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9-6-1963 Chinese Russian Convergence in Asia Mike Mansfield 1903-2001
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This Speech is brought to you for free and open access by the Mike Mansfield Papers at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mike Mansfield Speeches by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 13608 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE September 6 TRIBUTES TO SENATORS Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, for the second time this week I congratulate the distinguish Senator from Pennsyl- vania [Mr. CL l and the distinguished Senator from est Virginia [Mr. RAN- DOLPH], both o whom have once again shown their sk and knowledge of two vitally import t measures which a1·e for the welfar of the people. I only wish that this ind of record could be maintained we in and week out. But I am happy 01 e again to congratulate the Senator fr Pennsylvania and the Senator from st Virginia for the great service they ha rendered. Mr. CLARK. Mr. President. will the Senator yield? 1\Ir. MANSF LD. I yield. Mr. CLARK. I thank my friend for his kind words. I should like the RECOR\l to note the gr t contribution made by members of th Subcommittee on Em ployment and npower of the Commit tee on Labor nd Public Welfare for bringing the b' to the Senate for pas sage. I expres y appreciation also to members of th staff, who worked con scientiously an ably to help prepare the bill and expedit lts assage. Mr. . Mr. President, I also extend gratulations to other Senators on t majority side, and to the distinguished Senator from Vermont [Mr. PROUTY], who offered worthwhile amendments, the distinguished Senator from New York [Mr. JAVITsl, and other Senators who made contributions to the bill and helped make It a better and stronger bill than when it was introduced.
CIDNESE-RUSSIAN CONVERGENCE IN ASIA Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, for some time, I have been attempting to fol low developments in Sino-Russian rela tions in central Asia. Although the public information is sparse and not nec essarily always accurate, it has been possible to obtain from it, against the background of history, a glimmer of the situation which is evolving in that region. Several weeks ago, I put together some observations on the central Asian situ ation which I had intended to discuss in the Senate on August 13. But I was hesitant to do so at the time because of a lack of any recent substantiating evi dence of the tentative conclusions which I had reached. In today's press. however, there are significant reports out of Tokyo which relate direclly to the subject of my ob servations. I ask unanimous consent that a selection of these reports be in cluded at the end of my rcma1k~; and at this point. Mr. Prr~ident. I a~k the Senate's indulgence that I may proceed with the observations on the Chinese Russian convergence in Asia to which I have previously referred. The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there objection to the request by the Sena tor from Montana? The Chair hears none, and it ts so ordered. (See exhibit 1.) Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, there are obvious reasons of health and
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 15609 skyrocketing costs of armaments which This convergence, Mr. President, has Russian convergence in northeast Asia provide common or para.llel motives for been a source of intermittent friction be has been a!rected, of course, by the ap the SOviet Union and the United States tween the two countries for a very long pearance of Communist ideology in to have sought the test ban treaty. Be time. It bas persisted irrespective of Russia and China. But sumcient expe yond the obvious, other interests have the Ideological inclinations of Moscow rience Is now accumulated to suggest undoubtedly entered into the search for and Pelping at any given time in history. that the future history of the rt'glon Will agreement by each nation. These are not It long predates the advent of commu hardly be dominated by this factor. necessarily shared interests but never nism in China and even Russia.. Indeed, And the history of the northeast, a theless they are a part of the calculations it predates the birth of Karl Marx by at history of Russian advance and reces of the balance of benefit on which the least a century. sion and advance--sometimes warlike treaty rests. The first recorded clashes between and imperious and sometimes peaceful It seems to me that the Senate should Russians and Chinese go back to the 17th and conciliatory-finds parallels else explore all of these factors in an effort century. Three hundred yeal'S ago, Rus where in central Asia. During the last to understand fully what is at stake in sian traders and Cossacks first made century, for example, Mongolia was en the act of ratification. Reference, for contact with the outposts of Chinese tirely under nominal Chinese sover example, has already been made in the Manchu imperial power in the region eignty. It was largely the efforts of hearings before the Foreign Relations north of Manchuria. The early zone of Russians under the czars coupled with Committee to the growing estrangement Russian influence and authority in this the weakness of the later Manchu-Ching between Russia and China. That the desolate northeast corner of Asia, as emperors which brought about a loosen question has been raised suggests an against China, was establlshed by a. se ing of Chinese control over the vast awareness of what may be a most sig ries of treaties beginning with that of stretches of land now Identified as the nificant factor in the Soviet position on Nerchinsk in 1689, and followed by Bur Outer Mongolian People's Republic. the nuclear test ban treaty. Yet our and Kiakbta in 1727, Kia.khta in 1768, And it was largely the same combina knowledge of the Russian-Chinese es and the Kiakhta protocol in 1792. A tion of Soviet strength and Chinese trangement is too limited to permit a half century later the Russian press weakness under the Chinese :r.ational full comprehension of its implications southeastward was resumed under Republic which resulted in 1922, in the either for Soviet policy or our own. For Count Nikolai Muraviev-Amursky, the establishment of an Outer Mongolia, not one thing, our reportorial coverage of Governor General of eastern Siberia, and only independent of China but brought the U.S.S.R., particularly east of the his chief military aide, Capt. Gennadii progressively into a relationship, appar Urals, is extremely limited and spas Ivanovich Nevelskoi. Again there fol ently in the nature of a protectorate, modic. For another, our knowledge of lowed a consolidation of the Russian po with the U.S.S.R. what is transpiring in China comes to us sition, in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858. South and west of Outer Mongolia we largely second or third hand. This agreement brought into Russian find in Sinkiang the same flow, ebb and It Is understandable, therefore, that possession large areas of Northeast Asia. flow of Russian infiuence. Here, as else the Sino-Soviet estrangement has been which had previously been under Man where there was for centuries a tradition analyzed in the press and elsewhere chu control. of Chinese suzerainty over sma.ll Plinci largely in theoretical terms. Scholars, Subsequently, Russia as well as other palities of tribal peoples. But here as journalists and intelligence technicians European powers and Japan exacted by elsewhere this suzerainty has been quite pore over the documentation and state guile, bribery or naked power, special devoid of significance in the absence of ments and reports which emanate from economic privileges and territorial con strong Chinese central power to assert it. Russia and China. And in this fashion, cessions from weak and corrupt imperial Thus, in the last century, the southwest the estrangement is interpreted to the officials of China. By this process, the edges of Sinkiang were chipped away and Nation almost wholly in terms of ideo Russians penetrated south into Man added to what Js now the contiguous logical differences and the struggle to churia, establishing themselves at Dalren territory of the U.S.S.R. And even as re claim the high priesthood of orthodoxy and Port Arthur on the Yellow Sea by cently as World War II the Russians ex In the international Communist move the end of the 19th century and pene ercised for a time something close to in ment and with It, I suppose, the right to trating Korea which had been for a direct domination over principal trading preach the eulogy at the burial of capi long time in a tributary relationship with centers and caravan junctions in talism. Peiping. Sinkiang. These ideological factors are undoubt Since that high-water mark, Russian Especially, since the advent of Chinese edly deeply Involved and I would not for inftuence in northeast Asia at the ex Communist control over the mainland, a moment underestmlate them. But 1f pense of China has fluctuated. In the the line of convergence as between Russia. I may be so bold as to suggest It, It seems face of a Japanese advance and the and China. in the Sinkiang area has ap to me that the great emphasis which Is weakness of the early Soviet state, it parently been pushed back westward given to them in the information which receded. Under the communism of once again. But how far and how firm reaches the Govei-nm.ent and the 'publ1c Stalin it advanced once more at the end this recession of Soviet influence has may produce a serious distortion of our of World War II. And under the com been, we do not really know with any de concept of the actual situation. We may munism of Khrushchev it receded once gree of accuracy. see the problem largely as a clash of more after the Chinese Communists To recapitulate, Mr. President, I have Marxist theories or Communist person came to power in Peiping. sought to point out to the Senate, that, alities which is destined to disappear as Our sources of information are insuffi historically, there has been not a fixed soon as the theories are straightened out cient to provide a. clear delineation of but a shifting and uncertain Une of con or the present leaders, in time, go the where the present line of convergence -vergence between Russia and China in way of all leaders. may lie, as between Russian and Chinese the inner recesses of the Asian Continent. I should like to suggest that other, influence in northeast Asia. We are not This line, Mr. President, is not neces more mundane and enduring considera even sure of what the precise situation sarily the border as shown on contempo ations are involved in present Sino-Soviet in this connection may be in Korea rary maps but rather the changing ex difficulties, considerations which will not where we are deeply involved. let alone tremity of the eastward and southward easily be exercised either by new theories in Manchuria, of which we know very reach of Russian influence and the west or new leaders. little. One thing is reasonably certain, ernmost and northernmost extension of It is to one of these considerations that however, the actual Russian-Chinese enforceable Chinese control. I direct the attention of the Senate to conversion does not bear much relation Further, history indicates that while day. It may well be the most significant ship to the border-demarcations as there have been periods of stalemate and factor, in the Russian-Chinese estrange shown on ordinary maps. It Is also recession, the overall pattern in the re Q'lent, largely overlooked in the over clear, in any event, that the convergence gion for several centuries ·was that of whelming emphasis which has been given in the northeast is still much further Russian advance. It was an advance to the ideological differences between south and east of any line which would which paralleled roughly the spastic but Moscow and Peking. I refer to the geo have been recognized by a Ching emperor steady decay of the Manchu-Ching graphic and cultural convergence of of the Manchu dynasty in the 17th cen dynasty through the reigns of a number Russia and China in the inner recesses of tury, the 18th or early 19th century. of emperors. And it drew strength from the Asian Continent. The recent history of the Chinese- the debilitation of the successor Chinese
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana. 15610 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE September 6 Republic in World War II and the col the north, south, east, and. west; or they fluence In the vast inner recesses of lapse of the Japanese intrusion on the caused territories to be ceded to them on Asia. The problems which are posed Asian mainland in that confiict. lease along the coast or China and even 1n the Chinese hinterland. When the People's by the convergence are not essentially What prompts me to make these ob Republlc or China was rounded In 1949, our those of Marxist theory. And they cer servations at thls time, Mr. President, Is Government clearly stated Its Intention or tainly are not those of a common border that they may be of more than historic eventually reexamining all the treaties con dispute, that Is, whether to move the interest in the light of the present Sino cluded by previous Chinese regimes with for markers a few yards or a few miles in Soviet estrangement. This break comes eign governments and, according to their re one direction or the other. What is In at a time when there has emerged in spective texts. either recognizing. denounc volved is the ultimate disposition and Ing. revising or renegotiating them at the Pelplng once again, a strong centraliza npproprlate time. utilization of a reserve of. millions of tion of Chinese power. To be sure. the square miles of territory largely devoid government which wields this power pro Note. Mr. President, the reference in of human habitation. claims its Marxism. Indeed. It claims thts catalog of unequal treaties to the This land and its contents constitute to be more Marxist than Moscow. Yet TreMy of Aigun which fixed the present an enormous and largely unexplored and insofar as Chinese Marxism Is expressed day boundaries in Manchuria at China's unexploited resource. Heretofore, it in practice on the borders of China. it expense and to Russia's advantage. And may have been of minor importance be aJJpears to bear a remarkable resem note in conjunction therewith this para cause of the Jnadequacies in techniques blance to classic Chinese dynastic policy. graph in the same editorial: of modern development and transporta There a.re strong indications, for ex Certain persons (an obvious reference to tion, particularly in that part of the ample, that the present Chinese Govern Mr Khrushchev) woUld llke us to raJae the world. But with the rapid dissemina ment is not disposed to regard a.ny of its question o! the unequal treaties here and tion and multiplication of these tech now • • • Have they realized what the niques, the region grows rapidly in sig borders-at least none fixed after the consequences or this might be? time of the advanced decay of the Ching nificance to the two great peoples which dynasty-as permanently constricting on The Implication is clear, Mr. Presldent. converge upon it. And it grows, too, In the outward extension of lt.s power. That The Chinese regard certain Soviet terri significance as the population of China, such is the case is indicated by the Chi tories, no less than Hong Kong and already in the vicinity of 700 million, nese assertion in Korea. in Vietnam, in Maca.o and Formosa, as having been and growing at the rate of 13 million to La.os, in Tibet and beyond Tibet into taken inequitably from China and sub 15 million a year, expands explosively Ladakh and the Northeast Frontier ject, therefore, to Chinese claim. and presses ever more heavilf on limited Agency at the two extremities of the In Now, Mr. President, I do not wish to resources even for a bare minimum of dlan subcontinent. leave the Impression that China Is about food, clothing, and shelter. What, then, of the Sino-Soviet border to embark upon a general war with SO, Mr. President, 11 we wish to under regions? Are these, too, to be affected Russia to bring back Into the historic stand fully the motives of the Soviet by the reassertion of Chinese power? I embrace of Peiping, certain lands along Union in seeking a nuclear test ban have already referred to the recession the inner Asian borders. But I do sug treaty, we ought not to overlook the of Soviet intluence in Manchuria and gest Lhat the arrow tips of Chinese in factor of the Sino-SOviet convergence. Slnk.iang, although to what extent and fluence are already pointed outward from a factor which is clearly indicated by how voluntarily it has occurred, we do Peiping into these sparsely inhabited re history but which cannot be weighed ac not know with any degree of precision. gions whose predominant population is curately without a better understanding But whatever its extent, it would be a neither Chinese nor Russian but Mongol of what is presently transpiring in in relatively mlnor recession should the and other tribal peoples. Many tech terior Asia. Chinese assertion against the U.S.S.R., niques are already apparently operating In any event, it would be unwise to in time, parallel its policies with regard to this end, including the Chinese aid dismiss the likelihood of a growth of ten to Korea, Southeast Asia and the Chi programs in Outer Mongolia and the or sion at various points ot contact along nese-Indian border region. If there is ganlzation of autonomous tribal group the thousands of miles of this vague this parallel then the Chinese claim ings on Chinese territory. Certainly, frontier. SOme might anticipate with against the U.S.S.R. could conceivably such limited information as we have with relish the prospects of these clashes, even extend out of Sinkiang, through the SO respect to the region hints at the like if they were nuclear. That prospect viet Pamire to Afghanistan. It could also lihood that the Chinese arrows have be might be bent and twisted, I suppose, embrace all of Outer Mongolia and the gun to prick the Russians Jn these remote into an argument against the proposed SOviet Maritime Provinces along the Pa regions. treaty to ban nuclear tests. cific. For these areas fell within the I would suggest further, Mr. President But that, Mr. President, would be a reach of Manchu Chlna in the heyday of that SOviet foreign policy Is not formed most distorted view of nuclear realities the dynasty. in ignorance of these recent develop and contemporary international rela It is interesting to note in this con ments or the history which I have just tions. For 11 the :flames of a great nu nection, Mr. President, that when Mr. recounted, or of the actions of the clear contla.gration are lit, it will matter Khrushchev, late last year, taunted the Chinese in southeast Asia and on the little who holds the match or where in Chinese Communists for accepting the Indian border. And there is no reason the world it Is struck. Even the vastness presence of colonialists in Taiwan, Hong to assume that, because it Is Communist of central Asia would be insufficient to Kong, and Maca.o while urging him to act Russian foreign policy is concerned any contain the holocaust or to confine it to against the United States, he was an less with such considerations than might the two massive Communist powers of swered in an editorial on March 8 in the be the case wit.h the foreign policy of Eurasia. No, Mr. President, the prob Chinese People's Daily and Red Flag any other nation. ability of increasing tension in the Sino which reads in part as follows: SOviet convergence, as in the case of all I would suggest, finally, that is Is be signiflcant international tensions, Is one During the hundred or so years preceding coming apparent that we have been in the vlct.orlous Chinese Revolution. the colo more reason for seeking to bring about error in assuming for so long that the rational control over the growth and nial and lmperlallstlc powers--the United iron hand of Moscow was so unshake States or America, Great Britain, France, spread of the immense destructive power czarist Russia, Germany, Japan, Italy, Aus ably fixed on Peiping that It had super of nuclear weapons. tria. Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, and. seded all other factors for all time in Rather than an argwnent against this Portuga.l-became unreservedly engaged Jn the considerations of the Communist treaty, then, this probable tension in a co.mpalgn or aggression against China. leaders in China. Theoretical Commu Sino-SOviet relations is an argument tor They Imposed on the various regimes or the nist world unity, whatever its weight, has old China numerous unequal treaties: The thls Nation to seek to Improve its com not replaced certain enduring factors in prehension of the actual situation which Treaty or Nauldng In 1842: the Treaty or the relationships of Russia and China as Algun In 18~8 : the Treaty o! Tslenteln Jn they are indicated to us by history. exists in central Asia. For that region 1858: tho Treaty or Pelplng In 1860; the and what transpires in It is likely to have Treaty of Dl In 1881: the Convention tor the And one of these factors, perhaps the a most profound significance in a world Extension or Hong Kong In 1898; the Treaty most significant, as I have tried to ex in which the peace and security of this or 1901; etc. By virtue o! these unequal plain to the Senate today, is the con Nation is closely interwoven with that treaties, they annexed Chinese territory In vergance of Russian and Chinese in- of all others.
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana. 1963 CONGRES IONAL RECORD- SENATE 156ll middle school ~tudents who co u ld n't gt-t into ExHIBIT 1 The statement also repeatoLit TOKYO, September 6.-Thc Chinese Com chauvlnlsm"-another way of writing, "Do BORDER PLOT munists accused the Soviet Union today of what i say because I'm st.rohger than you" ToKvo, September 6 -Communis t Ch ina trying to foment an uprising In Red China aga.lnst the Russians and accused them o! said today that Its relations with the Soviet v;!th the aid o! tens of thousands of Chinese otherwl•e violating the norms of Interparty Union ha\'e reached "t.he brink of spilL," In in a remote Slnklang-Sovlet borderland. relations. part because the Russians have been ··pro They satd Soviet -Chinese relations have There was no Immedia t e Soviet r eply to voking troubles on the Slno-Sovlet b order " reached "the brink of a split." th e Chinese charges and the grave asseas A Pelplng broadcast monitored here The Chinese reponed the alleged Soviet men ~ of relations. charged that last April and May there w as a Trojan horse plot aga inst Red China In ':Qle otllclal Goveul ment newspaper Izves Soviet plot to overthrow a local Chinese dis broadcasts which said differences In the In tia, however, kept up the drumfire of Mos trict government In the Ill district In Sln ternational Communist movement have cow·s propaganda against China. It spoke klang Province, which borders on the Soviet reached "a new stage of.. unprecedented of the "empty talk of the Chinese leaders" Union. gravity.'' and alleged their view was that "Communist The Pelplng radio broadcast t.he charge In A broadcast monitored here said the Rus society wlll be made up of people who have a long statement that declared that uiffer sians admitted tens of thousands of Chinese lofty Ideals but empty stomachs." ences In the Soviet-Chinese relationship Into Soviet territory last year In an attempt ··n Is dlfficul t to conceive a greater mis have reached "a new stage or unprecedent ed to overthrow the Chinese local government take; • Izvestia. wrote. gravity." at Dl, a district bordering the Soviet Union A WHOLE SERIES The broadcast also charged that the Soviet tn northwest S!nk.lang Province. The area The Chinese editorial said the Soviet "er Union wanted to "adopt a pollcy ot cap!Lula In central Asia was occupied by Imperial rors ure not just accl,dental, Individual and tlon" In the 1956 Hungarian revolution, but Russia In 1861- 1870. minor errors, but a whole series of errors o! gave up the idea under strong Chinese pres FIRST MENTION principle which endanger the Interests or the sure. The accusation was the first mention o! enllre Socialist ca=p and International FIRST REVELATION lnclden ts along the thousands of miles of Communist movement." The border row. the first to be formally border separatfng the squabbling giants of It said they dated from Khrushchev·s de revealed by either nation, involved tens or communism. DU)1C!atlon of Stalin at the 20th Congress of thousands o! Chinese who were admitted The radio said tlle Chinese were "allured'' the Soviet Communl.st Party In February, Into Soviet territory, It was alleged, In April or "threatened" to Induce them to join a 1956. and his simultaneous proclamation o! and May 1962. plot by Soviet otllclals In Slnklang under a new Communtst dogma-that war Is no Tl1e radio said the Chinese were "allured"' order o! the Soviet Communist Party. It longer inevitable. or "threatened" to Induce them to join a gave no other details of the alleged plot After boasting of how hard their own plot by Soviet otllclals In Slnklang under except to say that the Chinese Government leaders had tried to avoid a split, the core order of the Sov1et Communist Party. It had made several protests to the Russians for of the Chinese article said: gave no other details or the alleged plot ex t:>e return of the Chinese and had been '·NevertMiess, the CPSU (Communist cept to say that the Chinese Government refused. Party of the Soviet Union) leaders are de had made several protests to the Russians The matter has not been settled, It added. termined 'to go our own way' and have for return of the Chinese and had been re Pelplng accused the Kremlin of fostering pushed Sino-Soviet relations to the brink of fused. a "two Chinas" policy. In the new massive spilt and have carried the differences In the The matter has not been settled, It added. verbal attack on the Soviet leadership the lnternntlonal Communist movement to a The radio quoted an article jointly pub Chinese also took the credit for the crushing new stage of unprecedented gravity." lished by the editorial departments of the or the Hungnrlan revolt In the fall of 1956. RENEGADE TITO omc!al People"s Dally and the ~heoretlcal SOVIET TAUNT The article bitterly accused the Soviet journal Red Flag. From the Moscov.. side of the verbal barri Union allying Itself "with the United States The statement answered Moscow's July 15 cades came a t a unt !rom Ilya Ellrenburg, against China·• and also with the "renegade accusation that Chins was trying to set. up Soviet writer. that the Chinese are bent on Tlto·• (President Tlto or Yugoslavia). a new world headquarters for communism Instigating a global nuclear conflict which One of the ways the Kremlin tried to cur In Pelplng and split the world along racial they would sit out as spectators and hope to ry favor with the United States, Pelplng's llnes. survive as "victors:• Sunday statement said, was recommending FLIGHT WAS REPORTED Peiplng's charges were in broadcasts or a acceptance of the Na tlonallst regime on The Washington Post reported last June statement published In both the omc!al Peo Formosa. that between 50,000 and 70,000 refugees from ple's Dally and the Communist Party·s theo The Chinese Government said Khru Communist China had fied Into the Soviet retical journal. Red Flag. The statement shchev made his suggestion in October Union In the spring o! 1962. At the same was In answer to Moscow's July 15 accusa 1959, following his visit to the United States. time, groups o! Chinese clamored In front of tlc.n that China was trying to set up new Shortly after his return he went to Pelping the Soviet consulate at Kuldja, In Slnkiang world headquarters for communism in Pe for secret talks with Mao Tse-tung, Chinese Province, demanding arms to fight the Pel king and spll t the world along racial lines. Red boss. during Red China's lOth anniver ping regime, but apparently none were given The Chinese charged that In 1956. "at the sary celebrations. them. Kuldja Is the main city In the Ill critical moment when the Hungarian Such a Khrushchev proposal could ac District. counterrevolutionaries had occupied ·Buda count for the extraordinary ch!U which de The border district o! Til was occupied by pest." the Soviet leaders for a time "intended scended on the Pelping visit and the ab Impertal Russia for 10 years, 1861-70, and to adopt a policy of capitulation and aban sence of a formal communique when It then reverted to central Asian somnolence. don Soc!al!st Communist] Hungary to 1 ended. The district was attached In 1944-50 to a coun terrevol u tlon." makeshift East Turkestan Republic. The Khrushchev Is said to have compa red "We Insisted on the taking or all the nec main town, Kuldja, home of about 150.000 Formosa to the Far Eastern Republic which essary measures to smash the counterrevo people. trades In tea and cattle, has Indus lutionary rebellion," the Chinese said. exis ted between 1920 and 1922 after the Rus tries such as tanning and textiles, and there sian Revolution, and to hav~ noted that Soviet tanks and troops crushed the revo nre Iron and coal mtnes about. Lenin had recognized it . It eventually was The Chinese article als1> claimed that tor lution with an attack on Budapest In No t al
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 15613 Hslnhua said the article exposed the "error People's Dally and the theoretical journal stra tlon at the Embassy by a score or Moo or great power chauvinism" committed by Red Flag. cow University stud ents urging the Chinese the Soviet leadership In attempting to sup As news o! the double-barreled attack on to sign the partlal nuclear test ban treaty. press the liberalization movement In Poland the Kremlin reached the West. there were The Chinese labele
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana. 15612 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE cptcmber 6 hCUldllng "Incident In Soviet-Polish rela pushed Slno-Sovlet relations to the brink (From the New York Times, S!'pt. 6, 1963) tions" ln the same period. or split and have oarrled the dlfferences In PEIPlNO AcC'O'SE:> Moscow Of' PLOT the international Communist movement to During the Hungarian revolt, the Soviet TOKYO, September 6 .--Communt~t Chlnl\ 11nlon for a time did appear to be trying tO a new stage of unprecedented gravity." accused the Soviet Union today 01 11avtng come to terms with the regl.me of Imre Nagy TAIWAN MOVE NOTED marshaled tens or thousands or Chines~ In n by sending Deputy Premier Anastas I. Mlko One or the ways the Kremlin tried to plot to overthrow the regional government yan to Budapest for secret talks. But after curry favor with the United States, was of a district along the Soviet bOrder. Nagy said he would take Hungary out or the recommendlng acceptance or the Nattonallst ThE' Pelptng radio, reporting n new attack Warsaw Pact, Red army tanks were sent reg1me on Taiwan, the article &ald. on Soviet pollclt!s by the Cblneae Commu tnto the country and the revolt was crushed This charge was coutalned In a little-noted nists, said that the Soviet Union's actions ln a blOOd bath. Nagy later was executed. section o! Pelping's reply IA.St sunday to had brought the relations between the two ln Pol<\ncl, however, Wladlstaw Gomulka, Soviet charges August 21 that Red China's countries to the brlnk o! a spll t. then as now the No. 1 Commun.lst, reportedly emnlty resulted from a Soviet refusal to give The dlfferences In the lntcrnnllonal Com threatened to go on the alr and call for an China atomic weapons. munist movement, the broadcast said, have uprlslng against the Red army. Premier In the Sunday reply. Pelping said Khru reached a "new stage or unprecedented Nlklta s. Khrushchev apparently backed shchev made his "two-Cblna'" suggestion In gravity." down· and permitted the Gomulka regime. OCtober 1959, after his VIsit to the United The Pel ping radio said the Russians admit to which had come power tn the October States. Shortly after his return, he went ted thousands o! Chln~se Into Soviet terri revolt against former Stalinist rulers, to to Peiplng for talks with Mao during Red tory In the spring of 1962 tn an attempt to remain In office. China's lOth anniversary celebrations. overthrow the local government at Dl, a dis The article said Khrushchev "took the lead Such a Khrushchev proposal could account trict ln northwest Slnklang Province. in organizing a large-scale surprise onslaught for the extraordinary chill that descended The broadcast quoted an article published on the Chlnese Communist Party" at the on the Pelplng vlslt and the absence of a by the Pelplng newspaper Jenrnln Jlh P av and Rumanian Communist Party congress a.t formal communique when it ended. the magazine Hung Chi, both omctal organs Bucharest in 1960. Khrushchev is said to have compared of the Chinese Communist Party. The Chinese delegation there signed a Taiwan to the Far Eastern Republic that The article was In reply to a Moscow accu communique after the meeting "for the sake exlsted between 1920 and 1922 after the Rus sa'tlon, published July 15, that Chlna was or the larger Interest," but distributed a sian revolution. and said that Lenin bad trying to set up new world headquarters for statement saying the future of communism recognized it. It eventually was taken over communism In Peking and split the world "will never be decided by the baton or any by the Soviet Union. along racial lines. Individual." T.b.e Far Eastern Republic was a. butler In the border incident, the Russians were CRITICISM REPORTED state that bad a semiautonomous existence sald to have lured or threatened the Chinese At the Soviet Party congress In 1961, the from late 1920 until It was merged Into the to join the plot. arLicle said, when Soviet leaders attacked the Russian Federated Republic In November The broadcast gave no other details of the policies or the Albanian Party, Chinese 1922. It was under Soviet control and had alleged plot except to say that the Chinese Premier Chou En-lal "frankly criticized the the closest possible relations with the Soviet Government had made several demands to errors o! the leadership of the Soviet Com· Union before the !onnal merger. Moscow for the return or the Chinese and munist Party In subsequent conversations SUNDAY STATEMENT had been rebuffed. with Khrushchev." But Khrushchev flatly turned down these Peiplng's Sunday statement sald: (From the New York Times, Sept. 6, 1963 J "We have not forgotten and will not !or criticisms and advice, and openly said: "We ARTICLE DENOUNCES MOSCOW shall go our own way." get what the Soviet leader, Khrushchev, said The Chinese warnlng of a possible break about the questlou of Taiwan after his visit (Special to the New York Times) between Moscow and Pelping was the most to the United States In October 1959. HoNG KONG, September 5.--Communlst somber picture painted yet of relations be "He said the question or Taiwan was an China accused the Soviet Union today of de tween the two Red giants. Incendiary factor In the International situ liberate policies to aggravate relations be In Its latest article, Pelping also accused ation and that because the United States tween the two countries. the Ru!IS1ans of enlarging the Soviet-Chinese supported Chiang Kal-shek and the Soviet The charge was made ln an article jointly quarrel to government leveL Union supported China, there resulted the prepared by the newspaper Jenmln Jlh Pno "Having failed to subdue the Chinese Com atmosphere of an imminent great wa.r. But and the magazine Hung Chi, organs of tlle mun.lst Party. the leaders of the Commun.lst what the Soviet Union stood for was the cre Central Committee of the Chinese Commu Party of the Soviet Union took a series of ation of all conditions to ease International nist Pn.rty. stepB to ex:tend the ideological differences tension and ellmlnate war. Hslnhua, th-e Chinese Communist press between the Soviet and Chlnese Parties to "He further sald that there was more than agency, reported t.ha t the article was the first the sphere of state relations--the recall of one way to solve every complicated question, In a series commenting on the Soviet Com all the Soviet experts In China., the tearing depencUng on what basl.s you took. For ex: munist Party's open letter, published JUly up or hundreds o! agreements and contracts, ample, after the October revolution, there 14, attacking Chinese Commun.lst pollc1es. and the provoltiBg of troubles on the Sino was establlsbed In the Soviet Far East the The first article ln Pelplng's reply, Hslnhua Soviet border." the article &ald. Far Eastern Republic, and Lenin recognized said, consists of more than 20,000 Chinese It also said "the past 7 years have amply lt at the time; this was a temporary con cbaraoters and "cltes a vast number o! docu proved that the road taken by the leader cession and sacrifice, but later on lt was ments and 1rr!utable facts to show that since ship of the Communist Party of the Soviet united with Russia. the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Union is the course of allying with Imperial "The meaning of this statement by the Party (1956) the process in which Soviet ism against socialism, allying with the United Soviet leader was quite clear. To put it leadership bas gone further and further down States against China, allying with the re bluntly, this was to ask China to agree to the road o! revisionism and "spllttism" ls the actionaries of all countries against the peo the U.S. scheme of creating two Chinas. very process that has widened and aggravated ple or the world, and allying with the rene "This absurd view, of course, was rebutted the differences ln the International Commu gade Tito (President Tlto of Yugoslavia) and rejected by China, whereupon the Soviet niSt movement." leader made a series or speeches hinting that cUque against fraternal Marxlst-Lenlnlst The !acts of the last 7 years have amply parties." China was 'craving for war like a cock !or a fight, and, Uke Trotsky, wanted neither peace proved, the article continued, that the So DANGER SEEN WWE nor war:,. viet leadcrslilp has taken the course of "ally Pelplng said the Soviet "errors are not The statement then charged that "in ac Ing with l.mperlallsm against socialism, al just accidental, Individual and minor errors, cordance with the procedure mutually agreed lying with the United States against but a whole series of errors of principle upon by the Soviet Union and the United China • • • and allying with the renegade which endanger the Interests o! the entire States," Chiang Kal-shek's Nationalist China Tlto clique against fraternal Marx1st Socialist ca.m.p and International Commu has signed the nuclear test ban treaty "and Lenln.lst parties." nist movement." is swaggering as H It were a sovereign state." The Chinese Communists said that the It said they dated from Khrushchev's de The Chinese further charged that not only widening breach In the International Com nunciation of Stalln at the 20th congress had Khrushchev asked Red China to sign munist movement had begun at the 20th or the Soviet Communist Party In February the treaty, which It has refused to do, "thus congress. It was at this meeting o! the So 1956, and his stmultaneous proclamation o! to create a situation of two Chll1as," but "be viet Communist Party that Premier Khru a new Communist dogma-that war Is no also has threatened that If the Chinese Com shchev exposed to the delegates the extent longer Inevitable. munist Government opposed this treaty and of Stalln •s repressions and abuses of power. After boasting of bow hard their own refused to be bound by It, the United States From the outset, the article added, the leaders had tried to avoid a split, the core would help the Chiang Kal-sbek clique to Chinese have held that a nwnber of the of the Chinese article said : manufacture nuclear weapons. It turns out views advanced at the congress, "particularly "Nevertheless, the CPSU (Communist that In order to 'save millions or Chinese the complete negation of Stalin and the Party of the Soviet Union) leaders are de !rom nuclear death,' one China has to become thesis of 'peaceful transition• are gross er termined 'to go our own way' and have two Chinas." rors o! principle."
Mike Mansfield Papers: Series 21, Box 42 , Folder 4, Mansfield Library, University of Montana.