Airsar's Contribution to Understanding the Angkor
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Rice Production in Tonle Sap Floodplains in Response to Anthropogenic Changes in Hydrology, Climate, and Agronomic Practices
Rice Production in Tonle Sap Floodplains in Response to Anthropogenic Changes in Hydrology, Climate, and Agronomic Practices Manuel P. Marcaida III A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science University of Washington 2020 Committee: Soo-Hyung Kim Faisal Hossain Rebecca Neumann Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Environmental and Forest Sciences © Copyright 2020 Manuel P. Marcaida III University of Washington Abstract Rice Production in Tonle Sap Floodplains in Response to Anthropogenic Changes in Hydrology, Climate, and Agronomic Practices Manuel P. Marcaida III Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Soo-Hyung Kim Environmental and Forest Sciences Rice is the most important agricultural commodity in Cambodia as food and source of livelihood. Majority of rice production happens around the Tonle Sap floodplains sustained by the sediment- rich flood from the Mekong River. With the increased construction of hydropower dams upstream, the natural flow of water, organic materials, and fish species delivered to the Tonle Sap Lake is altered. While these changes open up more areas for rice cultivation especially during the dry season, the quality of the sediments is expected to decline. Moreover, drought is becoming a frequent occurrence and temperature is increasing. This study examined how the rice cultivation in the Tonle Sap floodplains is impacted by the hydrological changes, climate, and agronomic practices. Specifically, we 1) assessed the impacts of the increasing presence of dams on the timing and location of rice cropping, and 2) tested and applied an ecophysiological crop model to simulate the effect of changes in hydrology, agronomic practices, and increasing temperature on rice production in Tonle Sap floodplains. -
Cambodia-10-Contents.Pdf
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd Cambodia Temples of Angkor p129 ^# ^# Siem Reap p93 Northwestern Eastern Cambodia Cambodia p270 p228 #_ Phnom Penh p36 South Coast p172 THIS EDITION WRITTEN AND RESEARCHED BY Nick Ray, Jessica Lee PLAN YOUR TRIP ON THE ROAD Welcome to Cambodia . 4 PHNOM PENH . 36 TEMPLES OF Cambodia Map . 6 Sights . 40 ANGKOR . 129 Cambodia’s Top 10 . 8 Activities . 50 Angkor Wat . 144 Need to Know . 14 Courses . 55 Angkor Thom . 148 Bayon 149 If You Like… . 16 Tours . 55 .. Sleeping . 56 Baphuon 154 Month by Month . 18 . Eating . 62 Royal Enclosure & Itineraries . 20 Drinking & Nightlife . 73 Phimeanakas . 154 Off the Beaten Track . 26 Entertainment . 76 Preah Palilay . 154 Outdoor Adventures . 28 Shopping . 78 Tep Pranam . 155 Preah Pithu 155 Regions at a Glance . 33 Around Phnom Penh . 88 . Koh Dach 88 Terrace of the . Leper King 155 Udong 88 . Terrace of Elephants 155 Tonlé Bati 90 . .. Kleangs & Prasat Phnom Tamao Wildlife Suor Prat 155 Rescue Centre . 90 . Around Angkor Thom . 156 Phnom Chisor 91 . Baksei Chamkrong 156 . CHRISTOPHER GROENHOUT / GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES GETTY / GROENHOUT CHRISTOPHER Kirirom National Park . 91 Phnom Bakheng. 156 SIEM REAP . 93 Chau Say Tevoda . 157 Thommanon 157 Sights . 95 . Spean Thmor 157 Activities . 99 .. Ta Keo 158 Courses . 101 . Ta Nei 158 Tours . 102 . Ta Prohm 158 Sleeping . 103 . Banteay Kdei Eating . 107 & Sra Srang . 159 Drinking & Nightlife . 115 Prasat Kravan . 159 PSAR THMEI P79, Entertainment . 117. Preah Khan 160 PHNOM PENH . Shopping . 118 Preah Neak Poan . 161 Around Siem Reap . 124 Ta Som 162 . TIM HUGHES / GETTY IMAGES © IMAGES GETTY / HUGHES TIM Banteay Srei District . -
Discovery Guide Welcome
DISCOVERY GUIDE WELCOME An ancient world inviting exploration. Located in the heart of Siem Reap, Anantara Angkor Resort is your ultimate access point to discover the ancient majesty of the Khmer empire. Admire the transcendent beauty as the sun’s first rays caress Angkor Wat. Marvel at nature reclaiming millennia-old temples. Gaze at exotic wildlife and spectacular natural attractions at the largest lake in Southeast Asia. Enjoy a romantic, candlelit dinner and Apsara show. The only limit is your imagination. We warmly invite you to peruse our carefully selected range of excursions to help stimulate your sense of curiosity and adventure. From these inspirational possibilities, we look forward to helping you curate adventures that nurture your passions and create unforgettable memories. Hospitably yours, Discovery Team ABOUT ANGKOR The most significant religious monument ever to have been constructed, the temples of Angkor are the greatest legacy of the mighty Khmer Empire and the ultimate expression of Cambodian ingenuity. Built over centuries, the ruins of this holy city are the remnants of the Angkorian capitals and represent the pinnacle of this ancient civilization. Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire, which flourished from approximately the 9th to 15th centuries and has been recognised as one of the most important archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. Spread across a staggering 400 square kilometers, the Angkor Archaeological Park is home to the remains of the different capitals of the Khmer Empire. 2 3 CONTENT CULINARY -
Tonle Sap Ecosystem Water Quality Index Development and Fish Production
Sustainable Development and Planning III 901 Tonle Sap ecosystem water quality index development and fish production N. T. H. Yen1, K. Sunda1, S. Oishi1 & K. Ikejima2 1Department of Civil Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan 2Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand Abstract The Tonle Sap ecosystem of Cambodia is situated in the lower part of the Mekong River basin (MRB), the TS ecosystem water environment is influenced by 181,035 km2 of its catchments and water inflow from 4000 km in length of the upper Mekong River. The water quality index (WQI) was developed based on seven environmental chemical factors of DO, NO3+NH4, TOTP, TSS, temperature, pH and conductivity at Kampong Luong monitoring station during the period 1995 - 2002. On PCA, among 15 candidate parameters, the six most variation parameters of ‘concentration of TSS mg l-1’, ‘temperature C degree’, ‘conductivity mS m-1’, ‘ratio between N and P’, ‘average monthly variation of NO3+NH4N’, ‘average monthly variation of pH’, were identified and selected to constitute the WQI. Each parameter was scored as 1, 3 and 5 and narrated, in order, as poor, fair and good conditions. The yearly WQI score was calculated from these six parameter scores in the relative year. The WQI showed that the highest score of 4.3 was in 1996, while the lowest scores were of 1.3 and 1.0 in 2002 and 1998. Importantly, the WQI was significantly (P<0.05) correlated with the ‘dai’ fish catch (r2 = 0.858) and the fish biological group 4 (r-species) (r2 = 0.75) during the period 1995-2002 indicating that the index was sensitive to reflect the relation between water quality condition and fish production. -
Cambodian Journal of Natural History
Cambodian Journal of Natural History Rediscovery of the Bokor horned frog Four more Cambodian bats How to monitor a marine reserve The need for community conservation areas Eleven new Masters of Science December 2013 Vol 2013 No. 2 Cambodian Journal of Natural History ISSN 2226–969X Editors Email: [email protected] • Dr Jenny C. Daltry, Senior Conservation Biologist, Fauna & Flora International. • Dr Neil M. Furey, Research Associate, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. • Hang Chanthon, Former Vice-Rector, Royal University of Phnom Penh. • Dr Nicholas J. Souter, Project Manager, University Capacity Building Project, Fauna & Flora International: Cambodia Programme. International Editorial Board • Dr Stephen J. Browne, Fauna & Flora International, • Dr Sovanmoly Hul, Muséum National d’Histoire Singapore. Naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr Martin Fisher, Editor of Oryx—The International • Dr Andy L. Maxwell, World Wide Fund for Nature, Journal of Conservation, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Cambodia. • Dr L. Lee Grismer, La Sierra University, California, • Dr Jörg Menzel, University of Bonn, Germany. USA. • Dr Brad Pett itt , Murdoch University, Australia. • Dr Knud E. Heller, Nykøbing Falster Zoo, Denmark. • Dr Campbell O. Webb, Harvard University Herbaria, USA. Other peer reviewers for this volume • Dr Judith Eger, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, • Berry Mulligan, Fauna & Flora International, Phnom Canada. Penh, Cambodia. • Pisuth Ek-Amnuay, Siam Insect Zoo & Museum, • Prof. Dr. Annemarie Ohler, Muséum national Chiang Mai, Thailand. d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France. • Dr James Guest, University of New South Wales, • Dr Jodi Rowley, Australian Museum, Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Australia. • Dr Kristofer M. Helgen, Smithsonian Institute, • Dr Manuel Ruedi, Natural History Museum of Washington DC, USA. Geneva, Geneva, Switz erland. -
Tonle Sap Lake and River and Confluence with the Mekong River in Cambodia Kenneth R
doi:10.2489/jswc.73.3.60A FEATURE Tonle Sap Lake and River and confluence with the Mekong River in Cambodia Kenneth R. Olson and Lois Wright Morton or centuries the floating villages on Figure 1 Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia (figure 1), The floating villages on the upper 65 km of Tonle Sap River and in Tonle Sap Fhave derived their livelihoods from the Lake are home to fisheries: men, women, and children who make their livings fish and water resources of the lake and catching, processing, and marketing fish, reptiles, frogs and other amphibians, its expanding and contracting floodplains. insects, and aquatic vegetation. Historically, the lake enabled the powerful Khmer civilization near Siem Reap (figure 2) to develop an elaborate hydraulic com- plex to irrigate rice (Oryza sativa) fields and support one of the largest premodern urban populations in the world (Goscha 2016). Today the rice-fish diet continues to be the staple of rural and urban daily Copyright © 2018 Soil and Water Conservation Society. All rights reserved. meals throughout Southeast Asia. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation The Tonle Sap River flows 147 km (91 mi) southeast from Tonle Sap Lake to meet during the dry season with the Mekong River near Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia. In the monsoon season (May to October), the Mekong River floods and causes the water to back up into the Tonle Sap River, reversing its flow (Carling 2009). This wet season flow reversal brings Mekong River sediments, nutrients, and an abundance of fish into the lake and 73(3):60A-66A enlarges the lake into its floodplain 20 to ers produce more than 80% of Southeast the Mekong River and Cambodia’s Great 40 km (12 to 25 mi). -
Cruise Vietnam & Cambodia
Cruise Vietnam & Cambodia ©ICS Travel Group Best Time to Travel to Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam’s weather is dictated by two monsoons. The winter monsoon comes from the northeast between October and March, bringing damp Touristically, Vietnam delivers. Cruise an azure ocean decorated by surreal-looking and chilly winters to all areas north of Nha Trang, and dry and warm limestone islands in Halong Bay, and wind through the majestic inland karst mountains temperatures to the south. From April or May to October, the summer of Cao Bang. Hike mountain tracks and explore tribal villages near Sapa. Explore the monsoon brings hot, humid weather to the whole country except for bewitching backwaters of the Mekong Delta. Finally, no visit would be complete without those areas sheltered by mountains. For the best balance, travel in experiencing the energy of big-city life in Vietnam’s capital Hanoi, the grand old lady April, May or October. For those sticking to the south, November to of the Orient, and Ho Chi Minh City, the engine room of the economy and the nation. February is dry and a touch cooler. From July to November, violent and unpredictable typhoons hit central and northern Vietnam. Cambodia Best Time to Travel to Cambodia Cambodia had its hey day during the Angkorian period when the Khmers ruled much The best months to travel in Cambodia are November through April, of what we now know as Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. Evidence of this is seen in the when it is dry. Outside of these months, humidity increases and the rains sublime Angkor Wat, which is easily on a par with Machu Picchu or Petra. -
Download From
Designation date: 23/06/1999 Ramsar Site no. 997 Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009-2012 version Available for download from http://www.ramsar.org/ris/key_ris_index.htm. Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 (1990), as amended by Resolution VIII.13 of the 8th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2002) and Resolutions IX.1 Annex B, IX.6, IX.21 and IX. 22 of the 9 th Conference of the Contracting Parties (2005). Notes for compilers: 1. The RIS should be completed in accordance with the attached Explanatory Notes and Guidelines for completing the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands. Compilers are strongly advised to read this guidance before filling in the RIS. 2. Further information and guidance in support of Ramsar site designations are provided in the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Wise Use Handbook 14, 3rd edition). A 4th edition of the Handbook is in preparation and will be available in 2009. 3. Once completed, the RIS (and accompanying map(s)) should be submitted to the Ramsar Secretariat. Compilers should provide an electronic (MS Word) copy of the RIS and, where possible, digital copies of all maps. 1. Name and address of the compiler of this form: FOR OFFICE USE ONLY . Dr. Srey Sunleang, DD MM YY Director, Department of Wetlands and Coastal Zones, Ministry of Environment, #48 Preah Sihanouk Blvd., Tonle Bassac, Designation date Site Reference Number Chamkar Morn, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: (855) 77-333-456 Fax (855)-23-721-073 E-mail: [email protected] 2. -
The Critical Role of the Mekong and Tonle Sap Corridor for Tonle Sap Lake Ecology and the Important Role of the Waterway Wetland in Cambodia
Page 1 of 10 The Critical Role of the Mekong and Tonle Sap Corridor for Tonle Sap Lake ecology and the important Role of the Waterway Wetland in Cambodia by Touch Seang Tana 1. Introduction For almost 20 years involving in the fisheries sector, especially the inland fisheries, a thousand doubts rise up in my mind at every step of approach on how the nature cerates this critical inland water system and its tremendous resources. Why the Tonle Sap Lake reputed as a larges fisheries productive freshwater systems for many millennia (Chu Ta Kwan, 1329, Mohout, 1857-9, Vincent, 1860-1, Petiole, 1911). What this lake was before the above period as Rainboth, 1996 quoted in his Zoogeography book that the freshwater Tonle Sap Lake aged about five thousand years and the present Mekong and Tonle Sap River were only two thousand years age. A French researcher, August Pavie,1898 was well explained in his Researcher sur L'Histoire du Camboge, du Laos et du Siam, indicated that the whole central plain of Cambodia was a marine bay and the Mekong River reached this bay at somewhere near the entrance of the present Tonle Sap Lake (see Figure1). This latter information was well explored by geological and archeological works on textile soils and fossiles located 12 meters beneath in Samrong Sen (northeastern Kampong Chhnang town), which represented the prehistoric human settlement of this region. Before the lake connected to the Mekong and Tonle Sap Rivers, neither data nor information proving the biological richness of the Tonle Sap Lake were available. -
5 Days Tonle Sap Lake-Artisan-Angkor Wat-Kolen Moutain Validity Till 30 March 2020
5 Days Tonle Sap Lake-Artisan-Angkor Wat-Kolen Moutain Validity till 30 March 2020 ITINERARY • Tour Code : 017AEH:0239 DAY01: SIEM REAP-ARRIVAL –TONLESAP- ARTISAN ( D) Warm Welcome by local tour guide at Siem Reap Airport after will going to Chong Kneas to visit the fishing village by a private boat. Cruise through the fishing villages of the Tonle Sap Lake to discover the natural splendor and old lifestyle of the country. If time permits, we will also visit the local market and artisan dangkor workshop. Free at leisure till dinner with Apsara show dancing .Performance , Overnight at the hotel in Siem Reap DAY02: SIEM REAP – 1000 LINGAS-ANGKOR WAT ( B/L/D) After breakfast will going to visit 1000,Visit Banteay Srei, constructed at the late 10th century by a Brahmin counselor under a powerking Rajendarvarman. It was loosely translated to citadel of the woman, but it is a modern appellation that probably refers to the delicate beauty of the carvings. Along the way we make stopover at the Preah Dark village and we follow these with a visit the Banteay Samre Temple adorned with impressive relief’s depicting scenes of Vishunu as well as Krishna legends. Lunch at local restaurant. Afternoon, Visit Angkor Thom, the South Gate of Angkor Thom, Bayon Temple, built from the late 12th century to the early 13th century by King Jayavarman VII and consists of 54 towers, the Royal Enclosure, the Phimeanakas, the Elephants Terrace and the Terrace of the Leper King, then visit Angkor Wat, the largest temples in world and covers an area of 200 hectares and surrounded by moat and an exterior wall measuring 1300 meters x 1500 meters. -
Kingdom of Cambodia Ministry of Environment Tonle Sap Ecosystem
Page 1 of 12 Kingdom of Cambodia Ministry of Environment Tonle Sap Ecosystem and Value Technical Coordination Unit for the Tonle Sap, 2001 Table of Contents I. Introduction………………………………………………… 1 II. Khmer Cultural Identity……………………………………. 3 III. Biodiversity………………………………………………… 4 Flooded forest……………………………………………………… 5 Waterbirds………………………………………………………….. 7 Fish…………………………………………………………………. 8 Mammals…………………………………………………………… 9 Reptiles…………………………………………………………….. 10 Biodiversity hotspots………………………………………………. 11 IV. Environmental concerns……………………………………. 11 Deforestation Habitat fragmentation Increased nutrient load Decreased water level Sedimentation and siltation Biodiversity degradation V. Current government efforts………………………………… 14 At national level ……………………………………………………. 14 Page 2 of 12 At local level ………………………………………………………. 14 International assistance…………………………………………… 15 Conclusion Reference………………………………………………………… 18 Contribution of pictures Picture in front page (fishing) and back page (agriculture) by Eleanor Briggs Picture on page 1 (Land Sat Imagery): by Benjamine Downs Lane Picture on page 3 (Seasonal village): by Neou Bonheur Picture on page 4 (fish processing): by Neou Bonheur Picture on page 5 (flooded forest): by Neou Bonheur Picture on page 7 (painted stork): by Neou Bonheur Picture top on page 8 (egrets): by Eleanor Briggs Picture bottom on page 8 (snakehead fish): by Neou Bonheur Picture on page 10 (Sakal turtle): By Neou Bonheur Picture on page 11 (burning forest): by Eleanor Briggs Picture on page 12 (Chong Kneas port, 2001): by Neou Bonheur -
A STUDY of the NAMES of MONUMENTS in ANGKOR (Cambodia)
A STUDY OF THE NAMES OF MONUMENTS IN ANGKOR (Cambodia) NHIM Sotheavin Sophia Asia Center for Research and Human Development, Sophia University Introduction This article aims at clarifying the concept of Khmer culture by specifically explaining the meanings of the names of the monuments in Angkor, names that have existed within the Khmer cultural community.1 Many works on Angkor history have been researched in different fields, such as the evolution of arts and architecture, through a systematic analysis of monuments and archaeological excavation analysis, and the most crucial are based on Cambodian epigraphy. My work however is meant to shed light on Angkor cultural history by studying the names of the monuments, and I intend to do so by searching for the original names that are found in ancient and middle period inscriptions, as well as those appearing in the oral tradition. This study also seeks to undertake a thorough verification of the condition and shape of the monuments, as well as the mode of affixation of names for them by the local inhabitants. I also wish to focus on certain crucial errors, as well as the insufficiency of earlier studies on the subject. To begin with, the books written in foreign languages often have mistakes in the vocabulary involved in the etymology of Khmer temples. Some researchers are not very familiar with the Khmer language, and besides, they might not have visited the site very often, or possibly also they did not pay too much attention to the oral tradition related to these ruins, a tradition that might be known to the village elders.