentalstandards.
The hygienic conditions at an incinerationplant and at the associatedslag landfill are considered to be good compared with the other disposaloptions.
Flexibility
An incinerationplant has very limitedflexibility in terns of changesin capacity. The process shouid be operated at its design capacity to achieve efficient combustion and efficient flue gas treatment. Some flexibility could be bmuitinto storage capacity and operational hours per week but standby landfill would bc requred and the design would have to be on the basis of a reliable minimum sludge throughput until figures for sludge quantities are well established, ie after the treatment works has been in operation for some time.
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The incinerationplant is also sensitiveto the dry contnt of the dewatmedsludge. If the dewatering process is inefficient, dbe amount of supportingfuel has to be increased. Combustionof_sludge of 30% dry solids (DS), for example, will require 0.01 kg oil/kg DS while shldge of 15% DS will require 0.50 kg oil/kg DS.
Operational rdiability/ avaiability
Historically,the opeational availabilityof waste incinerationplants was 60-80 %. but modern plants clain to need less doWnime. Nevertheless,the plant will need overhauland repair at regular inervals and a landfill will be needed. The slag and ashes could partly be utilized as road filling material or other purposes.
Incinerationcould be considered as a sludge treatment process since the inorganicmaterial reins as slag and ashes, which require final disposal.
Sustainability
Provided reliable sludge quantitiesare available the incinerationplant can be planned, designedand constructedwith confidence.The incineator can be rehabilitatedand extendedas the need arises, and is considered to be a sustainable option.
Landfill requirementswil be limited and the area available at Bailonggangwill last longer.
6.2.8 Comparison of Disposal Options
The different selection criteria are not direcdy comparable, but have becn described in qualitative terms in the sections above. An indicative comparison is given in the table below by raning the diposal options, with five stars consideredto be the best option.
The options have different advantages, but landfill seans to be the most appropriatcchoice. It should be noted that standby landfl will also be neededat all options.
Utilization in agriculture and land applicationare considered optimalfrom an envirounmemalpoint of view, but will have the highest health risk.
Incinerationcould be an option in fiture.
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Table 6.10: Evaluation of Sludge Disposal Options
Disposplnptin Investmens Envioamem Fleaibiliy eliabity Sustainability l ______HygieneN______
1: Utjlizaion in +++ ++ + + + ++
2: Applicatn + + .+++ + + + + ++ on land
3: Landfill +++++ ++ +++++ +++++ .+ +
4: IIinertion ++ +++ I + .+
6.2.9 o
Because of the uncerintes regarding flows and wastewat characteristics,it is recommendedthat an option reqirmg nimnm investment,and mimum flexibilityand rdiability is seleted.
Therefore sludge disposal by landfill is recommended,to be developedin the following sequences:
Step I EstabFlishlandfill at Bailonggang. Developthe landfill in separatecells (eg 125mx 400knx 4m).
Mechanicaldewateing by belt presses or filter presses with lime or other conditioner.
Landfill to be commissionedat the same time as the waste water treatment plant.
Step 2 Monitoringof sludge quantities and characteristics.
Enforce and monitor separate wastewater treament facilities at industries disharging unacceptablequantities/ concenations of heavymetals or toxic materials.
Detailed investigation of the potential for sludge utilizatiun in agriculture and other applications, and assess technical, managerialand financial implications.
Depending on the findings from the works listed above, anaerobic digestionfacilities and
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themnaltreatment could be provided with capacities to meet the actual market demand.
Step 3 If the application of sludge to land turns out to be inappropriate and landfill capacity is found to be insufficient,incineration should be reconsidered.
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7. IMPACTON WATER ENVIRONENT OF CHANGJIANGESTUARY
7.1 Present Staus at BailOugang
In general, the Changjiangis designatedas a Class II water in accordancewith the environmenal quality standard for surface water (GB3838-88).However, Bailonggangis at the confluenceof fresh and saline vater and because of dtis, and the high silt level carried by the river, it is not always possible to naintain the Class 11standard at Bailonggang. Even without dischargesfrom Shanghai, it would be difficultto maiain this standard. Also, during periods of low river flow, saline intrusion nakes even the Class m standards difficultto achieve.
In addition, the Southern Conveyordischarges at Bailonggang.Originally designed in 1970 for a flow qf 550,000 m3/day, the current discharge is 300,000 nil/day. Over the past twenty years, the beaches upstreamand downstreamof Bailongganghave been seriouslypolluted becauseof the direct discharge from the SouthernConveyor onto the beach at Bailonggang.
The Bailonggangarea is a brackish water area, and the current water uses are identifiedas:
(1) navigation; (2) flood control and drainage; (3) rmigratorypassage for fish.
These fimctionsmust be bome in mind when considering the use of the Bailonggangwaters for disposal of the proposed 1,700,000mn/day of wastewater-In the area of the proposedoutfill, the size of the mixingzone shouldbe properly controlled so as to aintain sufficient area for fish mnigrationand thus mininiise the impact on fish and the beach area in general. Currentlythe south channel and the south passageare the principal shipping lanes in the Changiang estuary. These are scheduled to be dredged, and therefore, the position of the proposed outfall cannot be extended beyond the slope into the deep water trench.
7.2 Waste Water Dilution and Mixig Zone
In order to estimate the extent of the mixing zone needed to meet Standard Category m, the required dilution ratio of the pollutantmust be defined.
The dilution ratio of the pollutantcan be defined as:
C5r-C S= C.<,l
RevisionO03 May 199 Ap v4cb7.ow Chaper 7 7-1 Second Snhai Sewege Pmje May 1995 AppDisl Repon - Volume 4:EnviromnemalAssesmen where: S = Minimumdilution ratio for a pollutantto reachtihe requirements. C2 = Actualconcentation of-the pollutantin the waste water. C, = Backgroundconcentration of the pollutantin the receiving water. C. = The standard concentrationof the pollutant, according to the concentation of Category m in GB3838-88
The following tables show the mimummdilution ratio neededfor BOD5, COD, NH3-N and Total-P in the Bailonggangarea to reach the requirementsof Category m waters (See Table 7 1, 7.2).
Table 7.1 MinimumDilution Required at Bailonggang (Drought Season)
Water quality BODs COD. NHrN Totl-P | Noge paramnetr (mg/I) I C, 15 153* 0.72 0.016 Average of 5-year (1987-91) drought season in
I______I______Bailoggangreach.
C2 112 248 27.7 4.2 Acta 95% occuerrnce (mg/1)of SSP I during Feb to Mar. 1995 (except Totl-P at 72%).
C. 4 20 1.0 0.1 CaLm of GB3838-88Surface Water Standard ewept for COD (CatXV) & NH,-N (Class 3 oF Sbanghai lucal sIdar)
S 44.2 49.5 96.4 49.8 Mininum Dilution
- Average of top and middle layers (1988 - 92)
Table 7.2 Minmm Dilution Required at Bailoggang (Mood Season)
Water quahliy BODs COD. NHrN Total-P Note paramer(mg/l)
C, 1.2 13.7* 0.07 0.009 Average of 5-year (1987-91) flood season in Baikoggang reach.
C, 112 248 27.7 4.2 Acnl 95% (mgAI)of SSPI during Feb to Mar. 1995 (except Total-P at 72%).
C. 4 20 1.0 0.1 CatlM of GB3838-8$Surface Water Stundard except for COD (CattV) & NHI-N (COass3 of Shangbai local standard).
S 39.6 37.2 29.7 46.1 Mininun Dilution
* Average of top and middlelayers (1988 - 92)
Revision0:23 May 1995 AppRcpAv4ch7.ow ChlapIcr7 7-2 SecondShanghi SewerageProject May 1995 ApprAiu Repot - Volume4:Eavirnnacd Assesgment
If the average of the water qualigy parameters in the low water season and the flood water season is taken as the background concentation of lBailonggang reach. then tihe minimum dilution ratio in order to achieve Category m is shown on Table 7.3.
Table 7.3 Average M inim Dilution Reqired at Balonggang
Wawerquality DOD5 COD. NH3-N Toal-P Note parametr (mg/l)
C 1.35 14.5 0.40 0.013 Average of S-year (1987-91) slack season and oiwwater season in Baulonggangreach.
C112i 1249 27.7 4.2 Actual 95% occurrecoe(mg/I) of SSP I during Feb o Mar. 1995 (except Tot-P at 72%).
C., 4 20 1.0 0.1 CaLM of GB3838-88Surface Water Standard except for COD (CatIV) & NH:rN (Cbss 3 of Shanghaiocal stndard)
S 41.8 42.6 45.5 48.1 Avege minimunmdiluton
Average of top and middlelayers (1988 - 92)
From Table 7.1, 7.2 and 7.3, the minimum dilution multiple required for BOD5 and Total-P does not exceed 50. The minimum dilution nmltiple for NH3 -N was only 30 in high water season, but reached 100 in low water season. However, if the dilution ratio S for waste water is calculated using BOD5 , dilution requirements, a dilution ratio of 50 is adequate.
The background value for CODQ,is relatively high, particularly in the low water season. This is because of the water salinity and silt content
7.3 Preiction Method for Wastewater Discharge pact
Mathematical simulation and tracer tests have been used to simulate and predict the impact of discharging wastewater at Bailonggang.
7.3.1 Ma_hematic Model of the Changjiang Estuary
Different matematical models have been used for the simulations. Table 7.4 gives the details.
Revision0:23 Ma 1995 AppRepv4ch7.ow Chapicr7 7-3 SecondShanghal Sewerage Prjecl MUay1995 AppraisalReport- Volume 4:1nvironmental Assessment
Table 7.4 MathematicalModelling Simulation Piogramme (1,700,000 m3/d)
Flowat Datongstailon (m'/s)
7000 10000 30000 Model Model Model range type dimenslon Slackflood lide Slackebb tide Slackflood tide Slackebb tide Slackflood tide Slackebb tide I . surface mid bottom surface mid bottomsurface mid bottom surface mid bottom surface mid bottom surface mid boitom
Near Hydrulic 3 WI / / / _ /' _ /S/ f / / / | / field Water 3 .# _ V I _ I S ' 1 l.e ' I/ / ' ' r quality* __I I__
Fa Hydraulic 2 0 il L2 'Water L' 14 ' / / qualityC-= * - - -- *-- -
Waterquality simulatin parameter: heavy metal (Cu. Cd. Pb. Zn), COD, DOD 1.
Revision0:23 May 1995 AppRep\v4ch7.ow Chapter7 7-4 Seond SMnhai Swra P19m9S Appr;nl Rpoit - Vnbmne4viinmenl Aimmnem
The table shows that for the near field simulations, three dimensionalhydraulic and water quality models have been used. whilst for the far field simulationstwo dimensionalmodels were used (Figure 7. 1).
The coordinateaxes used are: X axis parallel to Chaliang bank extendingdowrstrm; Y axis perpendicularto the river bank extendinginto the river; Z axis vertical to the water surface. The calculationmethods were: on X-Y plan. finite-volumemethod: on Z axis. difference method.
Using the Bailongging outfall as the centre point, an area was divided into 96 blocks (Figure 7.2). The area of each block was about lOOOmxlOOOn.The networkhas three layers (O.OH,0.6H, l.OH). each layer has 125 grid points.
7.3.2 Tracer Test in Changjiang Estuary
Tracer testing is also an effective method of studyingpollutant dispersion. Five tests were carried out using RhodamineB as the tracer agent (the initial concentrationof RhodamineB was 1x10'gIml. Mixed with water and non-poisonoussolvent, the specificgravity is a little bit heavier than that of water. For each test, 190 kg RhodamineB solution was used).
During the test, the plume of tracer agent was tracked and samples taken at its centre. The whole programme was video recorded, and wind directionand velocity were measured. Table 7.5 gives details of the programme.
Table 7..5 Tracer Test Progrmme
Tes; Nr 1 2 3 4 5 Test Con.
Date Nov 22. 1991 Mar 19. 1992 May 29. 1992 Jul 15. 1992 Jul 16. 1992
Observation time 1320-l1528 10:10-11C00 7:15-9:30 10:00-11-45 15:00-1620
Tide Ebb tide Flood tid Flood tide Flood tide Ebb tide
Initial velocity (nuts) 0.10 0.55 0.19 0.40 0.45
Teminal velocity (mIs) 1.6 1.97 0.6 0.97 1.50
Iniiial diracion ) 187 324 343 325 145
Terminal direction (0) 154 312 340 351 IS0
Wimddirection SW-NW NE SW S SW
Wirndvelocity (mis) 1.8-2.3 5.0 4.9 5.5 8.2
Revision0-23 May 199S AppRp%v4ch7.ow Cbaptcr7 7-5 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0 20 40kioi
Fig 7-4 -Mathematic ModelI Area 18~~~~~~~~~~~(Ii~ \ 111S7
FZig7-2 G:rIdsoxr MVathemtlic lMldCIe ~~~~~~~,-- (a)a£ } t.se S~-anJ-igaj --Irv . - .
t - j~~-
gisx2St! ~ aj;Alcga n\ ..
F-g 7-3 Curret Fi'eld of Bailong Gang Water lBodyduring Fiood Season(a) N - ~~ ~
&,mo u b San\
l--s
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' i~ ..%
X h4du
(d)X4 , _ g 7-4CurrentFiEld bbft il ar ngF an
Fig 7-4 Current Field of Bailong Gang Water lBody during Flood Season(b) V.
|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :'CX
N111V
te a//// x (\r r vs ¢e \ ys * Q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
At 1 l I X l M~~~-4 1'3~' 15L~4t)
:H~~~ - . -~ - = ,5C7cojivAduan
(8-B;long _
Saaoiuuag -
I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . 4
2Iojtu duao.i v ,
.(d) = Rbgf S1-I1Gat C F B
Fig 7-6 Current Field of Bailong Gang Water Body during Dry Season(b) U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C
~~~~~~~~~;~~~~~~~c
~~~~~~~~~d.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:
.-.§ ~ C _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Su'dface
S00 500
-.500
-500~~~~~~~~0
200
0 N4Q? t 4 000Neo
Fig 748 Dilution Contour of Sewage Discharge Based on Mathemuatic Model in Mean Flow Season (with Flow of 30001h 3/s at Datong Station) Seaed Shnghai Sewerace P-jec May rns Apprasal Report- Volume 4:Enwroenmal Assemmene
7A Near Field Impact Analysis for Wastewater Disdarge
7A.1 Wastewater Mixing Zone
7A.1.1 Current Field Simulation of Near Fidd
The current state data were calculated over the period assuming two semi-diunal tides. Following this a current field diagram was prepared. Figures 7.3 and 7.4 show the current field at fill flood tide, slack flood tide, full ebb tide and slack ebb tide in both high water and low water seasons.
From the current field diagram, the velocity at 1000 meters distance from the river bank was a naximum and the velocity vector was diffused, which is beneficial for pollutant dispersion.
7.4.1.2 Initial Dilution Process
When wastewater is discharged into the water body from the pipe jet with a vdocity higher than that of receiving water body, the initial momentum forms a pure jet stream. In the initial phase of the stream, the wastewater mixes with the water body to form a boundary layer, which gradually increases from a line to an area. The velocity of the bbundary area gradually reduces, as the main phase of the jet suream develops.
During the initial phase of the jet stream, the main factor for motion is jet momentum During the nain phase in addition to the jet momentum, the buoyancy produced by the density difference between the wastewater and the surrounding waver is also a factor. This phase is also called the floating iet stream phase. There are two situations which apply to the continuing motion of the floating jet stream: one is when the density difference still exists when the jet stream momentum becomes zero. In this case the jet stream.mnotion will cease at the point at which the density difference disappears; the second situation is when the jet stream momentum remnainswhen the density difference disappear. In this case the jet stream motion ceases when remaining momentum is dissipated.
The initial dilution refers to the whole process during which the wastewater moves in the form of a jet stream (including the floating jet stream). At the end of this stage, the wastewater is continuously mnxing with the surrounding water, reducing its concentration. The factors affecting the initial dilution stage include the discharge velocity and rate, the density distrbution and hydraulic patterns of water the body (levels of salinity and/or tamperature and their stratification, current velocities and their gradients) and the physical properties of the wastewater.
The initial dilution factor is v-ry imporant for the further mixing and dilution of the wastewater with the surrounding water body. At Bailonggang. the river is relatively shallow and the water is generally fresh water, but with relatively high salinity in the low water season. The initial dilution factor is estimated to be about 20.
R&vWmm026 May l9DS AppRepXv4ch7.ow Chapter 7 7-6 SecondShanga S-wmp Prc may 1995 Appunal Report- Volume4:Enviroumenui Aseinmem
7.4.1.3 Estimatioa of Sewage Ming Zone
Table 7.6 shows the area of mixing zone calculatedusing the mathematicalmodel for a wastewater discharge of 1,700,000nId with a diffuser length of 240 m under various hydrological conditions. Becausea dilution factor of 50 is sufficient for the wastewaterat Bailonggang, the mixmg zone is assmned to be that area where the dilution, S is less than 50. From the table, the area of the mixing zone is betweenabout 0.5 kmnto 3.2 km2 . The most unfavourablehydrologic conditionis neap tide during the drought seson. The most unfavourable stage of the tidal cycle is slack flood tide and initial ebb tide.
The three levels of flow at DatongHydrographic Station represent the extrem drought, drought and average seasons respectively.At the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season (around May and June), the flow in the Changjianghas resumed an average condition. In this condition the pollution load of the initial rnoff followingshowers is usually very high. Assumingthat the initial runoff load is double that of the sewage strength, the potental impact of such a shock load on the water body at the discharge point may be estimated by consideringthe size of the mixing zone with a dilution factor of less than 100. It can be seen in Table 7.6 that area of the mixing zone is still less than 3 km2.
It should be noted that a physical model has also been used to simulate the mixingpurpose. The results showed that the mixingzone with a dilutionless than 50 nay be in a range of 0.08 - 18 km2. This is significantlydifferent from the estimate frm the nathematical model. The difference may be related to the exaggerateddistortion and other factors of the physical model. rne length and layout of the diffuser section(s) are to be optimised so that a further improvement of the near-field environmentat the outfall site may be expected.
Revai 0:29 My 1995 AppRqpv4ch7.ow Chapter7 7-7 Seod Sbazi Swe-ige Pmojc May 1995 ApprAia Repoi - Volume 4:Emimnmcua Assessmen
Table 7.6 Area of Wastewater Ming Zoue (calculatedby matmatical modelin
Flow at Datong 7000 10000 30000 (m3lIs)..
rude Dilution Factor <50 | I
Early ebb 3.20 5.44 2.93 4.49 1.78 2.42 Neap Early flood 1.83 3.03 1.68 2.53 1.38 1.88
Early ebb 1.99 3.38 1 .82 2.79 1.13 1.54 tvIedium Early flood 1.02 1.69 0.94 1.42 0.72 0.98
Early ebb 1.78 2.95 1.62 2.48 0.89 1.21 Spring Earl flood 0.96 1.59 0.88 1.33 0.51 0.69
7.4.1.4 R for Extent of W _twateMixEg Zone
There are three conditions to be satisfied to ensure that the wasewater discharge does not affect the environmentalconditon of the receiving water during the nmxingprocess. The three conditions are: 'no rising to the surfice, 'no sinkingto the bottom' and 'no reaching the shore'.
The first condition requires that during the process of mixing the probabilityof pollutant rising to the surface of the water should be controlledto a minim
The second condition requires that during the process of rnixng the risk of pollutant touching the riverbed in the process of transportationand dispersionshould be reduced as much as possible. The result from the analysis of the initial dilutionstage is that provided that the angle (eO) of the diffuser port axis with the horizontal is about 150.then the risk of pollutantreaching the rivabed is almost zero. However, even if there is any depositionof suspendedsolids on the riverbed, the normal processes of river bed transportare likely to remove the pollution, thus minimizingthe likelihood of riverbed pollution.
The third condition requires that the frquency of the mixing zne reaching the shoreline is eliminated as far as possible so as to reduce the impact of the discharge on the shore.
Revision 023 May 1995 AppRepIv4ch7.ow Chapter7 7-8 SecondShnghai Sewege Project May 1 AppraisalRepn - Volume4:EnviromnuuaS Asssu
7.4.2 ProbabIlity of Wastewat Rising to the Surfae
This pmbability of pollutantrising to the surface of the water body is representedby:
P = a PIP2
Pi represents the slack flow velocty probabilityof the total flow; P2 represents the probability of rising to the surface caused by density difference; a represents a weightedfactor related to the waste water discharge.
Table 7.7 shows the probabilityof wastewaterrising to the surface under different conditions for a diffuser angle of 15D_
Table 7.7 Probability of Rising to SurfaceUnder Different Conditious(0,= 5I)
IPz() MP (%) 2bo* P1(%) a (m) H=5 H=7 H=9 H=5 H=7 H=9
0.178 16.1 12.0 8.0 6.0 1 1.93 1.29 0.97
0.386 16.1 12.0 8.0 6.0 1.39 2.68 1.79 1.35 Diameter of diWfisr port, the jet velocity is 3.5 ni/s.
From this table, the probabilty of the waswaer rising to the surface under ChengijangRiver dischare flow conditions of 7000 m3/s (H=5). 10000m?/s (H=7) and 30000 m3/s (H=9) with a discharge quantity of 1,700,000 m3/d is 2.7%, 1.8% and 1.4% respectively. It can therefore be assumed that genealy the probabilityof rising is under 5% when the waste water discharge quantity is 1,700,000 meld.
7.4.3 Probability of Wastewater Reaching the Shore
From the current feld diagram, it can be seen firsdy,there is a coastwardcurrent at ebb tide and a cenpetal flow at flood tide, both related to the tide direction and velocity as well as the shape of the coastline at Bailonggang;secondly, there are two kinds of rotary flow. clockwiseand anti- clockwise, which can affect the distrbution of pollutant concentraon at the seashore; thirdly, becmaseof the variability of the flow field, the distribon of pollutnt can also be inhomogeneous.
Table 7.8 shows the estimated values of distanceand contact occurrence between the boundary of the mixing zone and the shore under different hydrologicalconditions.
Rcvision02 May 1995 AppRep%v4cb7.ow Chapter7 7-9 Seond ShanghaiSmenwge Pojeca May 1995 AppxaishlRepont - Volume 4:-Environental Asemntn
Table 7.5 Contact Occurrence of the Boundary and the Shore Under Different Hydrological Conditions
3 Flow at Datong Stion (m /s)
ride layer 7000 10000 30000
S=50 S=100 S=50 S=100 S=50 S=Iorj
d(n) d(m) PT%) d(m) d(m) P(%) d(m) d(m) PT%)
Surface 351 156 0 387 182 0 423 207 0
Ebb Middle 253 87 0 289 113 0 324 137 0
Botom 155 Is 0 191 44 0 228 70 0
SurHce 268 98 0 305 124 0 342 150 0
Flood Middle 10 36 0 217 62 0 254 88 0 Bottom 91 -27 1335 128 -1 0.05 16 25 0
Surace 191 44 0 231 72 0 270 99 0
RCvCrsal Middile 11 -12 0.60 146 12 0 190 43 0 Boa=om 31 -69 3.45 71 -41 2.05 11 -13 0.65
Note: 1. Wase wr dishrge quamy is 1.700.000 mJd- 2- d<0 Wpliesthat the mixing zone touches the -2m bahmetric contr. The greatr the absolute vale the geater the degree ofcontacL
For S=50, contact occurece is always zero. For S=100, the contact occurrenceunder ebb tide conditions is almost zero; conact occurrmce is mostly zero during flood tides, with only the bottom contact occurrence in low water season as 1.35%. Contact occrrence of the bottom layer during reverse tides is between 0.6% to 3.45 %. In general, contact occurence with the shore, even for s=100. is always less than 5% for a waewater disharge of 1.700,000m 3Id.
7.4.4 Estimate of Upstreamand Dowtream Impact
After three adal periods, pollutant dischargedfrom Bailongng will not return to the area. The tidal action will ensure the pollutant is dispersed into the East China Sea via the South Passage and the North Passage and the South Chamel.
Taking 1% incremet of the baselineCOD concentation, say ACL=0.1 mg/l, as a criterion for predicting the range to be affected by the sewage discharge, the estimatedvalue of maximum distance from the Bailonggangoutfall under diferent hydrologic conditions. is shown on Table 7.9 (Waste water dischage quantity 1,700,000 mrid).
Revision 0:23 May 1995 AppRep1v4ch7.ow Chaper7 7-10 S-odShanghiSe-WaePmjea May 1995 Appuisal Report- VoInre 4:E1wisomneuuiAssexmaent
Table 7.9 Distance (m) between ACX=O1mgnl and the Bailonggang Outfll
Flowat Dag (,Mls) 7000 10000 30000
r Ebb dde 4736 3692 2.23 Flood tide 3947 3077 2102
Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show the RhodamineB trcer test result. It can be seen that the dilution and diffusion multiple after one hour is above 102-103.The concentrationof COD at the existing Bailouggangsewage outlet is about 300 mg/l Calculatedusing an average velocity of 0-82 mg/l. the distance is about 3000 m while the wastewateris diluted to 0.3 mg/l. This simation tallies with the calculationresult.
Bailonggangis experiences about two semi-diurnaltides a day (about 24 hours and 50 minutes in total). The flood current could push back the mixed riverwater and sewage discharged during the ebb tide. Such a flow reversal may cause overlappingof the inadequatelydiluted sewage thus increasingthe retention period in the outfall reach.
7.4.5 Ftimate of Wastewater Retention Time
The retention time for the water body at Bailonggangis about 0.6-1.7 days depending upon the season (see Table 7.10).
Table 7.10 Esimation of Retention Time (days) for the Water Body at Bailonggang
Flow at Datong (m3 s) 6,000 10,000 30,000 Retention (days) 1.7 1.4 0.6
7.5 Far Field Impact Analys for Wastewater Dfischarge
7.5.1 Far Field Dispersion of Wastewate Discharge
The concentrtion of waste water dischargedfrom the proposedBailonggang sewage outfall could be effectively reduced to the basline standard after initial dilution and near field dispersion, before discharge from the Chanjiang estuary. During this period. pollutas reaching the estuary from upstream of the Changjiang River, mix with the SSPUIpollution load and are transported to sea. Mathematicalmodel simulationby ECNU show the imcreasedimpact is quite small (Fig 7.7 and 7.8). The Danish Hydraulic Research Instute (DHI) and COWI Consult AIS also carried out equivalent
Rcvision 0:23 May 1995 AppRep%:4ch7.aw Chap=er7 7-11 AhdodmlneB (mg/L)
-~~~~~~~~~
i .l ...... "."I' .".. ." e 0g$ l@l*2@@l l lil lX @l l 1 1il t...... I...... I1 1.1...1 11 a 1111X11 . 1-...... 1;..... 11 1111
ft~~~~~ ......
x**~ g : p ' 1 11.1.11.1mt i8s, .~~~~@a~~~......
ft.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......
UL...... Rhaodaminee (mg/L)
.A f ...... f _tt-01~il
p 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
3~. i-- ...... -...... h 1111. tS ...... 1.111.1X...... longlJ 00 ~~~~~(mg/i !'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 - I- 5 .00 . _.Seasvn_. Fig 7-11 Far Field lmpact of Sewage Discharge in BOD%based on Model (Dry Season and Flood Season) S~~~~~~~ Fig 7-12 Far Field Impact of Sewage Discharge in Ammonia basedon Niodel (Mean Flow Season) on I/ . 0 1 A \ | L9 1 - >" h00 14 ,~~~ ' i' I *lU-. *I I \\X**#0p# lI , ,, I I/O l I * aL? g * nX """s\\X@§ t X ,, N ...... SecodShanghai Sewee Poje May 1995 AppRiIu Report- Volumc4:Environnients Asseaar sinmlation, the result being quite simiar. 7.5.2 Wastewater Transport Tidal oscillation in the Changriangestuary and HangzhouBay is mainlya harmonic oscillationcatused by the Pacific tidal current spreadingtowards the coast of China. The semi-diurnaltidal currt from the Pacific Ocean spreads southeast to northwest and maiains its forward movementafterentering the area. The componen of tidal currentare distributedin an eUipticpath: the major axis in the outer sea being in a SE-NW directionand the major axis in the Changjiangestuary and near HangzhouBay is towards the estuary. Outside the estary, the maximum velocity for component of tidal current is reached at high tide. This is the main characteristicof the forward curt In the inner sea area, the maximum velocty of tidal current occurs about one hour before both high tide and low tide, therefore, it has the characterstic of both a forward wave and a standingwave. The tidal charcteisics in this area is semi-diumal and irregular semi-diurnal tides. The wvater currents in the outer sea cirulate clockwise. Tides flow maily SE-NW back-and-forth near the Changijangestuary and mainly E-Wback-and-forth within HangzhouBay. The ebb tide and flood tide in the Changjiang estary and Wusong Kou last 6.5 hours and 6 hours respecively. The residual current within the estary is towards the east, near the csuary it is to the north and outside of the estuary it is mainly towards the north east. The averagemagnitude of the residual current is 25 cm/s (Figure 7.9). Calculation shows that after 100 days a labelled particle to the east of Nanhui moves out of the calculation area; a labelled particle te the south of Hengsha remains almost static after moving towards southeast about 20 km; and anoter labelled paricle to the northeastof Hengsha tansferred into the Changjiangestuary from south after moving towards the east. 7.S.3 Pollutant Transformation The proposed Bailonggangoutfall will be located in the brackish-waterconfluence of the Cbangliang estuary. These waters have a complexhydrochemical enviromnent due to the waste water discharge. But with the dilution and dispersion to pollutants by the tidal current and with the aggregation, settlement, diffusion and transporation of fine silt as well as the degradation of organic pollutams. these waters have a good physico-chemicalself-purification capacity for pollutants. There is a strong self-cleaning zone from 20 km upstm of the Bailonggangto Jigu Jiao in the Changjiangestuary. The silt content is very high in the turbid waters, with the surface and bottom layer 0.2-0.7 kg/in3 and 1-8 kg/n3 respectively, someimes over 10 kg/m3 and even can form floating mud layers. In addition to hydrodynamicfactors, the mixing of saline water and fresh water in the estuary also speeds up the setdement of fine silt. Part of the sediments setded at the bottom layers of these waters wiU become mobile matrial and be transported outward, the another part will be suspended again due to storm action and be setded for tansportaton again. According to the diffusion-advection- Revision0:23 May 199S AppRl:p%4ch7.aw Chapter7 7-12 SecowdShlnj* Sewef PN)ICt May 1995 Apzprais Repon- Vokum 4:Enviromenmtalesscmc reaction model, part of the sements settle down to the sea floor due to earlymineisation so as to take effect for the purification.Wgth regard to heavy mnal ions, becau of dte chmical purification in turbid zone, basically there is no heavy metal pollution in the East Chinu Sea and part of organic substancesare also purified. The pmary existing form of dissolvedphosphorus in thi. Changjiangwater body appearsas inorganic phosphate, with low organic phosphorus content. The concenraion is generally to around 0.015- 0.016 mg/l. However,at depths under 7m in HangzhouBay there is a high value zone with dissolved phosphorusconent up to 0.046-0.063mg/i. Therc is no direct relationshipwith the Changjiangriver discharge flow, but closely relates to the water body's higb suspended silt content 10004000 mg/l. The concentrationof the sea area in the east of ChongmingIsland is less than 0.016 mg1l with an obvious biotransfer mechanism. The concentrationof NH3-N in Changjiangesuary reduce gradually from 0.08 mg/I to 0.02 mg/I with increased distance from the cstuary. It shows that the self-purificationfunction is fairly obvious. Most organic substnces existing in the Changjiangwater decomposeinto types of nutrient salt. Consequently it is unlikely that they will be brought into the East China Sea as organic subsutces or organic solid maes and the possibility of becoming organic pollution source is extremely siall. 7.6 Potential Empact on Eclogical Environment 7.6.1 Inprovement of Ecological nvionment in the lotertidal Zone The existing soutdhe tnmk oudat is located on the seasbore at Bailoaggang. Wastewater is not quicldy diluted and diffused, but is retained in the intertidal zone and forms a black slick which seriously affects the ecological enviroment. The proposedBailonggang outlet for SSP II will utlise submerged diffusers and will include the exsting soutdh trunk discarge. Therefore, -the pollution sources in the Bailonggang intertidal zone will be greatly reduced, and with the interaction between river dischargeflow and tidal flow, the whole envirommentat Bailonggangwill gradually recover. In addition. with the improvementin the inuteridalcondition the threat to adjacentrivers will also be reduced. 7.6.2 Impact on Near Field EcologicalEnviromnent Because submerged diffusers are proposed for the SSPH outfall at Bailonggang, the quantity of microorganismssuch as coliform in the water at Bailonggangwill be reduced. The communityand popglationof phytoplanktonis related to the water body's salinity, temperAture, transmissiviy, concentrationof nutrient salt and toxic agents. However,there will not be any distinct RevisionOM May 1995 AppPep%v4ca7. ChaPW7 7-13 Second ShmnhaiSewrA Project May 195 AppraisalRqio1 - Volume 4:Environf l Ammasent change to the above factors by virtue of the submerged diffusers, and no distinct change for the populationand quantityof phytoplankton.There may even be some increase in the above factors in the mixing zone, although this effect will be greatly reduced because of tidal action and movement of mixing zone. The same applies to zooplankton. Since the zooplankton is also closely related to these factors, therefore, the ecological impact on zooplatiton will be minor. Becauseof the strong river flow and tidal flow in the Changjiangestuary, the wastewaterdischarge can be quickly diluted so that the hazard to fish is reduced. Accordingto tests, if LC,,xO.I for 96 hours is taken as the safe concentration, there is a degree of safety to fish when the dilutionof the wastewaterfor 25 times. The initial dilutionis estimatedto be 20, and the dilution factor outside the mixing zone will be more than 50. Thus, the fishery water standard will be met. The mixing zone will be very small in relation to the Changjiangestuary, therefore the impact in the near field is quite small. 7.6.3 Impact on Far Field Ecological Enviromtent Becausethe proposedoutfall will be submergeddiffusion, the impact on the far field enviro.nmentwill be lower than that of a beach discharge. The principal reason is that the wastewater wil: be sufficiendy diluted to reduce more distant impacts to low levels. The fishery resources spawning areas inthe Changjiangestury are at Tongsha,Jiuduansha and Nanhuizui,about 15 kandistance from the Bailonggangwaters. There will be no impact from the discharge on these areas. 7.6A Pbssibiity of Eutrophication in the Cbaugiang Estary Plankctonabsorbs nutrients in fixed proportion, normally NIP U 16-18. In the Changjiang River catchment area, nitrogen run off from farmland produces high levels of nitrogen on the river. However, because of there is insufficient phosphorus in the surface lithosphere and because of improper fertlizer applicationproportions, the potassiumand phosphoruslevels are in unbalancewith the nitrogen level, resulting in NIP levels of 20-127. However, be, museof the high suspended particle content in the river estuary and becase te silt content is around 0. 1-0.5 kg/&nin the area within a 20 m bathometriccontour and with a saliity of beow 30 Ie. the hlgh value of N/P will not affect the plankton or the ecologicalenvironmen. Becauseof the buffer action of phosphorus and the dilution of nitrogen in the marine environment,reduced N/P values of less than 20 produce no eutrophication even though the turbidity of the water is reduced. It should be noted that the output of nutrients from Shanghaidischarged to tie ChangjiangRiver are less than 3% of the total river load. Altcugh future control is certainly necessary, waste water discharge from the proposed SSPHoutfall will bc unlikelyto affect the ecologicalevronment in the Revision0k23 May 1995 AppRepAv4ch7.ow Chapntr7 7-14 Sccond Shanghai SeweragCProject M 1995 AppaisalRepon - Volume4:Eavimnntcnal Assesem Changjiang estuary. 7.7 Impact Prediction for Eniromnental Senitve Object 7.7.1 Possible Impact on HanughouBay Flows from the Changjiang River together with the man-madepollutant loads enter the marine environment in a southeastdirection to around 122015'E. turning to the northeast in summnerand to sout;icast in winter: There is generalivno great impact on HangzhouBay. Even if a surface crret flows southwards in HangzhouBay, forwards the ZhoushanFishing Ground, because of dilution, it is estimated that the accumulatedconwntration of COD is about 0.05 mgll at Shensiand Zhoushan, even without consideringany self-purificationprocess. In summer, the diluted water flows about 124E. It affects the nearby areas of northemnJiangsu Province to some extent, but the main flow does not directiy reach the Liisi coastal area Fromnthe results of other measurements, the currents in the Lilsi coastal area are mainly controlled by the coastal currents of northern Jiangsu Province. The main fish spawning grounds are some distance from the proposed Bailonggangsewage outfall (about 20 kIn). A dilution of several thousandstimes is affordedto the effluentafter such a distance. Therefore, there will be no great impact on spawninggrounds. 7.7.2 Impact on Water Intakes m the Changiang Estuary The Changjiang estary also provides potable water for Shanghaicity. The largest existing water source is the Chenhang intake, located upstreamof the Baosan Iron & Steel Complex, about 40 krn away from the proposed sewage outfall. The plannedQincaosba vwater intake is about 30 kIn from the proposed Bailonggangoutlet. It can be consideredthat there is no impact on the existing and planned water intakes. 7.7.3 Possible Inpact on Inland Water Diversion Water quality will be improved after constuction of the Bailonggangoutlet because the proposed outlet will replace the existing 300,000 m3Jd beach outlet. Even though the volume of waste water discharged will be increasedto 1,700,000 m3/d, the impact on the seashore must be greatly reduced by using the Changjiang water body's self purification capability.The main water diversion site Wuhaogouand Sanjia Gang, are 10 Iamand 5 In frm the proposedBailonggang oudet respectively. Thus, the SSP D outfall wil not have any significantimpact on inland water diversion. In fact, the Changjiang water at Bailonggangis not suitable for inland diversion because of its high silt content and the high salinity in iow water season. RevisionO:23May 1995 AppRMp%v4cb7.ow Ciapwcr 7-15 Second Shani SeweugePro)ec May 1995 Apmisal Repoft- Velune 4:EnvironnulWlAsusmm 7.7A Possible Impact an Shanghai Pudoug Nr 2 Int1rationa Airport Ihe Bailonggangsewage outfll is nmorethan 10 Ima frn SlIInghai Pudong Nr 2 International Airport. Accordingto estimates, the impact of the waste water discharge is only apparent within 5 kin, the probabilityof surface effects is under 5%. and the mixing zone area is less than 3.2 km2. Therefore, this project will not cause any significantimpact on the airporL On the contrary, the visual impressionwill be improved by the removalof the black water zone caused by the existing Southern outfall. 7.8 Summary of the Impact on the AquaticEnvironment 7.8.1 Use of the Water Body mheidentified uses of the estuary at Bailonggangare: navigation, flood control and drainage, and migratorypassage for fish. Adoptingthe proposedsubmerged diffuser systen, it is feasibleto prevent pollution and meet the requirements of water use in this area. 7.8.2 Mixng Zone of Sewage Based on numerical modelling of the proposed outfall, the mixmg zone in which dilution of the sewage is no grea than 50, is predicted to be around 0.5 to 3.2 knm in area. The most unfavourable hydrological condition would bc a neap tide durng drought season, and the most unfavourabletidal condition would be the high slack to early ebb condition. 7.8.3 Area Affected The probabilityof inadequatelydiluted sewage affectingthe water surface is be all below 5%; and of affecting the -2 m bathometic contour is zero. The limit of waters affected by the sewage discharge would be dependentupon hydrologicconditions, but would be within a range of 2 to 5 kan from the dischargepoint. 7.8A Acceptabilityof the Sewage Discharge and Polution Control There is a strong self-purification eavironment in the Changjiang estuary, including physical. chemical, and multi-interface bio-geochemicalprocesses. The pollutants discharged from sewage outfall will quickly be assimilated so that a satisfictory aquatic environmentalquality is maintained. It is clear that the dissolved oxygen in the Changljiangestuary is always at such a level, that oxygen- consumingpollutn have never becomea serious problem. Thus, conventionalpollutants could be controlled under a total loading limit within which no adverse envirnmental consequencewould be expected. Loads from the SSPII outfall could be calculated,based on the design flow and stegth Revision023 May 1995 AppRep%v4ch7.aw Cbapter7 7-16 Secod Sbahi Sewt-re Pronct May 1995 ARpeisl Rqon - Vokme 4.EnvioomW Assaessz as follows: 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Ddnand (BOD5) 190 ttday ChemicalOxygen Denad (COD) 422 ttday Amnonia-Nitrogen 47 t/day Total Phosphorus 7 ttday This does not imply that these loads arc dhe ultinate capacity of the Changjiangesauary, but should be regarded as a cotrol limit of total loading for this project. In fact, the assimilativecapacity of the estuary is much higher than the load detailed above as evealedby other studies elsewhere, so that there is room for the next stages of the project and for fiutre development. However land should be reservedfor futue upgradingof the tatmen facilitieswhen more stringentregulations are proposed. Toxic and harmful substancesare, however, required to be controlledbecause of their persistence in the enviroment and because they may become enrained in the food chain. 7.8.5 Ecological Implication The submergedoutfall diffuser system would reverse the deterioratingintertidal ecosystem. caused by the exisdng sewageoutfall at Bailonggang,and wouldbe unlikelyto disturb the existingecological conditions in the Changjiangestuy and give rise to an impact on planlcton. As the mixing zone of the sewage would be localised, the risk of damaging fishes would be minimisedso that there woud be few adverse effects on the fishery resources in Chanagiangestuary. Due to the special bio- geochemicalprocesses in the esary, the sewage dischargewould be unlikely to induce a problem of eutrophication. 7.8.6 Potent Effects on EnvironmuntallySensitive Objects The proposed outfall at Bailonggangwould have few impactson the environmentallysensitive objects in the Changjiang estuary, for example water intakes, water diversions for inland waterway replenishment, the proposed PUdongNr.2 lnteational Airport, etc. Benefit would result from eliminating the black plume occumng along the coast, improving the water quality and visual appearance in the vicinity of the proposed outfall compared with the existing interidal discharge of sewage. Revfion0:23 !Jb 199S AMKpXv4a7.ow Chaplter7 7-17 Secood ShnghauSeweg PMo=c may 1995 Aimu Rqort - V_om 4:EnAviromentaAssessint 8. IMPACT ON INLAND ENVIJONMENT 8.1 Predicted Qu91ilyof Inand Water Enironment The proposedSSPII project will intercet, rsport and dscharg into the sea both the effluentwhich is now discharged into the inland water systemand the efluent which is planned to be discharged in the future. Tberefore, the proposedsystem will not result in any increasein the pollution load into the existing inland water system. On the contrary, it will reduce the pollution load, leading to an improvementin the quality of the water environment. 8.1.1 Water QualityModel of River Network The area affectedby the project is a dense and complex river network. Two models have been used to predict water quality. The HuangpuRiver is a tidal river and therefore tides have a significat effect on pollution iP the water bodies. Becauseof this, a dynanic water quality model of the river networkhas been used to predict the water quality of the HuangpuRiver, LonghuaGang Creek and Puhui Tang Creek. However the water systems in the Pudong area have been modelled using a stcady state water quality model. The reason for this is that the rivers are oDntrolledto some extent by tidal gates and other struumes which weaken the tidal influenceand the movemt of polluants in the Pudong area. Figure 8.1 illustrates the connectionsbetween the major rivers and creeks located within the project area, including the Huangpu River, LonghuaGang. Puhui Tang. ChuanyangCanal, Pudong Canal, GaoCiaoGang, Caojia Gou, Zhangjia Bang, Beilian Jing. Yangjing Gang and Xigou Gang (eleven rivers and creeks). The area consideredcovers 270 km2. The models are based on the principle of mass conservation. Calibrationand verificationshow that these two models could be used for the HuangpuRiver water system with comparativelyaccurate results. 8.1.2 Conditions for Simulation The wastewater curreatly being dischargedinto the Huangpu River from the SSPII area is mainly from the Xuhui and Luwan Districts and from the Wujing-MinhangArea in Puxi. The wastewater collection system for the Wujing-MinhangArea is one of the componentsof the current Shangbai Eonment Project which also icluded an Assessment. Since the wastewater collected in this area is to be collectedby the Pudong Trunk Sewer, the effect of its discharge on the Changjiang Estary has bce, inmcludedin the evirommental m et. Therefore, the benefit resulting fom the waswater interception hould be included m this Envirnmental Assesment. The quantity of interceped waster from the Wujing-MinhangArea is about 490,000 m3ld Rcvisios 024 May 1995 AppRcp%v4ck8.Ow Cbapers 8-1 SECONDSHANGHAlSEWERAGE PROJECT FIGURE 8.1 HUANGPUAND PUDONGRIVER SYSTEMS LUILAI SUZHOU HONGKOU YAN5PU CIWIANG YUNZAO ZHUOANG TANG LONGHUA PUHUI CREEK GANG GANG BANG OANO TANG OAOIAO LINJIAG HUANOPU(Dn HUA5N__GPRVE RIVER RIVER ZSHUINO D ( CIfEOANO IIUANaPU SYSTEM OANG .YANOJIN ZHAWIAGOU LU I 7 WATERINTAKES OAN XIGOUANG L5J RFVER/CANALSECTION ZHANGJIABANH 1 L __...... _r-3...... ------ BAILIANOJING CHENOXIANO EEICAI YA09HI TON CHUANYANG @7 CANAL~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~-I ~ AA F~~ ~ 1-F2 WD PUOONGSYSTEM AprIl1005 AERSOA S&cnd Sbabi Sewere Projeat buy 1995 Appuisal Repan - Vol 4EnvirouewimlAssesumem including a high industrialcomponen. The mation of its quality is based on the average design quality of effluent. 8.13 Calclation Procedure The following two scenarios were considered: (1) If the design volume of wastewateris dischargeddirecdy into the river system instead of into the proposedsewer system, then, to what extent might the inlandwater environmentbe poUue. (2) What will be the environmental water quality of the river system, if the wasewater is inteepted by the proposedswer system. By comparingthe variation in environmentalwater quality before and after the sewageis inteepted, a quantitativ description of the environental benefits of the proposed project is possible. Revision04May 199S Appv4ow Chaptrs 8-2 Second ShaWghaiSwge Project may 199S Apptaiul Repot - Vohme4:Emviwonene Assessnn Table 8.1 Eviromnental Concenttions of Pudong Water System before and after Sewage Being Interpted - Unit:mglI River Before being intercepted After being ited section BOD5 NH3N DO COD,r SS BOD5 NH3N DO COD,f SS 1 7A 1.3 1.4 31.4 32.2 2.3 0.7 3.9 10.1 17.7 2 10.4 1.7 O.C 45.7 44.7 2.6 0.8 14.5 12.0 21.4 3 12.0 2.1 0.0 53.5 53.2 3.2 1.0 5.1 14.8 26.3 4 13.4 2.5 0.4 60.3 63.9 4.4 1.4 6.5 20A 36.1 5 9.3 1.6 1.3 39.5 40.5 2.9 0.9 4A. 12.7 22.0 6 14.2 2.2 0.0 60.2 57.0 3.2 1.0 5-0 14.5 25.6 7 12.7 20 0.7 52.8 150.7 3.1 1.0 4.7 13.8 24.0 Note: Section numbering of PudongWater System is refrred to Fig. 8.1 Table 8.2 Eironmental Concentraons of Huamgpu Sections before and ater Sewage Being Intrcepted Unit: m River Before being hinercepted After being itercepted section -- BOD5 N-H3N DO COD,, SS BOD_5 NH3N DO COD, SS I 2.9 1.1 5.2 14.6 26.5 2.8 1.0 5.5 14.2 26.2 2 2.6 1.1 5.2 14A 26A 2.3 1.0 5.7 13.5 25.8 3 2.6 1.2 5.1 14.6 26.6 2.1 1.0 5.8 13.2 25.6 4 2.5 1.1 5.1 14.3 26.2 2.1 1.0 5.8 13.0 25.3 5 2.5 1.1 5.1 14.3 26A 2.1 1.0 59 13.1 25.5 6 25 - 1.1 5.1 14.0 26.0 2.2 1.0 5.8 13.0 25.2 7 2.4 1.1 5.0 13.6 25.1 2.2 1.0 5.6 12.8 24.5 8 2.5 1.0 4.8 13.2 24.1 2.4 0.9 5.3 12.6 23.6 9 2.9 1.0 4.9 13.8 24.4 2.9 0.9 13A 13A 24.1 Note:Secion numing of Pd WaSs iseriei to Fig- 8.1 Revsin 024 My 1995 AppRpAv4chs.ow Chaper8 8-3 Second Shlnghai Sewerag Projct May 1995 Appmisal RePon - Voume 4:_rinmeunmJAscuma 8.2 Analysb or the Effect on TnlandWatw Quaity By using dynamic wat quality idodd for nemtd waterways, an adition load is int at the Section, and the differn water qualitiesat differe reaches of the Huangpu River before and after wastewater interception are given (Tables 8.3 and 8.4). It can be seen that dte most significant impmvementto the water qualityof the HuangpuRiver is at the LonghuaGang Section(Section '3), thcre is also a significantimprovement at tie water intakesin the Upper Huangpu(the Daqiao Intake under construction is located in Sectionnr.l and the existing Linjiang Intake is in Section2). It is concluded thereforethat the Project has a significant environmentalbenefit to safiTuarding the municipal drining water sources. Table 8.3 Predided Water Quliy of Buangpu River before and after Wasewater Interception Unit mg/I n _____ Before intecepon After intecpton Sec6on BOD5 NHrN DO COD Ss BOD% NrN DO COD Ss 1 3.0 1.1 4.9 15.1 26.9 2.8 1.0 5.5 14.2 26.2 2 3-0 1.2 48 15.5 27.3 2.3 1.0 5.7 13.5 25.8 3 2.7 1.2 4.7 15.2 27.2 2.1 .1.0 5.8 13.2 25.6 4 2.6 1.2 4.7 14.8 26.8 2.1 1.0 5.8 13.0 25.3 S 2.6 1.2 4.8 14.8 26.9 2.1 1.0 5.9 13.1 25.5 6 2.5 1.1 4.8 14.5 26.4 2.2 l.0 5.8 13.0 25.2 7 2.5 1.1 4.7 14.0 25.5 2.2 1.0 5.6 12.8 24.5 8 2.6 1.0 4.6 13.5 24.4 2A 0.9 5.3 12.6 23.6 9 3.0 1.0 4 13.9 24.6 2. 9 5.2 134 24. Note: The nmmberingof the Huangpu River sctions refers to Fig. 8.1 Revision0:24 May 1995 AVpRep%v4dtS.aw chaps 8-4 SecondShaugbiSewcge Piect may J995 Apprisal Repont- Volme 4-.EuvirnmcnuewlAssessm Table 84 Pted Impeo_ to Water Qudity of the Huangpu Rir BOD5 . NHrN DO COD Ss section mg/I. s mg/L % ug/L mg/I. % ang/I. 1 -02 -7.9 -0.1 -9.2 0.6 -0.9 -5.9 -0.7 -2.7 2 -0.6 -20.5 -0.2 -18.2 0.9 -1.9 -12.6 -1.5 -5.5 3 -0.6 -21.1 -0.2 -18.0 1.1 -2.0 -13.2 -1.6 -6.0 4 -0.5 -19.1 -0.2 -17.1 1.1 -1._ -12.2 -1.5 -5.5 5 -0.4 -17.2 -0.2 -15.9 1.1 -1.7 -11.3 -IA -5.2 6 -OA -14.5 -0.2 -14.4 1.0 -IA -10.0 -1.2 -4.6 7 -03 -11.4 -0.1 -12.3 0.9 -1.2 -8.4 -1.0 -3.9 8 -02 -7.9 -0.1 -9.7 0.7 -0.9 -6A -0.7 -3.0 9 -. 1 L-3.8-0.1 -5.8 OA4 -05 -3.6 -0.4 -1. Note: The numbering of the HuamngpuRiver secdons refers to Fig. 8.1 Table 8.5 Predicted Variation m Water Quality - Pudong Secions (mgfl) Sectio*BOD| NH3-N DO DO COD SS 1 -5.1 -0.55 2.5 -21 -15 2 -7.8 -0.88 4.5 -34 -23 3 -8.9 -1.0 5.1 -39 -27 4 -8.9 -1.0 6.1 -40 -28 5 -6.4 -0.70 3.1 -27 -18 6 -11 -1.2 4.9 -46 -31 7 -9.5 -1.0 4.0 -39 -27 Note: The nmibimgI the Pudong water system sections reters to Fig. X.I E Revision0:24 May 1995 ApplepW4da8.ow ChapterS 8-5 SecondShg aiSwerage Projcct May 1995 Apps Rqeot - VdWumc4:EvIuronicndl Asseamet Table 8.6 Predicted Improvement to Water Quality of Pudoog Water System BODS NH3 N DO COD Ss |Setion mg/L % mgIL | % ngL mgAL |% mg%L I -5.1 -68.9 -0.6 -44.0 2.5 -21.2 67.7 -14.6 -45.2 2 -7.8 -75.4 -0.2 -13.0 4.5 -33.7 -73.7 -23.3 -52.2 3 -49 -73.8 -0.2 -10.7 5.1 -38.7 -72.3 -26.9 -50.6 4 -4.9 -66.8 -02 -8.2 6.1 -39.8 -66.1 -27.9 -43.6 5 -6.4 -6.7 -0.2 -11.9 3.1 -26.9 -68.0 -185 -45.7 6 -11.0 -77.6 -0.2 -7.5 4.9 -45.7 -75.9 -313 -55.0 7 -9.5 -75.3 40.1 -6.l -39.1 -74.0 -26.7 -52.6 Note: The numbering of die Padong waler systemseaions refers to Fig. 8.1 The negative values in the table indicate the improvement in cnviromnental quality after complction of the proposed project (i.e. a decrease in pollutantconcenrations, exceptingDO). The higher the absolute values, the greater the environntal improvent. The predictions show that there will be an overall improvementin water quality of the idand water system after the wastewater are intercepted and discharged wothe sea. The improvement in the Pudong river system will be much nmre significantthan that in Puxi ( the Huangpu Rivrer). The main reason is that the proportion of sewage intcepted by the proposed system comparedwith the total volume of the Pudong system is larger than that of the Huangpu River. In addition, the hydrodymic conditions in the Pudoug river system are not as dynamic as those of the Huangpu River, and the therefore the Pudong system is more sensitive to pollution reduction than the latter. However Wujing and Minbang areas have an estimatedflow of 0.7 midlionm3/day whilst the other disticts of Puxi have a flow of only 0.4 million m3/day. The water quality improvmt in the sections downsteam of Longhua (Section Nr.3 ) of the Huangpu River is more obvious than that of sections in the upper reaches. Water quality unprovementin the central part of the Pudong river system is more sigmficantthan that of otber water bodies. This is because the hydrodynamicconditions in the centre are poor and pollution is more serious, therefore the proposedproject will be more effective in pollution reduction. There are importantdrinkg water sources in the upper Huangpu reaches ( Section Nr.l and Nr.2). The proposed project will play a role in improving the water quality of these waters. ChuanYang Canal is an important drinking water sources for the Pudong New Area. LIkes for water treaument works are located at Beicai(Section Nr.2), Yaoshi(Section Nr.3) and ChuanshaTown (SectionNrA). Revison0-25 May 1995 AppRpv4ch8.ow Chapr 86 S=W SwaluSew PM=Pmj may 1995 Appraisl Reprt - VlERme4:Enviu l Asse_m According to esc results, the proposed system would bring about significat environment benefits. Revio 0:25 May 1995 AppRcplv4CIB.w Cauper -7 Second Shaghi Seweg Pjc May 1995 Appral Repon - Volume Enviromnmiss4 Ameut 9 OTHER POTENTIAL DiPACTS OF TIHEPROJECT ON THE NATURAL, ECOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMET Implementationof the Shangai SecondSeweage Project (SSPU)will be of great significancein bodt improving the Huanpu River water quality and speedingup the develpmet of Pudong New Area ( PNA ). However, the scale of the proposed project is large and local natural, ecologicaland social enviromenl impacts are unavoidable during project contuction, including permanent and temporary acquisitibn of farmW , demolition of residential propeties and enteprises, and iterference in water and land transportation.The potental impactsare described in this section. Although most of these impacts will eventually disappear with the completion of the project, mitigation measures which will reduce their impact durmg the constructionperiod are described m Chapter 11. 9.1 Benelits 9.1.1 Enviromnental Improvement in the Area to be Served by Project The present inadequate state of the sewerage infrastructure in Shanghai means that a great deal of uneated wasewatcr is dischwgeddirectly into the HuangpuRivcr and its tributaries. As a result. pollution of the surface water m Shanghai has occured, includingsome areas where the water enironment is critical. Water pollutionhas not only affected the normaluses of surface water, such as industrial or agricultural use, scenic value etc., but also threened the safety of drnking water sources. The interceptionand diversionof the sewagewould transfer the pollution load away from the areas where the load is generated and received. Thus, the water environment there could be expectedto improve considerably,thereby encouragmgsocio-economic growth. In the project service area, sewage is dischargedat present via pumping stations or directy into the Huangpuand its tnrbtaries. As a result of populationgrowth and economicdevelopment the quantity of sewage will gradually increase. If o action is taken, the aquatic environment will unavoidably be degraded. The impletion of this project could not only curb the deterioration of environmentalquality, but also cut off the current pollution load and enhance the environental quality in particar. (1) As a result of intcepng part of the sewage generAtedin the Luwan and Xuhui Districts in Puxi. in addition to improvevingthe water environent in these areas, the water quality of the Huangpu, especily the reaches below LonghuaGang, could be expectedto improve. Because the Huangpu is tida!, its upstream reaches could also benefit to som exte. The existing Linjiang water intake and the Daqiao water intake for the Shanghai Enviroment Project (under constuction) could bc further safeuarded. (2) Wujing and Minhang areas are heavily industrialized. Direct discharge of industrial Revision023 May 1995 AppRepXv4ch9osw Cbqver9 9-1 Seaod ShanghaoiSeuwcmqP oect May 1995 Appuis Report - Volume 4:&Ervuom_m Amem wasewat into the Huangpuhas been a significantthreat to the water quality of the Daqiao water intake and the existing Linjiangwater intake- The proposed SSPH outfalLincludes wastewatercollected fromthe Wujingand Minhangareas, and the intreeption and diversion of a part of this wastewaterwould no doubt result in fiurter direct and obvious water quality improvementsat both of the water intkes. (3) The exsting sewerage system in Pudong New Area, especially in the existing urbanised areas, requeres urgent improvement.An adequate sewerage system is regarded as a pre- requisite fot development,and as this project includesthe future loads from Pudong, it will provide an important support for sustaiable developmentof the Pudong New Area. in addition, in the inland waterwaysthere are several water intakes for local waterworks (ChuanshaTown. Yaoshi, Beicai, etc.). At present. the water quality there is not secure, and incidents of water quality deteriorationoccur from time to time. The interception of sewage discharged into the inland waterwayscould direcdy contrbute to an improvement of the water quality at those intakes. 9.1.2 Eairo neal m provementatteOutfall Area The receiving water body at Bailonggangis able to accept the planned loads without causing an adverse environmental impact. As soon as the existng southern outfall is deconmissioned by diverting the flow into the proposed submergeddiffuser outfall, the existing black plume along the coast will be eliminated. Thus, not only will the local aestheticcondition be improved.but also the maintenanceof a migratary passage for fish can be expected. 9.2 Impacts on Natural and Ecological Environment 9.2.1 Impacts on Artificial Vegetation Ardficial vegetation that might be impactedby the project consumion consists mainly of cultivated forest and agricLltural crops. 9.2.1.1 Cultivated Forest During the constuction period, about 10,366 EnZof rural land will be affected, with 6.980 trees requiring removal because of sewer constuction. Trees affected includemeasequoia and elm, and as well as numerous other varietiesof plnted tees aund farmer huses (see Table9.1). In order to prevent dmage to the sewer by tree roots, displaced rees will not be replaced in their original location after the completionof the project, but will be moved to other suitable locations.There may be some losses during excavation, ansportaion and transplantng and thus would obviously further decrease the tree cover in the area. Damage to trees on road sides would also result in some environmental impact in the area kyi.ion O23 May 199S App1kpqv4ch9.ow Cbapter9 9-2 SecondShanghai Sewerage ProjeCt May 1995 Appraisl Report- Volume4:Environnmal Aseuncat 9.2.1.2 Agricaltral Crops With the developmentof PNA. an increasingarea of fann land has been converted into urban areas and crop commnunitieshave reduced. However as this project will be constructedmainly along rivers and existing or new roads. the imnpactof project constructionwill not be of great significance. 9.2.2 Inpacts on Natual Vegetation 9.v2.,1 Vegetation in Interfidal Zone Reeds which grow in the intertidal zone are of high economic value. During project construction, some reed areas will be damaged, resulting in some economicloss. However on completionof the project, the reed beds will be replanted. These species have a strong regenerationability, and will recover quicldy to their original condition. In addition, sedge species growing on high intertidalareas will be effectedby the project construction. Table 9.1 Agricultural Land and Trees Effected by the Project Costruction Road Puxi P_do Secio secion Secton HuangpuRiver Yaokm Branch JianpingRd Jiaqing Rd TOWa sDe-iJyangRd Rd-JiyamgRd- (Yn Highway- (BeuguhanRd_ OuterRing Rd ChuanyangCmnalj LongdongRd) GmeenLand 1700 8666 10366 Trees 500 12(0 2180 100 3000 6910 (Nunber) 9.2.2.2 Aquatic Vegetafion in Fresh Water The main aquatic plants in small rivers and ponds are hornwort. duckweed, water lettuce etc. Wherc construction interrupts the natural water flow, these fresh water species will be affected. 9.2.3 Impacts on Wildlife The project area covers mature crop land with a large population, and any indigenouslarge wild anials disappaed some time ago. Smaller species existing in the area include mice and yellow weasels. The project constructionwill not effect these species. Revisio 0:26 May 1995 A1 pReP%v4ch9. Chapter9 9-3 SecondShanhi SewerageProject May 1995 Appaisl Rcport- Volume4:nnvimnenmn Assessm 9.2.4 Impacts on Rivers The proposed sewer route will cross a number of large and small rivers, including the Sanlingtang, Xingqiaogang,Beilianjing, Sanbahe, Xigougang, Caojiagou, Pudong Channel, SuitangRiver and otier small unnamed rivers. Tnese rivers are tidal, connected to the Huangpu River. MosLare used not only for transportationbut also for agricultural irrigationand dminage. During project construction. some of these rivers will be cut by embanlments thus stoppingthe natural flow. The water level in upstream reaches will rise, while the level downstreamwill be reduced or even dxy out. At high spring tides the upstfeam water level could overflowthe river banks if proper measures are not taken, floodingthe adjacent low areas and threateningagricultmal land and farmers' properties. In addition, the retention time of pollutants in the rivers would be extended,possibly resulting in eutrophication and water quality degradation. 92.5 Impacts on Surface Waters along the Proposed Route a) Impacrson ground run-offduring project construction: During project construction,the land surface alongthe proposed route of the system will be disturbed , leading to an increase in dust. In addition, the traffic volume will be greater, hudsincreasing the problem. Run-offduring severestorms will flush solids into the adjacent surface waters. It is generally recognizedthat a storm, with an intensityof 127 nun/h, could flush away 90 percent of dust and debris. Run-off usually containsvarious pollutants and nutrient salts, such as SS, BOD, COD, NH3-N, NO3-N and NOLN. b. Impact of pumped water during construction: As the groundwater table in the constructionarea is comparativelyhigh, it will be necessary to pump away impoundedwater. The effluent wil contain amounts of suspended solids includingsoil, sand and cement. This will, if pumpeddirecdy, increase the suspendedsolids in receiving water bodies, acceleratingthe siltationof water courses. Also, as the pumped water normally cornainsorganic impurities,waste oils from machinesand other wastes from constructionacivities, it could result in increasedamounts of BOD, NH3-N and oils in the receiving waters, with a consequentdecrease in the DO concentration. 9.2.6 Impacts on Groundwater Phreatic aquifers are well disributed m the constructionarea, at a dqph of 2 - 5 m, and 3 - 10 m n thickness. As the proposed sewer conveyor will be laid in the phreatic aquifers, the construction could effect the phreatic water quality in the project area. As artesian aquifers are mnainylocated at depths of 20 m from ground surface, constructionwill not Revision0:23 May 199 AppRepW4ch9.ow Chapter9 9-4 SecondSinghai SewerageProject May 1995 AppaisalRepon - Volume4:Environmentil Assessment produce any impact on the water flow, quantity and quality of those aquifers. 9.3 Impacts on Social Environment A separate ResettlementAction Plan will be prepared. Residents, farmers and enterprises will be compensatedfor all losses accordingto Govermmentregulations and as specified in Chapter 11 and the RAP. 9.3.1 Introduction According to an estimate by the Pe-engineering Department of Shanghai Sewerage Project ConstructionConmany (SSPCC), 158.2 ha ( equivalentto 2,373.6 mu ) of famlland in the rural part of PNA needsto be acquired for the project. Costs for land acquisitionare 200,000 yuanper mu and the total cost would be 474.72 million yuan. The followingsection describes two major characteristicsof the area: Averagearea of farnland per capita is very small. The mainoutputs of cultivatedland are grain crops and vegetables. Rice and wheat are grownby rotation, which means that paddy rice is grown in the penod from May to Novemberand wheat from Novemberto May. The annual yield of the paddy rice is around 500 kg/mu, and wheat around 300 kg/mu. The mtiple croppingindex for vegetables is about 3.5 with annual yield of about 5,500 kgl/mu. Following impactsmay occur from the acquisitionof the fannland: (1) Reductionof cultivated area Accordingto available statistics, there are, along the alignmentof the proposedsewerage systern, seventownships with a cultivatedland area of 4,825 ha, of wlich 158.2 ha will be acquired for the project construction, accountig for 3.3 percent of the total. At present the average per capita area of cultivatedland is only 0.8 - 1.1 nu, thus after land acquisition, the problem of per capita area of land available will become more serious. In addition, the acquisitionof crop and vegetable lands will cause direct impacts on the existing Shanghai food and vegetable supply programme and make the supply of vegetable more difficult. Accordingto the prelimary estimate, the ratio of crop land to vegetableland is about, 1:1. The acquisition of these lands would reduce the supply of vegetables by 6530 tons (accounting for 7.6 % of the total production in Pudong area ) and 474.7 tons of grain ( accountingfor 3.2% of the total grain production in Pudong area ). Meanwhile,vegetable farmers may suffer econonuc loss from land acquisition as the annual output of vegetable land could be 5000 yuan per mu while that of grain land is only 2,800 yuan. In additdon, after land acquisition,farmers will have to purchase their vegetables in the markets. Revision 0:23 May 1995 AppRep%v4ch9.w chaper 9 9.5 SecondSbaugbaiSeagC Project May 1995 Apptisal Repon- Volume4:Emviroimenul Asscsmcm (2) Resettlement La acquisition may result in annmerslosing thbr production means. However, most of famers may prefer to leave the land and obtain a newjob. In accordancewith Statepolicies, there are three ways to resetde fanners whose lands are acquired for constructionprojects; a) Organizations acquiring land are responsible for resettling pero affected to State owned enterprises or institutions; b) Compensationwill be given to persons affected by the proposed project. They will then be responsible for earning a living themselves. c) A montily pension will be given to females over 45 and males over 55. Most young people prefer the first option. But the difficultythat may occur in resettlement is that farmers cannot meet the education requirementsset by the working units, or the farmers are not satisfied with the income in their new working units. In accordancewith policy, frnners will be paid a monthly subsidiary ( for one year ) until a new job is allocated. Therefore there is no incentive to find a new job. In addition, in the one year subsidised period, the farmers could obtain tenporary work, which would lead to an increased income. More mature people tend to prefer the second option. Older people ( over sixty ) prefer the third option, as the pension is about 100 yuan higher ( 3 - 6 tnmeshigher ) than that which a farmer could nonmallyeanL However, retirement at 45 for females may be too early, because a low education standard and a lack of professiona!speciality, makes it difficult to find a new job. In addition with the changing marke-based economyand high consumptionin urban areas. they may have somnedifficulty in adapting their daily life. 9.3.2 Impacts from Land Acquision During the consrcion period, 107.66ha (1,614.9 mu) of fiumland will be temporarilyacquired for use ( Table 9.2 ). The cost for leasing this land is 140,000 yuan per mu with total cost of 226.09 million yuan. During preparatory stage, this land will be used for accss to the constructionsites, or for strig construction materials. machines and excavated spoil, and for site offices, temporary 3cconmodationetc During the constuction period, this land will not produce any profiL Also the land will be adversely impacted when used for project preparation and constuction, and will be difficult to reinstate to its Revon 023 May 199 ApRepv4ch9.ow Chaper 9-6 Seondgha Seragei Poje May 1995 AppmaimiRepon - Volum 4:EnvionmeuAlAsssmm original level of productivity. Temporary acquired land will be returned to farmers when constructionis comleted. Where land has been used as access to the constructionsites, it is likely to have becn deformed and compacted by construction traffic. This will reduce its fertility. Land used for storing and processing construction materials may retain a residual layer of grit and gravel, naking it unsuitable for cultivation. In addition, if the land has been used for dumping constructionwaste or domestic waste from the construction areas, it will be difficult to recover to the level suitable for cultivation. Unplaned stockpiling of top soil and sub soil may result in miring of soil ypes, causing a deteriorationof soil quality. Whether or not the conditions of temporaryland can be recoveredto the original level before being returned to tne fanners depends mainly on the construction methods and on-site clearance after completionof project construction. ReCISOO:23May1995 AppRep%v4ch9.Ow Cbapser9 9-7 SeconoShanghai Scweuge Prject May 199S Apprais Repoq- Voumc4:fEmivormenm As1 s m_ Table 9.2 Land Acquisi and Renal d Reated Cost for the Constion of SSP II Road Section Land Cost Land Cos Acqured (10,OOyu Rented (10,000 .______.______(mu) an) (mu) yuan) Yaohua Rd (branch)-Jiyang Rd-Outer Ring 114 2280 27 378 IRd Outer Ring Huanwu River side- 90 1800 15 210 Road JiyangRd Jiyang Rd-Sanlu Rd 48 960 72 1008 Sanlu Rd-Shangnan Rd 85.5 1710 128 1792 Shangnan Rd-Hunan Rd 158.4 3168 . 209.2 2929 HUnan Rd-JianPIng Rd 72.75 1455 105.7 1479.8 Sub-total 454.65 11373 556.9 7796.8 Jianping Rd Outer Ring Rd-Yusv, 136.8 2736 117 1638 Highway . ~~~~YusunHighway- 49 980 65 910 aanYang Canal Chuanyang Canal- 58.92 1178.4 57 798 Chuanbei Rd Chuanbei Rd-Bengzn Rd 13.2 264 14 196 Bengmn Rd-Longdong Rd 43 8 65 910 Rongdong Rd-Beilonggang 1500 30000 600 8400 Yanggao(S) Rd 4 80 140 1960 (Yanggao Rd-OuterRing Rd) TOta1 _ 2373.6 47472 1614.9 22609 9.3.3 Jnpackb on Buidings A total of 734 fanners dwelings with a total floor space of 55,069 m2 will be demolished. In addition 1,864 residens with total floor space of 139,806 n2 together with some work shops with total floor space of 63,500 mZ will be resetded, affecting 3.030 workes. 2,700 ri2 of wals, 640 n2 of sheds and 6,400 m2 of bams, wharfs, tansformr staions, septic ks and other structures. The total cost Revion 025 May1995 AppReplv4c9.w CW9 9-8 opq~~~pA 4fiWf~~~~~~~~~~~~W Fig 9-1 Principl)eRoadis in PutIong Area SecondShmngbai Sewuge PnVe= May 1995 AppraisalReport - Volume4:EnWironnme Assesasm of rcsetement is estimatedas S22.9 million yuan. Table 9.3 illustrtes the buildings affected. Revion 025 May 9Y5 AppRepXv4ch9.ow Chaptr 9 9-9 SecondShanghai Sewerage Pmject May 1995 AppralhulRepon . Volume4:E1vironmental Assessment Table9.3 BulldinpAfrected by the Project Construclion Roadscton Dekmlishbuild on i sameshe RsidWResulemeri ErucrprseResteniene Wall Shed OdwiFacil3y Skr#e Dernolitsrotnt | DOsitntses Nos Ml' I| aeholtd It Household M'l persons M' MU' M' Tfsmformsg 3000 YaciuaRd (rtndt4)lyas Rd.ou ef Rhi Road 4ffO 66 10050 134 4500 I50 OuterRb5 Rd llusguRhvcr Side-.lying Rd 5197.3 69 10552.5 141 4500 150 WhI700m) JbipoRdsrh&i Rd _hc lSt_ SanluRd.Shlnp Rd 742.5 10 1507.5 20 _00 Shi'ns= Rd-tunanRd 31111. 42 633.15 U4 600 HausHighway-Itar4lhsg RI 371.2 5 - 753.75 10 OuterRhg Rosd-YuustI11ws1y 9504 127 19296 257 N0o 40 _ 1e0 YernsHlcW&y.C y8g Cast 3762 50 7638 102 4000 200 30 Waser 300 Censeve. CsaysnuC hua*el Rd 3465 46 7035 94 13300 665 30 ChabelRdensgun Rd 1111 16 2412 32 2150 103 1000 ksspaiRd-.LoegdRd 693 9 1407 19 120 LodeugRd-Beil5oUa 11061 241 36682.5 419 14000 700 300 Yuas Rd(S)(Yaiaso Rd-Ose R RI53J 4h0i 8140.5 109 2250 120 200 I000 PeliSecion 28000 373 11000 900 D Toltl S509 734 139806.3 164 63500 3033 2700 640 = 640 Revision0:25 May 1995 910 AppRep\v4ch9.ow Chapter99- S=d SuaOW SewerageP14ject May 1995 Appisa Rqo.p - Volmce 4:E1nvironnen Ass 9.3-3.1 Impacts an Residences and Dwdlin A total of 734 frm dwellingswill be affected.The buildingsare generlly private properties. After demoltion, the land and funds neceary for rebuildingwill be provided for by local government in accordancewith policy. Ownersof older houseswhich needrebabilitation are generally satisfiedwith the policy, whilst those with newly built houses would suffer economic loss from the resetlement policy, because compensation may not cover the actual cost previously spent on rebuilding or rehabilitatingtheir houses. For farmers, buildinga house is a major achievement Many fanners put aside savings for naby years in order to build their own houses. Usually, this requires the saving of the whole family. In addition, a great deal of physical and mental effort is required, and therefore, farmers build up a deep attachmet to their own houses. Thus if the effects of project inplementation are not dealt with properly. a degree of instabilityin the society may result. For the 1,864 resident householdswhosc dwellingswill be demolished, the project constructionunit wil arrange new dwellings togetherwith compensationfor their related economiclosses. However the resettled residents will suffer temporary inconvenienceby moving to a new environment with unfamiliar neighbours and surroundings. For those with poor living conditionsat present, however, resettement will mean that their living conditions could be improved. This would stimulate their enthusiasmfor botl life and -'ork. If the residents and farmers are resettled nearby, there will be less difficulty in continuingto work on their existing land or village-runenterprises, and for their children to continue to study in the present school. On the other hand if they are moved some distance, they will find it inconvenient both for work and satdy. 9.33.2 Impacts on Enterprises A total of 63.500 m&of enterprise-ownedbuildings would be affected by project construction. Some of the buildings would be partially dismantled,thus reducing the available floor area. As a result. there will be some economic loss. For those enterprises whose buildings need to be totally demolished, normal operation would be disrupted, and some may have the prospect of close-down. rebuilding or changing their products. Enterpriseswould lose incme in the course of demolishingand rebuilding, but will still need to pay staff wages, thus imposmgserious economicloss. Someenteprises may alrady have made provision for this as part of their own rehabilitation plas. Job opporunities would be reduced during demolishing and rebuilding, increasingthe nmber of people waitig for jobs. In addition, the income of staff will be affected to some extent. Al these affects coud becme unstable factors in the society. On the other hand, demolishingand rebuildingcould provide those enterprises with poor product marketing capabilitywith a good oppotumity to reimnestand readjust their products. Revision0:25 My 1995 AppRep%v4ch9.ow Chapter9 9-I1 Sod Sauhg SevmageProject May 1995 ApprAisalRepont - Volume 4:Enviromefflal Assessuo 9.3.3.3 Impacts on Agricultural Sheds This generally refers to greenhouses in the nual area of Shanghai. For vegetablefa-mers. it is more profitable to gow vegetables in greenhos than in the natural environment,as the selling price is much higher. Therefore, demolishingthese greehouses would affect fanners income. If project constructiontakes placeduring the sowingseason, demolitionwould have impact on grain production, thus affectingthe food supply of the farmers. Demolitionof electrictransformer stationsand water storage facilities will also have impact on local agricultural production. 93.3.4 Impacts on Barns This generally refers to barns used for P estock, or to store farm tools. seeds, chemicalfertilizers or pesticides. The suburbs of Shanghai provide the city witi large numbers of pigs and other livestock. Project construction would result in demolition of some of these bams. The farmers could either sell the livestockearlier or build temporary sheds. The former would cause economicloss to farmers as the price for early marketing of livestock would be lower. The latter option might be mor favoured, reducing the economic loss of project impacts. 933.5 Impacts of Project Consruction on Buildgs The proposed sewer conveyor will genrally be constructed by excavation,except for the Huangpu and ChuanyangCanal crossings which will be constructed by jacking techniques. Experiencefrom the constructionof SSPI, shows that inadequatepreparation for excavationor jacking could resut in serious consequences,such as building subsidenceor collapse, with the possibilityof casualties. 9.3.3.6 ReettIment of Affected Inhabitants (1) Procedures for Resetlement Accordingto the 'Law of Land Use Managementof P. R. China" and other related local laws and regulationsconcerning land acquisitionand rsettlement for urban infrastructureprojects, SSPCCwill allocatespecial funds, and. togetherwith the governmentsat county and village level. organize proper resetdementfor the affected inhabitants. Resettlement of residents and famers to new locations is arranged by the county and village govermnets in accordance wih local developmentplans. If farmers are required to build houses themselves at assigned locations, they will be compenated for and subsided directly by te governm s according to the related laws, regilation and standards. For those whose houses or Revwon 025 May 1995 AppRcp'Lv4Ch9.oW Chapter9 9-12 Sewnd Shani SeweragePmiect May 1995 Appraisl Report- Voeme 4:EnvironuemaA/esmnt dwellings are to be rebuilt by the local government, funds for new houses and dweDlingswill be paid to construction contractors instead of the affected residents. (2) Location for Resetlement The principle for resettlem is that project developers should resetde the affected residents in a more concentated area in the vicinity, with consideration given to town and village plans. The living conditions of the residents after resettlement will not be lower than that of before. - SSPCC has already built a mmber of new model flats with moden facilities in Nanxing, Chuannan, Wanggang, Zhangjiang, Heqing, areas whicb are used as resettlement base areas. Each area has been equipped with niddle schools, primary schools. kindergartens and nurseries as well as public transport facilities. (3) Resettlenent of Working Unit Buildings Enterprises affected by project construction will be resetded to sites in accordance with district and village planning. The loss of ftxed assets and partal non-fixed assets could be compensated. As the Pudong area is now being developed and every villagc has its own plans for industrial zones and small residental areas, there will not be a serious problem in siting enerprises. (4) Methods for Dealing with Buildings Affected by Project Construction There are two ways of dealing with the issues. a. If the building can no longer be used, compensation wi be based on its actual cost, b. If the building can continue to be used, repair might be provided, with an agreed once-and- for-all compensation. 93.3.7 Compensation for Demolished Buildins According to the laws and regulations of Sbanghai relating to land acquisition and resettlement for construction projects, the compensation level is based on a number of indices such as building structure, style, category, facility condition, building materials used, floor space, age etc. A scoring system would be used in determming compensation levels. The compensation budget is not allowed to be used for any other purpose by individuals or organizations. 9.3.4 Impacts on Existing Vilgs During project construction, some existing villages will be demolished and some will be relocated away from neighbouring villages. After resettlement communication between neigthbours will be more difficult. This will be felt especially by older people, who may feel more cut off. Revison 025 May 1995 AppPRpNv4cb9-w Chapcr9 9-13 SecandShanghai Sewerage Prjcct Mabuy19 Apprai Rqeort - Volume4:Elnvirnmcntal Assessment 9.3.5 Impacts on Transportation 'he twenty main roads that the proposedsewer system will cross includeKaixuan Rd, LonghuaRd (W) , Wanping Rd (S), and Luban Rd in Puxi area, and YaohuaRd (branch). Jiyang Rd. Yanggao Rd (S), Hunan Highway, YusunHighway, Chuanbei Highway, Bengzhan Rd, ShangchuanHighway, Nanfeng Highway, Jianping Rd. LongdongRd in Pudong area as well as SanhangHighway. Sanlu Highway, Zhouzhou Highway, Pusan Highway which are incuded in the Outer Ring Road Project ( Figure 7.1 ). These are roads with large traffic volumes. The proposed sewer system will either cut across these roads, or run parallel with them. In addition, some bridges along the route of the sewer system in Pudong will be demolished.T1hough the roads served by these bridges are not main roads, they are the main access roads for towns and villages. During the excavation and pipe-layingstage, there will be traffic congestionalong these highways. The conventionalway to solve the problem is to build sidacks for vehicles during construction. As these temporary roads are usualy very narrow, it is impossiblefor vehiclesto pass each other. In addition, some vehicleswill find it necessary to make a detour, which will not only increasethe mnileagebut also increasethe traffic volumeson other roads. Duringproject construction,a number of bridgesneed to be dismanded.Although temporary bridges would be provided, traffic congestionis unavoidable. Some vehicleswould have to make a detcur because the temporary bridges are not wide enough. During project construction, spoi encroachingon the road surface will result in narrowing of the carriageway. On dry days, the surface will be dusty and on wet days, the roads will be covered with mud and becomeslippery. In addition, because of the conditionsmotor vehiclesand pedestrianswill share the same lane and traffic congestionwill becomneeven more serious. 9.3.5.2 Impact on Field Tracks Field tracks are the main access for agriculturalmachinery, vehicles and tools for seeding, harvesting and transportation. Some of these tracks will be either cut through or be excavatedduring project construction. The solution to the former problem could be the building of a temporary road, but for the latter, it will be impossibleto build another road, thus bringing aboutsignificant impacts to agriculturalproduction. If constructionoccurs in the sowingseason, agriculturl machinerywill not be able to gain access to the fields, If constructionis during the harvest the effect will be similar. However, these problems will be temporary. 93.53 Impact on Waterway Transportation The proposed sewer conveyor will cross major creeks for exampleSanlintang, Xigou Gang. Caojia Revision025 May 1995 AWpReptv4ch9.ow Chapter 9 9-14 SecondShanghai Sewerage Project May 1995 Appral Report - Volume4:Envivontental Asscimew Bang, Pudong Canal and Beilian Jing. According to construction regulations, when sewer constructioncrosses county/village-gradewaterways, embanlanentsneed to be built each side of the trench in order to prevent water from entering the constructionsection. Water is then pumped from the trench to allow constructionin the dry. This construcion approachis suitable for smaller rivers. However, as river courses have to be closed during construction,boats are required to change their routes. The timnetaken to reopen the water course to traffic depends on the river width, construction scale and complexity. It usually takes four months, within which water transport will be greatly affected. If boats ignore the warning notices and enter the affected reach of the river, it might be difficult to turn because the waterwaysare usually narrow. Some might even be stranded. At night unlit constructionsigns are not obvious, and boats entering the river could easily collide with the embankment,possibly resulting in the collapseof embankment,casualties and/or damage to boats. This would seriously affect both water transportand constructionprogress. The surrounding area of Shanghai is characterized by a network of rivers and lakes which have becomethe main routes for trasporting goods and raw materials from villages and factories to the city. Interruption of these waterwaysmight result in economic loss to some working units. 9.3.6 Impact on Farm Land 9.3.6.1 Impact on the Soi a. If spoil heaps are incorrectly planned, and top soil is allowed to mix with sub-soil, loso of fertility will result. In addition, carelessuse and disposalof construction maerals will result in sand, waste, and cement, containating the land, further reducing fertility, with a possible permanent loss for cultivationpurposes. b. The fertility of land could be reduced because organic substances are flushed away by effluent from the constructionsites. This would also lead to loss of crop output. 9.3.6.2 Impacts on Agriculural Irrigation a. Water channels for irrigation are the arteries of agricultaual production. At present. irrigation water pipes in Pudong area are buried. This is beneficialto agriculturalirrigation and farm land nianagement. During project constructio some channels might be cut, affecting the irrigation of farm land dowtream. As paddy fields reqWirelarge quantities of water, interuption of te water supply would lead to loss in agricaltural output. b. Water for irrigation is extractedfrom, and drain to rivers. Cuttingrivers with construction embankmentswould impact the irrigation of farm lands downstreambecause of insufficient Rcevsion0:25 May 1995 AppRqpv4ch9.cw Chapter9 9-15 SecondShanghi SewcragcProject May 1995 Appnisl Repzn- Volume4:Eovimunenrnal Assessmet water, whi landim upstm m areas would suffer from poor drainage because of the higher water level. This would affec the agnicltural outputand reduce the fanners' income. 93.7 hnpact on Electric Power and ammunication nins Most power lines in PNA are buried. Many villag!s have been connected to the telephonesystem. These power and communicationlinks, together with water supply mains, and the China-Japanese communicationand photocablesystem might be affected by the proposed constructionif proper measures are not taken. Intenruptionof commuication or dectric power supply, would result in a serious impact. 9.3.8 Impact on Cultural Rdics, Historic Sites and Graves Accordingto the on-site survey, there are no cultural relics, historic sites and ancientor famoustrees along the route of the sewer system. However, there are many graves, which need to be relocated before construction. Liaison and contact proceduresneed to be put in hand otherwiseserious delays to constructionprogress may ensue. 9.3.9 Inpact of Windborne Dust and Noise 9.3.9.1 Impact of WmadborneDust During construction, if excavatedspoil is stockpiledfor several weeks or months, the spoil will be dried by exposure to sunlight and vind, and when disurbed will raise dust clouds resulting in an increase in the fine particulatecontent of the ambient air. This wiU have a serious effect on the cily and surroundinglandscape. Nearby buildings and vegetationwould be covered with a layer of dust, houses in the vicinitywould suffer. Rain or snow would result in constructionsites becomingmuddy. 9.3-92 Impact of Noise The main source of noise wiUlbe the operation of constuction machines and vehicles transporting building materialsduring the constructionof conveyorsand pumping stations- At night, especially. construction noise would impose a serious impact on the residents in the vicinity, interfering with their work and rest. If night working was fiobiddenor strictly controUed,the imct of noise on the surrounding Tesidentswould be mininized. 9.3.10 Impact of Cwstruction and Domestic Wastes During project consauction. a large numberof buildingswill be demolished. Some reusablematerial from the demolishedbuildings will be taken away by the owner of the property or those demolishing the buildings. Howeverwse materialthat cannotbe reused is geneally discarded, possiblyaffecting the surroundingenvirounmet, by being used to fill rivers aux.ponds, thus affectingthe flow and watcr Revision0:25 May 1995 AWRepWv4ch9.ow Chapter9 9-16 SecondSbanglml Sewnuge Project May 1995 Appisal Repont- Volume 4:EnvimamebilalAsJment quality of these waters. Each constructionsite will have about ten thousand workers and staff members accommodatedwith lodging and on-site catering. Therefore, it is very important to have proper facilities for water and power supplyas well as wastecollection, otherwise unsanitary conditions in the constructionsites may affect the health of the workers. In particular, wastesdumped in summnerwill cause fly nuisancewith the possibilityof epidemicdisease. In addition, the populationin the surroundingareas would also suffer from mosquitos, flies, offensive odour and diseases. 9.3.11 Impact on Water Supply Sources Tne results of on-site surveys showed that inhabitantsliving in the areas along the proposed system use tap water. Most water suppliescome from deep wells, several hundred metres iri depth. Only in a few areas is surface water used as a source of water supply. For example, the waterworks in the township of Chuansha takes water fiom the Chuanyang Canal. In the suburbs, because of insufficientpower supply, there are occasional power interruptions. In these cases or in summer when the waterworkscannot meetthe peak demand, inhabitantsin the affectedareas use water from shallow wells 5 - 10 m in depth. It was iound that inhabitantsliving in the areas along the system also occasionallyuse surface water from rivcrs, but mostly for cleaning purposes. Those using deep well waterare unlikelyto be affectedduring construction,whilst thoseusing surface water irectly from rivers or shallow wells could be subject to undesirable effects of project construction. 9.3.12 Impact of Spoil Duringproject construction,it is expectedthat 1.277 million nmof excavatedspoil will be generated. During transportationand disposalof this spoil, there could be impacts on the local environment. Spoil droppedon the groundby overloadedvehicles, and spoil on the vehicle wheels would generate dust clouds on fine days. and would make fth road mddy on wet days, affectingboth people and passing vehicles as well as the local environment. If the spoil is not properly stockpiledor disposed of, it would affect the use of land, flow in rivers, damage the natural and ecologicalenvinmen and unpact the cleanlinessof the city. Transportationof spoil needs a large number of vehicles. During the day, this would affect traffic in thiePudong area and result in traffic congestions. Revisiono2s May 199 AppRep%v4cl9Gew Chapt9 9-17 Second ShanghaiSewerage Project May 1995 Appraissl Repon - Volume4:Envimnmenial Assessment 9.4 Pulaic Participation In order to assess dbe public's concerns, opinions and requirements on the SSP n project, an investigationand public survey has been carried out in areas afferted by construction. 9A.1 Method There are several ways in which public opinion can be assessed, for example, symposia, advisory meetings. visits and-tuestionnaires. The object is to let people who will be affected by the project state their views and the opinions.-andto find out the general status of the person and his family. The results of the assessmentand surveywere collectedand sunwrsed and the results are given below. The questionnaireis shown in Table 9A. 9.4.2 Investigation Scope Seven townships in Pudong section will be affected by the works. Five of these were investigated. consituting 71% of the townships involved. - Sanlin Township in Pudong New Area; e Hengmian Townshipin Nanhui County; * Beicai Town; e WanggangTownship and HeqingTownship; e three different types of enterprise; one state-owned,one Sino-foreignjoint venture and one townshipenterprise. 9.43 People Investigated Cadrs fiom local goverment, administrationpersonnel for land planning in villagesand towns. cadres from villagesand productionbrigades, farmes, resetler representatives. staff of enterprises and resettler families. 9.4.4 Invesigation Result The result of the investigationis summarisedin Table 9.5. From the investigation, it can be seen that the industryand agriclture in Pudong New Area to be affected by the project are flourishing, particularly the enterprises run by towns, villages and brigades. Tap water is the main drinking water source for farmers. The major part of the family's income is from both industryand agriculture.The living standardis fairly high with an amnal income for each person of about 10,000yuan. Revision 0:25 May 1995 AppRCpXv4ch9.ow Chapter9 9-18 Second ShanghaiSeweage Poject may 1995 Appraisal Report - Volume 4:E miiranalAssesmue Table 9.4 Public Questionnaire Form 1. Have you noticed that the rivers near your residence or your working unit were affected by pollution? Oycs; Ono; Onot clear 2. Water you used is: Otap water; Odeep well water: Osurfacial.well water Oriver water 3. The desire that you wish the river to be clean is: Ostrong; Ogeneral; Onot mind 4. Have you already known that the SSP II project would be constructed here? Odeclared at meeting; Otold by others; Onot known 5. Do you thinklthat this project to the developmentin your area is: Oquite beneficial; Oprobably beneficial; Onot clear 6. The impact on you caused by land acquisitionis: Opart of cultivatedland; O whole cultivated land; Ofamily plot Oresidence; Oworking unit; Ono impact 7. The impact on you caused by temporary land borrowing is: Opart of cultivated land; Owholc culivated land; Ofaimilyplot 3residence; Oworking unit; Ono impact 8. Do you think that the degree of impact on you caused by land acquisitionand temporary land borrowing is: OgreaL; 0rather great Osmall; ODo impact 9. Your attitude towards the land acquisitionand land borrowng for this project is to: Osupport; Oobject; Ono attitude 10. Your family incomeis mainly from: Ofanmland; Osalary; Oother income 11. If your residenceshould be demolished for the constructionneeds, your attitude is: Owillng; Oreluctant; Ono attitude 12. If your residenceneeds to be demolished, the compensationyou wished is: Rcvision0-25 May 199S AppRepWv4ch9.ow Chapter 9 9-19 Second ShanghaiSeweragc Projc. May 1995 Appraisal Repon - Volunm 4:EnvimnmumnalAsssmesnl Ocash; Onew residence; Oeither 13. The distance between the new residenceand the original one you wished is: Onear; Owith proper distance; Ono requirement 14. The style of the new residenceyou wished is: Osimilar to existing one; Ornore modem than existing one, Ono special requirement 15. Differentenvironment will be confrontedwith (new area, new neighbour. etc.) after being resettled,your mental preparationis: Oadapt quickly; Oworried; D never think about it 16. The inconveniencedue to road and bridge block caused by construction,you will: Ogive forgiveness; Ocomplain; O[notmind 17. You rnay lose your present job because of this project, your wish in the future is: Oarrange a job similar to present one; Ono matter what kind of work; Ofind way by oneself; [retire; Onot consideredyet 18. If any training needed for your newjob, you are: Owilling; Oworried by difficulty; Ounwilling 19. Please state your opinions, requirementsand suggestionsfor this project: RevisionO:25 May 1995 AppRcp%4ch9.OW Chapter 9 9-20 SecondShanghai Scwewugc Project my 1995 AppraisalRepont - Volumie4:Envirowmental Assesunet Table 9.5 Result of Public Questiomaire unit: % waveyou rnicd thdadie rivevsnear yes no notdetr your residenceor yeur workingunit were affectedby pollution? 79 12 9 Mbedesirc that you wishtile river to Vey strog seneral na mind be deanis: 73 22 5 Have you alreadyknown tdat the SSP deedol at Meing tod notknown In projectwold be consructedhere? 48 43 9 Doyou thinkdial thisproject to dhe quitebeneriil probablybenfcidl no dear nDamimtSe developmetin yourarise : 51 32 11 7 Do you thinkthe degree of inpacton great rAnergret small no inipact no attiudc you eausedby lan acquisitionand temporaryland borrowing is: 39.4 33.9 5.5 11 10.1 Your antitdetowards the land suppotn oen no aitude acquisitionand andborrewing for _ _. thisprojct is to: 79.8 1.3IW If yourresidene should he willing relucUant no attiude dmoished for dieceuzrctwomods. your atitudeis: 56 15.6 28.4 Ir your residelceneeds ro be cash few residence iher o attitude demolished.the conrpensation you wishedis: 11.0 35.8 35.K 17.4 The distanccbetween dhe new Anar pre distance no requirement no attiud rsidc andthe original one you - wishedis: 523 21.1 3.7 2.9 The styleor thenew residence you simtibr | ndern to requiremet no attitude wishd is 14.7 57.R 83 19.2 Differenenvirounemtwill be not adapt warried notthink of it eostrontedwith afkerbeg reseted. your mnal prparationis: D.4 32.1 385 Thc inconvenienmedueto rd ao give frgivec eotpain notmind noattitudc bridgeblock caued by co Iruction. you wil: 77.1 4.6 7.3 it You nmalse yoLr prst job similarjob no mat whatjob by oneself reaire notconsidered becae of thisproject. your wish in the fuitureis: 47.7 11.9 0.1 11.9 27.5 If any trainingneded for your new willing worriedby unmvillng no atiudc job. you are: dilficulty 63.3 11.9 0.1 23.9 Revision0:25 May 1995 AppRp%v4oh9.ow Chapter9 9-21 SecondShanghai Sewerge Projea May 1995 App-iaal Repont- Volume 4:EnvironmerAlA_tseame- Considering the importanceof the impacton residences, cultivatedland and working units caused by land acquisitionand land borrowing, the major impact is on residences and cultivated land,followed by working unit and family plot. The question which most concernedthe public is the resetlement of residences,compensation policy, land acquisition for enterprises and impact on farm facilities. It is required that the relevant deparumentshould give early notice of the start date and the constructionprogranmme. The local plan should be guaranteed by law and should give sufficient considerationto local interests. 9.4.5 Summary of Public Opinion Support for Project Construction The township governments, village and brigade organisations,relevant working units and the public are in favour of and support the SSP 11project in general.They reported that they would cooperate with the project developer. The project developer should respond by maintainingclose contact and consultationwith the local goverunent. Policy The project developer should solicit opinions from local authorities before the imprlementationofthe policyand programmeof land acquisitionand resettlement.Inforning the public of the policy, will bring benefits to the project programme. * Land Acquisitionand BorrowingProgramme The project developer should consult with the local authorities the question of land acquisition and land borrowing programme so as to make maximm use of the land. The local authorities can arrange a production plan in accordancewith the land acquisitionand land borrowing programme. * Dwellings People likely to be resettled are not willing to live in temporary houses. Rather they would like to move direcdy to a new dweUingsHowever,the price of the housing should be reasonable. The new housing and facilities should be moden, and should be ber tban the present ones. The new housmngshould be located near to the original one. * Enterprise Buildimgs Rcvision025 May 199S AppRep%h9.ow Chapier9 9-22 SecondShanghai Sewerage Project may 1995 AppraisalReport - Volumec4:EnvironmenIa Assessmtn In Orderto reduce the downtimeand reducethe loss as much as possible, re-acquisitionof land for relocating enterprisesshould be carried out in advance. Thus enterprises can be moved into new buildings when the the new buildings arl comp)leted. Compensation According to policy, compensation for collective and personal properties should be reasonableand equitable. * Allocationof Labour Force - Where allocatjonof the labourforce is difficult in areas with large land acquisitions, the State should take responsibility. - It would be appropriateif youngpeople with technologicalor other special skills took upon themiselvesthe responsibilityfor findingjobs. * Re-acquisitionfor Land The need for reacquisitionof land must be consideredso as to avoid a second resettlement. * Planning - Vr - -Ian should be guaranteedby law. The existing plans preparedby local townships a: g-ges will also be affected by this project to-a cermainextent. - This project should be construced simultaneouslywith the planned extension of Longdong Roadand the Outer Ring Road. Construction - Construcion should be well planned and should proceed by sectons. Construction should start and finish as early as possible. - Theommenementdate and programme of constucton should be notified to local governments and affectedresidents in advanceso as to give themnreasnable time to make necessary arrangements. - During construction, the possi-bleimpacts caused by spoil and drainage should be treated properly. In general,adequate protecton must be providedto the environment and all existing facilities. - Local water supplies, power supplies, c mmuicationsand broadcasing lines, irrigation channels, roads, undergroundfacltines and naviortion courses should be diverted or renovatedpromptly. RcIsion025 May 199 AppReplv4a%9ow cfrapter 9-23 Second ShanghaiSewcge Poject May 199S AppmisalReport - Volume4Xmviiarmend Asusunen * Fund Arrangements The key requirement is for funds for land acquisition, resettlement,arrangements for the labour force and compensationto be settled in all respects. * Respect for Local Custom LoAl customsshould be respected. The project developershould infonn fanmersin advance if any graves require to be moved. Local Interests The project developershould take intoaccount local interests,developments and the standard of living. The wsewater discharged from towns and villages affected should be diverted into the new sewers so as to alleviatethe problem of wastewaterdischarges in these areas. Reviion 025 May 1995 AppRepkv4CdOew Chaptr9 9-24 SCod mhngh.Sewn pf May 1995 Appulu Repon- Voloe 4:Evironental Assemeunt 10 RISK ASSESSMENT 10.1 Risk Inpact Assessment for Changliang Esty The Bailonggangoutfall is a large sructure and has a long design life. Once constructed and put into operation, it will be difficultto rebuild or to undetake major renovations. Therefore, an asssment of the environmentalrisks associatedwith the stmcture should be carried out. 10.1.1 Possible Earthquake Impact on the Outfall According to smistical data over the past hundredyears, the possibility of an earthquakeof more than magnitude 7 on the Richter scale in the Shanghai area is extremely small. If it is earthquakes in the area the nagnitude is usually below 6 on the Richer scale. If a major earthquakedoes occur, it will cause serious damageand result in significantpollution if the wastwater overflows on to the Bailonggangbeach. The project is being designed to resist scale 7 earthquakes,thus there is only a small risk of harmful environmentalimpact because of earthquakes. 10.1.2 Damage by Ships The diffuser section of the outfall is not located in the main shipping channel, but on the sideslope nearest the shore line. The risers protude above the bed of the estuary to a level of about 6-7 m beneath the water surfice. Under normal conditions,a 10.000 Tonne ship with a draught of about 6 m is unlikely to drift from the main channeland therefore, te risk of damageto the outfall sucture is small. Small ships which navigateon both sides of the channelgenerally have a draught of less than 2 m, and therefore would normally pass over the structures. The main risk is associatedwith exceptionalweather conditionssuch as, typhoons, tropical storms, fog or with accidents such as anchoring becase of mechanicalfailure. However,the systemndesign includes multi-risers and multi-ports. so in the event of damage only a part of the system would be affected. Nevertheless, it is essential to provide an adequatewarning system round the locationof the outfall to further reduce the risk of damage from ships. 10.13 Ennvironmea Impact Caused by Emergency Disharge Once the main outfall is constucted and commissioned,its operation could be disrupted by electrical or mechanicalfailures in the pumpstaion or header tank. In that case wastewater could only be discharged from the emergencyoutfall. The emergencyoutfall is located at the -2m isobath, seeral hundreds metres from the shore, so even in the even. of an emergency discharge, the ecological envinment would still be protected because there is a passage for fish. The emergecy outfall should also be providedwith a warning system to prevent damage from ships. Revision023 May 1995 AppRep%v4chlO.ow Chapter 10 101 SecondShangLai Scweragc Projcct May 1995 AppraisalReport - Volume4:1nvirofincrat Asscssmet 10.1.4 Risk caused by Scouring or Siltation The riverbed at the proposed site is relatively stable, however scouring or siltation does occur. The operation of the outfall could be threatened by either a severe scour effect. or a major siltation event. From a consideration of historical data, riverbed scouring and siltation in the area of the proposed outfall can result in level changes of over I m. When this is taken into consideration during the design, it is unlikely to cause any serious concern. 10.2 Risk Impact Assessment for Inland Waterways As the project will be designed for an earthquake of magnitude 7, the risk of damage lo the sewage collection system caused by earthquakes is extremelv small. But. in the event of a strong earthquake, consequential damage to the sewage collection system may be caused by. for example. facility damage or electricity failure. If as a result wastewater flows into nearby rivers. environmentally sensitive objectives such as potable water intak-es could be affected. Table 10.1 shows the impact on water intakes caused by estimated concentrations of several parameters. Table 10.1 Impact on *Water Intakes Resulting from Damage to the Sewerage System Parameter (mg/I) Intake name BOD5 NHrN. DO COD SS Beicai Water Works 14.3 4.9 0 45.7 44.7 Yaoshi Water Works 16.4 5.7 0 53.5 53.2 Chuancha Town 17.8 6.2 0 60.3 64 Daqiao 2 .6 1.1 5.2 14.4 26.4 Linjiang 2.6 I.2 5.1 14.6 26.6 The table shows that damage to the sewerage system will have a significant impact on the Pudong water supply system, but that the impact is relatively smnallon the two intakes in the Huangpu River. Note that the impact of coliforms is not considered in the above Table. 10.3 Risk Assessment for Sewerage System Maiatenance Risk can exist during the normal operation of the sewerage system. Unexpected accidents can Revision0.23 May 1995 AppRepXv4chlO.ow Chapter 10 10-2 Second ShanghaiSewerage Prjet May 1i5 Appraial Repout- Volumc4:Environnienial Asscssmcm cause serious harm to maintenanceworkers' health and possiblyendanger their lives. If the sewage pipes are damaged, leakage and overflow could occur. If the screens in the pumping stations become blocked, wastewatercollection and discharge will be affected. Problems such as these must be rectified inmmediately,and naintenance workers are required to enter the pipe or structures. The risk of gas poisoningas a result of H2S inhalation is serious and fatalities are possible. According to statistical dat from Shanghai Sewerage Company, there have been many cases where maintenanceworkers have experienceddizziness, breathingdifficulties, and have even died because of poor ventilationin sewage pipes and inhalationof poison gas. The Shanghai Sewerage Companyhas taken the followingmeasures to protect maintenance workers entering sewers or pumping stations: - Complete an access record form before enteringhazardous areas. Providesafety education; - Appointsomeone to be responsible for monitoring H,S. Ensure an ambulanceis available at the site; * Use a gas miask,and return to ground level at the first sign of distress; m }Downwaterdevice to be used for major repairs; * Increase subsistenceexpenses so as to build up the workers' health; 3 Regularlymonitor the gas in sewage pipes in order to conduct studies and research into technical measures for maintainingthe sewerage systemn. In general, the maintenancerisk of the SSP[I project is no greater than other similar projects. With the advancementof scientific technologyand the improvementof preventionmeasures, it is predicted that serious casualties will be greatly reduced, although minor accidents are unavoidable. If the managementof SSPII can be optimised and monitored, and safety educationstrengthened. the rate of accidents can be reduced to a minimum. Revision 0:23 May 1995 AppRep%v4chlO.ow Chapter 10 10-3 Secni Suwbi Sewae Pojea May1995 AWini9s Repon- Volume4:Emironenuil AJessmenet 11 MITIGATION MEASURESFOR ENVIRONMET IMPACTS 11.1 Objectives Contuction of the Shanghai Sewerage Project Stage 11( SSP H ) will be of grea importance in improving the water enviromnentof the Huangpu Riwr, protecting the water quality of the upper Huangpu water supply intake and speedingup the developmentof Pudong New Area. However, because of the length of the proposed sewer system which, passes through a number of districts, counties and villages, adverse impactson local social, natural and ecologicalenvironment caused by the constructionare unavoidable.In order to miimie these envionmental impacts from both project constuction and later operation, variousmitigation measures will be taken. At the same time, as a considerable length of the proposedsewer will be buried along the planned Outer Ring Road, the proposed sewer system could be constucted togetherwith the construcion of the Ring Road, which might reduce the adverse impactsof the two projects. 11.2 Mitigation Measuresfor Socal Impact from Farm Land Acqsition 11.7-1 Rational Resettlement of Labour Force For some people, land acquisitionfor project constructionwill provide an opportunityof finding a new job. However for the lderly, it will result in retrement. For fanners whosejob will be affectedby land acquisition,appropriate job reallocationwiD be made by the project developer ( SSPCC ) together with local goverunent in accordance with the State policies and regulations. For young people with a low eduction level, training and education programs will be implementedto improvedtheir knowledgeand professionalskldls so that they can adapt to new jobs. Althoughthose at retirementage ( 45 for femalesand 55 for males) will be retired, local govermment will still mintain an intest in their welfare, perhaps providing some work in tertiary industryfor those who want it. In addition, the consruction and later operation of the sewer project will provide some job opporunities for iocal people. 11.2.2 Compensation for Land Leas During the construction, land might be leased from the farmers to build temporary sheds for storage of building materials etc. This land will lose its agri-roduction funcion during project construction, and therefore SSPCCwill, togetherwith local government,compensate the farmers for economicloss in accordance with the relevant pmvisions of laws and regulations. In addition, SSPCC should produce a cropping plan for the leased land in order to avoid or reduce the land-idle period and maintain productivity as high as possible, thus reducing the adverse impacts. Revision23 May 1995 AppRep%v4chll.w Chapter11 11-1 Second ShanghaiSewge Project may1995 Appais1Repon - VohaUc4:Envkorduanal ssewmeul 11.3 Mitgation Measumes for Project Impact oa Buildings 11.3.1 Compensation and Resetteent In order to reduce the cost of house demolition and removal, the project design institutes have conducted a number of on-site visits, to identify an opfimum route to minimize the nmuber of bouses to be removed. In addition, trenching piles and jacking techniques will be used so that the number of buildings and houses to be removed is reduced. SSPCC should work together with vilage management committees to prepare a detailed working schedule, allocate economic compensation amongst the affected farmers based on State policies and regulations, and find suitable lid to build new houses or compensate the householders with houses equivalent to or better than their original one. 11.3.2 Building New Structures for Affected Enterprises During construction, the premises of some enterprises will be totaUy demolished. In order to reduce, to the lowest extent possible, the economic loss of pmject-affected enterprises, it is necessary for SSPCC working together with concrned organisations, to prqmare a detailed working schedule, compea the affected enterprises for project-related economic loss, help them to find new addresses and arrange labour forces in accordance with State and local policies and regulations. Most of the facties affected by project consrucion are owned by vilages. They are usually smal with poor worling premises and outdated equipment and cannot adapt to continuous economic development. Therefore, economc compensation and favourable policies for project resettlement will provide a good opportity for snall industries to rebuild workshops or change products. Most enterprises are satisfied with these arrangements. 1133 Mnimizing Constuction hIpact on Build For areas with a high building density or where jacking techniques will be used in constuction, it will be necessary to obtain a horQugh lmowledge of both ground and underground geo-conditions and to conduct careful surveys and estmates m order to avoid casualties cased by house collapse or pipe breaks during construction. 114 Mitgation Measures for Traffic Impact 11.4.1 Route Selection For the purpose of reducing traffic impact to a minmm level, several options for sewer routes have been compared by the relevant institute. One element in the selection process has been to locate a route with minimum traffic impact so dth the construction cost and social impact can be reduced. Revii 0:2 May 1995 AppRtp%v4ch11.ow Oiaperll 11-2 SecondShanghai Sewege Psoject May 1995 Apprisal Repon- Vdumc 4:EnvirmnmuealAseumnt 11.4.2 Building Temporary Bndges During construction,some roads willbe affectedand somebridges dismundled.This will undoubtedly have serious local affects. SSPCC should take this into considerationwhen prepanconstrction implementationplans. For roads with heavy volumes of traffic, temporary roads need to be built during project construction. In addition, tie constructionshould be phased and excavation, pipe laying and trench refilling should be completed as quicldy as -possible. For very busy roads, constructionat peak hours should be avoided ( consuction at night could reduce the traffic impact during the day). - Temporary bridges should be providedwhere existing bridgesneed to be demolished. For field tracks, paved bypasses need to be providedso that local transportaton is not affected. Surplus excavatedsoil should be carted away. Spoilspills on roads under constructionshould be kept to a minimum in order not to affect local traffic. 11.43 Notice and Signs for River Sections under Constmction For the purpose of not affecting iuland navigation, the contractor should, before construction, be advised by inland navigation authority to wutup notices at relevant crossing points of the rivers to direct the navigation. At night, the wamningsignials should be set up so that boats are not going in wrong direction or running into each other. 11.5 Miigation Measures for Impact on Farmland 11.5.1 Strict Control of Effluent Drainage Effluent from construction sites is not allowed to be dischargedonto farmland. Project contractors should be familiar with lucd geological conditions and locate suitable points at which to drain effluent, in order that soil fertility and the normal growth of crops is not affected. 11.5.2 Recovery of Borrowed Farm Land SSPCC should require construction contsactorsto consider ways of mmmnisingthe adverse impac on farm land borrowed for project constructionso that land can be put back into production quicldy. For example, the top soil and sub soil should be excavated, stockpiledand renstated separately, and the land should be profiled to the original level. Buildingmaterials should be fenced and the land should be cleaned after construction. Villages affected should work with the constructionunits to reinstate the kand. During project construction, out-of-worklabours could be organized to collect organic fertilizers ReViso 0:2 May 199S AppRepWV4chIl.OW Cauprllr1 11-3 SecondShagha SwgePrject May 1995 Appulal Repon- Valume4:EnvikomncnW Auessrnt to spread on the land used for project construction (when retumed). Experience shows that using the method, farmers could continue to obtain a good harvest from the reunrned land. 11.5.3 Temporary Channels for Water Inigation and Drasng SSPCC should be fully aware of the importance of water channels for agricultural production. Temporary measures should be taken during pmject constuction so that the interruption of irrigation is kept as short as possible. 11.5.4 Building New or Temporay Irrigation Pumpng Stations Where pumping stations need to be demolished during project construction, consideration should be given to building new or temporary facilities in order to maintain the operation of the irrigation system. For areas which would be difficult to irrigate because of temporary dams built across rivers, the design instittes and construction units should consider options for pumping water from other sources in the area in order to maintain the irrigation system. 11.6 Mitigaton Measures for Impact on Water Environent As the proposed sewer route passes across a number of rivers and creeks, construction will affect these water bodies. In addition, effluent from excavations would also impact on both underground and surface waters. 11.6.1 Sedimentaton Tanks for RIedudg Sand from Costrtion Effluent Most of the rivers and creeks aie used for drainage and irrigation. Some however are also used for fishing and transportation, and some are preseved as habitats for wild plants and animals. During excavation of channels, effluent frm construction sites might be discharged through pumps to nearby rivers. As the effluent may contain large quanities of slurry and suspended solids the tubidity of rivers and creeks receiving constrtiction effluent would increase. In order to reduce this impact, SSPCC should require consuction contractors to build sedimentation tanks at consruction sites so that effluent is clarified before dscharge into water bodies. This measure would greatly reduce the impact of slurry and suspended solids on water quality. 11.6.2 Readjustiug Water Levd and Preventing River Flooding For river crossings temporary dams will be built each side of the sewer trench and pumped from the trench secion. In dtese cases, water levels in adjacent sections of the river might increase so as to affact villages and *um land in the vicinity. Therefore, before constuction begins, it will be neoessary to obtain a dlear understanding of the hydrology of dte area 'teision 0:23 May 1995 AWRepbAcbI.ow aapIerlI 11-4 Scond Sh-ghai Swerage Proje may 1995 AppRisal Report- Valume 4:EnviromnentalAssessmem 11.7 Mitigation Measures for Impat on Vegetation It will be important to strictly control the number of trees to be felled and to limit the area of agricultural land to be affected. For landscapedareas, trecs and grass should be planted on both sides of the sewer route after the completionof construction.This will not only recover the original landscaping,but also increasethe area of vegetation. Natural vegetationwill gradually recover after completionof the project and the return to operation of the rivers and creeks. 11.8 Mitgation Measures for Impact on Electric Power Supply and Commuications etc. In the Sanling Township area, the proposed sewer route could affect water supply pipelines, the China-JapanCommunications Photocable, high tension wires, telephone lines, radio lines etc.. Any damageto these facilitieswould result in a wide range of effects. Therefore, SSPCCshould conduct, together with the relevantdesign institutes,detailed surveys to obtain a clear undestanding of their location and endeavourto keep the proposed sewer route away fromnthese undergroundfacilities. If it is impossibleto avoid them, SSPCCshould contact the organizationsto decideappropriate measures to avoid or reduce any impact. 11.9 Measures for Cutural Rdics, Historic Sites and Graves 11.9.1 Timely Reporting of Findings to Departmet Concerned No cultural relics and historic sites have been found along the proposedsewer route. However, if any such cultural relics or historic sites are located during project consruction, construction workers should stop working and report their findingsto the cultural relic protection deparmmentso that on-site surveys can be undertakento decide whetheror not the constructioncan proceed. Projectcontractors should organize necessary training in this aspect before the project constructionbegins. 11.9.2 Respecting Lal Customs Existing graves that need to be moved from the constructionarea, should be dealt with by the construction conmany in accordance with local customs. The constructioncompany should request grave owners to remove the graves by a cerain date. Accordingto local custom, moving graves is a grave matter which should be carried out on a particulardate such as Qimning( pure brightness ). Construction companiesshould progranme their constcton schedules and inform local people as early as possible in order to properly deal with this sensitive issue. Revision 3Me 199.5 AppRep%v4chlLow Chaper I] 11-5 SecondShLghai Sewege Pnjea May 1995 AppraisalRepout - Volume4:Enviromental Assessmen 11.10 Dust Reduction Some spoil from excavationswill be stockpiledon the road side. In dry weater, wind or costruction machinery will cause the dust clouds along the route, affectingresidents and factories in the vicinity. In order to reduce the impact of the dust on the surroundingenvironent, it is proposed to sprinkle water on the surface of stockpilesto prevent dust affecting the environmenton dry or windy days. Construction contractors should remove spoil in accordancewith a spoil tlreatmentplan. To prevent spillage, trucks should not be overloaded. When vehides leave constructionsites wheels should be cleaned to remove mud. In addition, a system for keeping site accesses clean should be implemented on eacb constructionsite. Roads should be swept regularly. 11.11 Constrution Noise Control Excavalion, tranWortation,motors and concrete-ixing machines are the main sources of noise on construction sites. In order to reduce the impacts of construction noise on adjacent residents and in accordance with local regulanons for stationarynoise source control and nmagnagmnt,construction sites located within 200 m of residencesare not allowed to operate during the period from 11 pm to 6 am next morning. In addition, it is recommendedthat equipmentwith low noise outputs is used. If it is necessary for constructionsites to work at night, causinga noise impact on local residents, it is required that noise-reducingmeasures are taken, includingsound barriers around the construction site or around densely populatedareas, so that reasonablenoise levels are maintined. 11.12 Disposal of Wstes fraon Constrcion Sites Project constructionrequires tens of thousands of constructionworkers, dependingon the degree of mechanizationof the constructioncontractors. Several constructionsites will be required along the sewer at one time. During sewer construction, conractors will provide their workers and staff members with temporary on-site offices, accommodationand dining rooms. Therefore, SSPCCand the contractors should contact the local sanitation departments to make arrangementsto clean and carry away domestic wastes from the constructionsites regularly. The contractors should educate staff not to deposit waste on the construction site in order to keep a clean working and living enviromnent. 11.13 Water Supply for Project-affected Residefts In some areas, the sewer might be buried to a depth lower than the water level in adjacent wells, or the water level in the wells might reduce becahe of dewatering of the constructionsite. In addition, effluent pumnpxdfrm the constructionsites might affect the water quality of wells and rivers in the vicinity. Ail these would affect water supplies from wells and rivers. Theaeore, SSPCC should be prepared to supply water. Ways of overcoming the problem include a) using tankers to carry water, or b) temporarilyexending he local water supply system. Rtevisin03 May 1995 AppRqpv4chl1.ow amapierI 111-6 3cond ShanglaiSewerage Project May 1995 App-I Rpon - Vohue 4:Enviro_urhstaiAsessn 11.14 Prepag Plans for Transpti and Disposig of Spoil and COstuction Wastes SSPCC has, togedher with die waste managemcnt authorties in Shanghai and Pudong New Area, prepared a plan for the disposal of 1.277 million n3 of constuction spoil. Spoil will be used to build the Outer Ring Road. level the land at Zhangjiang i-techl Development Area, and fill the Changjiang cnbankment. Contractors should contact local transportation deparments to prepare spoil and construction waste transportation pans. Transportation at peak hours should be avoided. Spoil and wastes should be transported along specified routes and disposed of at designated sites. Random inspections should be carried out to ensure that the plans are implemented properly. If during construction, toxic or hazardous wastes are found, the construction company should stop construction and contact the local environment and health department. Construction should not be continued until necesary measures have been taken. For the demolition of toxic and hazardous structures, both the local environment and health departments must be contacted in order that they may take the necessary measures. 11.15 Enhancement of Sewage Dispersion 11.15.1 Layout of Diffuse System at Sewage Outfall Since the residual current at Bailonggang has a shearing interface at -5 m bathometric contour along the coasdine, it is commnded that the diffuser section of the outfall is laid beyond the -5 m contour. Thus, the sewage can be prevented frm retuning to tde coastal shoal and can be flushed away seaward. The current vector rose at Bailonggang shows the prevailing bearings in the flood season are 1200 - 1500 (ebb tide) and 300° - 330° (flood tide) whilst in the drought season they are 145° - 1650 (ebb tide) and 3150 - 345 (flood tide). Through statistical analysis, the most dominant bearings of the residual current are 1450 and 3250. formiing an angle of about 100 with the shoreline (135° -3150). If the axial tread of the diffuser section is set as 550 (i.e., rotaDtg clockwise 10° frm the perpendiculr to the shoreline), the river flow involved in sewage dilution is inceased by about 1.54% over that if the diffuser section is set perpendicularly to the shoreline. 11.15.2 Orientation of Sewage Outfall Diffuse Ports A series of risers is proposed at the diffuser section of the sewage outfa1 with multiple ports on each riser. The port orientation affects the initial jet, thereby affecting the initial dilution and dispersion process of the sewage into the mbiet water body. The Changiiang estuary has an extremely low salinity, the density difference with the sewage is small, and the water depth at Bailonggang is relatively shallow, therefore in order to optinise the rising momentun of the sewage discharged into the water body so that it is neither too fast and risks touching the surface, nor too slow and risks touching the river bed causing an aggregation of pollunts, it is recommeded from a preliminary Revision 0:23 May 1995 AppRep%v4chIt.ow Chapteri i 11-7 SecondShanuai Sewege Pjec May 1995 Apprisal Repmt- Volum 4:1irlvironmeniUAsnemnt analysis that the ports are eevated at an angle. of about 15°. 11.153 Warnig Sigs aground the Sewage Outfall Althoughthe diffusers are located at about50 m from the main channel, the possibilitystill exists of damage by ship anchors or fouling by fishing nets. Warning signs should be located around the diffusers alertingships and vesselsto the hazard in order to reduce the occurrene of accidents. 11.15.4 Impact Cdntrol of Emegency Outfall Under normal conditions,use of the emergencyoutfal is not allowed. It can orny be used in case of emergency. In order to reduce the possibilityof its use, maintenanceprocedures need to be set up to keep all facilities in good condition so that operation of the deep water diffuser system is mainmined. The emergency outfall is located beyond the -2 m bathometric contour, therefore adverse environmentalimpacts from dischargeof sewageat the -2 m contour will be reduced. 11.15.5 Threat of Riverbed ScOurand Siltation to Diffuser Safety Riverbed scour and siltation might damage or inundatethe diffusers, interruptingnormal operation of the system. Therefore, methods of dealingwith scour and siltation should be considered when designing the system. In additon, monitoringof river bed scour and siltation shouldbe strengthened so that responsivecoutenneasures could be taken to ensure the safety of the diffusersystem. 11.16 Migaton Measuresfor Sludge Disposal 11.16.1 Heavy Metal Control Heavy metals shall be removed from the waste water at the source and not at a general treatment plant. SSC and other agencies authorisedby SMG will work out and enforce standardsfor effluent discharge from industries. The industrieswill have to establish separate tream plants to comply with these requirements. Control of the industrialwaste watcr will be importantto ensure dtat: The discharge of Cetegoty I pollutantsat Bailonggangcomply with the National Discharge Standard The concentration of heavy metals in sludge from a fiture treatment plant at Bailonggang is acceptablealso for agriculturalapplication. Revon0:23 May 199 AppPcp%v4ch1Low hapter 11 11- Second Shanbai Sewemge Pojec may 1995 APPuAt Repi - Vol mc4:EnviwmeaWAssessmem 11.16.2 Rcovery and Utilisation of Methane The proposed landfill for sludge will have a tp drainage layer and ventiation outlet for methaneand other gases from anaerobic digestion. It is possible to recover and utilise the energy potential in nmetane, but it will not be cost efficient for a sludge landfill of 4-6 m filling height. It is proposed to flare the gas to reduce the odour and the emissionof greenhousegas. 11.16.3 Prevention of Beach Pollution by Leachate from the Landl Sites Spoil, excess soil from the excavationof the conveyorsand other constructionworks. will be used to fill the bottom layer of the landfill to a level above the ground water level. The bottomlayer wiDl be day or other materials with very low permeability.The leachate will be collected in drainage trenches with pipelines, pumped to the inlet of the tratment plant and discharged through the submerged sewage outfall. RevisimnOM May 1995 AppRepvk4ch1Low Chapter11 11-9 Second Shanghai Sewene Prect May 1995 Appuial Repast - Voumc 4:E umental Assment 11.17 S_mmry ofEvirnl Impc and MifiaptionMeasum Item _SPotenia impact Mitigatiounwasiues Action instituijon P.epainngrese_lement prgan SSPCC Residence Resetldement of residn along theproposed sewer ro Accoidingt loc polkcasand reglations: SSPCCJTownshipgovt (1) compensation;(2) equa or be housing Indust ial/ Economic losses Anngng cmpenatio and resement SSPCC commrcialdg aceording to natio and local reguatio Work out harvet pan SSPCC TenWoray loss during ihe borowing period The Soate gulios cmngnpensat sSPCrTownship govt Land cleaned and replced with original Contracrloriginal land Loss of soil fertility & dumped topsoil. users |Fkrund with debris colldeng fertilizers for applying to landwhen remun3ed Damageto irrigation & duinage T_mporarywater channel CoAntracoriSSPCC SyPstemii Traseing waer by pumps ContactoriSSPCC Field Tras Providing temporay acce_ COnw5CtOr/SSPCC Highway/road Affectingbaffic Butidingtemnporay road ConzractorJSSPCC Bridge Affectingtraffic Rewaangingroting alignmemor building SSPCCITownshipgovt temnporybridgc Makinga detour SSPCCAjdand Rivcr Temporaydismption navigaton2nt1oroty Pultingwaning signs at night ConactorSSICC Not usingeffluent for fishingpond COlacorlvilage& Pollutingrivers and channels inwngovt Effluentfrm constcion sies Pviding sed mnat tanks CotrSactorsSPCC Lowaeg waterlvel of weis ConnectingMnins Wh Watersupply systm or SSPCCIvillagc& town transferringwatr withvehidcls govt Riverchannel Flooding Tansfering wateror pumpingawy C(mt1ac[or/SSPCC Sticly contrlling poilutnts of Category1. SSCIMunicipalEPB Polluthgwater enviromnent andwth Toal LAadContol Policy w control pollutnts of Category a Diffusersectio belocted beyond-5in SSPOC Pollutiondispersjon impact contour.alignment aed 55'. rise seton diffuser sction wilb multiple pOlts Damagingdiffises by shipping Set-upof warningsigns SSPCCIMaritimeSafelty g&Superindent Ch2rr.iang DBuM1u esluay Goodmateance to keepoutet pumpsand SSC high tank well Emergncyoudets Locatingemerency oudets beyond -2 m SSPCC bathometriccontour Riveabedscour or siltingthat Makingarangeme in sural desig SSPCC threatens diffusers stage Regularsoumding of rivebed ssc Loss of fimamndfolever Arrangejobsfor fa1es SSPCC Contactoremploying workers from local SSPCC A lrge numberof construction places workers Revision025 May1995 AppRep,v4chI1.ow Chiper I 11-10 SecondShbanghi Seweag Poject May1995 Appmisl Report- Volume4:Enviro vncilAuessmen Item Potentialimpact Mitigationmeasures Actioninstitution SSPCCpmviding services SSPCC Noise Distubancedwing conructim Notallowed to constructi nightwithin 200 m Cont ctor/SSPCC pha-aA frn rekaiaars Prceedaccording to spoildisposal plan ConuaetrlSSPCC Usedfor rising groundbase of new buildings Disposalof residualspoil or backfillfor otherconstruction if necessry SSPCC /Shangi Spoil SpoilDisposal Spoilnor allowedto bedisposed on farmland ManagementAudtrity or to fill rivrkhaiuiepondetc. Deliverto properplaces by bargeswhere Transportof residualspoil needed ConuactorlSSPCC by countyhighway authorities Immediatelytnspon residualspoil Connactor/SSPCC Covertde spoilor sprinklewater and transpor Contractor/SSPCC in wet conditionto avoid flyingdue to wind Dust Dustcaused by spoil am wheelsof vebiclesta g spoil ConractorJSSPCC Spoil-trnportvehiles not be overloaded contactrSSPCC Spoilfor rad backfillbe coveredwith asphalt ConratorlSSPCC Enviomnal sanitation Transportin tinme SSPCCISaniktionDept Domesticwaste problems Vgetation Coveragean reduced Plantingmore trees and grasson rad sidsk Villges & townGOVL Electric& Conacing relatedd_ep and mking SSPCC comunuication Damage sewer route away lines Culturalrdics & Not fund along the rnute Stopping o o and reportingto Contactor/SSPCC Historicsites deparent concernedif found Gmves Ranoving Infomingcaly and rspecting localcustom SSPCCrTown& vilage Strucures out of Carefd suvy and constucion demolishingand Collapse& break down due to remxovingarea aconsuction Rdmilding SSPCC Repairingin time Stregthening nmaiteanceand repair to keep SSC Sevqge floodingback to inland systemin goodcondition Systemoperation watersdue to operationstop of sdut Squippingstandby power supply sste to SSPCCISSC prevnentm as firm power Heavy mnal impactson Enfrcing sewer-usestndars SSC4MunicipalEPB farmland Explosionby CH, gas Providingvenilation for landfil sites SSCMunicipalEPB Sludgedisposal tributing to green house R=vigand eusing SSC/MunicipalEPB effects Leachatefrom landfillsite Carefuly designingand consrucio landfil SSPCCMunicipaEPB sites: Sewer repair & HIS poisoning Strgteing sakty education SSC maintenance Toxie & Diffusing,poisoning. polluting Reportingto loca EPB and takingmenasurs as ConnuactorSSPCC hazardouswastes soil (not found in ares along the soonas findingthat Sewertome) Revision0:23 May 1995 AppRepkv4chlIow aterll 11-11 SccondSwgaiScwe Projt May 1995 AppaisalRepon - Volume41Envirmonental A _esment 12 MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING FOR THE SSPH PROJECr 12.1 Maageme during Project Construction 12.1.1 Basis for Project Construion Management * Enviromnental Protection Law o' People's Republic of China, adopted on 26 December, 1989 by the EleventhPlenum of Seventh National People Congress, * Water Pollution Preventionand Control Law of People's Republicof China, adopted on 11 May, 1984by the Fifth Plenum of Sixth Nadonal People Congress, * Air PollutionPrevention and Control Law of People's Republicoi China, - Land ManagementLaw of the People's Republicof China ( coming into effect on 29 Decmber, 1988), e Standard for Urban Noise (GB 3096-93), e River Coursc ManagementRegulations of People's Republicof China ( No.3 Decree of State Council on 10 June, 1988 ), * ^Regulationsfor Basic Construction Land Acquisition Managementof Shanghai (issued on 20 October, 1980), * ,Regulationsfor EnvironmentalSation Maagemet of Shanghai ( coming mto effect on 1 April, 1992 ), and * Reguations for Urban Affortion and Green Land Mangement of Shanghai. 12.1.2 M Oon SSPCC will be responsiblefor the constructionof the SSPII project. Therefore, it is SSPCC which will be resposible for the management of the project construction including fte construction preparation stage. 12.1.3 Construon Preparatin Management Project construction preparation management includes land acquisition, building demolition and Rcvisioe 023 May 1995 Ag9Repv4cI2.ow Chapter12 12-1 E401on¶flConurn ilon D |totitnentpProtieelonPuniiptlEngemtung Buftee |t Id*,Ad Ad irninadtonEtueau | OerCoceted 1indusdalDutux I|ndusftilMNiAftWlltnt | | LEP3t1t Qai|tly MooitInglCendC. r Natutt I unicipal Engineering Municipal D1inaga IhL ivlRuminel ICt| | J--Yliana Mnisf lnullDepi. || ManltementDept. k not. Mionitofing SIailona PoliulionMainagirnice MniltidngStluicom f j -MonfiotStation -1Oaduw ReteIngWirer Dodiuo ,~~~~~~~~ , - - - * - - -] I I 11.1 D 1it W1t1et ody _Pumpivrtec oPngtatrts iL _imer L ~ CoOveylnce== &lTreatmeit Systene Sr*aiSewage n Body Fig. 12-i Diagramof ExistingManagemcnt Configuration of CombinedScwcragc System in Shaniglai Scond Sbanghai Sew-ge Pr.ect May 1995 Appmiul Repon- Valm 4:Einviromel Asscssram removal, and resettlement, togetherwith constructiontendering preparation and contact signing. 12.13.1 Land Acqifsiaon, Buildng Demoio. and Removal, and Resettlement SSPCC will, together with the related townshipgovements, prepare plans and implementrelated policies in accordance with State reulations. Also plans will be made for cropping the land during the period from the date of land borrowing to the final date for retrning back the land. :12.13.2 Construction Project Tendering and Contract Signg Requirments for civil construction will be prepared by SSPCC during the tendering process. In addition, the physical or non-physical measures proposed by construction contractors will be reviewed. In order to avoid or limit adverse environmentimpact, regulations and measures to be followed and enforced by the constructioncontractors should be included in the contract docaums signed between SSPCC and the constructioncontractors. 12.1A Management of Project Construcion During project contuction, SSPCCwill not only be responsiblefor the maagement of construction quality and progress, but wil also ensure that meaures both for civil construction and enviroment unpact mitgation are properly implemented,and will supemvisethe implementaion of proisioos in the contract documents. 12.lA.1 Eginemerig Supervision and Yg t During project construction, SSPCC should procue independent supervision and mget engies. These engineers wil also supervise and managethe implementtion of the environmental protection measures, particularly ensuring that the complementnryegineering projects (e.g. link sewers and rdated fiiifies) progress according to schedule, engineering quality meets the design standards and that the project as a whole produces environmentalbenefits. 12.1.4.2 Supevising the lion of nvmenta Impact Mitigation Measues SSPCC has responsibility for implementingthe enviromental impact mitigation measumesin order to mWmise environmental impacts, and to set out the requiements for constructioncontractors to implement the relevant measures. Local governments (e.g. districts, counties, neighbourhood commite, townships) with responsibility for envirommentalprotection, envionmental sanitation administration, landscaping,traffic, urban construction ion, water comervancy etc. will supervise the following aspects of the projecL Revision 023 May 199s5 AppR%v4a2.aw Chapter12 12-2 Second Shangi S-er Project May 1995 AppI& Pqeport- Valme 4:Evirounml Asemn * Spoil disposal: spoil excavated should be stockpiled, ansported and disposed of strictly in accordance with plans, and the top soil from agricultural land should be sockpiled separately from sub-soil. * Drainage: effluentfrom the constructionsites shouldbe setded and suspendedsolids removed before being dischargedinto water bodies or the urban sewer system. * Construction noise: noise from the constructionsites should be strictly controlled in accordance with relevant laws and regulations so that the environmental impact is reduced. * Domesticwastes: proper treatment shouldbe carried out iD accordance with relevant regulations and standards. Constructioncompletion: top soil from agricultual land shouldbe replacedand rivers where temporarydams were built for constrion purposesshould be returned to their original state. 12.1.4.3 Surface Water Mauitoring Monitoringwil be mainained during the project constructionon the basis of Shanghai SurfaceWater Monitoring Program. Data obtained at locationswithin the project area ( includingdte tidal areas) will be used as the environmentalbackground value before cousution. The Changjiang estuary at Bailonggangwill be the receiving point for wastwater interceptedby the proposed system. The environment quality of dtese waters is of great concern. In considering the near-field and far-field impacts, these waters should be included in the monitoring programme. This rmeuirm t should be icluded in the Changjiang Estuay Surface Water Monitoring Program. A biological survey capable of indicating the environmentalquality is also rquired to be included n the Changiang estuary SurfaceWater MonitoryPrograme. the basic requirementis the investigation of biomass, diversities, toxicants accumulated in tisses of inertidal benthos. The monitoring frequency proposed is 3 times a year at least, to represent the flood average and drought season respectively, although4 times a year to represent four seasons would be better. Table 12.1 shows details of the requirem for surface watr monitoringin different riverslareas. 12.1.4.4 Monitoring of Sewer System The purpose of monitoring the sewage in the system during project constructionis to assess whether the effluent can meet the future sewage standards and to carry out preparatory work for system Itviion 023 May 199. ApR lv4chl2ow Chaper 12 12-3 Secmd Sanghai Sewera Prect May t995 Appasal RPepon- Vohme 4:EnviromneualAusscum operation. Location of eMfluentsamplg points: Sampling points are usually located at outlets from plants or at other designatedpoints. Monitoring time and medhod: Prior to issue of thepermit, effluent sampleswill be ccllectedand analyzed. The metiods set out in " Unified PollutionSource Monitoringand Analysis Medtods ( Wastewater) will be followed. Parameters: The folowing parameters must be measured: Ph. suspended solids, setleable solids, water temperature, BODs. COD. TOC, nitrogen anmmonia.sulphide. Other parameters could also be selected for measureent depending on the analysis results of the individual pollution sources, and the characteristics of indstrial production processes and wastwaters. Attention should be paid to Category One polluta . Table 12.1 Re for Surface Water Monitoring (a) Huangpu River Bride ! Waterworks Btidg Monitoringfequency Ny_6 12 | _ 6 6 j 6 pH. SS. DO. permnaipaga value (PV). BOD1, tuninized a_unoa. nitite, nturt, Monitoringpamr volatle pbenols,cyanide. Arsenuc. Macury. Cr(V. Lead per od, totl phospho. total nitog chbrides. Copper. Zinc. Manganee anion detres COD (b) Tributaries in the urban area Smelin Nr.2 Concmc ftWltN liatl I Balb Btidgc Monioring fequecy Nrfy) 6 (twicorfod.e anddroh s n ec respecdvy) Monitorigparameter Nitrogena110onai. DO. peamngw value (PV). BOD,. votile phenol.cwide, petrol oil, Merctsy. Copper. Lead. Cadmiu Cr(VI) Revision0:23 May1995 AppItep'v4chl2.ow Chajpr 12 12-4 SeondShghai Se*waegeProject May1995 AppmisalRepoft - Volum 4:E miroiuntalAssesmen (c) Tnibutariesin suburbs (Pudong area) River Ch2gy2ng Canal PudongCanal SkitwgRiver Section Yangsi |ZhZiiang | Yaoshi Sanjiwgm Gulu |Chcuw Gulu )[menr| Watrvorks U | Town Monitring Sam asthat of uFbanare butonce on diat day (duringebb tide) frqecyI Il Moniwring Safe as thatof urbanarea parameter (d) Changjiang Estuary Section Wusongkcwu Zhbyun Jiuduan Bailongpng ZhaxAg Farm Surveycanied ou in flood. avag and droughssons respectively. Sanpling frequencyfor each Monitoring survey is at lowslack ride,rapid lid, highsladk tide and rapidebb tide for priorityparamcters, whilst frequency onceat low slack ride f normalparames. The whole samplingdurtion ison tide cycle. Prioriy parameters: -Aer temnpaureu DO, pH. BOD,, COD. PV. SS. nitrogen ammonia,nWite. nitrateo tu nin, volatiepbenol.peloil, conductviy,saliniy (chloride);for biologiclsrvey: Monitoring bionass, divasty. toxicas in biosesof intrdl bendhos Nornal parmeter Copper. Lead. Zic. Cadmiumuso Mangae, wol PhoWhous. sulphide. sulphate, yanide. Mercury.Cr(VI). organophosphortispesidd doophyll 12.2 Management of SSII System 12.1 Managment Bads The managementof the combinedsewerage system should be based on national and local laws and regulations including: 0 EnvironmentalProtection Law of the People's Republic of China (adopted by the National People's Congress on the 26 Dec. 1989); * Water Pollution PreventionAct (adoptedby the National People's Congress on the 11 May 1984); * Water Law of the People's Republic of China (adoptedby the National Peonle's Congress on the 21 Jan. 1989); * Implem aon Guidelinesto Water PollutionPrevention Act of the People's Republic of China (issued by the State Council on the 12 July 1989); Rcvision0:23 May 1995 AppRepv4ch12.ow Chaptr 12 12-5 Second Shngai SewegejePi mIay1995 A;Qis2I Rqept - Volnme4:Eofvirmreund Assem * RWgxmo,'of Water SourceProtection of Upperache of the HuangpuRiver (adopted by the Shanghai Municipl People's Congress an ghe 19 April 1985 and amended on the 28 Sept. 1990); _ * Shangi Managerial Rule on Drainge dacilities(issued on the 1 June 1994); * ShangbaiManagerial Rule on CombinedSewerag Faci!ities (issued on the 15 Nov. 1993); * ProvisionalRtle on Collectionof Emission Fee (issued by the State Council on the 5 Feb. 1982); * "Managerial Rule on Emission Fee Collectionand Penalty (issued by Shanghai Mumncipal Government on the 11 May 1984). 12.22 Management of the ILstitution 12.221 Mangement of the Conveyac and Treatnent Systems The combined sewerage system consists of coDection,conveyance (sewers, pumpig stations), utament plant, outfall, etc. As regards the system itself, the current responsibledepatmen is the Shanghai Sewerage Company (SSC) under the jurisdictio of the Shanghai MunicipalEngining AdministrationBureuL SSC is responsiblefor the operaion and maintenance of link sewer as well as tunk sewers, pumpingstations, treatmentplant and outfallfacilities (Fig. 12-1).Its responsibLities are defines as: * Inspecting, momtorng and managing discarges mto the system; * Controlling and efficientlyopeating the system; * Maining dte sy& m to ensure its normal operAion; * Implementingthe collectionof drainage taiffs to recover the capital mvesm and 0 & M cost of the system; For Shanghai it is appropriate that SSC manages the SSPI conveyance and tatmen systm, whilst its associatedmonong station is responsiblefor monitorng the sewage in the system. 12.222 M of Sewerage System Usen -he influent received into the combined sewerage systemis limited to domestic sewage, industri 'wats , other trade waswate ar. .iptation nmoff. For wasewater, only indusial and other trade wastewaers are managed by agencies (Fig. 12.1). Revn 0o23 May199S AppRep%v4chi2.aw Chaper 12 12-6 Seond Shangbi Sewecge PNojee May 1995 AFPinmiWRcpoz - Volme 4&Ea nl Aessment In addtionto the relevant indusal bureaux under the jurisdictionof Shanghai Economic Cormission and the local govenment deamen responsile for industry. dte. responsible agencies for management of industrial wastwater are the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Ewionmental Protection (SEPB)(via Water Quality ManagementDqeprmnt) and the local environmentalprotection burcax (LEPBs)(via poliution managementdivisions). The environmentalprotection bureaux in the two-tier government system are also responsible for trade wastewater managenant and re!evant agencies supervsing the tade sectors also have responsibilitics. The objectiveof managing industrial and trade was_er by the environmentalprotection burcaux in the two-tier goverment is to control pollutantspotentially harmful to the envioment. Category I pollUtantsspecified in the wastewater standard (GB8978-88)should be oGntroDedat source by specifying maxinm allowable concentration lin*mi. For the Category H pollutants. the control shouldbe on the basis of total limiting loads. The environmentalprotection agencies imposepollution controlon individualenteprises basedon the control target Monitoringresuts (eitherunder normal or abnormalconditions) carried out by the ShanghaiEnviromnental Montoring Centre (SEMC)under SEPB and local environental monitorng staton under resetv LEPBs provide the basis for the contol. However, the agency responsiblefor managin the conveyancead treaent system of sewage is concernedabout controlli m ials or variables that may potentiallybring harm to the sewers, pumps, or teatment process. A monitoring station under SSC is responsiblefor inspectioningthe indusial and trade cffluent, and for issucingpermits. Therefore, the managementof the sewerage system users depends on a combinationof above two aspects. Based on the Water Pollution Prevention Act of the PRC and "Provisional Rule on Colection of Emission FeeWissued by the State Cauncil, and accordig to the Cotpehesive Standard of Wastewater Discharge (GB8978-) and other relevant local standards, the -Shangbai Managerial Rule on EmissionFee Collectignand Penalty' issuedby ShangbaiMunicipal Government is enforced. The colection of the emission fee is executedand managed by SEPB. According to the principle of "user pays', the users, enterprises or institutions, which use the combind sewerage system, should pay a tariff This tariff is different from the emion fee: the purpose of the emission fee is -to encomurageenterprises and institutions to stengthen their managementand admiion, to economize on and comprehensiveyutilize resources, to control pollution and to improve the evironment'; the tariff is required to maintai the norml operation of the seweragesystem. The collecdionof the drainage tariff is carried out by SSC. 12.22.3 _ of Receiving Water Bodies The Changjiang esuary at Bailong Gang is the receiving water body for the SSPII effluent. In Revision -23 My I99 AppRZPv4ch12.ow Chaper 12 12-7 SedSho nbai Sewerage PProj May 1995 AppraisalRepon - Vowe 4:E,wimoumentalAssessment accordancewith Artcls 2 and 4 of the WaterpollutionPrevention Act, efocing unified supevision and manageme of pollution preventionof this water body is the responsibilityof SEPB (via the Nature Protectxo Department). Other agences, sch as the harbour ineldcy. fisheries administration,oceanographic authorities etc. work in coordination. With refrn to the function of the watr body and the natural situadon in the CbangjiangetuLy, the first concem is whether the dischargc would give rise to anryadvese imaCt on the oveall functIon of the Chanaiang esary. The second concern is whether there would be any potential localized adverse consequence at the outfall and its viciity. Routine or emergency monitonng conducted bY SEMC at Bailong Gang and its surrounding waters would provide SEPB with an important basis for ensuring the proper supervision and management of the esamry- In addition, overflows can be caused either by nmoff or by accident, to the Huangpu River and its trbutais. SEPB and the relevant LEPBs would be in charge of moitoring and management of this aspect 122.3 Co-ordition of Managerial Agencies From the point ofview of systems ngneering, the process of wasewater generation to conneion to the sewerage system and finally dischargmginto the enviromnt should not be scparatfeand the managementof different links should be coordinated. Any weak link could influence the effeul opation of the system. 12.2.3.1 S of Infomation n The informationfrom the precedingsubsystem may be used as a sgtting point for the successiveone. which information may in tun be a basis for a modification of the preceding subsystcm. Thus. strengeing the information inks is a premise of system management. In the combinedseweage system there are three subsystems, namly sewerageusers, conveyanceand treatmentfacilities, and receiving water body. Te infmation reqired fm tese three ubstms is presented in Table 12.2. This ifomation should be coapiled into a combinedsewerage systm database for more effectua managemen_ Revision 0:23 My 1995 AppRepl4ChI2.ow aiapr 12 12-8 SecondShanghai Sewrage Project May1995 Apprisal Report - Vohimn4:Envionmental Assessment Table 12.2 Infornation Requirement ror Management of Combined Sewerage Svstem Subsystem Infonuttion contcent Instinuion in charge & liformation collector Wastewaterflow & quality Ind. bureaux - monitoringstation Flow & quality of shock loading by accidents SEPB Users LEPBs - monitoringstation SSC - monitoringstation Intensity& duration of precipitation Metcomlogic centre Operation of link sewers & rrunks sewers & pumping Conveyance stations & Flow & quality of influent & effluentof treatment plant treatment Operation of terminal pumpingstation. sludge disposal SSC systen Operation of outfall tunnel and diffusers of sewerage Accidentof sewerage system (e.g.. stop of treatmnent plant, pari/flil halt of seweage system. etc.) Quality of overflow receiving waterwaysdue to LEPBs - monitoringstations Receiving precipitationor accident SEPB - SEMC water Near field & far fidd environmnt at Bailong Gang Concerned authorities such as bodies Abnormalecological phenomenonrelated to sewage harbour superintendency. dischargein the estuary oceanographic,fisheries administration.etc. 12.2.3.2 Coordination of Managerial Actions: the purpose of managingthe users is to effectivelyoperate the system, the purpose of managingthe conveyance and treament facilities is to attempt to limit the impact on the environent to within an acceptable extent; the purpose of managing the receiving water body is to monitor the effectiveness of the system and feedbackthe informationin time to the two upstreamsubsystems so that appropriate measures can be taken. Therefore, the coordinationof the managerial actions is critical. 12.2.4 Preparation of Programme for Operational Management of the SSPTISystem For effective operationof the combinedsewerage system. the followingactions should be included: * Establishingthe necessary regulations and systems to be enforced; * Controlling operations to minimize sewageoverflow as far as possible; * Setting up a categorizationand classificationsystem for dealing with accidents; * Strengtheningthe managementof wastewaterfrom industrial users, etc. A set of appropriate managementprogrammes is essential to manage the operation of systm so that the effectivenessof the project could be fully realized. The Construction Departmen of the Shanghai Sewerage Project Construction Company (SSPCC0has organized the engineering design institutions concerned to prepare a 'Operation ManagementProgramme for ShanghaiCombined Sewerage Project (SSPI)' (For Trial). In this programme, requirementsare set for operation and maintenanceof the Revision 0:24 May 1995 AppRep%v4ch12.ow Chap[er12 12-9 Scond Shagsas Seec pljec May 1995 ApiuimI Rpot - VOme 4:EwnimWlhAsws_m concerned eq_upmentand failies as well as dhe central control and moitorng. operon of the system under nonnal and abnomal conditions, measures are stipulated for operaton safety and prwvenion of fire and aplosion For the ope managemet of the SSPI. the experience of SSPI could be followed and a more suitableset of opeaion managemen programmeand measur should be prepared. 12±5 Publicty and Education (1) Conservationof waer resourmes:Reduction of wastewaterdischages will lessen the burden on the urban sewag system There is potenial for water conservation not only by industra users, but also by domestic users. Multiple use of water resouces sbould be practsed. and low water consUMptionprocesses and water recycling processe should also be encouraged. (2) Enhancement of environmentalconscousness: The obligaion of pollution control should be enhanced to make a contnrbutionto creating a better environmenL The emission fee reminds wastewaterdiscagers to carry out their duties and social obligations in pollution control and environmentalimprovement, at the same time as encouragingthe stegthening of poOution control and migadon of potenta harm to environment, so as to reduc the level of the discbarge tariff. (3) Publicising the principle of -user pays" for pollution contml facilities: The reason for drainagetaiffs shouldbe recognizedso that an incentiveto water conservationis provided. 12.3 Monitoring Programme for Operation of the System 12.3.1 Monitoring Standards Ther are two categories of stadard applicableto the combinedsewemge sysm namely: (1) Wastewater discharge sandard includingnational and local sundards: * Integrated Standard of Wastewacr Discharge (GB8978-88); * Provisional Standardfor IndustrialWastcwater Discharge in Shanghai; * SupplementaryStandard for Industrial WastwaterDischarge in Shanghai (issued on 11 May 1989); * Influent Quality Stnard for Dring into Urban Seweage (CJI18-. (2) Envrnment wat quality stadard: Revon 0:24 May 1995 AppRxpW41b.ow Chap 12 12-10 SeodShanghaiS ragcPM= May 1995 AppraislRport - Voclm 4:DEnvirm4nWAscumcaz * Evarmental Quality Stanard for Surface Water (GB3838-8; 1232 Major Targets of Monitoring 12.3.21 Users (1) Users who discharge toxic constituent (e.g., sodium cyande potssm cyanide. etc.); (2) Users whQ- utilize and produce inflanmables or explosives (e g. benzine. kerosene. lubricants, coal tar, benzene compounds, ether conmods, and othcr orgamc solvents) and harul gases etc.; (3) Effluents which COa pathogens genrted from medical and healt, biological products, slaugher houses etc. Apart from s vising complianhe with t dmainagestandard, sectoral standards should also be exercised; (4) Users who discharge radioactive materials. In addition, -Guidelines for Radioprotection" (GBJS-74. Provisional) should be exercised too; (5) Users who discfarge such mterials which have scriously violated the standard so that a toality control of poDutant emission shotld be adhered to. 12.322 Conveya and Treatment Systems Monitoning the pumpmg stations In the corveyance and treatmt systems i necessary including quality and quantity of influent and effluent to contol their total polution loads. Quantity and quality of the influent and effluent of the sewage tratm plant should be monitored to check the fficiency of sewage traent and control the quality of effluent to be disdcarged. 12.3±3 Major RecIving Water Bodies The Bailong Gang area is the receiving water body for- effluent from the system. Monitoring should be carried out over a long-term prgrmme, including water quality, substate, ecology. During precipitation, the major water bodies monitored would be those which recav the overflow from the urban sewerage system. The monitoring of the HUangpu River and its trlburiCs. and the inland water system of Pudong New Area related to the SSPI should be conducted on the basis of a routine monitoring programme- Revison 0:25 May 1995 AppRqAv4l2--w Cbaprcr12 12-11 SecondShanga ScwemgePojea may 1995 Appuisal Rqpt. - Volume 4:.En_vWmW Assse 123.2.4 Major Variables of Control (1) Pollum which may cause corrosion to the sewerage facilities: sulphides; (2) Materials which are liableto settle to block sewers: Suspendedsolids (SS), settleablesolids; (3) Routie variableswhich affect the water qualityof receivingwater bodies: pH. temperature, BOD5. COD, TOC, NH3-N, TN, TP. phenols and petrol oil; (4) Category I pollutants specifiedin Integrted Standardfor Wastewater Discharge (GB8978- 88), which are non-degradableand may cause persistentpollution hamnful to human beings and aquatic biota such as heavy metals (Hg. Cd. Pb, As etc). 123.3 Monitoring Variables and Sampling Frequency 123.3.1 Monitoring Variables (1) Surfarcewatcr monitoring: same as dtat for constructionphase; (2) Sewerage system user's effuent montoring: same as that for constuction phase. 123.3.2 Monitoring Frequency (1) Surface water monitring: same as that for constructionphase except that some additional sections could be monitcred when necessary; (2) Sewerage system user's effluentmonitoring: 0 necessary effluent quality and quantity monitorig before issuanceof link permit for new user, * in normal condition, check monioring of users' effluent once a year, * supevision nitoing of m2jorpolluters' effluentfour timesa year. 123.4 Layout of Monitoring Samping and Monitoring Methods 12.3.4.1 Layout of Monitoring Samplng (1) Users' special sampling wells: Any users of the combinedsewerage system should set up a special sampling weil chamber at the connecOi point of their effluent, equipped with monitoring ism , screens and penstocks etc for monitorng the effluent quality of users; Revision 025 May 1995 AppRzp%v4chI2.ow Chapter12 12-12 Second ShaqliSewa Pzoject iay 1995 AppaIsl Rqeo - Volunc 4 wnenAummesnem:E (2) Punping stations:At the inflowand outflowof rday pumpingstations and teminal pumpg station monitoring samplingchabers should be set up; (3) Preliminay tamen plant: Samplingpoints are to be set at the inflow and outflow; (4) Outfall: A samplingpoint should be set at the outlet of the headertnk; (5) Receiving water bodies: Same as that for routine sampling in the water area at Bailonggang and the waterwayswhich receive overflow from the sewerage system. 123.4.2 Monitoring Methods Relevant nationalsampling and analyticalmethods for qualityof wastwate dischargedand surface water should all be followed. 24 Set-Up of Monitoring Snstem The monitoring programme should be set up to cater for three sitatons namely routinemonitoring, irregular ispection, and accident monitoring. (1) 'Relar monitoring: Its purpose is to measure and supervise the quantityand quity of users' effluent, so as to understandthe sewage flow and quality in the seweragesystem and to control the effects of the urban sewage on the water environment. Thus a ratnl deploymentand operaion of the seweage facilities could be achieved, as well as poviding the basis for issuanceof dischargepermits and collectionof drainage tariff. (2) Irregular inspection: Accordingto the infmation acquired from the regular monitoring, irregulr sampling of the effluent flow quality could provide information about the actual condition of the disgharge, and check the data collected by the regular monitoring for controllmg the sewerage system and providing information for the managerial agencies concerned. (3) Accident monitoring: In the event that the urban sewerage facilities are damagedeither by ificial causes, by natal causes, or envirnmental pollution was caused by an nauthorised discharge connectedto the sewerage facilities, tracing monitoring should be conducted based on the area and location where the accident occurred, and on the characristis of polmutionsources wbere the ffluent could possibly have been released. Dependig on the results of the monitorng, emergcncymeasures couldbe taken SOthat the efficts of pollution could be minimizedto safeguard people's lives and properties. Revision0:5 ay 195 Alep~ claow Chaptr 12 . 12-13 Second Shan&aiScwcrugc P-@j May 1995 App.isulRepon - Vo.me 4 :-nvhonrnztaAssessnt 12.5 Mnitorin hndtoul AmrgeeMt The following bodWesare rsponsible for eminn, inspectionand supervision of the combined sewerge system SEMC of SEPB, Monitoring Stationof SSC. monitoringstations of idsi bureaux and LEPBs. and monitoring dqments of harb s rid , o hic authorty, fisheres adminsration. sewerage sysm Iixdividualresponsibilities of the monitoringare shown in Fig. 12.2. Revision025 May 1995 AppRcpv4cb12.ow Chapser12 12-14 Sccond Shanghi Seweaec Pt May 199S AppRiW Rqport - Vohu c1n,ir_naItsgnem 13. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The enviromental status of the Shalghai Scond Sewerage Project area is as follows: * The Huangpu River and its tributaries are the rcevig water bodies of effluent generaed in the proposed sevice area of SSPII, and as a consequencedtey suffer from organc pollution high oncrtions of chemical oxygen deand (COD) and ammcinia-nitrogn. In addidon to the funcions of navigation, industrial and agriral wat uses, the Huangpu River is also used as a water source for urban water supply, and this is also dtreamed by pollution. The tributaries of the Huangpu, in Puxi and Pudong. whose flow rely principally on the tid oscillaton which is normallyblocked by sluice gates, are seriouslypolluted. There are also several water intakes in these trmutaries for local water treatment works whose water quality is iadeaely afeguaded at critical periods. Alhough water diversion from the Changjiag estuary is used to replenish the flow in this tribtries and improve the water qualiy, the salinity and silt conte in th estuary are constraints on the effectivenessof the diversion. 3 Withm the Changjiang estiary, diluton and dispersion is aided by the favourable hydraulic conditionsbecaue of the very high rer discarge flows and strong tid energy. Water qualit is influenced by river discharge flows from upsream, tidal currents and coastalstreams. The water frm um is of fairy goo quality except for COD, and e- en is sometnimeshigh during the drought season. The dissolved oxygen is always at an adequatelyhigh level. The water body along the shorelie adjommg Bailonggng has been seiously polluted by the existing sewage discharge from th South Trunk outfall forming a black plume along the coasdme. In this area the counts of colfom are high exceedingby margin the water qualty standard limit. The esuay is influencedto some extent by saline mnsi and has a high silt conment.Levels of pollutants on the suspended solids are always aromnd four orders higher tha that in the water. Beca of the high silt load, the tansmissivity of the water body is low, and algae growth has been inhibited so that no red tde incident has occurred. Major fishig grounds are locaed outside the esay, and the fishing catch fluctuatesannually. 2. It is expected that the implementationof SSPII wodd have a bearing on the economic growth of Shanghai, the developmet of Pudong and an improvement in envirnmental quality. as follows: * Diversion of the itercepted wastewatergenerated in the proposed serviceareas would not only imwre the water rlated evro nent of the project area but also the water quality of the HuangpuRiver. It could benefit the water intakes in inland waterways Revision (IM Vay19 ApplhpW4chl3.ow 3 Oapter 1 - 13-1 Second SewcPmoa myMega 1995 Appisi Report- Vdlme 4.wmaU, Asm== and the Linjiang water intake on the Huangpu River as wuel as enhancing the water quality at Daqiao Water hIake. The laer iake is part of the Shanghai Enviromene Project which is presntly being implemented. - * The proposed outfall of SSPI, Phase IL would discharge some of the industrial and domestic was ater collected in the areas of Wuing and Minhang, which will directy safeguard the major water intakes on the Huangpu River. * The jroject woudd provide part of the necessrv infrastucure for the susaiable development of Pudong New Area. * An improvement in the water environment at Bailonggang would be expectad due to decommissioning of the existing South Trunk Sewer beach outfall. 3. Implementation of the project may result in some social impact, such as: * Acquisition or borrowing of land used for agricultre would decrease the per capita cultivated land area available; Resetdement of residens and enterprses would changc the livig and working condions of residents and the production and employment conditions of enterises; e Construction activit would distub the daily life and worldng conditions of suroudig people and affect other social activities. Impacts would be minimized if Ctac im.plmented the project in strict accodane with nonal and local policies and regultions, whilst carying out various mitgation measures. 4. By using a submeg outfall with a diffuser system, an improvme would be cxpeted on the existing enronm at Bailonggang. At the design flow of 1.7 million m3/d, a miing zone, in which the dilution of the sewage is no greater than 50, is predicted to be around 0.5 to 3.2 km1 in area. The most unfavomrable hydological condition would be neaP tide durmg the drought season, and the higp slack to early ebb m the tidal cycle. It is estmated that the probability of inadequately diluted sewage rising the surface would be below 5%. No coat with the -2m bathymetric contour would occur so that passage for fish migration would always be maintained. 5. Toxic and harmfl substances specified as Category I pollutan by the National Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard (GB8978-88) need to be carefully controlled because they are persistent in name. Becamseof very strong river flows and a self-purification zone in the Changliang estuary, the dissolved oxygen levd in the esuary is always at an adequately high level. Thus, the Category II pollunts can be controlled on the basis of total limiting Revision023 May 1995 AppRep1v4ch13.nw Chaptcr13 13-2 Secod SngbaiSewor Ploica May 1995 AppWai Rqpot- Volme 4EnviemMI Aueume loads. The controlling load allocated for this project (not the poteal receivable load limit of Changiang estay) can be defined as * 5-day Bichemical Oxygen Demand (BOD.) 190 t/day * ChemicalOxygen Demand(COD) 422 tlday * Ammonia-Nitrogen 47 t/day * TotalPhosphorus 7 t/day 6. Based on an analysis of each paramete it is found that sewage treament could be lInited to plminary treatmentinvolvmg screing and aeratd grit removalfor the present. This will also avoid the generationof sludge and associatedproblems with treatment or landfill and reduce the financialivetme Land should, however, be reservedfor fiuur extesion of tatm facilities m order to meet more stingent regulations m the fimre. 7. By using a submged outall with diffusers, the potentl impact on the existig ecological balance would be minimisedso that very limitedadverse environmentalconsequences coud be epected and no utrophicationproblem would be foreseen. - l'bheproposed outfall at Bailongang would have no adverse impact on er nlly sensiive fes in the area such as water sources within the estury, water diversion for inland waterway rplen and the proposed Pudong Second nternationa Airport. Conversely,benefts would be crated becaus of an improvemen in water qualityat water intakes in the inland waterways, and improveme to the appearance of the sea near the proposed Pudong Scwnd Ienational Airport. 9. In order to increase the environmental effctiveness of this project, managment and monitoring system should be establishedfor the preparation, constructionand operational phases of the proje4. Major managent activities required during the pre-constrction phase are land acquisition, resettlement and contractor tendeing; during the construction phase they are the enforcment of evronmental impact migation measures;and during the opetional phase thry involve segthing of system managemnt, and monitoring of pollution sources, the outfal and the quality of the water envimen in the Cbangiang Estuary, and in particular the strict controlof Category I pollutant disharges. Revision023May 1995 AppPep%v4ab3.aw baper 13 13-3 Seod ShaSgha Sewera Projec may 1995 ApprAisalRetpt - Velume 4-vonme A _ A. WATER AND DISCHARGE STANDARDS Rviion 0:24 May 995 AppRepv4.ow APppenx ENVIRONMENTAI. QUALT STANDARDFOR SURFAC. WATER (GB3S38-M) Issued by NEPA on the 5th April 1988 and in effcct on the Ist Junc 1988 I Functional Classification of Water Bodies According to the use purposes and protection objectives. surface water bodies are classified into 5 categories: Category 1 mainly applicable to source water and national natural protection areas; Category 1' mainly applicable to first class protection areas for centralized domestic potable water sources, precious fisheries protection areas, and fish and shrimp spawning grounds; Category III mainly applicable to second class protection areas for centralized domestic potable water sources. generad fisheries protection areas and swimming areas; Catcgory IV mainly applicable to general industrial water uses and secondary contact recreational water areas; Category V mainry applicable to agricultural water use areas and water areas for geneal aesthetic enjoyment. If one water body has multipile functions, the highest rank of the functions is the basis for classification. If there is a seasonal function, the classification can be on a seasonal basis. 2 Water Quality Requirement The standard stipulates that the water bodies for different functions should comply with different standard values accordingly. nhe water quality requirenmentsfor the 5 categories of surface water are shown in Table 1. 2.1 This standard should not be used for instantly observed values. 2.2 Exceedance of single stadard value indicates that the identified function is unable to ensure The harmfulness should be integrally assessed refening to the baseline and the investigation data of aquatic biota, hardness rectifying equation and related criterion information. Table 1. Environmental Standard of Surface Water Unit: mg/L(exccpt for specfied elsewhere) Categoty No. VariablehIIIkIVab I~ ~ I,. Il, 1V V All walerbodics should not containthe fiolowing mateials madeby unnaturalcause: a. offensivesediment formed if settkabic Basac4-cquiremcnts b floatssuch as debris.scum. oil or othermaterials that may cams unpleasantsensc; c. offcnsivecolour. odour. tast or tuibidity; d. harmful.toxic or undesirablephysiologic cffects to mankind. animalsor plarnts e. liableto spawnoffensive aquatic biota. Artificially causedchange in ambiemwater temperaur shouldbe limied: I Watertemperature (C) maximumrise on weeklyavmage basis: - duringsuwrrar < I duringwinter < 2 2 pH 6.5 - 85 6 - 9 3 Sulphaes'(as SO.2 ) <250 250 250 250 250 4 Chloride: (asCl) <250 250 250 250 250 S Dissolvediron 403 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 6 Totalmanganese <01I 01 0.1 0.5 1.0 7 Total cop & <0.01 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ______1 (0.01) (0.01) 8 Total ziTlc cOes 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 (0.1' (0.1) 9 Nitrates (as N) <10 10 20 20 25 10 Nitrites (as N) 0.06 0.1 0.15 I.0 1.0 11 Unionizedammonia 0.02 0.002 0.02 0.2 0.2 12 TKN 0.5 0.5 I 2 2 13 Total phosphorus(as P) 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 O.0251 ro.05] 14 Permanganantcvalue 2 4 6 9 10 15 Dissolved oxygen 90* sat. 6 5 3 2 16 COD, cl5 <15 is 20 25 14o. Variable I If1 TIV V 17 BOD, <3 3* 4 6 10 18 Fluorides(asF) c<1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 5 19 Selnium (IV) <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 20 Total amwc 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 21 Total macufi- O.W005 O.O0005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 22 Totai cadmium' 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 23 Chroniuom(VI) 0.01 0O05 0.05 0.05 0.1 24 Total kad" 0.01 0o.5 0.05 0.05 0.1 25 Tcal cyanides 0.005 0.05 0.2 02 0.2 (0.005) (0.005) 26 Volatik pOlS7 0002 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.1 27 Pztmrol(xtracted by pcoEtlucr) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 28 Anion-surfactnts <0.2 0.2 0.2 03 0.3 29 coliforma'(indlL) 10000 30 flaP (pgL) 0.0025 0.0025 0.005 Note- T.hestandad is allowed to adjust propely based on the charaactistics of local walr body baseline; The stndard is detectable limit and cannot meet its criteion: The standard is tentasive; Standards for ftshcrics use am with (); Standards for lkes or reservoirs 3rc with []. Table I from Integrated Standard for Wastewater Discharge (GB 8978-88) Maximum Permitted Discharge Concentration of the Pollutants of the First Category (mgfl) Pollutants Maximum permitted discharge concentration 1. total mercury 0.05(l" 2. alkyl mercury not to be detected 3. total cadmium 0.1 4. total chromium 1.5 5. chromium' 0.5 6. total arsenic 0.5 7. total icad 1_0 8. total nickel . 1.0 9. benz-a-pyrenea) 0.00003 (I) Cansaic sod i-dusy (albai. ezpandc4 rebilh (N.ER.J etserprises) 0.005 zugfi (2) It is proposed saard,re sagnocideron of Standard Ca andiifor the moment Table 2 from Integrated Standard for Wastewater discharge (GB 8978-88) Maximum Permitted Discharge Concentration of Pollutants of the Second Category (ag/l) Class Ilta ., aa III N.ER." N R I. pH 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9" 6-9 2. celma_ity 50 so go tSo1 (thE of diiu.n) 3. SS 70 Ion 200 250'F 400 4. BOD, 30 60 60 to 300" S. CODc,. 100 150 150 2W0 500F" 6. ol I0 15 10 20 30 7. il of animals ad ptawas 20 30 20 - 40 IOD S. voffle pbcno 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 9. cyaide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 10. mlphide 3.0 ].0q. o.0 2.0 2.0 11. numfia 15 25 25 * ) - 12. flmidc t0oS 10 Is 20- 13. p&osptaa_cmuubyl) 0yS1.0 tAn.0 z0o 1'.fawmatdd,yde 1. 2.0 2.0 3. 5. aniiS 1.0 2.0 20 30 5.0 16.iniuoz.e 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 17.LAS 5.0 to 10 | 15 20 Is. eep O5 0S 1.0 1.0 2e0 19. zinc 2.0 250 400 s. SD. ,O. mgauesc 2e 5 D. 2.e" T 50"' 5jS. NOTES (I) 7The Imi,f pf is siededso 9.5 i Ssa.dard Csif the eunSu shenlm powrfactores and vispaejiv ind1aty (2) The Maio fSS is eznded so 30 huh e J day (3n For walwstewr of ppitr.aking. kadr. fo.dz.ff fintm%r-ashe. brewing. fr ig b-phervancy. .- prw s and JirehwL whh & dis argadbacbsewe ahsecondvysewagenAa rpln. sth iipl, orfBOD,and COO.c,w beeztended o 600 gg ca ZdW mg& The desiiled fw canasoW b consultd -ih mu,nicipal adn asrrtio deparmo_nt (3 kr is the peurmited discharge encentrut.fo Ja lowrid area (referring so ihe watr, body whow cmcentrauim. of fluode c 0.5 (7I Nh isablr ;fe and s _, (63 Fa she indutro f&n acidsh stand if N./R i5 S aug/ an that of esting i5 75 mI (7) N.LbR is anabeiasi if Nean Ezistn. Renvae Fatois Second Shanghai Seerage Projec May 1995 Apprisa Repot - Vobume4XAirmnentd Asmen B. SUMMARYOF ONGOINGSTUDIES FOR THE CHANGJlIANGESTUARY Pevision0-24 May 1995 AMpRp4ow Appxdix SecumiSb9qb_Sewaugc Pm~ May 1995 App=l Rqmn- Volmc 4Xnvou0M As,sam BI SUMMARY OF ONGOING STE:S FOR TME CHANGJIANG EsTuARY B.1 The Dil Modelig Studies The DanishHlydraulic Instte (DIII) has camed out moddling studi to imvestigatethe impact upon water quality from the proposed SSPIIoutfall at Bailouggang. he study i not completed.An interim report was presented in Febnruay1995, on which this summary is based. The modeling work covers a 2D computersimulation for the far-fidd, and a 3D computersimuation in the near-field. In addiiionto the simulaions the DHI have analyzeddifferent outfal schemes. 1. Simulatio-s 1.1 Far-fidd A calibrated250 m grid hydrodynamicmodel is the basis of the water qualitysimulations. Six outfalls and rivers are included: - Huangpu - Westem outfal - Souther outfal - Zhuyuan outfal - Yuelong Non-erric - Baosha Stel Six componentswas considered in the caibration nm (Coliform, BOD, DO, Ammonia, Nitrate and Phosphate), and both the wet pd dry seasons were included. The calibrated model was used for 21 water quality simuations. These include variations of the followingparameters: a) Period: - Summer irmter b) Phase: - Pbase I with a discharge of 1.7 mill m31d - Phase 1 with a dischargeof 5.1 mill m1d c) Diffuser: - C; 4 or 8 risers with a distance of 40 m between each other - Separated,4 risers with a distance of 160 m between each other Revision0:24 May1995 App1"X%v4b.O AppendixB B-1 SecondShai Seweage Poectma 1995 AppmisalRportn - Vlme 4:EnvausuU_t Assemnm d) Lbading: - Altenativ ; with BOD 200 mg/I, Ammonia24.3 mg/l, Phosphate 6.35 mg/l Altrnative II; with BOD 100 mg/I. Ammonia25 mg/l (Standard) 1.2 Near-field A thee-dimensional model with grid-size of 40 m (horizontal)and 2 m (vertical) was set up and calibrated. The water qualiy simutions included 10 runs with different periods, phases, diffusers and loading. 2. Outfal Schemes The followingschemes are analyzed: I. All future outfalls located at Bailonggang H. One outfall at Bailongpng. Anotheroutfall located 2 kn upsram of Bailonggang and the last one 2 lan downstream M. One outfall at Bailonggang. Another outfall located apprmx. 11 km upstream of Bailonggangand the last one approx. 10 km downstram. For each scheme it has been looked into both smgle and twn outfall options and the following diffuser layouts: 1) concenrated diffuserwith 4 risers spaced 40 m 2) separated diffusers with 4 rises spaced 160 m 3) concentated diffuserswith 8 risers spaced 40 m 4) for twin outfall or more. Concentrateddiffuser with 4 rises spaced 40 m and offfset by 40 m. 3. Results and Discuson 3.1 The differet Phases The Phase I sewerage discarge (1.7 mIl m3/d) will be at the Bailonggangarea The outfal will be about 1,500 m off the coast, and the diffusersecton will be located at the water depth of 6-10 in In general, all simated results show that the Phase I discbargewith the present loading concentation will cause a minor polluted area in the near-field. The plume length are quite limited and the edge of the plume never comes doser to the river bank than 700 m. This means tht the pltum do not reach the bank and there is passagewayfor the fish migration. The ultinme phase is with a discharge of 5.1 mill mr3/d. If this sewerge will be totally discharges Revision024 May 1995 AWRephv4beow AppendixB B-2 SecoMi anogi Se-COP Poe May 1995 Apprai=l Report- Volumc 4Env_ornal Asscssmnem an one place, it will certainly generate a heavy pollution in the near-fidd and a significant evinmental impact in the far-field. The plumes vnll reach the rver bank. 3.2 Different types of diffusr The different types of diffusers will not influence the environmenal impact in the far-field. The 3D results show that the ty with 8 nsers will not give a better dilution than the type with 4 risers. On a contrary due to the short distn.e of deep waters, some of the 8 risers may be located in a relative shallow position. and as a result of that the BR type cause higher pollution than the 4R type. 3.3 Different Schemes Three difFerentschemes are studied. The main diffrence between them is thc distnces betweenthe outfall. The diffrent schemes are only related to the ultimatephase with 5.1 mill mN3 d. Schem I will case higher concentrationof the polluans in the Bailonggangarea, but the pollution area is relatively smaler than the two other schemes S me 11can visibly reduce the high toncentation in the Bailongng area and also form a narrow passagewaybetween the edge of the plume and the rier bank for fish migration. Becau of the ditanes between the outfall of Scme M are sfficiendy long for an effective dilution, the influence bwen the outfall is quite small. Thus, the environmenl impacts from Scheme m can be considered similar to the situation of Phase I at three different areas. Therefore, Scheme m gives the smallest envinental impacts as comparedto the two other schemes. 3A Different Loads The simuLted results show that the pollution area is very small for Phase I discharge, even with a BOD concentrationof 200 mg/I. It is clear that the pollution loadingsof the Phase I discharge very quicldycan be diluted in the lare water body at the Bailonggangarea if the BOD concenation is 100 mg/l in the effluent, the pollution from an oall dischargewill be very limited- Revision024 May 1995 AppRep%v4b.ow AppendixB B-3 SecondShanghai Sewerg Projca May 1995 Appraisal Report - Volume 4EmimronmelAls B.2 The Eagnhou Bay Envronmena Study SUMMARY Thi study has been commissionedby the World Banc, and conmnencedin September 1993- The completiondate is scheduled to be end of October 1995. The study comprise three phases: PhaseI: D of ecisting conditions Phase II: Analysis of emissionsand an assessment of the assimiative capacity of the bay Phase III: Environental protection and managementplan. This is to include costed action progammes and fiacial plan, plus reommed ons oninstiional regulatory arrangements. Phase I is completed and reported in a Final Report, May 1994. Fr Phase H there is an Interim Report, Octaober1994, and a Final Report, March 1995. The objectiveof the HangzhouBay EnvironmentalSuy is to provide aneffective series of initiatives to develop and maintaina balance beweemthe various uses of the area. To achievedtis it is necessary to detennine the environmental stamusof die bay, and to determine the ramaining self purification capacity of the bay to assimilatewaste. In the report from Phase I water qulity data are presentedand compared with nationalmarine water standards. It is stated that the bay is hypeeutrphic with respect to both nirogen and phosphorus. Zinc is the only heavy metal which ceed the sandard for fisheriesprotection. Copper levels are at or near the limit for the same standard. Oil is beieved to fail the standard, but the data quality are limited. In the Phase I report there is presented a preliminay assessment of water quality objectives, set againstnationa standards (the pwposed new fiveclass system for Marine Water Classicatio). Cls 2 zones include food reld ses, eg fisheries and mariculture. They represent a substntial proportion of the bay. most of which, on phosphateconcentraton. is currendy in Class 415. and Class 5 or worse based upon nitrates. It is recommendedthat a five year objective could be to limt the rate of cutrophicationso that a maximum proportion of waters are mntaind in Clas 3, and to seek improvementto Class 2 watcr over a 20 year period. To reduce the risk of red tides the stategic control of either ortho phosphates Revision0-.24 Ma 19 AMRVXv4b.o AppendixB B4 Second Shagha Seweap Prjca May 1995 Appisal Repsot- Volmne4:Eaviiw1o:nc A5sssment or nitrogen is to be considdred. The smdy ara, which is Changiang Esay and HangzhouBay. receivespollution dischargesfrom various sources. These are river boundaries (bewen rnrs and the study area), point sources (domesticand industrialwastewaer. drainage canalsetc), non-pointsources (agriaclturalrun-off etc.), solid dumping (night soil etc.). and marine dscharges (oil from shipping etc.). Some data are presented in the Phase I report. These shows that the loadsfor all parametersare dominted by those delivered by the Changjianginto the East China Sea, with a part being carried into Hangzou Bay. The significanceof the Changji:mgloads is realisedwhen one sees that the total ammia N discharge from other sources is only 7.6% of the total load discharged. The modelling to be carried out will use the pollution loads as input data from which the water quality in the bay will be calculated- Some short term actionsare identifiedin Phase 1. It is recommexdedthat atention is given to reduce the zmc quantityby controllingwaste from industry, prinarily the non ferrous metalindustry. The policy of waste minimiisaon at source should be encouraged. S For copper, which concentrationsare at or near the desired quality limits, oendations are that discharge of additional matrials should be consideredcarefilly an individualbasis. When it comes to mntrients,the Phase I report advises that any remedial action should be delayed until more information is known of relative sources of both nitroge and phosphous. In the first stage of Phase 1 the main tasks have been the developmentof bydrodynamicand water quality models, and to conduct a first marine nmniorng cmuiseThe initial results from this cniise are confirming that the key-issuesto be consideredduring the remainderof the project, are nutrients, oils and trace metals. Regardig nutrientsa number of subjects are under further investigation.Among these are relative contnrbuton of the various sources of nitrogen and phosphorous, and the implicationsof various strategies for wastwatr treatment throughoutthe relevant cachments. In the conclusionsof the Interim Report from Phase IL it is also mentioned that 'the experience gained during the development of this study has shown that the identification if functional znes within Hangzhou Bay and the Zboushan Fishing Gromundand the ageement of Water Quality Objectives will be a complex task'. Important aspects of the Phase n Fmal Report are as follows: - Improved sampling and analytical methods have shown that earlier analyses of concerations of dissolved toxic metals are too high and that all waters monitored meet the marine standard. - A pollution load model has been developed which allows forecasting of future loads discharged from each of five river basins for vaious development criteria. This Revision0:24 May 1995 AppPMv&b AppendixB B-5 Scond hanghai Sewe Plect may 1995 App=isnd Repot - Volumc 4:EiwimumjalaAssasmeul include fdieHuangpu and the dischargesto the Changjiang. Revision 0-24 May 1995 AppReqpv4bow Appendix B B6 I SecondShaghai SeweragePio May 1995 Appriai Rcpon- Volumc 4:EvirourmcinmAssesment C. WASTEWATER TREATMENT RcvisionO24May 1995 AppRcpX1v4.Ow Appeandi SecondShanghai Sewenge Plojea May 1995 Appm.l Rqon - Volm 4XZIW_OIUleWaA C. WASTEWATER TREATMNT C.l. Itoducion The urban population of Shaighai is some 8 million. The domestic waste from this population and some 20000 factories has traditionallybeen dischargedto the Huangpu River. The average flow of the Huangpu is 300 n3 Is and this sizeableflow provides significantdilution but neverthelesssevere polludon of the minorwaterways within the city occurs. To overcome these problems a wastewatermasterplan has been developedand dts is based upon the transfer of wastewaterfor discharge into the massiveflows of the YangtseRiver. At present, in 1995, three major sewers have been constructed to dischargeto the ChangJiangand the SSP2 sewer is at the planning stage: Sewer DischargePoint Present Load Design Load Irils m3/s The Western Sewer Shidongkou 1.5 8.1 The Southern Sewer Bailnggang 4.6 4.6 The SSPI Sewer Zhuyuan 11.6 16.2 The SSPII - Stage 1 Bailonggang 19.7 Stage 2 Bailonggang 39.4 The Total Year 2020 Flow 88 mI3s The average flow of the Changjiang is 31000 m3%sand threfore in the year 2020 the dilution frmn the full flow of the Changjiangwill be 350 :1. Even at the low flow of 7000 m31s a dilutionof 80 :1 is provided. With such massive dilution it is unlikely that any form of treatment would be necessary. The Royal CommissionStandards which were developedin the U.K. have been very widely appliedas a means of controllingwatewiater pollutionto levels which can be accommodatedby a river system without creating objectionable conditions. These standards suggest a limit of 20 mg/l BOD and 30 mg/l Suspended Solids when a dilution of 8: 1 is available. This implies that it is normally acceptableto increasethe concentrtion of BOD and SS in a river by 2.5 and 3.75 mgll respecively. Clearly it is not necessary to treat to a 20130standard when very lrge dilutions are available and it is normally accepted that treatmentis not necessaryfor domesticwastewater when a dilution in excess Rcvision 0:24 May 1995 AppRepW4-aw AppendixC C-1 Second Shigh Seweoge Poject May 1995 Apprisa Reprt - Volm 4:EwironUeudAssesmm of 150: 1 is available. In the sections below the pollution loads which will be handled by the SSPII sewer are estimated, the efacts of these dischargesupon the receivig waters are consideredand a pollutioncontrol policy is developedfrom which the treaent requiremens for the SSPHwastewater are established. C.2. The Sewage Flows and Pollution Leads it is proposedthat SSPII should be developedin stages. The first stage, which is due for completion by 1998. will involve the constuction of sewerage and transmissionworks to serve the following areas: The Pudong New Area Wujing / Minhang Puxi South Block By 2006. the Middle and Southern transfer systems are expectedto be at such a stage that the Puxi Middle Block can be served. The Puxi North Blorckand the Free Trade Area (Gao Qiac) will not be served by these panned works but will eventally be served by a North conveyor and outfall. However when considerng the environmental impact of discharges to the Changjimg esary and the treanent requirements the total discharges ust be considered. The population served by the SSP II works has been estimated to be 3.2 million for the year 2000 and the domestic wastewaterflow 444850 n9Id. This compares with a total estmated Stage 1 dry weather flow of 1.9 million m3/d. FUIIdetails of the esdmated flows and their sources throughoutthe period to the year 2020 are presentedin Table C.1. The estimation of pollution loads presentsgreater difficulty than the estimationof flows: There are several thousand factories and the individual discharges are not well known for each parameter of interesL Many of the populaton are at present served by septic tanks or mightsoil disposal facilities. It is not possibleto collect fully represetative samples for analysis. Under these cirmstaces it is necessary to prepare estimates of the wastewater quality upon the bases of typical data and the limitedknown infomation. Two separateapproaches have been adopted and these are presented below. RarisionO0-4 May 199S AppRX%Av4c.Ow AppeniaC C-2 SecondShangliai Sewerage Pmject May 1995 Appraisal Repon - Volume 4:E1virunnenrvl Asscsm Table C.1 Population and Flow Estimates for SSPII (RFowsare quoted in n3 l/d 1puainn Dmesk Inltraton Cainerdal Inwsba Arage Dry IOU0 11w Flew 2066_ _ _ Pudong N.A. 1265 20657 155800 95960 281000 739340 wojiruixI Mihn 613 9300 42000 4500 30S000 -490000 Puxi SouthD. a02 87010 64930 51330 30800 S11330 Puxi Middlk Block 526 5327 26230 31960 46DD0 157500) TOWaI 312166 411351)1 2306624S 940666 139176 2010 ______1 PudantN.A. 1709 349630 155800 16503 421500 1092020 Wufti I WMlhang 600 120000 42000 53750 385000 600000 Puxi SmuithBlodk 802 11403.A 54150 70420 261300 527220 Puxi M.ddleBlock 429 71520 21900 42910 39100 175430 TOWa 3540 68200 mm35 332160 1107400 23______ 2020 ______PudoneN.A. 2370 60641 136960 238150 674400 175592 'Wujint I Minhani, 920 230000 42000 43000 395000 700000 PadiSathi Bladck 302 200530 43320 120320 215600 579760 Puxi MigddleBlock 332 8308 17520 4985 32200 132640 Puzi North Block ______1299000 Free Trade Arca ______1177700 TOWa ______4169502 MmeMeasured Quality of the SSP Wastewater The SSPI wastewater has a similar mix of domestic and indusuria vwastewateras that eqxpcted for SSPII.The percentge of domestic wastewateris 29 % as opposed to the 23 % expectedlfor SSPII. Revismo0-26 May 1995 Appepcp%4c.ow App=WIixC C-3 ROD& CODCone. mng/ -o - ADWFlow, million m3/day I l l I -- .,a t~~~~ 1 1,, oA O B 8 F S N andP Coictn. mgol C jill - U1~~m o (0 ~~~Xg______R.____ Sc Shan9ghiSewea Pect May 1995 Appaa Rexot - Volm 4:EuwiroamenmlAsse.' Whilstthe nature of the indusal dischargeswill not be preciselythe same, the quality of the SSPI wastewaterprovides usefil guidance. In Table C.2 the results of analysis of samples of the SSPI wastewatercollected over a one month period are summarised. Table C.2 The Quality of the SSPI Wastewater ng*fl) Parameter Aerage(mgl) Rage (inMg SS 131 80-190 BOD 84.7 54.3 -116 COD 198.3 158 -258 NH3- N 2.79 184 - 345 PO. 3.05 0.7 4.99 Total P 4.03 2.57 - 7.50 The Estimated Loads and Qualit of SSPI Wastew_r As a part of the HangzhouBay Study, poUutionloads enternmgthe study area have been assessed and forecasts have been prepared dmoughto the year 2013. This assment covers the loads produced by Shanghai and also the loads carried by the Changjiang at Xilujin which is upstrcam of the confluencewith the Huangpu. These data are of a generalised nature but neverthelessare useful in assessing the effects of the Shanghai discarges upon the quality of the Changjiang. Rcvsion 024 May 1995 AppRqAv4c.ow aAppndixC C-4 SeCamShaiSeWee fProe May1995 ApprA Reprt - Voume 4.EovirO01ncnWAsesme For the Shanghaidischarges the domesic pollutantlads have been based upon per capita discharge rates, as shown below: BOD 40 COD 100 Inorg. N 8 Tot. P 2 The idustria loads are based upon 1990 values taken from th ShanghaiEnviromnent News, Feb. 18, 1995 and uprad for the forecasts. The base 1990 loads used are shown in Table C.3. The data can be treated with reasonableconfidence smce a balance of pollutantloads generated and discharged has been undertake and the results chedcedagainst the measuredloads crossing the river boundary at Yangsbupu. A suprisingly good agreemen was foumdbetween the 'Estimated" and 'Measured' values for the water quality at the Yangshupuriver boumdary.Good agrement was also achieved for die four otder river basins studied, includingthe CharWiangbasin. Table C.3 Industrial Pollution Disdarges (tlday) Parameter 1990Loads 1994 Leads 200(Lew) 2000 (gh) COD 657 569 604 647 BOD 180 139 147 162 Inorg.N 34.5 30 32 34 Phenols 0.44 Oils. 19.5 19.5 25 25 Metals 0.071 Cyanide 0.19 Arsenic 0.19 3 Flow m /s 43 37 _ The industrial waswater loads and flows to have fallen since 1986. Clearly the indusial pollution loads camnotcontimue to fall forever. It has been assumnedtherefore that both flows and loads fal at Revision0:2A May 1995 AppRftv4c.ow AppeAdixC C-5 SOnd Snh_i Swnge Projec May 1995 AWppisal RqcoP - Valuate 4:Enavkonm Assessme 5 % p.a. from the base year of 1990 to 1993 and thlrafter start to rise. The industrialflows quoted in Table C.3, for the year 1994 reflect ese changes. In preparing forecasts of future loads a low growth rate of 1 % p.a. has been used and a high estimate,based upon a growth of 2 % p.a., 1- been used for sensitivity analysis. Industrial records for the dischargeof phosphorusare very srse. The pollution balanceshows that little phosphorus can be prese in the industrial wastewater if the per capita discharge is 2 gm/capitalday. The estmates of Inorgamc Nitrogenare based upon the findings that for 605 major factories in the Upper Huangpuarea the inorganicnitrogen content was equal to 5.25 % of the COD. Data for metals were found to be inconsistent.The concentrationsof phenols are only relevant if the receiving water is to be used for drindkngpurposes whicb is not the case for any dischargesto the Changjiang esmary since the high salinity precludessuch a use. The method used in the HangzhouBay Pollution Load Model are employed below to estimate the likely present quality of the SSPIwaster. (a) Estimed SSPI Flow Data (1995) DomesticPopulation 2.55 million Flows m31d Domestic 2550000x0.160 = 408000 Commercial 408000x0A = 163200 Iniltration 70.6 ki 2x2O0 = 176500 Industrial = 652300 Total = 1400000 (b) Estimated DomesticLoads. tld BOD 2.5x40 = 102 COD 2.55x100 = 255 Inorg N 2.55x8 = 20.4 Total P 2.55x2 = 5.1 Revisio 0:24 MaY 1995 AWRepkv4.oaw AppendixC C-6 Second Shanhi Sewgc P may 1995 APPrai Report- Volrme 4:EnviramenbalAssegme (c) Industrial Loads tld Tota IndustrialWastewantr Flow = 3200000 IJd Industia Flow handled by SSP 1 = 652000 n?/d BOD 0.652/3.2x147 = 30 COD 0.65213.2x604 = 123 Inorg N 0.65213.2x32 = 6.5 (d) Total Loads BOD 132 t/d 94 mg/I COD 378 l/d 270 mg/l Inorg. N 27 td 19 mg/I Tota P 5.ltd 3.6mg/l (e) Toal Loads (with allowancefor mghtsoiland septic tanks) BOD 121td 85 mgnl COD 329 tfd 235 mg/n Inorg. N 27 tld 19 mg/i Total P 3.8 td 2.6ng/i In (d) above the pollutant load estmates are shown as_ming tha all domesic vrastewaterenters the sewerage system. At present this is not the case. The Solid Waste Study showed that in 1993 86 % of the populationwas served either by septic tanks or by nightsoil dump tanks. However some 62 % of the solids from these tanks was esmated to be returned to the s'eweragesystem. In section (e) above the estimatedpollution loads camed by the SSPI sewer are presented having made an allowance for the septc tank and nightsoil sludges not discharged to the sewer. A comparisonbetween the estmated and the measred loads for the SSPI sewer arc shown in Table C.4. Revisim 0.24 May 1995 AppRtpMv4c.w AppendixC C-7 SCOd Shangai Swge PeCM May 1995 AppraI Rqpon - Vahn 4:Envionmena Assessmcnt Table CA Compais of the Estimaed and Measured Lads mIthe SSPI Sew Parinetw Fstimatd ng/ Measured mg/l BOD 85 85 COD .230 198 Inorg. N 19 23 Total P 3.6 4.4 0.93 As can be seen there is remarkably good agreemet between the estimatedand the nmsured values; even the higher esumate for the COD is only 15 % from the measured value. The success of this estimat gvs confidence m te method of estimation. Estimation of the Loads to be camried by the SSPI Sewer Havingjustified dte medhodof pollution load estimationabove, the metiod has been used to estmate the loads to be carried by dheSSP 11Sewer. (a) The Year 2000 Polution Loads Domesi Loads Population Seved 3.2 million BOD Load 3.2x40 = 128 t/d COD Load 3.2xlO0 = 320 t/d lnorg. N Load 3.2x8 = 25.6 t/d Total P Load 3 -W = 6.4 td Indusiial Loads (Low Esmate)- Estmated Industrial Flow = 3A million m3Jd BOD Load 0.940/3.4x147 = 41 tld COD Load 0.940/3.4x604 = 167t/d nORg N Load 0-940/3.4x32 = 8.8 tld Oils Load 0.940/3.4x25 = 6.9 tld Revision 0:2 May1995 Appftp%v4cow Appendix C C-8 Scond Shangha SAp Project May 1995 Appaisl RPqt - Vome 4 :nvioal Assu=emK Industrial Loads (igh Esfimte) BOD 0.94013.4x162 = 45 tid COD Load 094013.4x647 = 179 t/d Inorg. N Load 0.940/3.4x34 = 9.4 t/d Oils Load 0.94013.4x25 = 6.9 tLd From the above load esftimat and the flow data prsented in Table C.1, esta cambe pepared for the concentratons of pollutantsm the SSPI wastwater. These estimatesare of course based upon the assumptionthat the factories to be served by the SSPII system are reprcsentaive in terms of the average int pollution levels experiencedin Shaha. TOal Pollution Loads and ocentaons 2000 Loads (tld) Con Note: Bracetd figums reprs the higher estmates of indusaWldisharges t can be seen that these estimates comparewel with the measuredconcenation of polluts in the SSPI sewage, as quoted above. In the evaluationabove no allowancehas been made for the removalof polhltantsby use of nightsoil or septic tank facilities. By the year 2000 it is expectedthat the quantitiesof nightsoiland septic tmak sludges will be small with mos dischaged to the sewer. In these cirumstace a reduction of the load to allow for these other means of disposal is inappropriate.It can be seen that the wastewat is paticulay weak when compared with nonmal domestic waseat. This is believed to be due to the dilution provided by infiltrationwater and the weak naure of the industrialwastes. In Table C.5 data are presented to cover population,flow and pollution load projections for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020. The populationand flow data re as presented in he Predesign Review Report. The 2020 populationand flow daa iciude for the Free Trade Area (Gao Qiao) and the Puxi North Blockl The pollution loads calculated from tese data therefore include the fie discharges to the north outfalL. Domestic pollution loads presented in the Table C.5, are based upon the projected populationsand the per capita loads diScaL The industal loads bave been calculated from the total industrial discharges from the whole of Shanghaiadjusted in proportionto the faction of the total flow to be Revision024 May 1995 Appendix C C-9 Seod Saghi S-weuge Pojea May 1995 Apprs Rq1> - Volume4 .Env encl Amme. handled by the SSp II Sewers. The industrialpollucion load growth rate used is 1 % p.a. after 1993. The flows uponwhich the load esimates are basedare shown in tic tablc and also in Figure C.1. The poUutantloads are presented in Table C.5 in tlday and the concentraions are also shown for the individualpollutant. It is notable that the concentations are very low. as for SSP 1. BOD concentations are estimated to fall from 89 to 73 mg/l during the development of the scheme and the other parameters are correspondinglylow with concentrtions reducing,due largdy to the higherper capita domesticwater consmption anticipatedfor the later yezrs. The low concentaons obseved and estmated are very largely due to the very large industial wastemer flows It is possible that.a positive waste mmisation progrmme would have very beneficial effects in reducing industrial water consumption and wastewater discharges. Such progranmnes however require a sustied cffortover a long period and one cannot usually achieve i_mediate or short term improvements. A worst case projectionof pollutionloads has been prepared and the data are presentedin Table C.5. For this extreme case it has been assumedthat the industrial loads dischargedincrease at a rate of 2 % p-a. and that the increasesinflows is held at I % p-a., additionaly, the per capita domestic loads have been taken to rise by 10, 20 and 30 % in the years 2000, 2010 and 2020, over the base levels. For xamuple,BOD dischargesare taken to rise to 44, 48 and 52 gmlcapitaldayin these thrce years. It can be seen from the data presented that the BOD is projected to rise from 97 mg/l in 2000 and down to 91 mg/l in 2020. Even under this extreme case BOD concentrationsare very low, the faU between the years 2000 and 2020 being due to the increasein the domestic water use. Waste _0lniisation From the data presented above a nmmberof key points occur: The wastewaterin the SSPIsewer is very weak. The estimatd quality indicatestht wastewaterin the SSPII swer wilUalso be weak. Reference to the individualflows of domesic and industrial stewater show that it is the industrial componentwhicrh is particularlyweak in terms of BOD and COD. There are two possiblereasons for this. The efforts made by the factories in treatng dteir wastes to meet disharge standardshas no doubt resulted in significant pollution load removal. The second reason for the weak induia wastewater is possibly due to excse use of water within the fictories, particularly the older factories where litde considerationwas given in the past to economy in water use. The low concentrtions in the SSP I sewer could also be caused in part by high infiltrationin the Revision0-24 May 1995 ApplepvO- Appedix C C-10 Table C-5 Forecast Paiutlon Loads for SSP HWasbrmtr Panulation and Flows Poldlon Loads Wd Year 2000 2010 2020 Year 2000 2010 2020 Domestic 312 142 z59 Industril 41 43 2 ln ul Smd Tta 169 19 342 C _~~~nVmgl n 79 73 NA. 126492 1.7064 236984 DOD mIMiah 0.6,125 0.6 0.92 Domestic 321 354 642 SamhBlock O.02i 0.8021 0.8021 IndUs 166 l96 338 maiddcBd 0.5256 0.42895 O0 3 TOW 437 550 906 *Nodsa Bock 1.807304 C nnaionmgl 257 230 210 Ama+GeQiw 0.247235 bwpie N rml 320512 3.53969 6.478779 26 23 52 dusrial 9 10 iS WWFlow mil uId ToW 34 39 70 NA. 00657 0.34963 .041 tEentiatioInmg 1 16 IS Imiahmbu 0.098 2.12 0.23 .CIISII Block 0.08701 0.14085 02053 reed MiddC32o 0.0 7152 O.OS308c 6.41 7A. t2s6 iNBlck 0.451826 0 o0 Azca+sQiam . 0.061809 oW 6 7 13 Conntaon mofl 332 2.96 em! 0.44485 0.682 1633655 utgratu Flow iL .3fd NA 0.1558 0.1558 0.18696 -_- ujugM g 004 0.042 0.042 L Iig2As_ ~S"dBlock 0.06498 0.05415 004332 His 1dlo&N 0.02628 0.0219 0t752 yer 2000 210 2020 jN" Riok 0.116587 Ar+.GQiao 0.015949 Adw 1.916 23954 4.693664 TOW 0.28906 027385 0.422M6B 141 170 337 mGoeicid Flow md. m3Id 43 51 so NA 0.09596 0.16508 02815 124 221 42s J/MEi.g 0.045 0.05375 0.043 Cocmgn 97 92 91 SxiSihRck 0.05133 0.07042 0.12032 mlcDsock 003196 0.04291 0.04985 WorthBbek 0202111 353 425 se Aza+Q.Qioo o.027648 n17 210 362 531 635 1204 rml 022425 03216 0.73108 Conc ugn 20 265 25 industral Flo m3Ld. l k N NA 0281 0.4215 0.6744 28 34 67 wIMiar 0.305 On35 0.385 9 11 19 SouthBlock 0308 02618 02156 32 fJ45 MiddleBack 0.046 0.0391 0.0322 Con2mw 20 19 1 NardiMock osm607255 Arm Gm QiaD 0.072129 P rd Q.94 1.1074 1.906593 b o0 I r 7 16 lADVWFmi m3/d 1.89816 239541 4.693664 Conc. mgfl 3.70 3.70 3.40 sppapf2.wk4 05124195 Scoud ShnbaiSeweiag Projec My M Appiulul Repoit- Vodai 4:Eoanvcia Amsssuc older parts of the system. It would be surprising, with the massive reonaruction in progress, if existing drams have rane intact. A recent study in the U.L has shown that over 7.4 % of drainage areas have infiltrationcontnrbuting more than 0.5 timcs dry weather flow. From the above findings it is stongly recommended dat a long - term programme of waste mnimisation be instiuted. C3. The Effects of the Wastewater Discharges The Chinese National wastewaterdischarge stndards, GB 8978- 88. are presented in two sections. The Category I pollutants are toxic chemicalsand all dischargesmust meet the requirementsof the Stundard. These are shown in Table A.6. At this stage it is not possible to collect a reprsentative sample of the wastewater and therefore compliance with these requirements cannot be checked. Samplesof SSP I wastewar are beingcollected and analysedto serve as a guide but realistic samples camot be collecteduntil the sdceme comesinto operation.With the high flows carried by the system it is unlilkdy that difficulties will be experienced in meeting the requirements. Even if it is found that a problem exists the solution is to find the indusi source and to deal with the problem there rather than to treat the whol flow. RevisionO24 May 199 AppRMlv4c- AppendixC C-1 I Scnd SbuwhjiSewclg Pojecz May 1995 Appris Repon- Volume4:EAvinmoiMal A _ssmag Table C.6 GB 8978- 88, Wastswa Dibdge Sandards (for Category I pollutants) Pollutants Tle Highest Penminted Dischrge Levels, mgl.' I Total Mercmy 0.05(1) 2 Alkyl Mercry Not detectable 3 Total Cadmium 01 4 Total Chromim 1. 5 Hexa-valentChromium . 6 Total Arsenic 0.5 7 TotalLead 1.0 8 Total Nickel 1.0 9 Bnzyrene-a2 0.00003 The Category2 pollunts are of a more general namtureand are commonlyfolmd in wastewaters. The requiremerts of the standard are shown in Table C.7. Revision0: May 1995 AppRepLv4c.W Appendi C C-12 Scond Sl_hg Scwau4 Projec May 1995 Appuist Repast- Valutme4XavbmumeaIaAUsEsaM Table C-7 GB8978-8, Wa eatw Discharge Sandards (For Category2 Pollutans) Class I Cas H Class m N.E.R Exisfitg NNREx 1. pH 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9X") 6-9 2. cdrmicity 50 80 8s 100 (tmes of dilution) 3. SS 70 100 200 250'l 400 4. BOD5 30 60 60 80 3O00m 5. COD, 100 150 150 200 500' 6. Petroleum 10 15 10 20 30 7. Oil & Grease 20 30 20 40 100 8. Volatile Phenols 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 9. Cyanide 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 10. Sulphide 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 11. Ammonia(as N) 15 25 25 40 12. E:luoride4 10 15 10120 15/30 20- 13. Pbosphate(as P)m 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 14. Formalddhyde 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 15. Aniline 1.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 16. Nitrobenzene 2.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 17. LAS 5.0 10 10 15 20 18. Copper 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 19. Zinc 2.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 20. Manpnese 2.0 f 5.0 2.0(' S."0 5.0 Revision 024 May 1995 AppRcpWdc.ow AFPadWixC C-13 Scod Shasha SewergePmect May 1995 ApprisalReport - Volume4:Enviromocatl Assesuct Note (5) of the standard is relevant in that it explains that the stndard quoted for phosphate (P) applies when the discharge is to stnding watars, for example lakcs and rescrvoirs. Tbe Class I is applicablewhen the receivingwater is to be used for drinkinguse. Class 11is evidently considered relevant to discharges to estuaries. Of particular relevance to dte discharges to the Chanxjiaugare the surface water classificationsas presented in Table C.8. This is a Shanghai Standard particularly applied to surface waters in the Shanghai area. Table C8 Sanga l IO Quality Standardsfor Surface Water Wale Qumily aain (caneualiuum mg/I 1_ 2 3 4 5 6 MIA Modkrat Fairly Sl y Modertly Heavily Clr CleaI Poluted Plued Poluted Dissolved > 8 6 4 3 I < I Oxygen ChuMicdl < 2 4 6 20 SO >50 Oxygen Deimud COD_ Biochemical 1 3 5 15 30 >30 Oxygen Demand. BODs Volaile Phenol 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.1 0.5 >05 Cyanide < 0.01 0.05 0.1 0.5 2 >2 Amonwia < 03 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 >4.0 Nitogn Aseic < 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.3 1 >1 TotalMecuy C 0.0001 0.0005 0.001 0 01 0.05 >005 Chromium(VI) < 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.2 1_0 > 1.0 Cadmium < 0.001 0.005 0.01 >150 Lad < 0.01 0.05 0.10 >3.00 Oil < _Q.0 0.30 0.50 1.00 3.00 >3.00 Revision0:26 May 1995 AppSqpv4c- AppendixC C-14 SecondSISINgai Sfwerage PIRoect May 1995 Apprail Report - Vokume4:Ewironnmcn Assesunm This standard provides useful guidanceby study of the pollution loads enteing a water course and the effect that this will have upon the quality of the receiving water. Class 1 and Cla 2 waters are used as sources of drinkng water. The Changjiang estuary is categorisedas Class 3 whilst the less strngent CLass4 covers a surface water Oforindustrial. sceni and agricultural use, operation of harbours and marine development". The National Surface Water Standardfor Categorym waters is "mainlyapplicable to second dass protection areas for centralised domesticpotable water sources.generalfisheies protection areas and swimmingareas". In the following sections the dischargeof waste water into the Changjiang is in relation to the requirements for the Shangi Class 3 and the National Category m waters. Data generated by the Shanghai EnvironmentalMonitoring Centre was assessed as part of the Har.. hzhou Bay Study and it was found that the average pollution loads carried by the Changjiang over the period 1988 to 1992 are as shown in Table C.9. Also shown in this table are the high esimates of the loads for the year 2020 which are taken to enter the Cbangjiangin untreated ShangWai wa.ewater. Table C-9 The Effects of Untrated Disdarges from Shanghi m 2020 upon the Changiang paramete Palkitim Louldst/ Mme CAMc In Chumiuau ugh Cm 3 Yangae Tdal yause Upstea Dowsi Upsr Sanbai Dtru _ BOD 3723 425 4155 1.44 1.60 4 COD 20975 1204 22179 9.09 8 56 6 NH, N 1209 87 1296 0.47 0.50 TToa P 428 13 "I 0.165 0.170 _ Ortho P ? (2.7) ? (0.0104Y" Note (1): Esinmat:daverag inaesc in conUenan duc to ShngHidisdChagC. Note (2): Draft New Marine Water Qualy Sandaids quote 0.015 weIl Otho Pbospbate for dheCls I vale Revision 025 May 1995 AppRepw4c.ow Appenix C C-15 Send ShanhaiSewmgc PAMIec May 1995 Appaisa1Repot - VahTlm4:Envinml A_mem Whilst data in this table provides only a crude estimate some iteresting factors emerge: The BOD is well witbin the Class 3 and Category II Standards The COD in the Chanjiang upstream of Shanghai is well above the Shanghai Class 3 Standardand therefore whatevertreatment is providedfor the Shanghaiwastewater the Class 3 Standardcannot be met for the COD. The concenations are however well within the more realistic National Standardof 15 mg/l. The Ammonialevels mee requiements under mean flow conditions The SurfaceWater Standarddoes not cover either totalor ortho phosphoms, however the Draft New Marine WQ Standards quote 0.015 mg/I as an Ortho - P standard. Data for the Changiianghas not been identifiedbut it is clear that the esdmate of the 2020 contributionfrom Shanghai is very low with respect to the standard. The National Stndard calls for a total P of 0.1 mg/l. It can be seen that this canmot be achieveddue to the hih levels of Total P in the Changjiangupstream of Shanghai. It can further be seen that the Shanghai contribution to the load amounts to only 0.005 mg/l. A far more rigorous evaluation of the effict s of the Shanghaidischarges upon the quality of water in the Changjiangestuary has been carried out by the DanishHydraulics Institute and the East China Normal University. In this study a wide range of conditions have been evaluatedincluding several outfdliand diffuser layout options, seasonal changes in flow in the Changjiangand several sets of disharge load data MadthmaticalModelling has been used and the results from the 2D model, with a 250 m grid spacng have been studied. Key results are those covered by the DMIcases FW3, FW6, FW13 and FW21 are the Most relevant since they covcr the poBlutionloads forecast here for the Phase 1 and Phase 2 developments. These test cases cover the following conditions: FW3 Phase 1 polludon loads, summer conditions. FW6 Phase 1 pollution loads, winer conditions. FW13 Phase 2 pollution loads, sumner conditions. FW21 Phase 2 pollution loads, winter conditions The key conclusions from this work are seen to be as followss: The lowest concentration of disslved oxygen found was 6.7 mg/1. This complies with the Surface Watezand the Marne Water Class 1 requirementsand indicates that problems of oxygen deficiency are not to be expectedeven with untread Phase 2 Revision024May 1995 AWp~Aow Appndix C C-16 SecondShai Sewage Pwojct: May 1995 AppRaimRqio- Volumc4:Ewmvmnenha Asenm dischargesfrom Shanghai. Clearly the BOD dischargedis not of significance. This conclusionis confinned by monitoring results from the HZB study: "The geographicdistnbution of dissolved oxygenshows the entire study area to be well witin Class I (of the Marine Standard) The conclusion to be drawn is that the Proposed BOD discharges will not cause problems. The above conclusionis confirmedby the DHI modellingof BOD. For all four cases the maximum concentrationof BOD predicted was 3.49 mg/I and only very small areas experience this concentration. Ammonia concentrationscause no problems for the Phase I discharges with the maximum value observed being 1.19 mg/l. Whilst this marginally exceeds the Shanghai Class 3 SurfaceWater Standard(1 mg/l) the area affectedis very small and the problem only occurs for short periods of the winecr wben the water temperatures arc low. This level is well withinthe NationalStandard for un-ionisedammonia being equivalent to 0.012 mg/l. The summer maxinnumfor ammonia N was found to be 0.34 mg/I. It is not the ammonia N concentrationwhich is significantin tenmsof toxicity to fish but rather the concentrationof un-ionisedanmonia, i.e. NH]. This is reflected in the Chinese surface and manne stndards. The surface water stndard for waters of Classes I. II and mIis 0.02 mg/l for um-ionisedammonia. The relationship between un-ionised ammonia and the ammonia N. as measured, depends on the pH and temperatu of the water and is covered by the following relationship: NH3 (un-ionised) = Ammonia NI(1+ 10') Where x = 11(0.09912+ 0.00036r) - pH and T = Tempemture -C For the winter conditionswhich are critical, the temperare and pH of water in the Chanijiang estuary are 5 -C and 7.9 rspectively. Use of these values in the above equations shows the following: Revision024 Mav 1995 AppRep%v4c.,ow Appedix C C-17 Second Shazbi SragC Pmiect May 199S Apprisal Report - Voluic 4:Enviromnenal Assessmm NH3 (un-ionised) = I % of de ammonia N as measured. The modellingresults of DHI show die ammonia N concenration to be less than 2.0 mgfi under all conditionsand therefore the concentrationof tde un-ionisedanmmonia is expected to meet the requirementsfor the Class I surface water The. HZB monitoring showed there to be no problems due to Ammonia toxicity within the bay and has concenrated upon the levels of inorganic nitrogen which is a nutmientsource for algae. The total inorganic nitrogen has been found to be high and in some areas the Marine Class 4/5 requirementfor 0.7 mg/l cannotbe met. There is therefore concern regarding the levels of the nutrients, both N and P. particularly since there exists a log - standing problem of the 'Red Tides". However the wtal discharge of inorganic nitrogen at present discharged from Shanghai is calcuated to be only 2.7 % of that carried by the Changjiang. Under these circumstancesit is essential to control the disbchargesin the Changjiangbasin if any real impact is to be made upon the marine envimoment. The monitoring of HangzhouBay has shown there to be no problems io the general study area of dissolved toxic metals but this is not to say that there may not be problems in the vicinity of individual outfails or pmblems in specific areas where metals may have been depositedwith sediment. If such problems are identifiedit is seen that the solution should be to control the dicharge from the offending factories and certainly it would not be appropriateto provide the necessary treatment in a central treament works. Whilst the Chaniiiang Estuary and the Hangzbou Bay Studiesare not yet complete.our preliminary conclusions from these assessmentscan be sunansed as follows: Dissolved oxygen and BOD discharges are unlikely to cause problems and priority shodd not be given to the removalof BOD from the SSP H wastewater. Both nitrogen and phosphorus are at high levels in the HZB study area and are thought to contnbute to the well kmnownproblems of the 'Red Tides". The contribution of N and P by Shanhai is minimal compared with the loads dischwged by the Changjiang into the East China Sea. For this reason there is no inmmediateurgency to provide more than prelimiary treatment for the Phase 1 SSP Rcvision 024 May 1995 AppRepXvw Appendix C C-18 Secnd Slngli Sewege Prect may 199S AppmLsaReP.t - Vdome 4:Euwirnme _Aeuu II discharge. In the longer term Shanghaishould play its part in the raduction of nutrient loads to HZB and dheEast China Seas. The control of phosphorus is more practical and effective dhan the control of nitogen. It is proposed tWrefore that a policy of phosphoruscontrol should be adopted for the later sages of the project. CA4. The Approach to Tveatment of SSP Dischrges As seen above there is no case for any tremnt of the SSPI wastewater other than to provide prelimary treamet The works required essentiallycomprise screeimg and grit removalto ensure that the outfall and the outfall pumnpigstaion can operate effectivelyand reliably. It is however proposed that Shanghaishould take a lead in the control of nuurientswhich contrbute to the problems of the Red Tides. In the sections below a straty is developedwhereby the discharge of Phosphorusfrom the whole of Shanghai, not merely the SSPD discharge, is held constant beyond the year 2000. Tn Treatment Process In Table C.10 the estmates of the total discharge loads frm Shanghai, for BOD, InorganicN and Total P are presenteddhrough to the year 2020. Also shown is the increasein the loads above the year 2000 values. By taking the ratios of dheselast two sets of numbers the percentage removal required for each pollutant, to restrict the loads dischargedto the year 2000 values are shown in the last but one column. In Tablc C. l 1. the cffectivenessof a range of altemnavewastewater treamet processesin achieving these objectivde is shown. The shaded areas imply that the process cannot meet the objectives.Of prime imprnce, as shown above is the conmtrolof phosphorus discharges. It can be seen that the only process which can meet the reqiremen is chemicallyassisted primary tratnenL Conventional primary treamuentcamnot meet the requirments for any of the pameters. Conventianalsecondary biological treatment could hold BOD loads discharged to the year 2000 values and if this were designed for mtrificaion and denitrificationtheD both the BOD and the nitrogen loads could be controlled. Since the key parameter is phosphoms. in terms of the impact upon the marine environamet, the chemicallyassisted primary settlement has been selected. Revision 0:24 May 1995 AW v4c.OW Appendi c C-19 Table C.10 PollutionLoads Entering the Yangtme,and SSP 2 Treatment Requirements (MaintainingDischarge Loads at Year2000 Lcvels) ($a.~nghal ,'ads basod on s.andjrd dom npcloads and Iof nd.Loads) __ : Yangtse b aaghAeTo 1IFt TieatmentXui Xulujin Total I % DISHuangpu Increase Loads % RemovalTotal Flow _ - _l)Dom +Ind Over199S Required Mul.m3/d RODLoAds Entertng Ya gtseEstuary (tld) 1990 46861 468 10.0 5154.0 199S 4891 492 10.1 5383.0 2000 5127 517 10.1 5644.0 0 169 0.0 1.9 2005 5390 S44 10.1 5934.0 27 2010 5684 572 10.1 6256.0 55 189 29.; 2.4 t15 6013 600 10.0 6613.0 83 2020 6383 631 9.9 7014.0 114 342 33.3 4.7 lnorg NLosds Entering Vangtse Estu ary (t/d) 1990 4155 101 2.4 42S6.0 t995 4599 t00 2.2 4699.0 2000 5063 106 2.1 5169.0 0 34 0.0 1.9 2005 5558 III 2.0 5669.0 s 1010 6089 117 1.9 6206.0 11 40 27.5 2.4 2015 6660 123 1.8 6783.0 17 2020 7277 129 1.8 7406.0 23 74 31.11 4.7 TotalP LoadsEntering In'^gtse Estu ry (t/d) 1990 428 '17 4.0 445,0 1995 469 18 3.8 487.0 0 2000 51S 18 3.5 533.0 0 6.4 0.0 1.9 2005 568 19 3.3 S87.0 1 2010 629 20 3.2 649.0 2 7.1 . 28.2 2A4 201S 698 21 3.0 719.0 3 2020 777 23 3.0 800.0 5 13 38. 4.7 1in4 in4 TableC.11 Treatmentto maintainDlscharpe Loaids at 2000 LAvels YeA; SSPa O 0 Flow Irmr Tra(tsimet Prlmarv +Chemicl P Removslc aeonu Trtsmeat i rsmenta i i | - 1ll 14 ~~~TretsmentTretsment Land Tretsiment Treatment Lostd Treatment TreatmentILoad Mltl.mJld i Rem°v^ik ^Capaity3 Removed Remo°val CaptCitnlOey3Removed Removal ICapicitpnyI Removed S ig l | . ~~~~~~P ~ ~ ~~~~Totgl13OD : norg. N 2000 1.9 1 || 1 65 0.000 0.0 77 O.ooo o.o 77 O.ooo 0.0 201o 3.t 65 0.795 40.7 75 0.931 ss.0 75 0.tl0 52.0 2020 4.7 6S 2.12i 100.6 73 2.146 114.0 73 1.948 103.5 Ilia-> I- ir4ta --01qlSl U onr- N8aIdY s u Inar« NI re zn ilil||!l T rtst m s a t~~~~~~~~~~~+sTtsment|Ls 0g0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ramd4 l4Nii 5) '5| Tramn | 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eoa Caact RemoveR_d 1 ! ; ¢ I ttatmentcnnotmectojectiveII Treatmetmetoyetive r I hnhlOdshgams Inrg cNs 0. SP2tmt02~WK4 ~ ~~00 7S 0.00 Second ShanWaiSewerage Project May 1995 AppmisulRepoft - Volme 4:TEwiromActdlAssessmM The Capacity and Perfonnance of the Works In order to control the dischargeloads to year 2000 values it will be necessaryto construct works to start operating in about the year 2005. Such a works should have the capacity to deal with the loads up to about 2010 when a second stage woud be required. hmTable C.11 it is shown that it wil not be neessary to treat the whole flow. Upon th basis of the estimated futme flows and loads a treat_ent woris of 800,000 mid would be adequateto meet the year 2010 needs and-:hiswould require extensionto a capaciy of 2.1 million m=/din the year 2015. The impact of the implemeion of the proposed etment works upon the dscharges of total phosphorus and BODare shown in Figure C.2 and the estimateof the fiue loads and concentrations of key pollutantsare shown in Table C.12 together with the Nationl Stndards. It can be seen that as the developmentprocceds full complianmcis achieved. aearly it will be necesary to review the treatment needs prior to the designs of these works so that account may be taken of the more recent flow and load data. The conclusions can therefore be su_mmrisedas follows: Preliminary Treatment is required for the Phase I works. A policy of phosphorus control is proposed as a means to assist in the control of adverse envfomental conditions created by the Red Tides in the East China Seas. It is proposed to instal chemicallyasssted setlement in about the year 2005 and in subsequentyears of sufficientcapacty to limit the total discrge of phosphorusfrom Shangai to the year 2000 loads without the need to constructadditonl such works elsewhere. Present estimates indicate the timing and capacity of the works to be as follows: Stage 1 Works 0.8 million rn3 Id 2005 Stage 2 Works 1.3 million m3/d 2015 Outine designs and cost estimates are beig prepared for such works for inclusion in the finacial analysis. The sludge loads from the wor,kshave been assessd and it has been found that these can be adequately handled in the planned areas for landfill local to the site after Revism0.25 May 99S ApRep4ow Appendix C C-20 Second Saha Sewne Project May 199S Apaisa Rqont - Volme 4:EEvia d Asessmnt atment by gravity thidkeningand dewang. Whilstchemically assisted settlement produces larger quantitiesof sludge than does conventional prknary treatment, the need to treat only a part of the flow assistsgreatly. The impact of the implementationprograrme for team , suggested above is shown in Figure C.2. It can be seen that the phosphorus load discharged from Shanghai Varies around the controlling year 2000 estimated load according to the constucton programme. The figure also sbows that the works proposed are also effective in liniting the BOD discharge. These conceptshave been developedwith close coopeaton betwee SSPCC. the SEPB, Sogreahand the Interconsultteams. It is believedthat this is a far reaching concept and shows the commitment of the Shanghai Municipal Goverment to the protection of the marine environment. Table C12 The Proposed SSP1I Discharge Estimated Pollution Loads and ons folowing Treaent 200 25 1 2010 20 Wamn atn Dis&DbdcStur& Lem& in Treatd Emfeat tVd GB S9- for CGtey 2 Nlltbzes DOD 169 136 148 243 L COD 487 393 431 700 N.R | g | Notes Ss 260 [88 209 327 InrgN 34 34 36 64 ToI P 6 .4L S 8 CAieOMt n xunTreaed Eflnut mr BOD 89 63 62 52 60 s0 COD 256 183 180 149 150 200 SS 137 183 18D '49 200 250 Inrg. N 18 16 IS 14 25 40 NH, N TOW P 3 2 2 2 OranoP (0.75) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) 1 2 RevisionO:Z May 1995 AppRcpv4crOw AppcndixC C-21 Effect of Treatment on Shanghai Discharge Loads Figure C.2 RODDscharfe - P Discharge BOO - Yeaf2000 Load - P - Yeat 2000 Load 600 30 sw~~~~~0I DG.-- - - 400 - 20 300 Phoph,oiu_D'scha goe 200 1990 ~200 200s Yea 2010 20tS 1020 202Sis_ __J.._l|.Xz._1 SP2tflht02.MVK4 05/24/95 SCond Sanghi SewCragePojct May 1995 Appaisa Report- Velumc4:hEvionnmcu Assesnuet the census. A separate study on social impactshave also been carried out including comprehensivefield-works involving affected residents. fanners, commercial- and idustrialworkers. Revision0 24 May 1995 AppRqAv4fow Appendix F F-3 I Scond SbugaiScw-ePn-m May 199S AppaWal Rpn - Volume 4:Enviwnm=W A_ssat D. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ApplcpAv4.ow AWendix 1-4 Second Shaha Seweage Frjece* May 199S Appaisa Pepot - Vduie-4:EtwionmentalA==mW D. ENVIRONMENTALBENEFITr D.1 The futurepoluto loadsinto the Han}_ The PollutionLoad Model, developed as a part of the Eangho Bay Study, has been used to assess the effects of the SSP 1 sewerage upon the quality of water in the Huangpu at Yangshupu. This includes the effects of the colection of the wastewater rom the Minhang and Wujing areas into the first stage of the S$P II scheme. The prediction assumesthat all connectionsto the sewerage system are completedby the year 2000 for the first stage of the schcme and by the ycar 2010 for the full scheme. This will require a major effort since in most counties it would be cxpected to take betwee five and ten years to make aIl of the connections.The predictions also assume that aU of the other sewerage systems, includingSSP I are brought to full design capacity. Even after the sewerage schemes are completed and all connectionsmade, thrae will be residual pollution remaining in the sediments of the river and the minor waterways of the city. This is expected to be a particular problem in Shanghai where t termainis so flat and consequentlythe gradient on the waterwaysis low and the flow velocitiesare low. It may thereforebe necessary to undertaklesuch measures as flushing and perhaps dredging before the fall benefits of the sewerage are observed. Certainly it wil be essential to control the present practice of dumpingof soLd waste into the city waterwaysbefore clear attave waterwayscan be ensured. The results of the projections are shown in the enclosed figure. The pollution loads in the Huangpu at Yangshupuare expressed in terms of tonnes/day. Also shown in the figure is the contributionto the total loads created by the drainage from rural agrictre. It shouldbe noted that pollution loads from this source are a part of the loads shown to be carried by the Huangpu. It can be seen that the SSP II sewerage project will reducethe BODloads at Yangsbupuby more than 50 % at the first stage. As time proceeds the pollution loads generatedin the city are seen to rise but the sewerage project. when completed can handle almost all of the city loads. From the year 2010 onwardsthe loads in the Huangpubecome dominatedby the pollutiongenerated in the rural areas. This is particarly string for the inorganic nitrogen loads. These arise manly from farm animal wasteand fm the rn-off of fertiliser. Shanghaiat present uses ferliser at much higher application rates than the national average and the average use rate in the Chang Jiang basin. If pollution of the river is to be controlled further. after the year 2010, it will be essential to control agriculural run-off by such measures as betr control and tetment of animal waste and changes in agricultual practice such as the use of slow release fertlisers and changesto the methodsand tining of fertiliser applications. Rcvision0.4 May 1995 AppRev4daw AppendixD D-1 SecondShnghai Seweag Projec May 1995 Appmisl Report- Volume4:EDwhomiand Azsmem The fotlowing conclusionscan be drawn as to the environmentalbenefits of the SSP II sewerage: * The pollution loads, genrted from the city and carried by the Huangpu at Yangshupuwill be cut by about two thirds foilowingthe inroduction of the first stage of the SSP II scbeme for both of the important parmeters of BOD and inorganic nitrogen. *\ The Second Stage of SSP 11will reduce pollutionto negligible levels. * The discharge of agricultuwalwastes and fertiliser nm-off will become increasingly important in terms of the effects upon the Huangpuand the city waterways. * If the full benefits of the sewerage scheme are to be realised it is essential that connectionsto the sewers proceed as a matter of priority. Measmuresto overcomethe effectsof pollutedmuds in the city's waterways should be put in hand as the sewerage schemesare introduced. D.2 Secondary Benefits In addition to the main dirct benefits of improvig the water qualiy in the rivers and caals, the project will also have importantsecondary benefits. In short these are: Health benefits, identifiedas the reduction m bealth treatment caused by a reduction m water bom diseasesfor the part of the populationthat maybe in contact with nightsoilor pollutedcanal and river water. Included in the health benefits wDl also be an increased production value due tO reduced absence from work. A reducton in waterbornediseases will also mean reduction in mortality caused by the same diseases. Increased ropueR values will be a consequencefro those areas along both sides of the Huangpu, areas along canals and creeks west of Huangputhat will get cleaner water, and residentialareas and service sector in Pudong. Aestheticbenefits; the seCrviceand tourism industriesare consideredto benefit from the project in the sense that these indusri will not enjoy the expectedgrowth in the fumer unless the enviroment is improved. Benefits to amiculkre from the project is the value of crops from land that may be imgated becaue water in canals and creeks can again be used for irrigatior. Dwelopmcnt benefit. To enable Sbanghaito fill its ambitions of becoming a trade, industrial and fmance centre on the westcrn rim of the Paciic. the physical environmentneeds to be atctive to RcvP 024 May 1995 AppPAp%v4dow Appendix D D-2 SecondShanghai Severage Poject May 1995 AppraisalReport - Volume4:Envirnmoental Assesment foreignas well as domesticindustries, and the basicinfrastructr to ensurepollution problems are mitigatedneeds to be in place. Clearly,a projectof this nue, whicbinvolves fundmal infiastructurerequired for publichealth, nwst be viewed within the overall contextof the future economicdevelopmet of Shanghai, particularlythe PudongAreaL If this infrast ure (or infrastructureproviding a similarfunction) is not provided,then the economicdevelopment of the PudongArea wouldnot be sustainable. RcvisianO.24 M 1995 AppRep%"4dow Appndix D D-3 Pollution Loads in the Huangpu at Yangshupu BOD 200 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 150 a I 0 U 50 RO8DRonl DrMWC&Hf ile o Em7 0 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year o RuralDrainage Component - Load in Huangpuat Yangshupu Inorganic N 200 150~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 w in org K. Rural Diana" Cofttfn to thel Huangpull 0 o 50 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 201 2012 2014 Year spEAmiqbl.wk. 05/19/95 S=cdMuShScwqpiujc May 1995 AppraisalReport - Vohm 4:Ewimneial Ausment E. COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW Revsion 0:24 M 995 AppRcpMv4.ow Appendix Secod ghan Seea Projet may 1 s Apiahd Repot - V_eo 4Iwru Ase Es COMBINED SEWMR OVERFLOW An estimat of the combinedsewer overflows has been made. The estimae was based on the use of synthetic rs and hydraulicoverland flow, collectionand interceptorflow routing using a numerical simulationmodel. The simulationresults ar summaised in the enlosed Table. With the proposed interception of wet weather flows, i.e. Inurceptor Ratios 1.5 and 3.0 for catclments overflowingto Huangpuand smaller rivers and waterways.every year approximately20 rainfall events were found to give overflows. Such overflows will on the average take place some 1 % of the time. If the precipitationis sufficientlyintense over the entire service area, during some of the events, all 11 overflow points might be overflowingsimulyaeously. The Table also shows that following Phase 1 and 2 implementationof the SSPI scheme, i.e. the Middle and South Lines, the present annual dischargeof some 215 m3 of wastewatr will be reduced some 1.8 million m3 of combined sewer overflows. Some 1.15 mill m3, or 65% of the fture combined sewer overflow volume, will be overflows from Puxi South Block, while the r 35%wMil be from overflows in the Middle Block. Following implementationof the SSPII scheme, the volumetric reduction in was waer discharges from the Puxi South and Middle Blockswill be close to 99%. However,because the combinedsewer overflows wfll be largely storm watr, the reduction in pollutants will be even larger dtan the reduction in volume. Rem 024 Ma 1995 AppRepXv4eow AppendixE 1-l STORM.XLS °b volume:_ Lu T GaCVwIut Rgn- oelnlao NM .oL u01.vlw .. VOL. m Tlar AM ND IR grow Ma..m3Im Vat we3 RUIUp Calchuift Tdal 41 1.U 1 W.4j 14:I.bU V I1163UJ 2 0.00 0.00 11 0.00 116383.20 38 1.50 1 377 34487.40 8 27509.20 2 1.00 2310.90 11 25419.90 301319.10 39 1.50 1 4.75 42230 8 33620240 2 1.32 83.20 11 9158920 42786010 40 1.50 1 2.5 2297500 8 163680. 2 0.74 469670 11 5168370 235463.70 41 3.00 1 139 9304.60 8 74436L.O 2 0.00 .00 11 .0 74436.80 42 3.00 1 056 714.20 8 5713.o 2 0.00 0.00 t11 o0 s713.o Ia mKkoe31 - l.60 1 1.35 1032B.50 8a2628.0 2 0.38 1177.00 11 12947.00 95675.00 32 1.50 1 0.83 6559.50 8 52476.00 2 0.25 815.70 11 8972.0 61448.70 33 1.50 1 2.71 20321.10 8 162568. 2 0.8 312.30 11 343530 166004.10 34 1.50 1 1.40 997s80 8 79814.40 2 o.00 0.00 11 o0. 791B4.40 35 1.50 1 343 270.00 8 21672.00 2 0.65 1243W 11 13673.00 230465O. S iftPT~il 3 … __ __……__……__……_…--033307.20 otl annu-. -oe m PUUw- D 44pu. OvinlmT *Uoge~ GaEhmnM N~fl. AvtefAge Uvp uab ourm NOs. tai Ovieribw I IIwJ.". Am. No KmIR u Hou's fr IbNp" arCiduwu Total 2 0.00 11 0.00 26.67 38 1.50 1 4.00 8 32.e 2 1.33 11 14A6 46.67 39 1.50 1 67 8 29.33 2 3.25 11 35.75 65.08 40 1.50 ItB3 8 30S7 2 3.25 11 35.75 66.4 41 3.00 1 0.50 8 4.00 2 O.M 11 o.ao 4.00 42 3.00 1 325 8 26MW 2 0.00 11 0o. 26.00 hne Udtlle ~31 1.50 1 3;25 2FLOO 2 2.08 11 22.92 48.92 32 1.50 1 3.25 8 26.00 2 2.42 11 26.50 5258 33 1.50 1 2.92 8 23.33 2 1.83 11 20.17 43.50 34 1.50 1 3W0 8 24.W 2 0.00 11 0.00 24.W 35 1.50 1 263 8 21.W 2 0.92 . 11 10.00 31.0 iI5d8ha U~3llIUT~WWt~1)-200.00 ------20QOE OvmuBOOSb _oaemldev ssumng BOM cnc.=20 nigWL 0.10 Assug BCHOcome = 40 uiVAgl: 0.20 As=fng WD0 cile. = 60 mug: 029 Nlte A - Vd0 poan mdIlwuBOO.u C uVuOD. 000 NN P d _o Page 1 I Scand Sba=gi SeWra Project May 1995 App_ia Repon- Volume 4:Envioumal A _a F. EA PREPARATION RPVision024 May 1995 AppRep'v4.ow Appcndix Secmid S-gbaauJiSewemp Projact May 1995 Appmisa Repon- Vohmne4:Envim ilnentAsseunemt F. EA PREPARATION F.1 list of EA Prepaes ShanghaiAcademy of Environental Sciences(SAES) has been commissionedby SSPOCto prepar the EnvironmentalAssessmen. The key personnel bas been: Mr. Gu Youzhi Project Manager Ms. Fang Cuizhen DePUtyProject Maa Mr. Chen Dongsheng Social and Natual Environment Mr. Wang Biao Engiering Analysis Ms. Liu Shuping Public Participaton Mr. Cao Jian InlandWater Quality Mr. Chen Banglin (ECNU) Dischargeto Changjiang Inteonsult has as DRA Coasults reviewed a priminary EA report and assisted in the EA process. The key personnel has bee: Mr. Magne Solgaard Project Director Mr. Mike Burley Project Director Mr. Egil Bockmal Envionental Manager Mr. 0yvind Weholt Enironental Speciist From SSPCC the followingpersonnel have been mvolved in the EA prepaaon Mr. Ma Yuandoug Ivir. hou Yucheng Mr. Xu Yuejiang Ms. Rao Xiaojun Ms. Zhu Tingting RcvisionO 24 May 1995 AppitPpW4f.ow Appedix F F-i SecordSbanghai Sewerage Prjeca May 1995 AppraismRqpon - Volumc 4:EntiromnemealAssesmnt F.2 EA Meetins 1. International technical Worksho, on Chandianii Etgary South Bank Outfall and associated Enviromnta Impact Studies. The workshop was held April 19 - 20. 1995 in Shanghai. It was sponsored by Shanghai Environment Project Office and co-sponsored by tie World Bank The progrmm and the list of participants are enclosed. 2. NEPA Review Meeting Environmental Experts from diferent part of China are invited to a review meetng in Shanghai May 16. The meeting will be arranged by NEPA, and is a part of their approval procedure. 3. World Bank Review The EA was on the agenda at the World Bank review mission in Februa 1995, and at the pre-apprais mission in April 1995. Mr. Geoffry Read was the team leader fbr both missions. The revew in February included a separate meeting wit representaive from National Environmental preection Agencq (NEPA) of the PRC, East China Normal University (ECNU), SAES, SSPCC, Interconsult, Asmino and the Word Bank. The purpose of the meeting was to review the E/, and the Chanyjiang environment analysis. 4. Resettlenent Tbe PNe-Engineering Departmnnt of SSPCC has been in harge of the Resetlement Action plan (RAP) and carried out the census and data collection in cooperation with the district-, county-, township-, and village authorities. A number of surveys have aEto been carried out by independent instituteslconsultants like: * Resettlemen impacts of SSPI. A survey of 45 households carried out by Gu Hua Company. * Willingness to Pay survey compnrising 200 households. Carried out by Gu Hua Company. * The Legal, Economic and Socal Consulytan Instits of the Shangai Academy of Social Sciences has been appomted to monitor and evaluate the resettlement programme. All villages and 30% of affected housebolds have been visited to control Revision0 24 May 199S AppRcp%v4f.ow AppendixF F-2 Second Shangi Seweg Pm May 1995 Apprisal Repon - Voume 4:En*anmen,am eus,,m the ceDSUS.A separate study on social impacts have also been camed out including comprehesive fild worcs involvmgaffected residents, farmers, commercial- and industrial workers. Revision0 :24 May 1995 App i4fowl Awppdix F F-3 *~ ~ X NATIONIALENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY DOCUMENT No. EM [1995] 304 (T-anslation) Review and Approval Comments .. -' 7 --N,,'/ 0on EnvironmentalAssessment Report of *! - ' / ShanghaiSewerage Project II (FirstStage of ShanghaiBailougang SecondDischarge System) PlanningCormnission of ShanghaiMunicipal Government. We aclmowledgethe rceipt of yow Document,No. HJT [1995] 140, togetherwith the "EnvironmentalAssessment Report of the Shagbai -Swerap Pzoject-l (the First Stag of Saghi BailonggangSecond Dischar Syste r cald dhe -Report-). After smdy and m accordancewith the relet nal reguation of onstructin project environmentalprotection manment, the review and approvalcomments amras follows: 1. We agreethe cmments formedby the expertsat the review meeting. The Report genrally covers fte contets of the TOR for the EnviromentalAssessment and the contentsset in the reply of NEPA to the TOR. The Report can be servedas the basis for the environmental mayngment durmingthe eg design, constuction, testing and acceptance,and operaton. 2. During the engieeg fesbility stage, the ength of the dfser sectionand the number of risers shall based on the dischargevolume and the environmal imiion ofthe ChangjiangEstay be further studiedand proved so as to keep the water qualityof the Chagia Estay at Classm Surace WaterStandard. 3. Under the conditions of ffie diffuserhaving enough discharge and dilution effect, the near futire wasewater can temporarily be dischargedafter it receivespre-trealmen But the design must comply with the primary treatmentoption and location must be reserved for deep treatmentof the waswuaer. 4. During the enginecringdesign and construction,wastewaer flow and quality supervisionand mitoing measurs must be fixed in advance for those units whosewastewat wfllbe intecepted into the conveyer The Catego:y I pollutantsmust get local treament and can enter the sewer network only when their mdexes are lower than those of the national standards. 5. During the operationof the combinedsewage system, the supavision and moioring of the inflow and outflow water quality and volume shall be under the charge of the constructionuit; the superision and monitonng of the waster quality at the terminal outffll and the Changjiang Estuary sball be wnder the charge of the Shanghai Environmntal Protectin Agency. 6. In accordancewith the principleof 'polluterpay"', you are requestedto prepae the chage metxodologyfr the wastewar etring the combinedsewage system and submitit to the mucipal governmentfor approval.After the system is comnpletedand put into operation,tariff shall be chargd so as to ensurethe normal operation of the sewage dischargesystem and the compensationfor the pollution done to the environmentand to produceits due socialand environmentalbenefits. 7. The Shanghai EnvirommentalProtection Agency is asked to carry out the daily managementwork of the "ree-simultaneousness"system for this project and strgthen the supevisionand inspecton. NationalEnvironmental ProtecdonAgcy A May26th, 1995 ON BY SSPCC Subject wastewater environmentassessment report review reply cc- PlanningDepartment of State PlanningCommission Foreiga CapitalDepartment of State Planning Commission WorldBank Departmentof Ministryof Finance PlanningDepartment of Mnistry of Construction Urban Consuction Deparmnt of Mnistry of Construction FisheryBureau of Ministryof Agriculture ShanghaiMunicipal Govement Constrction Comnission of ShanghaiMunicipal Government Shanhai EnvironmentalProtection Agency Shangi MunicipalEngineering Adminive Bureau ShanghaiSewerage ProjectConstruction Headqurs ShanghaiAcademy of Envronmental Scicnces JUfl '~ Z LO;J)O IU ril ai- 1 -f IrI .OG A'- oIt io;I £F-[1995J304 - - E iti'J +: $t $1995]4 Z7; Vr. t2 rl kALL AXf ll.Al r7 A. * - n I i *X-(2llD Ft # *Vbi *~~~~~~~~ tg -1' LaW 'Z4iI) 4$' nEy3.L 'X S'L W!j4 rw 1-111.Vw o t-~l*WS -3f'yLlltR Bs~~~~~~~~~~~i SIes N Is}Y -4zES&CA Bre'~~~~~~~~Y -Wat}'g3f Ae* -13 W \W*AaY i,*4 --I 1% g, 8t 1).-V044t* I,11'5 Mr,$' EXECUTIVESUMMLARY Background Shanghai. with a population of approximately 13 million peoplc and the People's Republic of China's largest metropolitan area, is presendy enjoying an unprecedentedeconomic growth. However, the present urban services, and in particular the sewerage ard sanitation system is not compantblewith Shanghai's aspiratirFnto become a major ecoaomic and financial centre. To improve Shanghai's sanitaion. and to reverse the deterioration in the water qualitr of the rivers and canals in the metropolitan are brought about by discharges of indusrial wastes and untreated sewage, the Shanghai Municipal Govemment (SMG) has begun a phased programme of improvements. One of the major projects is the Shanghai Second Sewerage Project (SSPII). in Shanghai, the Shanghai Sewerage Company (SSC) is responsiblefor managementof the sewerage system. The Shanehai Sewerage Project ConsEuction Companv (SSPCC) has been formed by SMG to undertke project implemenmation. SMG has requestmd the nterational Bank for Reconstruction and Dcvelopmcnt (EheWorld Bank) for fnancial support to SSPII The Environmentl Assessment Report (EA) for SSPII. Phase I. has been produced to meet the requirments of the Government of the People's Republc of China and the World Bank- The World Bank has 2dvisedthat te SSPII project is a CategoryA projecL Sbanghai Academyof Environmenal Scie:ces (SAES) has been conmiissionedby SSPCC to prepare the EA. The legal franework for the EA is the Environmental Protection Law, the Water Law, the Water PollutionPrevention and Control Law. and the Land Mannement Uaw of the People's Republic of China, together with a number of national and local regulations and standards based on these laws. The SSPII Project SSPU will collect wastewaaerfrom the Wujing and MinhangIndustrial areas, from the Xuhui. Luwan. Huanpu. Hongkou and Yangpu districts in Puxi. and from the Pudong New Are. Because of dte substantialinvestments required, the SSPII project will be implemeentedin phases. A priority has been laid down for the order in which the SSPII drainage catchmenrsare to be served. The Phase I service area will be the Wujing and Minhang industrial areas. the Xuhui and Luwandistricts of Puxi, and 156 kmZ of the Pudong New Area. In total. the Phase I service area will cover 269.5 kmi with a populationof 2.8 million. The wsewater volume for Phase I is estimated to be 1.7 rillion rdJday, while the ultimate flow (year 2020) is 5.1 million mniday. -2- The main components of the SSPI project are interception facilities. invertedsiphons underneath the Huangpu River and ocher water channels. sewage conveyors. wastewater treatment and sludge handling facilities, and a submerged outfall into the Changjiang Estuary. The total capital cost (including land) of the SSPII. Phase r. is estimated to be 5.177 billion Yuan. The completion dare for Phase I is 1998. E,dsting Water Environment Status The Shanghai area has a network of rivers and canals. The principal river, the Huangpu. flows through the metropolitanara. The Huangpuis a tidal river with a net average flow of 341 m3Js. In addition to the functions of navigation, industrial and agricultural water use. The Huangpu is also a source of drinking water to the Shanghai area. The Huangpu receives the majority of the municipal wastewarer. and is polluted. The water qualitv has been monitored at different sections of the river. and the results show high contents of pollutmntssuch as organic material (COD) and ammonia- nitrogen. The tributaries and canals connected to Huangpu are comrolled by sluicegatEs.These trbutaries are generally heavily polluted ('black and stink") There are several water intakes in these trbutaries supplying different townships with water. The Changiiang (Yangee River), the longest river in China. flows to the north of Shanghai about 20 km away from the City Proper, and has an average flow of 29.300 m3Is. The Cbangjiangflows inm the East China Sea. Bailonggang, which is located on the South Channel of the estuary. is proposed as the location for the SSPII Phase I cutfalL The water quality around Bailonggangis mainly affected by the river flow. the tide and the coastal curren A water qualiy survey indicaes that th water qualirv is basicallygood, with a few exceptions.COD valucs indicate some pollution. and ammnonia- ntroger. is affected by the water coming from upstm, especially during the drought season. The dissolved oxygen is always maintaiinedat a high level. The Changjiangcarries silt from upstream to the estuary and this has a significant impact on the esmary. The light transmitance is poor because of the silt, and this restricts the growth and production of algae. thus preventing the occurrence .of Red Tides. At Bailonggang there is an cxisting outfall direcly to the beach (thc South Trunk Sewer). This discharge causes serious pollution near the outfalL Environmenl Benefits of the Project The main environmentalbenefits of the SSP[I sewerage project will be improvedwater quality in the Huangpu River and its tributaries. ln addition the project will allow the Pudong area t be developed satisfactorily. -3- Water qualicymodels for the river networkshave been used to predict the water quality in rivers and creeks. The results show that there will be an overall improvement in the water qualitv. There are imporcancdrinking water supplies in the upper Hluangpureaches, and the collectien and interception of wasrewater from Wujing and Minhang areas will directly safeguard these water intakes. At Bailonggangthe existing outfall will be abandonned and the sewage diverted into the proposed submerged outfall. This will imprcve the local evirOnmemal simatidn considerably. In additionto the direca positive environmentalimpact there will also be inporant secondary benefits from the project. as: for example health benefits caused by a reduction in water bom diseases. increasedproperty values, aesthetic benefits and development benefits. A projea of this naure must be viewed within the overall context of the futmreeconomic development in Shanghai, particularly tQe Pudong area If adequate sewerage infrastructureis not provided, then the economicdevelopment of the Pudong New Area would not be sustainable. Adverse Environmental Impacts of the Project Despitethe fact that the project is designedto improvethe eavironment, such a large projecr will also have some unavoidable negative impacts. Of particular concern is the wasewater discharge to the Cbangjiang Estuary, and impacts related to the constructionperiod. To estmate the quality of the SSPli sewage, samples have been tken from the SSPI sewage. Based on this data, the foUowing loads are esmated from the SSPII sewage: BOD5 190 t/day, COD 422 tlday, NH3rN47 t/day, Tot-P 7 tlday, based on a flow of 1.7 million nm/day. Studies have shown that the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the Changjiang Estuary is always at a high level. This indicates that problems with oxygen deficiency are not to be expected. BOD dischargesare dterefore unlikely to cause problems. and priority should not be given to the remnoval of BOD from the SSPII discharge. Nutrient levels and Red Tides are a problem in the Changjiang Estuary. Results from the Hangzhou Bay EavironmenralStudy show high levels of both nitrogen and phosphorous in the smdy area, and this is thought to conmbute to the problems of the Red Tides. However, the conribution of N and P from Shanghai is mininal compared to the loads discharge by the Changjiang into the East China Sea. For this reason there is no immediateurgency to provide more than prelhniary treatment for the SSPII Phase I discharge. Land should. however, be ensured for future upgrading. A policy of phosphorouscontrol should be considereda: a later stage of the projecL Simulationsof the SSPII Phase I discharge show that at the discharge point there will be a mixing zone, in which the dilution will be less than 50, extending to betwecn 0.5 to 3.2 kmf. denendent on the season. The probabilirv of pollution rising to the surfacc of the estuary is less than 5%. and the -4- plume will not reach the river bank. A passage for fish migration will thus be preserved. Imiplemenataionof the SSPIIproject will require permanenmand temporary acquisition of farrrm nd, demolition of houses, and cause interferece to water and land aispormaion. The land acquisition and resettlement will be handled and compensatedfor in accordancewith national and local policies. A Reselement Action Plan (RAP) 'is under preparation. To minimize the irnpact from the construction period, different mitigation measures will be put into action. A summary of these is enclosed. Conclusion The Environmental Assessment is based on scientific studies and modelling work, and the main conclusions are: The adverse environmental impacts from the SSPII are limited. The wastewater discharged to the Changjiang Esmary at Bailonggangwill effectivelybe diluted and dispersed into the very large wa:er body with only minor irnpacts. During che consEructionperiod the potential adverse impacmsare significant, and it is therefore very impornt dat necessary mitgaton mcasurcs are ken w-oavoidor limit these impacts. The SSPII Project wlnl result in important elnvironmenalbenefits: SSPII will contrbute significantlyto the improvementof water quality in the Huangpu and its tributaries in Puxi and Pudong. SSPII will eliminate the existing southern outfall at Bailonggangand thus improvethe local cnvironentL SSPII is an importnt project for the developmentof Shanghai, especially the Pudong New Area. SSPII will improvc the sanitation systen and the waterways and thus be beneficial to the inhabitants of Shanghai both in terms of health and in terms of quality of life. -5- Summary of Environmeatal Impact and Mitigation IeaSures item Potentialimpact Mitigationmeasures Actioninsutiuon Preparbigrescutleneat program SSPCC Residents Rselememntofresidents along cheproposed sewer oute Accordingto local policis and regubations: SSPCClTownshipgovt (I) compcflsation:(2) cqualor beiferhousing industriatl Economiclosses Amrangingcompensn and resettlement SSPCC commercialbldg accordingto nationaland local reguNtions Workout harvst plan SSPCC Teimonraryloss duringthe borrowingperiod The State regulationsconcerning compcnsation SSPCCITownshipgovc Landcleaned and replacedwith original Contractorloriginallan LoSSof sail frenility& dumped topsoil. users Farmland withdebris collectingfermilizers for applyingto landwhen recumed Damage to irrigation& drainage Tcmporarywater channld ComzraczorlSSPCC sysm Transferringwater by pumps ContractorISSPCC Field Tracks Providingtermporarv accesses ContnctadrSSPCC | Highwayiroad Affccfingtraffic Buildingtemporar road ContcracriSSPCC Bridgc Affectingtraffic Re-armngingruting alignmemor building SSPCCJTownshipgovt temporry bridge Makinga detour SSPCCflnland River Temporay disruption navigationauthority Puttng waming signsat night Contracnor/SSPCC Not usingefflent for fhing pond ConUatrlvillagec Poluing rivers and channels town govt Effluent from consucion stres Piding sedimrenaaonraFk ComnnctodSSPCC Lowering watr level of vwels Conning mains withwater supply system or SSPCCvillage & town ransftiringwr wih vehicles g Riverich=ancl Flooding Transferringwater or pumpingaway ContrctorlSSPCC Stricty controllingpolluants of Category 1. SSClMunicipalEP8 Pollutingwater environment and with Total Lmd ConrmlPolicy tO control pollutantsof Catgory n Diffuser sctuionbe locted beyond-S m SSPCC Pollutiondispersion impact conteur, alignmen trend55u . risers set on diffuser section wvihmultiple ports Damging difusers by shipping Set-up of warningsigns &CItaridme Safaey |Ch;msjiang Changjiang ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~&BureauSuperintendent estuarv _ Good maintenanceto keep outle pumpsand SSC high tant well Emer.gencvouts Locating emergencyoulets beyond-2 m SSPCC badometriecotour Riverbed scour or silting hat Makingarrangemnts in sructral design SSPCC ghreatensditusers stage ______-______Regular sounding of rivrbed SSC Lossof fiarnLndforevr Arrangcjobs for farmers SSPCC Society Contractorcmploying workers from local SSPCC A large numberof construction placesC1 workers -6- Item | Potertial irpct Mitigation measures Action institution SSPCC provid;nE services SSPCC Noise Disturbanceduring constructian Not allowed to consuuctat night within 200 m Concrator/SSPCC phasec away from residential areas Proceedaccording wospoil disposalplan Consractor/SSPCC Usedfor raising ground baseof new buildings Disposalof residualspoil or backfill ror other constructionif necsy SSPCCIShanghaiSpoil Spoil Disposal Spoit not allowed to be di-posed on farmland ManagementAuthority or to rill river/channeUl/pondetc. Deliver to proper placesby bargeswhere Tnnspon of residualspoil needed Conrrczor/SSPCC by county highway authorities lmmediatelytransport residual spoil ConzraUorSSPCC Cover the spoil or sprinkle water and transport ContractoriSSPCC in wet condition to avoid flying due to wind Dust Dust causedbv spoil Clean wneels of vehic!esiransporung spoil ConuaorJSSPCC Spoil-transpon vchicles not be overloaded Contntor/SSPCC Spoil for road backfill be covered with asphal ConuactorlSSPCC Environmentalsanitation Transport in time SSPCClSanimrtionDept Domestic waste_ problems _ Vegeamtion Coverage areareduced Planting more trees and grasson road sides Villages& owwnGovt. Electric & relateddeparts a mking SSPCC -~~~~ ~Dampagermeaa lines Cultunlr lics d Not fund along the roum: Stoopingconstruction and reporting to ConAractorJSSPCC Hisric sites depart concem if found Graves Removing Informing eary and respecting local m SSPCCJown & vilage got Suctuares out of Careful surve and constricton demoi*sing and Collapse & breklt down due to RbuiSSdiC removing area consL-ucionf Rcpairing in time Strengthening mainteae and repair w keep SSC Sewageflooding back zc inland systern in good condition System operation watersdue to opemtion stop of E snby power supply systemto SSPCC/SSC tprevent ipacts from power inierruption Heavy mcal impacts on Enforcing sewer-use standards SSC/Municipal EPB Explosion by CH. gas Prr-iding ventilation for landfill sizes SSClMunicipal EPB | Sludgedisposal Contributing w green house Recovering and reusing SSclMunicipal EPB effersI Leachate from landfill site Carefully designing and constrction landfill SSPCCIMunicipal EPB I _ s'lte~~~~~~~~~~~~~sie Scwer epair & H S poisoning Strmgthening safecy oducation SSC maintenance _ Toxic & Diffusing. poisoning. polluting Rcpomtingto local B and taking me2surcs as ContactorlSSPCC hardous wastes soil (not found in areas aiong the soon as findng that sewer route)