May Ten 15th Review Cents A CRITICAL SURVEY OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIALISM

VOL. III. 10c a Copy. Putlisned on tke first and fifteentk of tke montn. * 6<> a Year- No. 6

CONTENTS PAGE PAGE THE SOCIALISM OF THE SWORD 25 THE NOVELS OF DOSTOEVSKY 38 Louis C. Fraina. Floyd Dell. CURRENT AFFAIRS 27 BOOK REVIEWS 39 L. B. Boudin. TREITSCHKE;; GERMAN SOCIALIST WAR LITERATURE; REVOLUTIONARY THE WAR IN THE FAR EAST 29 FUTURE OF RUSSIA. Nicholas Russel. A SOCIALIST DIGEST 41 "THE CONSCIENCE OF THE NORTH" 32 THE TREND TOWARD STATE SOCIALISM IN THE BELLIGERENT NATIONS; Covington Hall. THE GERMAN SOCIALISTS' PEACE TERMS; THE BRITISH SOCIALISTS SOLIDARITY AND SCABBING 34 AND PEACE; INTERPRETING JAPAN'S DEMANDS UPON CHINA; BERN- Austin Lewis. STEIN AND THE FRENCH SOCIALSTS. BILLY SUNDAY AS A SOCIAL SYMPTOM 36 CORRESPONDENCE 45 Phillips Russell. From Felix Grendon; Floyd Dell. Copyright, 1915, by the New Review Publishing Ass'n. Reprint permitted if credit is given. The Socialism of the Sword By Louis C. Fraina HE military State Socialism imposed upon the war. Now, however, these constructive changes oc- belligerent nations by implacable necessity cur in the midst of war itself. While the armies of T is not a new phenomenon in the scope of its the nations slaughter each other, the state organizes purpose; it is a new phenomenon in its application and transforms the internal social system. The Na- and social consequences. poleonic wars destroyed the old order of things in The theory of the older Socialism of the Sword Europe, but except in France the new order was was lucidly stated by Benjamin Franklin. developed many years later. The Great War, how- "Property is the creature of society and society is ever, is constructing the basis of the new order of entitled to the last farthing whenever society needs things at the same time that it destroys the old. The it." work of destruction and construction proceeds simul- This is a recognition of the right of the state to taneously. In this new phenomenon lies one of the protect itself and the power of the state to seize its great hopes of progress as a consequence of the war. citizens and their property as means of protection. The belligerent nations are instituting State So- The language of Franklin, "Society is entitled to the cialism by the absorption of economic activity within last farthing," indicates the method,—taxation and the control of the state. This was impossible in a expropriation. Property was taxed, destroyed, society of isolated individual production; it is pos- stolen by the state, but economic activity was not sible and practicable only in a society in which in- fundamentally altered by the decrees of the state. dustry is highly developed. This pre-supposes econ- Socially, that was not State Socialism; it was an ac- omic unity within the state, the reality or illusion tion of the state economically and socially destruc- of common economic interests, national enthusiasm tive, and not constructive. and solidarity; all of which pre-supposes or produces The ancient prerogative of a state to protect itself the war of peoples in place of simply the war of na- assumes the form of State Socialism only when the tains. States are no longer organized as competing state denies the right of private property in indus- military powers, but as basically competing eco- try ; only when the state regulates economic activity nomic groups. Out of this proceeds the implacable thoroughly and arbitrarily and absorbs within itself necessity of State Socialism during the war. In all the means of production of the nation. Formerly the the belligerent nations—in Germany most, in Russia state simply taxed property; now it RE-ORGANIZES least—the economic forces are mobilized for war, industry. The change is tremendous and funda- offensively and defensively. mental. Previous wars while being waged were In the fact that it is a war of peoples and a war purely destructive; constructive economic and social of economics lies the dynamic social significance of changes usually followed after and not during the the Great War. It is a war of peoples not alone be- 26 NEW REVIEW cause of universal military service and its huge Socialism. The New York Evening Post expresses armies, but because the people at home are fighting this attitude beautifully: in a very real sense as much as those at the front "The man with the tools is to be regulated as mi- and because they believe they have a stake in the nutely as the man with money. And there can be no country worth protecting—are a part of the nation. doubt at all that Kitchener methods enforced upon It is a war of economics not alone because industry British workmen after the war would lead to loud, is mobilized, but because all the forces of the nation, protests and a political revolt. ... It would be, close-knit by economic unity, are brought within the to them, only one more oppressive display of the scope of the war—utilized, affected, transformed. power of the capitalistic state." A war possessing these social characteristics must Exactly; but it has never been assumed by revo- necessarily produce fundamental and permanent lutionary Socialists that State Socialism meant any- changes, economically, politically, culturally. thing else than the governmental regulation alike of Considering its economic basis, the State Social- labor and capital. American progressivism has made ism of the belligerent nations, while an expedient of this clear. war, is not necessarily a temporary expedient. All The potential revolt of the workers and the capi- the more does it possess the quality of permanency talist fear of the proletariat would strengthen in- because the emergencjy acts of the governments stead of weakening State Socialism. strengthen a previously-existing and powerful State The despotic control of industry exercised by a Socialist tendency. Internationally the war is bound State Socialist regime would impress upon the work- to modify national individualism in favor of federa- ers the idea and necessity of industrial self-govern- tion of nations; nationally the war strikes a power- ment. The class struggle, while transformed and ful blow, perhaps the final blow, at the decrepit sys- simplified, would become more acute and pervasive. tem of economic individualism. The unity of the heterogenous elements of the capi- The war does not produce new forces and a new talist class implied in State Socialism would line of progress, but caps the climax of the evolu- strengthen that class, and greater resistance pro- tionary developments proceeding in the bosom of voked among the workers. pacific society. It destroys that which was on the State Socialism strengthens the potentiality of verge of destruction and strengthens that which was proletarian revolt—in that lies the promise and so- ascending into power. cial mission of State Socialism. But the proletariat Those who still cling to the system of economic in- would not revolt to re-introduce the economic indi- dividualism imagine the compulsory collectivism of vidualism of the bourgeois; it would revolt to intro- the war to be temporary because "this whole gov- duce industrial self-government, that is to say, So- ernment regimentation has meant great sacrifices for cialism. many classes." But these sacrifices are the sacrifices of war; part and parcel of the Socialism of the Sword, they are incidental and temporary in State BOARD OF EDITORS Socialism itself. Frank Bohn Paul Kennaday William E. Bohn Robert Rives La Monte The old argument of inefficiency is being revived. Louis B. Boudin Joseph Michael It is pointed out that graft and corruption and Floyd Dell Arthur Livingston W. E. B. Du Bois Robert H. Lowie vicious speculation are actively at work. These Max Eastman Helen Marot triple evils, however, are nothing new; present in Louis C. Fraina. Moses Oppenheimer Felix Grendon Herman Simpson all wars, they were actively at work in the American Isaac A. Hourwich Wm. English Walling Civil War and in the wars of the French Revolution. They were incidental to the social changes proceed- ADVISORY COUNCIL ing during those epochs, just as they are incidental Arthur Bullard Gustavus Myers George Allan England Mary White Ovington to the social changes implied in military State So- Charlotte Perkins Gilman William J. Robinson cialism. Besides, graft and corruption are a more Arturo Giovanitti Charles P. Steinmetz Reginald W. Kaufmann J. G. Phelps Stokes or less normal phase of Capitalism. Harry W. Laidler Horace Traubel Prejudices are more pertinacious than economics. Austin Lewis John Kenneth Turner Albert Sonnichsen While titanic events marking the birth of a new era John Macy are revolutionizing the economics of the world, im- mediately and potentially, the arguments and ideo- Published by the New Review Publishing Association logical conceptions of a moribund system of things 256 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY ALEXANDER FRASER JULIUS HEIMAN LOUIS C. FRAINA still persist and will continue to persist. Ideological President Treasurer Secretary Subscription $1.50 a year in United States and "Mexico; six months. superstructures do not change as easily as their $0.75. $1.75 in Canada and $2.00 in foreign countries. Single economic and social foundations. copies, 10 cents. The devotees of economic individualism desper- Entered at the New York frost-office as second-class mail matter. ately hope that labor will prevent permanent State CURRENT AFFAIRS 27 jury is usually composed of members of the class against which he has committed the offense for Current Affairs which he is being tried. How can he expect justice By L. B. Boudin at the hands of such a jury? The Political Mood Trial by Jury and the Working Class HE wave of reaction which has come over OHN R. LAWSON, Executive member of the this country since the last presidential elec- J United Mine Workers of America and leader T tion shows no signs of receding. On the con- of the striking miners in Colorado during the recent trary, the indications are that it is still on the up- strike, has been convicted of murder in the first de- ward sweep, and will continue to rise for some time gree. Concededly Lawson did not actually kill any- to come, probably until the next presidential elec- body, and the prosecution rested on a legal fiction, tion is over. In the language of the New York which, if permitted to become the law of the land, Times and its confreres—"the country is tired of po- will place every strike leader within the shadow of litical agitation" and wants a rest. the gallows. It is therefore up to the working class The manifestations of the "chastened mood" of of this country not only to see to it that this par- our electorate are many and diverse, but they all ticular conviction is annuled,—one of the most in- point one way—the way backwards. Those of our famous in the long list of outrages perpetrated by radicals and progressives who have not themselves our Capitalist Class against the workers within the been "chastened" by the backward sweep of the po- last few years under the forms of law; but that the litical trend look with dismay upon their shattered principle upon which it rests be not permitted to hopes, whether those were pinned upon the official become part of our jurisprudence. Progressive Party or upon "progressivism" gener- There is another phase of the subject which the. ally. Wisconsin, the great "Experiment in Democ- working class ought to consider very seriously. No racy," the State of Hope of all the academic and amount of legal fiction could have convicted Lawson journalistic "me too" Socialists, has turned out a if the jury which tried him had not been as eager false light, a fata morgana. And the Progressive to send him to the gallows or life imprisonment as Party, in which the more practical among them was the prosecutor himself. Remember the readi- placed their faith, lies shattered in pieces. ness with which other juries have within the last This has put our radicals and some of our Social- few years been convicting all those who participated ists in a quandary: What of the morrow? Until in the class-struggle on labor's side, no matter how now the task before them seemed to be clear enough: absurd the charges or insufficient the proof. Now, Put the People in control. The People in control of trial by jury has justly been considered one of the their political machinery, free from the incubus of bulwarks of our liberties and one of the principal corrupt political bosses and the shackles put upon securities provided in free countries against injus- them by the "special interests," will right every- tice and oppression. Why, then, has trial by jury thing and we shall enter upon a glorious era of •failed to protect the working-class of this country "progress" and social reform. But now that The against palpable injustice? People untrammeled and unbossed have turned their The answer is: the working class never really face backwards, as they have done in Wisconsin and gets trial by jury. What it gets is a sham and a the West generally, who shall turn the tide? And fraud, palmed off under the forms of trial by jury. our poor radicals stand bewildered, not knowing how Trial by jury does not mean a trial by twelve men to account for the strange and, to them, inexplicable instead of by one or three; nor does it mean trial behavior of "The People"; nor what to do next. by laymen instead of trial by men learned in the Some of them have themselves become chastened law. What it really means is a trial by one's peers, under the influence of the prevailing political mood, that is a trial by men of the same condition of life, and intend henceforth to move slow, very, very slow. members of one's own class. Magna Charta there- And the rest are just wondering, troubled in spirit, fore declares that: "No freeman shall be arrested, and without light or leading. or detained in prison . . . unless by the lawful judgment of his peers." And the judgment of one's peers is just as necessary for the protection of lib- Social Reform and Taxes erty in a struggle between one class and another T is of course impossible to discuss adequately in as it is in a contest between a subject and his king. I the space of a brief note all the reasons for the But a workingman is never tried by a jury of collapse of the progressive movement in this coun- his peers. There were no workingmen on the Law- try. And we shall not attempt to do so here. But son Jury. And when a workingman is tried for the main reason may at least be pointed out. It is an offense growing out of the class-struggle he is this: not only not tried by a jury of his peers, but the "The People" as such are neither progressive nor 28 NEW REVIEW radical; no more than they can be said to be con- The Constitutional Convention servative. Whether or not "the people" will be pro- T is very unfortunate that the Convention to re- gressive depends entirely on who are "the people" I vise the fundamental law of the State of New we look to and what kind of "progressivism" we ex- York should meet at a time of general reaction. pect from them. It so happens that "the people" That the reactionary wave should be particularly whom our quondam progressive movement looked sfrong in the Empire State, is, of course, only na- to were the farmers and the lower strata of the tural. New York has always prided itself upon its bourgeosie, the so-called "small man." Now you "conservative temper," and this pride has on the can get your "small man" interested in and even whole been justified. In the election of 1914 this enthusiastic over "progressivism" as long as that "conservative temper" took the form of a Kepub- means more political power to himself, particularly lican landslide, which brought about, among other where it is intimately connected with his economic things, the election of Mr. James W. Wadsworth, needs, such as lower freight rates, cheaper public Jr., as the first popularly elected United States Sen- utilities, and similar things. But you cannot get ator from the Empire State. This proved clearly him interested in, much less enthusiastic over, "pro- that the people can do for themselves what many gressivism" when that comes to mean labor legisla- imagined only Murphy and Barnes could do for tion, or social legislation on such a scale and of such them. a kind that he doesn't get most of the benefit accru- Just where the reactionaries intend to drive their ing from it. principal wedge is hard to tell just now. But the You may, by adroit manoeuvring, get him to put indications are that whatever else they do, the Ju- such "planks" into his "progressive" platform, as diciary Article is going to receive their most serious part of a political plan to get the working man to consideration. Our elective judiciary has long been vote for his "progressive" ticket. But you can do a thorn in the side of our "best citizens." Their ideal this only so long as you can make him believe that is an "independent judiciary"—that is a judiciary the workingman's progressivism, if meant at all independent of any political machine and therefore seriously, is to be brought about at the expense of thoroughly devoted to the interests of the capitalist the "special interests." The moment he discovers class as a whole. Such a judiciary is to be had only that it may be done at his own expense, or at the under an appointive system. So long as "progressiv- expense of the community at large, that is at the ism" and "radicalism" were in the ascendant and expense of the taxpayers, he is done with progressiv- the people were clamoring for the recall of judges, ism. Your "small man" is the most implacable an appointive judiciary could only be an ideal to be enemy of high taxes that the world has ever pro- cherished secretly. But now that reaction is ram- duced. He may hate bosses and political corrup- pant many feel that the time is ripe for the realiza- tion, but he hates high taxes more. In fact his chief tion of this fond dream. Nice little plans have, objection to bosses and political corruption is that therefore, been submitted to the Convention for an they have the hateful tendency of increasing the appointive judiciary, under the plea of taking the tax rate. judiciary "out of politics." The progressives of Wisconsin and the West generally have discovered that the kind of pro- The Convention and the Socialist Party gressivism which their leaders have been preaching HE New York State Executive Committee has of late, owing to the political exigencies of the situa- T appointed a committee to prepare a plan of tion, is not their own progressivism pure and unde- action in connection with the Constitutional Con- filed, but the kind that raises the tax-rate. They vention. discovered, for instance, that their beloved LaFol- A Conference on May 22 is to decide what de- lette, the hero of so many campaigns against the mands are to be made by it upon the Constitutional "special interests," suddenly developed a propensity Convention, but the Socialist Party will submit to towards workmen's compensation and similar ex- the Conference a list of demands for consideration. travagances which reflected painfully on the tax This action is to be heartily welcomed. Of course, lists. So down went the noble hero to smash, and such conferences are likely to open the doors wide perhaps to political oblivion—a warning example to for all sorts of questionable political adventures. "progressive leaders" to make sure what kind of But a Socialist Party must not abdicate its functions "progressivism" their following will stand for. And of leading and directing the working class, in order it would be well if some of our Socialists, too, would to preserve its own innocence. Action is the law of examine the progressive movement of this country all life, including the life of parties. We must there- a little more closely so that they may know the kind fore take some risks rather than do nothing. Par- of progressivism they are dealing with before they ticularly since the history of our own party has con- make it the basis of their actions or prognostica- clusively proven that we may soil our hands even tions. while doing nothing or next to nothing. THE WAR IN THE FAR EAST 29 The War in the Far East By Nicholas Russel (Japan) UMAN history is the history of man's rela- Finally in Socialism we see the dawn of the ap- tions and corresponding attitude towards proaching economical emancipation. Such are the H his environment—elemental and social. principal mile-posts marking the epochs of Western The roots of these relations are deeply buried in the history. animal struggle for existence; their branches vanish A different fate awaited the Eastern wave. The in the still foggy heights of the "brotherhood of awe-inspiring majesty of the physiographical envir- man" based on principles of solidarity and harmoni- onment: high mountain chains, large rivers, stormy ous, co-ordinated, spontaneous co-operation. seas, extensive deserts, extreme continental tempera- We started as slaves of our elemental environment, ture variations, proved so many unsurmountable ob- which we symbolized first as the bloodthirsty, cruel stacles on its way, on the way of human progress, tyrant of the Old Testament, a tyrant who delighted obstacles that kept man what he was—an abject in contortions of the burning body and the smell of slave of this environment; the slave who had no burning flesh. It was the state of absolute, uncondi- choice but to regulate his conduct in accordance with tional submission. Primos deos fecit timor. its dictations; never to lose sight of the past, lest he With the growth of knowledge grew our ascend- lose the Ariadne's thread of tradition, sever the um- ancy over the environment. Our symbols softened. bilical cord attaching him to mother nature. The In the New Testament man regards the god-environ- only guide was the experience of the past,—"the ment as a merciful and loving father. In our own wisdom of ancestors." Every departure from it was days, when Jove with his thunderbolts has been a sacrilege. Wherever and whenever through col- brought down from Olympus and put to the task of lective effort and some fortunate combination of cir- messenger boy and motor driver, our ideas of, and cumstances he succeeded in partly emancipating him- our attitude to, the elemental environment assume self from his surroundings, the same elemental the monistic aspect: we pride ourselves in being a forces (as manifested in social organization) stepped living part of one great living whole, of the great in and asserted their sway. Such was oriental des- universal entity. potism. At the best, it was but a change of masters: Recent research in Mesopotamia has shown civili- elemental forces of social character replacing the di- zation possessed of a common root. It started rect categorical imperatives of the ambient sur- among the Akkadians or Simmerians (of Turanian roundings. stock) some 7,000 years ago. To them we owe our After 7,000 years' journey in opposite directions calendar, our numeral system and a number of im- the two waves have effected their connection in the portant inventions and discoveries. Civilized life Far East, as if animated with antagonistic prin- spread in two opposite directions: east and west, ciples : on one side man was found in control of the from Mesopotamia. After a long journey around elemental environment (and to some extent of so- the globe civilization recently met on the shores of cial) ; on the other, environment in control of the Japan. body and soul of man. Two confluent rivers, say The difference in the attitude of man towards his blue and white, like the Rhone and Arve in the neigh- elemental and social environment is the key to the borhood of Geneva, for quite a distance run in the understanding of the fundamental difference be- same bed as the two parallel ribbons until gradually tween the two civilizations; between the East and their waters mix and assume a uniform color. the West, the Eastern and the Western man, the Here is the source of all the sharp contrasts char- Eastern and the Western mind. acteristic of life in the Far East, contrasts making The fortunes of the two waves were quite differ- the sum total of the Far-Eastern situation. The ent in this respect. With the Western wave, after gradual neutralization of these contrasts by arming many vicissitudes and tribulations, ups and downs, the East with the knowledge of the West, Western man ultimately emerged triumphant over the ele- principles and Western methods, producing man's mental environment; he gradually emancipated him- control of his surroundings, will constitute the warp self from the bondage; first, in the domain of intel- and woof of the future history of this part of the lect (ancient civilizations and later European Re- globe, the history into whose future we propose to naissance) ; then in the domain of conscience (Ref- cast a glance. ormation) ; still later, politically from the tutelage of Qualitatively and quantitatively war is the ulti- the state, to whom the power of the elemental en- mate manifestation, the culminating point of the vironment in the course of evolution was delegated, competitive system. Qualitatively—because it is a (French Revolution and English Magna Charta). result to the ultima ratio of all competition—physical 30 NEW REVIEW

force. Quantitatively, because it represents the final quious pusillanimity of the mediaeval villein. It pre- and supreme effort, the maximum of stress of ac- vented Germany from pulling the dead tooth herself cumulated energy. before it became a public nuisance. The old Michel The antidote for war lies in the substitution of the bore patiently the agony of the dead tooth and all its principle of co-operation for that of competition. abominations, until a painful boil developed. Then The pendulum, after having reached its extreme, he made such a racket that all the neighbors had to must swing back. run to his assistance and pull the tooth. The Great War is the last phase, the last act of Feudalism has to be destroyed, lock, stock and bar- social-economical strife and elemental national-po- rel. Delenda est Carthago. The bulwark of reac- litical division. It is their last word: reductio ad tion, the Bastille, barring the highway to human ad- absurdum. The system of armed peace, a silly inven- vance, the mediaeval feudalistic survival, the Prus- tion of Prussian Junkers, is at bottom nothing but a sian Junker class, must be annihilated. Thrones race between the taxpayer and the inventor, the race and the rest of the mediaeval furniture to be moved inevitably resulting in the triumph of the second to the garret or disposed of to antiquarians and and the bankruptcy of the first. From this impasse curio collectors to find final resting place on there is but one way out—the abolition of competi- museum shelves. tion in international relations and of the strife be- You seldom meet men who realize the magnitude tween capital and labor, or rather the transfer, the and import of the present international conflict. raising of both forms of competition to a higher Reasoning in terms of the past, they expect that in a plane, that of intellectual and moral achievements, few months peace will be concluded: France will get of further victories over the elemental nature, both Alsace-Lorraine, Russia the Straits, Italy Triest, and in its outer and especially social manifestations. so forth. Such is not the case. This war represents The unprecedented strides in scientific and tech- a social upheaval similar to the great French Revolu- nical knowledge during the last half century, espe- tion. Generations will live on it. Its consequences cially through the conquest of space, caused the ter- are countless and incalculable. It removes one of the restrial globe, as the habitat of our race, to contract cards from the very foundation of the elaborately to one-tenth of its former dimensions. Through complex card-structure of modern society. And with such contraction continental Europe practically it the whole structure collapses. found itself as one household, felt itself as one family The war deals a mortal blow to the principle of living under the same roof and clamoring for the re^ nationality as the foundation of political division. moval of vexatious traditional elemental, class and The new Europe, that will arise from the ashes, will national divisions; for the readjustment of all "su- be built exclusively on the principle of territorial perstructures" resting on an economic foundation in solidarity, regardless of all traditional and elemental accordance with the new conditions. Such is the distinctions. The new Europe will discard the prin- meaning of the present war. ciple of centralization by dividing itself into a few We know that intellectual age does not coincide hundred sovereign states more or less corresponding with the physical one, neither with individuals, nor to the present and old provincial divisions, form one with social classes. With both mental evolution is solid federation with the Federal centre somewhere liable to be arrested and become stationary. The in The Hague or rather Brussels; constitute itself result is that we meet bearded and whiskered men into The United States of Europe cemented by terri- enjoying boyish games, and entire classes mentally torial solidarity. lingering in former centuries. With individuals The new Europe will destroy the system of armed this phenomenon is called "oslerization" in honor of peace, will disband armies and navies replacing them Professor Osier, who gave much attention to that with but one at the disposal of the Federal Govern- subject. The same phenomenon observable with ment. classes ought to be designated as "Shaefflerization," The new democratic Europe will carry the demo- since it was Prof. Shaeffler that called our attention cratic principle deep into economics, wresting the to the fact that the mentality of different strata of means of production from the hands of the capitalist society corresponds to different centuries. class and returning them to whom they belong in It happened that the German nation saw fit to re- equity—to the associations of workers, to municipal, tain in its midst the pugnacious Junker class of big county, state and federal authorities. landholders, who as a class are part and parcel of How fast all this constructive work will be real- mediaeval feudalism, whose psychology and ideals of ized is hard to tell, but it must be fast since life valor are those of the XVII century. It was like a among roofless ruins is not pleasant. dead tooth remaining in a healthy jaw. Parallel The great international cataclysm constitutes a with the preservation of this social relic Germany prelude to a series of great events. It is the last preserved in its mass psychology another mental gasp of the expiring capitalist system and the first relic of medisevalism, the counterpart of the junkers' breath of the social revolution. All prominent So- arrogant pugnacity—a negative to a positive—obse- cialist thinkers, including Marx and Engels, have THE WAR IN THE FAR EAST 31 predicted that social revolution will be initiated with versal History." Whatever conies, let us hope, we a great international conflict. will not lose our temper and debase ourselves to such Parallel with the European continental federation ridicule. England with her colonies may form another similar I do not believe that Japan, at least as long as the constellation. Central and South America will fol- Philippines in some shape or other are attached to low suit and North and South Africa will not remain the United States, cherishes any serious designs in long behind. that direction. In case of abandonment there may Assuming that the above prognostications are be some temptation, and that is reason enough for probable, we may revert to our subject—the influ- American retention of the Philippines. ence that European events will exert upon the future The mass of the Philippine people is doing well of the Far East. under the present regime, and, being a-politic is Let us remember first that the keynote of this fu- entirely indifferent to "independence." This ques- ture will remain the amalgamation of Eastern and tion of independence is agitated exclusively by the Western civilizations, the lifting of the Eastern man ambitious and office-hungry class of politicians. The to the Western level through arming him with West- middle and upper classes find themselves too com- ern knowledge, thus asserting his mastery over the fortable to tempt providence, to take the risk of fall- elemental environment. ing into the pit of Mexican pronunciamentos. At Hitherto the United States has and still plays the the best, the question of Philippine independence is part of the principal school teacher, and one may but a huge misunderstanding. Real independence is expect that it will continue in that role for a long in local self-government, of which the Philippines time. For a long time its moral and intellectual in- have full measure. As for certain sovereign rights: fluence will predominate. The United States is not foreign relations, war and peace, tariff, etc., every a conqueror. The territorial acquisition of the State of the Union has it delegated to the Federal Philippines, Hawaii, etc., was incidental and irrele- authorities, and in this respect the Philippines are vant to the all important mission that it has fulfilled not worse off than New York or California. I do thus far in this part .of the world. The concatena- not intend to convey the idea that the present tion of facts such as the opening of Japan to the American regime is perfect. Far from it; it is too world's intercourse; the essential contribution to the bureaucratic, paternalistic and unprincipled, too building of the Japanese educational system; the en- much flavored with the corner grocery spirit, but it lightment of China by a host of American teach- is the best that the Philippines can have under the ers and missionaries, enlightment that resulted in circumstances. A true Philippine patriot, such as the overthrow of the monarchy; finally, the educa- Jose Rizal, in these circumstances would ignore poli- tion and democratization of the Philippines cannot tics and use his best efforts to emancipate the Philip- be explained away by chance combination of circum- pine people from their worst and most dangerous stances or the gravitation towards oriental markets. enemies: hookworm, padres and professional poli- There must lie at the bottom of all this reasons by no ticians. The outside danger to the Philippines (if means occult or mystical, but belonging to a higher danger it is) lies in the fact that, at a most con- category of sociological knowledge not unlike the servative estimate, they are capable of sustaining contrapunt or thorough bass in music. Every great one hundred and fifty millions of population in lieu nation had her world's mission. As examples I may of the present eight millions; and with hookworm in point to the Reformation in Germany, the Great the intestines, padre on the neck and a politician in French Revolution, the English Magna Charta and every pocket, the Philippines seem unable to popu- constitutionalism, her championship of individual late the land with their own resources. The ethnical liberty. pressure is too uneven on both sides of the Chinese Why should the United States be an excep- sea. Notwithstanding all restrictions and enforce- tion? ment of the United States emigration law, the in- Why should the United States have come to the filtration of Chinese goes merrily on. They consti- Far East (as one of the "republican" Philippine tute the majority of the commercial class and of Commissioners—for Public Instruction, too—Elliot skilled labor, especially in the country. They inter- by name, expressed himself in a public address in marry with Philippines and procreate mestizos of a Manila), "to trade on the principles of the open higher intellect, character and efficiency than any of door and equal opportunity"? the numerous pure Philippine nationalities. Peace- Japan had started her part on the Far Eastern ful Chinese absorption of these islands racially, as stage first, as a promising pupil; after graduation well as of the rest of the Malay group, seems she was promoted to the important post of the assist- inevitable. ant school teacher. If this simile is correct, any The immediate effect of the titanic struggle in fisticuff conflict in the school room between the two, Europe upon the Far East will be the relaxation, if with pupils around as spectators, would constitute not the total collapse, of the deleterious military, the most amusing chapter of "The Comedy of Uni- diplomatic and capitalistic pressure of foreign na- 32 NEW REVIEW tions. The attention of the European powers will ready crushing the masses. The small farmer, the for a long time be riveted on home affairs and can- backbone of the country, finds his vocation already not admit of any active policy in this part of the unprofitable because of the heavy taxation. Accord- world. For a long time the Far East will be left to ingly he sells his small holdings, which fall into the its own resources, so that with the moral, intellec- hands of large holders and land speculators. In tual and probably economic influence of the United spite of such ominous facts, the peacefully inclined States, there remain in the Far Eastern stage but premier, Okuma—President of the local Pacifist two actors: Japan and China. Their mutual atti- Branch—favors the formation of two army divis- tude and relations will constitute the fundamental ions and the building of new superdreadnoughts. It aspect of future events. What will those rela- is hard to believe that Japanese disarmament will tions be? proceed as fast and be as radical as one is justified Before attempting even a problematic answer to to expect in Europe. In any event hardly any steps that question, we must remember that the European will be taken in this direction before Japanese rela- social-economical and national-political upheaval re- tions to China and the United States will fully clear sulting in social revolution, economic and political up. The demands from China as formulated by the internationalization, decentralization and democ- present Japanese Government justify the belief that ratization, will not fail to profoundly influence the Japan intends to assume military and economic Far East. One may expect that both the Chinese dominance in China with a view to a prospective and Japanese will take a lesson and spontaneously federation, in which Japan will reserve first fiddle to follow suit in the great transformation. How far herself. So far all the advantages are on the Jap- and how fast will they go? They cannot keep anese side; China is helpless. She.is bound to fol- abreast with the West, being economically and psy- low the policy of non-resistance to evil and sullenly chologically not fully prepared, but their advance admit the intruder, and later on ... deal with the will be faster than was ours. They will not have to new intruder as she dealt with the numerous in- repeat the evolutionary phases through which we truders in her hoary past: swallow and digest him in passed, no more than they need repeat experiments a calm, systematic fashion, as a phagocyt does with of Fulton and Watts. They will accept and imitate a microbe. our latest productions. Their task in social, eco- nomic and political relations, as in industrial tech- 11 nique, will be so much easier; and one must expect The Conscience of the they will not lag behind too much. They will rapidly summarize untold centuries of Western evolution, North '' as the human embryo summarizes the life-history By Coving ton Hall of the race. In order to unravel with some degree of prob- T is well sometimes to "see ourselves as others ability the main features of the future relations of see us," wherefore, I propose to try to show Japan and China one must consider the profound I the North how its much boasted "conscience" psychological and social difference between these looks to us of the "Repressed South." two great oriental nations, the difference in locality The spirit to write this exposure of "the con- and of the elemental and social environment. science of the North" came over me on reading Mr. The Chinese are slower but steadier both in Joseph C. Manning's article in the NEW REVIEW thought and action as compared with the more quick for March on "The Repressed South," which is, in and more inflammable Japanese. They feel an or- the main, absolutely correct, and far worse true. ganic distrust of authority, being collectivistic in their But who aided and abetted the "Democratic" party nature. Whereas Japan beats Germany as a classical in its infamous suppression and betrayal of the country for all kind of state socialistic experiments South ? It is certain that the old slave owning Aris- emanating from above, China's initiative and plans tocracy is no longer a power in Dixie, for its property of action invariably come from the people, from all rights were long ago expropriated and its sons and kind of secret and open organizations and associa- daughters are now scattered to the four winds of the tions. Compared with the peace-loving, soldier- earth, the vast majority of them, even in the South, despising Chinaman, the Japanese in the mass is being either wage workers or working farmers or pugnacious and aggressive when led by a constituted professionals. Their property rights being de- authority. Like Germany, with all the decorative stroyed, their political power is, according to Marx, constitutionalism (about 2 per cent, of population and in truth and fact, non-existent. Therefore, who vote in the elections), Japan is still in the hands of aided and abetted the "Democratic"- party in the two military clans, Satsuma and Choshu, of whom peonizing of the "New South" ? What and who are one controls the navy and the other the army. To the economic powers behind this party, the most what extent European disarmament will be followed shameless political machine that ever engineered the by Japan it is impossible to say. Taxation is al- looting and enslavement of any land? "THE CONSCIENCE OF THE NORTH" 33

Not only does Mr. Manning tell the entire truth been outraged at his deeds, because he was injuring when he shows how the "Democratic" oligarchy dis- their property. Not so is it with the peon masters— franchised the Negro and Colored voters, but also they have nothing to lose by an injury to or the death when he points out that they used the "race ques- of the peon; he cost them nothing., Therefore they tion" (which, as he well says, is no question at all) owe him no duty, yet they demand of him all service. to disfranchise the majority of the white voters Peonage is, as it were, a marriage of wage and chat- along with them. But it is also true that there must tel slavery, in which the slave has none of the bene- have been some strong economic power behind and fits and all of the evils of chattel slavery. And peon- urging on the "Democratic" party to commit this age is the form of slavery inflicted on the Southern crime against their own people; nor was disfran- wage workers and working farmers by the economic chisement by any means the worst and foulest crime might of Northern Capitalists. committed against the people of the South—the loot- Therefore, to what "conscience of the North" does ing of vast natural resources was their crime of Mr. Manning, and the rest who are always mouthing crimes and the "race question" was and is only this phrase, wish to appeal? That part of "the con- raised to divide the wage workers and working science of the North" which is profiting by this in- farmers and thus render more easy the taking of the famous system of slavery is not going to be touched loot. by any such appeal. As a matter of fact it is trying Who got this loot? For it is on this loot that the to extend this system over the entire Continent. If present industrial and political system of the South the wage workers and working farmers of the South rests. It is from it that peonage and tenantry and lie down and wai tuntil any conscience in the North, all their degrading evils have come. On this loot or elsewhere, wakes up and comes and saves them, rests the economic power that controls the modern they are going to wait a mighty long time. Besides, South. Around and for its protection is organized a people who can't save themselves are not worth all the political and other repressive forces by which saving. If that's the best we can hope for, to be the people of the South are held in a subjection like saved from "on high," the sooner we are sent to hell unto that of Mexico under the reign of Diaz The in a hand-basket the better. Damned. Economic power disfranchised the Southern work- Therefore, who got this loot?—Northern Capital- ers and looted us of our native land. It was eco- ists got it, Capitalists who own practically the en- nomic power, that here and in West Virginia, Michi- tire state of Louisiana. They are our Lumber, Cot- gan, Colorado, Montana and elsewhere, abrogated ton, Sugar, Fruit, Railroad, Shipping, Banking, Oil and abolished the "rights" "guaranteed" in and by and Sulphur Kings. They are the dominant eco- the Constitution of the United States, all of which nomic power in Louisiana and all other Southern has led me to the conclusion that the Syndicalists states today and the "Democratic" party is nothing are about correct when they assert that "constitu- but their political chattel slave, self-sold and for a tional rights" without the economic power to enforce price that Benedict Arnold would have scorned and them are not worth the paper they are written on, spurned. and that whether that piece of paper be the holy con- They are the fathers of peonage, the most gruel- stitution of the United States or the beautiful con- ing and pitiless form of slavery ever devised, since, stitution of Mexico. unlike chattel slavery, the master has no monetary The first thing the Southern workers should at- interest in the body and welfare of his servant and tempt is not the waking of "the conscience of the need not, therefore, care what comes to him or of North," but their own class conscience, and, not to him, as the old time slave holders were forced to do, seek first and mainly political re-enfranchisement, since, just prior to the breaking out of the war, com- but to begin at once the organization of powerful in- mon laborers cost, in Louisiana, as much as $1,500 dustrial unions, class organization that will have the apiece. This forced his master to watch over at might to make good every right they think worth least the slave's physical welfare and that of his chil- taking. dren, just as he was forced to watch over that of his It is in this connection that I charge the Socialist horses and their colts—because it paid, and I would party as being the most cowardly political organiza- have liked to have seen any detective, gunman or tion in America today and I hold "the conscience of deputy sheriff, even though he were "duly and law- the North" mainly and principally responsible for fully commissioned" by the "Democratic" party, at- the present debacle in the American Socialist and tempt to murder or manhandle such a slave, or to Labor Movement. It is from you that have come the commit against the slaves the thousand and one "leaders" who have led nowhere but into the quag- crimes the hellions of the Lumber Trust daily and mires of compromise and middle class politics and hourly inflict upon its peons, white as well as black. unionism. It was you who gave us "Centralism" The old planter aristocracy would have had the hel- and bureaucracy, those twin curses of the Labor lion attempting any such deeds landed in jail or on Movement. It is you who pracaically control our the gallows "before sundown." They would have entire press. It is you who advise us to wait and 34 NEW REVIEW

vote, we, the vote-less, in the midst of terrific strug- looted and enslaved us; revolutionarily (?) it has gles like that of the Louisiana Lumberjacks. It is passed anti-sabotage laws against us; it has tenanted you who waste reams and reams of ink and paper and peonized us; added insult to injury; so, from on philosophical dissertations on the European war what and all we have seen of it, it is no wonder that while the "Democratic" "leaders" of Texas are send- it looks like the most conscienceless thing we ever ing Rangel, Cline and their comrades, men who butted into. Therefore, we say let "the conscience acted in the cause of liberty, to the filthy prisons of of the North" and the constitution of the United that looted state and, while they were doing the will States go to hell. Let's wake up the fighting con- of their Northern masters, you had hardly a word science of the workers. Come alive! You're dead to say—you let the Scalawags of the South wreak and don't know it and we are dead and do. That's their will on these defenseless comrades with barely the only real difference between your hamstrung a line in their behalf—you, "the conscience of the "conscience" and ours. Lastly, the least "conscience" North"! we are burdened with in the waging of the class war If there is one thing on earth we Southerners have the sooner will victory perch on the banners of the good reason to look on with super-suspicion, it is working class, the sooner will the State be crushed "the conscience of the North." Capitalistically it has by the Commonwealth. Solidarity and Scabbing By Austin Lewis E are all familiar with the punishment of engaged in a fight which tended to improve or main- the scab and the approval which such tain conditions in the particular craft. All who W punishment meets among working people. practised that craft share, of necessity, in the gains This approval, even of actual violence, is an ab- made for it by organized labor, even though they horrent surprise to the middle classes. That one were not members of the union. The treachery of cannot work when he likes where he likes and for those who, for a transitory and monetary advantage what he likes, strikes at the very foundations of took the place of their fellow craftsmen and thus that individual liberty which underlies the middle reduced the standing of the entire labor body is class state and which the ordinary middle class very apparent. None but the very meanest and citizen regards as essential to his welfare. But most contemptible of men would act as scabs under such liberty has been found to be incompatible with such conditions, and there is no question of the the prosperity and even with the life of working moral inferiority of the scabs of that period. people, and hence, the workers obedient to the or- But it may happen and indeed increasingly hap- dinary ethical code as they are, are obliged by the pens that the skilled craft is artificially and unso- circumstances of their life to make another ethical cially maintaining conditions which are uneconomic code, which transcends the value of the former since and have no industrial justification. This is shown it is obligatory upon them, or to use the current by the fact that unskilled can be substituted for term, "makes for life." skilled in the event of a strike or lock out. This With the advent of the solidarity notion however has been done repeatedly in recent times. In fact the question of scabbing becomes even more im- unskilled Italians have been known' to break a strike portant than before, for it is vital to organized labor in the metal trades and to become so-called skilled that it should be able to maintain itself intact and workers in the course of a few months. present affirm front to its enemies. It is hard for the skilled trades to find any real It could only do this in the future as it has fre- ground of complaint against these scabs. They do quently done in the past by virtue of a sort of ter- not belong to their organization, they do not even rorism combined with sentimental appeals if it belong to their craft. Benefits which might arise were not for the growth in the idea of labor soli- to the craft from the strike do not appeal to them for darity. But the development of industry, with the they will never be members of the craft. They are gradual substitution of unskilled for skilled labor, working in iron today, they may be working in wood has worked a recent and rapid change in the con- tomorrow. There is no appeal to be made to them ditions with which skilled labor is confronted in on any common ground from the trade union point times of strikes or lock outs. of view. Under the system in which the skilled had a sort Indeed they are in such a position that they have of monopoly by virtue of his skill, the justification a grievance against the skilled crafts which have of the use even of violence against scabs is very not only not done anything for them but have actu- apparent. The strikers, or the men locked out, were ally put obstacles in their way and have made the SOLIDARITY AND SCABBING 35 tiresome work of earning a living even more diffi- rence like this tends to show that the solidarity cult than necessary. notion is making headway even among the trade So bitterly is this grievance felt in fact that at unionists and that another standard than mere craft times the so-called unskilled so far as organized welfare is being set up. they have frequenty resolved to carry on a cam- In this connection we may note the criticism of paign against the skilled trades from whom they Jim Larkin in his article "The Underman" in the have had so little sympathy and so much antagon- March, 1915, number of the International Socialist ism. But they have always refrained from putting Review. their threats into deeds because of that tendency Larkin is a labor leader of tremendous vigor towards solidarity which is so much more effective and ability who has managed to get results from in the weak than in the strong. Moreover, the feel- material hitherto considered as impossible by the ing, at least among the leaders, that war between average labor manager. His success has lain in the the various sections of labor could have nothing but efficient organization of unskilled labor. Concerning a detrimental effect upon the movement as a whole, American Federation manifestations in this country has been so powerful that the malcontents have had he says: no chance to put their threats into effect. "The Railway Workers are organized in thirteen Only the most earnest feeling of solidarity could different unions, each of them charged with having compel men in such a condition as are the unskilled scabbed on the other, and one is humiliated as a to refrain from scabbing. For the work to which worker by being compelled to listen to a gentleman they could gain access by scabbing on the skilled named Brandies boasting that a union spent a mil- offers so many opportunities for better pay that lion dollars in assisting a shoe manufacturer to very marked self denial is required for its refusal. break a strike." The extent of the growth of the solidarity notion In all these instances we find the old ethic, which may be gauged by comparing the conduct of the un- is not the solidarity but the craft ethic, influencing skilled in this respect with that of the organized the actions of the members of the skilled unions. skilled crafts who frequently scab upon one another. The contrast between this and the new solidarity In most of such cases jurisdictional disputes are ethic as exemplified in the actions of the skilled fundamental causes and, as a result of the ill-will unions as far as they have been organized is suffi- and actual hatred engendered by these disputes, we ciently obvious. find members of the same craft destroying each But whereas the trades unions do not scruple to other and using actual physical violence in the pros- scab upon one another they have naturally still less ecution of their hatreds. hesitation in scabbing upon the unskilled. The strike of electrical workers on the Pacific When a strike has continued for a few weeks and Coast in 1913 was one of the most notable among the pinch begins to be felt, numbers of the skilled many of such occurrences. In this case one organi- men on strike are obliged to turn to unskilled labor zation of electrical workers sided with the employ- in order to live. They invade the construction ers and when the other union went on strike camps and farms and orchards and as they do not promptly supplied scabs and worked with the re- look forward to any prolonged period of employ- sult that hundreds of men were ruined and the ment at such occupations they are not particularly efforts made towards improvement in conditions interested in maintaining any standards. They were thrown away. work under conditions and for rates of pay which This case in fact is merely typical of a large num- the unskilled who are obliged to make their liveli- ber of such which have all tended to make the craft hood permanently at such occupations are strug- union form more and more popular. gling to improve, and they thus reduce the general Yet such actions are quite justifiable on an hy- standard for the unskilled and render their attempts pothesis which does not set up a standard of soli- at betterment all the more difficult. darity. In fact the case of the electrical workers This has occurred many times in the West in the was regarded in trade union upper circles as dis- history of the attempts of unskilled labor to im- ciplinary and as tending to assert the authority of prove itself. Even where strikes of the unskilled the Federation officers who had declared against have been made we find the same willingness on one union on the ground of lack of submission to the part of the organized craftsmen to actively op- authority. erate against the strikers. This was true in the Still the action of the union which scabbed upon very important Big Creek strike in California which the striking union was popularly regarded as ut- was conducted under the auspices of the Industrial terly reprehensible and the great majority of the Workers and was really vital to the interests of men unionists on the Pacific Coast had sympathy for the engaged in the basic Western occupation of con- striking union. Nothing but its defeat really recon- struction work. ciled the mass of the workingmen to the situation The case of McKees Rocks, in which an actually which was, of course, hopeless after that. An occur- victorious strike of unskilled workers was ruined 36 NEW REVIEW by the scabbing of skilled men is one of the most really does so. La Monte says that he sees no sign disgraceful episodes in the history of recent trades of the action of the machine industry upon the eth- unionism. ical consciousness of the workers, and he claims But in all these cases the actions of the trades that Veblen is unable to discover such signs, except unionists did not spring from any wanton desire in the phenomenon of syndicalism. But conscious to injure. They were caused by the fact that the Syndicalism is in reality the least of these signs. men so scabbing did not understand that they were The new life appears everywhere inside the organi- scabbing. Their ethic reached only to the effects of zation even in its present form. Where they appear their actions upon organized trades and not upon however they also threaten the organization, as it workers as workers. now exists. Proof of this is to be found in mani- In this respect their joint of view is not unlike festations which can only be apparent to the close that of the ancient Greeks whose civism extended observer of actual phenomena in the world of labor only to those who had a panoply and who conse- itself. To see them one must be in close contact quetly had no moral resposibilities towards their with the workers themselves. They are necessarily inferiors who were not so fortunately situated. hidden from the student and the critic. If given Regarding the philosophical concepts behind these an opportunity I should be glad to deal with some manifestations, we are all aware that they are but of these manifestations in later articles. the persistent natural rights notions which as Rob- ert Rives La Monte (NEW REVIEW—March) has again reminded us are the product of petty handi- Billy Sunday as a Social craft. His remarks in that connection are worth Symplon repeating. He says: "Petty handicraft was moribund in England in By Phillips Russell the seventeenth century, it was all but dead and buried at the dawn of the nineteenth, and here we HE state of Pennsylvania is at present suffer- are in the second decade of the twentieth still de- T ing from a pestilence of religious revivalists. fending or attacking capitalism with weapons forged Like locusts they have settled down upon a on the intellectual anvil of petty handicraft." population already sorely beset by the thousand evils These words are still more applicable to the ac- that accompany a highly developed industrial sys- tions of organized labor as far as it has so far man- tem. A Philadelphia newspaper recently contained ifested itself not only in this country but elsewhere. accounts of no less than six "big" revivals in prog- The ethical teachings of the machine process have ress in six of the important manufacturing centers not as yet begun to make themselves felt, unless in the eastern part of the State. The very heavens somewhat feebly among the unskilled workers who resound with cries of "Repent ye!" and the midnight are its more immediate victims. These consequently silences echo with the clink of the after-service respond more readily to the solidarity idea for in counting of collections. that notion is their sole hope of relief. It is not without significance that almost coinci- If it were possible for a class to change the view dent with the arrival in Pennsylvania of the Rev. point which the circumstances of its origin forced William Ashley Sunday, there was launched by cer- upon it, that class could save itself. But history tain mysterious powers a tremendous agitation for has shown that such a transformation is impossible. laws restricting the sale of liquor and a sudden wave Hence it is extremely improbable, to say the least, of protest against the passage by the State Legis- that the trades unions can transform themselves lature of a workmen's compensation law. It may into an organization having an ethical basis resting seem peculiar to connect Mr. Sunday's religious cam- on solidarity rather than on natural rights. paign with the latter two, and yet that such a con- Still, the machine industry is at work and the nection exists is fairly evident. ethical effects of that industry must of necessity The manufacturers of the State, than whom there make their impress upon the brains and conduct of is no more reactionary or purblind group of capital- the members of the trades who are brought into ists in the world, conducted their agitation against contact with it. The process is going on as we can the compensation law for some weeks, but made lit- see by the sympathy which has risen spontaneously tle headway. The new Governor favored the pass- in the ranks of organized labor for the unskilled, age of the measure for political reasons; and public as in the Wheatland case. But it has so far not sentiment, which generally means middle class senti- proceeded far enough to affect conduct and it can- ment, was behind it for no particular reason except not do so without transcending the limits of craft that it was felt that Pennsylvania ought not to lag unionism and importing an ethical concept which behind other "great" states in social legislation. trades unionism is not capable of supporting. So the manufacturers decided to make the best of The higher industrial form should, as a matter the situation, saying, in effect: "Oh, very well; take of necessity, imply the higher industrial ethical and your old compensation law. But, mind you, if we BILLY SUNDAY AS A SOCIAL SYMPTOM 37 have got to pay for accidents that happen in our don't drink, because it impairs your efficiency as a establishments, there aren't going to be any more profit producer; don't sport with Amaryllis in the accidents. Or if we do continue to have accidents shade or play with the tangles of Naera's hair, be- and we do have to pay for them, our profits have got cause you will stay up late and won't feel like work- to be increased enough to make up for the difference. ing the next day; do your damndest for your em- We aren't going to have a workingman go out for ployer, because he supplies you with a chance to lunch, take a drink, and then come back into the shop work for him. with vision obscured or brain fuddled enough to So much for the Rev. Billy as regards Pennsyl- cause him to lose a hand that will cost us $500. Nor vania. Why he was brought to Paterson, every one are we going to permit a man to come in 15 minutes knows. In the most open fashion it was stated that late on a Monday morning because there has been a he was needed there to allay the discontent, to divert Sunday night beer party at his house. Booze must the minds, of the silk mill workers whose revolt up- be put beyond our workmen's reach. We have got to set the state two years ago. have more regularity in working hours, more pro- In addition, there may be another and larger rea- ductiveness and more efficiency." son for Billy's popularity with the capitalist class There are two methods, favored throughout his- and the capitalist press. From remarks heard and tory, of separating a man from the thing that he signs noted here and there, I have reason to believe desires. One is to work on his superstitions and that certain large employers of labor were severely make him believe that it is sinful for him to have it; frightened by the activities of Frank Tannenbaum and the other is to work on his fears and threaten and the unemployed in New York last winter a year him with punishment if he does have it. ago. New York is not, in the strict sense of the The capitalists of Pennsylvania are using both word, an industrial center; it is not dependent upon methods in their determination to make the worker one, two, or a dozen establishments which employ efficient, that is, profit-producing. great armies of men. New York's capitalists can I have heard Mr. Sunday preach and I have read afford to be careless and to take chances. But Phila- his sermons. He is not a new thing under the sun, delphia's and Paterson's cannot. Hence the impor- not a freak, not necessarily a crook or a dishonest tation of the sooth-saying Billy. man. He is simply the Apostle Paul in a 1915 model, Does Billy earn his pay? He must have done so well tailored business suit, with St. Paul's outlook in Philadelphia. Listen to the words of a Pennsyl- on life, but with none of that saint's prosinesa or vania Railroad official at the farewell banquet given pessimism. Paul was a reformed roue and there is to Mr. Sunday: nothing so tiresome as a one-time Don Juan's "Our employees are more courteous, more faith- preachments against the sins that he is too old longer ful to their duties, more efficient, since Billy came to to commit. town." The Rev. Billy was "one of the boys," too, as he The italics are mine. often remarks, with a scarcely suppressed smack- ing of the lips. So vivid is his description of the wine-bibber's sinful pleasures that he imparts to one Russia and Germany an almost overpowering thirst. I don't know when I have absorbed a long, tall, cool glass of beer with HE apologists of Germany and of the action of more lustfulness, wth more Bacchic abandon, than T German Socialist deputies in the Reichstag in the minute after I had issued from the Sunday tab- voting the war credits love to dwell on the great ernacle where I heard the evangelist for the first differences between Russia and Germany. One way and only time. of doing it is to dwell continually on "Russian hor- But it is when the Rev. Billy excoriates the sins rors." One of these apologists introduces an article that are associated with women that he is at his best. which he recently contributed to the New York Call Behind each adjective peeps the satyr, behind each with the following words: "Russia is more than ever jest lurks the saloon loafer with his beery stories. like a prison from which only the shrieks of the tor- So inflaming to the imagination is his description of tured prisoners reach the outside world"—the impli- the illicit indulgences of the dance, of the exposure cation being, of course, that Germany is ever so of the feminine person seen in the musical comedy much better. We cannot admit that one is better chorus, that it is not to be wondered at that a former than the other; although we are quite willing to con- Marine Corps surgeon who heard him in one of his cede that one is worse than the other. The most early sermons in Philadelphia, went to his room and important difference just now is this: so mutilated himself that he died. In Russia a Socialist parliamentary representa- St. Paul's virtues were all negative. Refrain from tive is disciplined by his comrades when he votes for sin, he said; live clean, be faithful to your masters. the government, while in Germany a Socialist par- So preaches Billy—abstain from liquor and from liamentary representative is disciplined by his com- women, be "on the level" wth your boss. In short: rades when he votes against the government. 38 NEW REVIEW The Novels of Dostoevsky By Floyd Dell

T is an experience of the first magnitude to read But a change is coming over us. We are begin- the novels of Dostoevsky. There has been ning to wonder if after all it isn't easier to be a sav- I nothing like them in the world's literature— age or a saint, or both at once, than it is to be a re- nothing so volcanically powerful, so searchingly spectable citizen. We are beginning to suspect that true, so terribly and wonderfully revelatory. Their we are not really the respectable citizens that we definite importation into the common stock of lit- seem, slowly evolving mediocrities, but a medley of erature accessible in English, through the transla- violent extremes of good and evil. A science has tions of Constance Garnett now being published at already come forward, in the shape of Psycho- the rate of two a year by the Macmillan Company,1 analysis, to teach us this. And so perhaps we are is likely to be an event of significance in English ready to learn the same thing from the novels of and American literature. Fiction can hardly remain the same after it has Dostoevsky. been touched by Dostoevskian influence. It is an in- Five of these novels have already been published fluence which changes our sense of fiction values; it in this series: The Brothers Karamazov, The Idiot, makes us demand as readers, and should make us The Possessed, Crime and Punishment, and The desire to achieve as writers, those larger boun- House of the Dead. Of these, Crime and Punish- daries, those abysmal depths and terrific heights of ment has indeed long been known to English and experience which Dostoevsky's art includes. It American readers as a profound study of the light gives us a new sense of truth which makes the rev- and darkness of the human soul. elations of our standard English novelists seem But one book alone cannot convey the Dostoev- paltry and insignificant. It must give a tremendous skian view of life. One book may leave the reader impetus to the fictional expression of the terror and with the idea that he has been looking into a peculiar beauty of life. and "morbid" soul. It is only several of these books —Somewhere in the early nineteenth century, that can impress upon the reader that this peculiar people began to believe in civilization. They ob- and morbid soul is the soul of mankind. That fact— served that the earth, the sea, and even in prospect for under the conviction of Dostoevsky's art one ac- the sky, were being brought under the control of cepts it as a fact—is at first terrifying, then pro- man; they observed that there was a steady im- foundly illuminating. One sees the soul of man as provement in the machinery of production, brought ever containing infinite possibilities of cruelty and about by invention, and in manners and morals, by infinite possibilities of love—one understands how, law. They idealized this process, with the result maugre our nineteenth century ideas of a gradually that a great value was set upon seeming a little bet- evolving mediocrity, life can still shape forth appal- ter this year than we were last year. Attention was ling wickedness. and miraculous good. centered upon a gradually improving mediocrity. Among these books, the latest one to be published, The result in science was the popularization of the Dostoevsky's House of the Dead, is not the most doctrine of "evolution." The result in literature was powerful, but it is interesting as showing how the disappearance of the old-fashioned hero and the Dostoevsky got his insight into life. He got it in old-fashioned villain, and the centering of attention prison, where life both in its good and its evil stands on the ordinary citizen, who was neither very good most nakedly revealed. From these personalities, nor very bad, but just a little better than people people who were under no constraint of pretending were a short time ago. Extreme wickedness and to be respectable mediocrities, who were perhaps in extreme goodness went out of fashion in good litera- prison because they could not successfully make that ture. And this change of literary fashion reflected pretense, he found out the truth—that the human the current dogma that the human soul was really a soul is devilish and sublime. For in prison, as in respectable affair, something far, far beyond the the dreams to which the psycho-analysts go to learri savage, and aspiring only in a quiet evolutionary the truth about human nature, all that is too wildly way to the sanctities of a Utopian future. Such, in- bad or good to fit in with our conception of what deed, is the view that most of us hold of ourselves we ought to be, is found. today. Dostoevsky's novels have been called nightmares. But reflect that nightmares may be the clue to our 1 The House of the Dead, by Fyodor Dostoevsky. From the Russian self-deceitful lives. Under the pretty painted exte- by Constance Garnett. $1.50 net. The Macmillan Co. The Brothers Karamasov. $1.50 net. rior of the ordinary soul may be the lightning-riven Crime and Punishment. $1.50 net. The Idiot. Sl.fio net. gulfs of Dostoevsky. The Possessed. $1.50 net. TREITSCHKE 39 Book Reviews Schiller's day, escape from the stress as a method of imperial policy, became Treitschke of life into the still and holy places of Treitschke's ideal; and his history was, T is a peculiarity of human nature, the heart." This was a necessary and in Prof. J. H. Morgan's phrase, "a particularly in times of stress and inevitable development, and it is absurd kind of hagiography of the Hohenzol- I turmoil, to personify, individual- to regret "the Germany of Schiller and lerns." He created a philosophical and ize events and hatreds. This peculiar- Goethe" and use the regret as a club historical justification for Prussian ity expresses itself in the immemorial to smite the Germany of to-day. It policy, opposed universal suffrage, ridi- custom of choosing a scape-goat, a was a time of shattered republican culed parliamentary government, and custom of great social significance. ideals. The revolution of 1848 had expressed a metaphysical faith in the The Great War has produced scape- ended in disaster and the exile of the monarchy. "Roughly," says H. W. C. goats innumerable. Among these is bulk of the revolutionary class. Then Davis, "Treitschke accepts the rule of Treitschke; and if we are to believe came the victory of power—military Aristotle, that the people should be al- certain hysterical detractors of Ger- power—and the unity of Germany. The lowed to criticise, but not to originate many, Treitschke is responsible for the German bourgeois became rapt in vis- measures." war, if not directly responsible surely ions of power and profit, cast aside the The cult of power—the will to power chief accessory before the fact—a remnants of its liberal ideals and —was dominant in Germany. Treit- mighty achievement for a man dead adopted the policy of "blood and iron." schke was the reactionary expression these twenty years! Bourgeois, Junker and autocrat became of this social tendency, as Nietzsche The reactionary interpretation of the Holy Trinity of the new Germany, was its revolutionary. history is a pivotal point in the repres- political Reaction and Power the Father The central tenet of Treitschke's sive culture of to-day. In Germany his- and the Son. teachings is the concept of the state as tory is more than that—it is a method Treitschke's intellectual development power. He concludes that "all the of government, the justification and the parallels this developement. Particular states known to history have arisen faith of imperial policy, the answer of material facts produced a particular through wars." He seems to have had reaction to progress. "We invoke the national psychology, and Treitschke was no conception of the evolutionary so- men of the past against the present," its expression. cial and economic basis of the state. says Treitschke. We should not be led Starting as a liberal and constitu- Germany in the seventeenth century astray by partisan denunciation ascrib- tionalist, Treitschke ended a complete degenerated, according to Treitschke, ing great events to individuals, and the reactionary and fervent devotee of the "through theological controversies and importance of Treitschke has been absolute monarchy. Hausrath gives a the coarse sensuality of a sluggish disproportionately emphasized. But sympathetic and critical account of peace," and "left it to the Dutch to Treitschke articulated the spirit of his this change. Bismarck and Prussia break the naval power of the Spaniards, age, and his philosophy is usually the were the chief transforming factors. and afterwards to the English to sub- philosophy of Germany's contemporary Having grasped the purpose of Bis- due the Dutch conquerors." In other representatives. Bearing this in mind, marck, Treitschke "frankly declared words, had Germany at the time been the significance of Treitschke while not the strengthening of Prussia to be the possessed of the "will to war" and decisive bulks large, socially and his- supreme national duty." He became waged war instead of clinging to a torically. filled "with deep disgust" by the "mean- "sluggish peace," she could have wrest- It is unfortunate that Treitschke ingless mendacity of our average liber- ed world-supremacy from the Spanish. should have been introduced to the alism," and decided that "our fate will That Germany lacked the economic, so- British and American public with a clearly be decided by conquest." His cial and political organization neces- partisan bias and for partisan pur- hatred of France seems to have been sary to the task is unworthy of con- poses. Nor is the available translated largely a hatred of French liberalism sideration in Treitschke's military in- material1 sufficient for a comprehensive and its traditions. Hausrath has this terpretation of history. and complete judgment. It is suffi- to say about Treitschke's hatred of the His conception of history is defective cient, however, for the purpose of a French: in another sense—it is rigid and seeks broad, outline sketch. "In regard to our sympathy for to control the present and the future The Germany of Treitschke was a France, which he reviled as the Rhine through the actions of the past. This Germany awakening to material power Confederation sentimentality, it would and that happened in the past, so it and gradually becoming drunk with the be difficult for him to place himself in must happen again. Civilizations de- power of material things. Treitschke our position. During the last century veloped along rivers and there have says: "Germans to-day no longer, as in we had received nothing but kindness been struggles for these rivers, so Ger- from France, namely, deliverance from many must seek full control of the the Palatine Bavarian regime, from Rhine—which would mean the conquest 1 Treitschke: His Doctrine of German Destiny and of International Relations. Together with Jesuits and Lazarists, from episcopal of Holland. War has been an instru- A Study of His Life and Work, by Adolf Haus- rath. New York, Putnam's. $1.5U. and Junker rule, from guild restric- ment of policy and progress, and war Germany, France, Russia, and Islam. By tions and compulsory service: all this is therefore necessary, inevitable, im- Heinrtch von Treitschke. With a Foreword by and the very existence of the coun- George Haven Putnam. New York, Putnam's mutable. This is a denial of a funda- $1.25 net. try we owed directly or indirectly to mental law of history, that each evolu- The Confessions of Frederick the Great with Napoleon and the Code Napoleon, from tionary epoch produces new forms of Life by Treitschke. Edited, with an Introduc- tion, by Douglas Sladen. New York. Putnam's. which the hatred of the French arose. progress and new forces, and either $1.25 net. This, it is true, I fpund quite natural, transforms or entirely supersedes the The Political Thought of Heinrich von considering Napoleon weakened Prussia Treitschke. By H. W. C. Davis. New York, forces and forms of the epoch preced- Scribner's, $1.50. and abused Saxony." ing. Selections from Treitschke's Lectures on Poli- Prussia, with its lust of power and The available material indicates that tics. Translated by Adam L. Gowans. New York, Stokes, 75c. conquest and its conscious use of war Treitschke was not a fundamental and 40 NEW REVIEW

original historical thinker. The man if the anti-war group succeeded in was intensely, fanatically sincere, but spoiling the magnificent impression The Revolutionary he seems to have lacked vision and in- which the conduct of the Party and the Future of Russia sight. He was a propagandist, the labor movement in Germany has hith- propagandist of a particular necessity, erto created." NE of the most interesting as was Macchiavelli; but where Mac- Heine has always represented the things about Russia are the chiavelli considered transitory the ne- reformist wing of the Party. Lensch, O prospects of revolutionary cessity as well as the means—he fav- formerly editor of the Leipzig Volks- movement there. Has it been crushed? ored autocracy as a means of unifying zeitung, and Haenisch, a member of the Prof. Wiener,' himself a Russian Italy, but simultaneously hoped that, Prussian Landtag, were leaders of the by birth and education, thinks not. Italy being united, autocracy would radicals. Both are now ardent sup- The spirit of the revolution has not give way to the Republic—Treitschke porters of the war. Die Neue Zeit re- been dissipated, and the unanimous sup- considered means and necessity perma- views the pamphlet of Lensch in the port of the government in the war is nent. Marx was a propagandist, but same critical tone as it does that of not at all an acceptance of autocracy: while Marx based his propaganda upon Heine. It attributes to Lensch the fol- "If Russia is victorious it will return history, Treitschke based history upon lowing sentiments: to the chaotic state which preceded the his propaganda. "The interests of freedom and de- war, and the nation must ultimately Louis C. FRAINA. mocracy are incompatible with the vic- win those individualistic liberties which tory of France. A victory of the Allies have constantly cropped out even under would mean the destruction of Social- the most crushing oppression. It is German Socialist War Dsmocracy and the 'perpetuation' of doubtful whether a revolution will ever Literature capitalism, the tearing to pieces of Ger- accomplish this, but it is evident that ITHIN the last two months many, renewed hostility between France the constitutional ideas, which in the German Socialists have pub- and Germany, and the hegemony of the beginning of the nineteenth century found a lodging only among a small W lished a number of pamphlets Czarism in Europe, endless armament, and several books on the war. Among and the danger of more war. But a de- band of officers and intellectuals, now the new pamphlets those which deserve feat of the Allies would mean the op- are understood and propagated among the most attention have been reviewed posite of all this: the rapid development the workingmen and students at large." in Die Neue Zeit, which gives the fol- of Social-Democracy even in Anglo- Prof. Wiener believes that "the possi- bility of a successful revolution from lowing summary of a pamphlet by Saxon countries, the general advance Wolfgang Heine, ironical throughout: of the working class, the solution of the below is still very remote," and that the impending intellectual emancipation of "The war, on the German side, is German question, the economic advance the peasants "presages a far more pow- held to be no imperialistic enterprise. of Hungary, reconciliation between erful revolution than the one aiming at Only the French, and the Russians and France and Germany, army reforms in English, desired conquests. That it is the direction of a citizen army, the de- mere political liberty." The peasants a question of the economic existence of velopment of central Europe towards will be the decisive factor: "When reformers will once come to Germany in this war cannot be doubt- freedom, the overthrow of the Czar- see that their only hope of saving the ed for a moment. The interest which ism." country lies in giving the masses that the German capitalist has to develop Vorwaerts also quotes the two fol- education which they themselves need exports, as against other nations, the lowing passages from the book of and want, and not that which the the- German workingman has to a still Lensch:— oreticians want to foist upon them for higher degree. By imperialism we "The driving forces that caused the their own advantages, they will lay the must understand 'all efforts of one state war were the tendencies of capital to foundation for that greatness which is to extend itself at the cost of another.' expand. But as soon as war existed it certainly in store for Russia." Even if Germany were a social republic was no longer a question of these ten- dencies alone. . . . Everything Prof. Wiener gives this sympathetic to-day, it would have to sell goods and suggestive interpretation of the abroad and for this purpose 'to develop which originally brought on the war Russian people: an export trade if not to carry on a has now passed into the background. "Here paganism and barbarism have direct policy of expansion; so that this Now the questions at issue are the fol- survived until our own day, strangely republic also would have to be imperial- lowing: Shall the German people con- mingling with the highest achievements istic. tinue to exist as a great independent nation, or shall a great part of its pop- of the human mind. Meekness and bru- " 'All those who are against the Fath- tality, communism and the most ad- erland and against its support by the ulation be torn away from it in the East and West and forced under for- vanced individualism, the strongest Social Democrats in the present strug- State and the weakest political con- gle which Germany is waging for its eign dominion? For Germany—by sciousness, absence of race hatred and existence' continues Heine, 'cloak them- which we mean the German Empire the most cruel 'pogroms,' the deepest selves now very cleverly as friends of and Austro-Hungary—the question of the expansion of capitalism has become religious nature and the most abject su- peace.' But peace does not depend perstition, an all-pervading democracy upon Germany since victory has not yet transformed into a question of national existence." and the most absolute monarchy, all been won. All agitation for peace and these and more contradictions are the re- all discussion of peace are therefore Die Neue Zeit does not recommend very highly any of the current publi- sult of this unique jostling of mythical only harmful. antiquity and stark reality—an eternal "All the difficulties which our Social cations, except those of Bernstein and Kautsky. It does, however, give high and inextricable enigma to the Western Democracy has met in the last twenty observer. Hence the totally contradic- years rested upon the belief that it was praise to the work of Rohrbach, recently translated into English. Rohrbach is tory valuations which are found in indifferent to the Fatherland. Now this books on Russia, on the basis of the accusation has been contradicted by an anti-Socialist imperialist but his po- same data." J. D. facts, and so altogether new possibili- litical economy is considered by Die ties and prospects are opening out for Neue Zeit to be very largely sound, and 1 An Interpretation of the Russian People. By the Party and especially for the labor therefore he discloses the true nature Leo Wiener, Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures, Harvard University, New York: unions. But everything would be ruined of imperialism. W. E. W. McBride, Nast & Co. $1.25. TREND TOWARD STATE SOCIALISM 41 A Socialist Digest The internal war programme of the The Trend Toward State Socialism in the British Socialists, worked out under Belligerent Nations the direction of the Webbs and the lE governments of the belliger- (b) To provide machinery by means Fabians, is no less scientific and radical ent nations have been forced to of community organizations to encour- than that of the Germans. undertake innumerable gigantic age intensive agriculture. The programme includes the follow- enterprises in direct connection with (c) To open up woods and moorlands ing demands: their armies. They have been obliged to the public for the production of "Labor representation (both men and to take over, or to operate, or to re- litter. women in proportion to the workers in organize and control, industry after in- (3) Measures for securing labor the area concerned) on all national and dustry. In order to supply their power. local committees of a public character armies they have been compelled to (a) Public regulation of employ- established in connection with the war. organize a considerable part of the ment. "The inauguration of a comprehen- total production of the countries at (b) Fixing of a minimum wage. sive policy of municipal housing. war. In order to feed the people at (c) Abolition of servant laws and "The establishment pf co-operative home they have been forced, in scarcely exceptional laws against farm hands. canteens in connection with the army, smaller measure, to organize the dis- (4) Measures for the use of food- to insure that food is supplied at rea- tribution and sale of food. If the stuffs. sonable prices to the soldiers in camp process is carried as far in the next The prohibition of the use of pota- or barracks. eight months as it was in the first toes and grain for the production of "(a) Provision of productive work, eight months of the war, it will hardly spirituous liquors, regulation of the pro- at standard rates of wages for the un- be an exaggeration to say that all these duction of beer, sugar and starch. employed. nations will be well on the road—for (5) To make it the duty of farmers "(b) Where the provision of work is the time being—to governmentally op- to sell their products to public institu- impracticable, maintenance to be grant- tions (imperial, national, and com- erated industry, or collectivism, or State ed on a standard sufficiently high to in- Socialism. munal). sure the preservation of the home and It is true that the Socialists have not (6) To fix prices for means of pro- the supply of what is necessary for a been and will not be chiefly responsible, duction and products for producers and healthy life, and the immediate aban- middlemen. or even largely responsible, for any of donment of all the inquisitorial meth- these policies. But their Socialistic (7) To encourage production of food- ods now too often used in order to re- tendency is shown by the fact that the stuffs and the regulation of their dis- strict the amount of relief. Socialists were everywhere the first to tribution by communities. demand them. They have followed the (8) The suitable application of these "(c) Trade unions to be subsidized lines laid down by the Socialists, and regulations to the fishery, forestry, out of national funds to such an if we wish to see where they may lead coal-mining, and chemical industries. extent as will permit them (where pro- in the immediate future we cannot do The above programme was passed on vision of work is impossible) to pay better than to look at the criticisms the 13th of August and was supported members unemployed benefit without and the further demands the Socialists by the Federation of Labor Unions as bankrupting other resources. are now making. well as the Party. "The encouragement and develop- Let us turn, for example, to the Ger- In the middle of November, both or- ment of home-grown food supplies by man Socialists' programme elaborated ganizations once more put their pro- the national organization of agricul- a few weeks after the outbreak of the gramme before the government in the ture, accompanied by drastic reductions war, let us compare it with what the shape of the following demands: of freight charges for all produce, in government has carried out, and note (1) The obligation of producers and the interests of the whole people. what is still demanded. The German traders in the means of life, to sell their "Protection of the people against programme was put forth as a demand products to public bodies (imperial, exorbitant prices, especially in regard to for the governmental organization of state, and local). food, by the enactment of maxim and consumption—especially of the food (2) Lowering of the maximum prices the commandeering of supplies by the supply. This leads at once to the or- contained in the order of the Imperial nation wherever advisable. ganization of agricultural production Council of October 28th. "National care of motherhood by the and as it will be noted to other radi- (3) Fixing the minimum prices upon establishment of maternity and infant cal steps related to this: all kinds of grain, potatoes, sugar, centers, the provision of nourishment (1) Measures for the regulation of flour, bread, alcohol, and petroleum for for expectant and nursing mothers, of production. producers and middlemen. doctor or midwife at confinement, and (a) To organize the harvest and its (4) Lowering of the supplies for the of help in the house while the mother utilization. production of spirits. Limitation of is laid aside. (b) To make it the duty of farmers breweries. "The compulsory provision of meals to raise specified crops. Immediate (5) Abolition of the sugar taxes. and clothing for school children, three planting of waste land with rapidly- (6) The addition of potato meal to meals a day, seven days a week. growing edible greenstuffs and vege- flour on the basis of 10 parts by weight tables. Organization of cattle and to 90 parts of rye flour. "The continuance of national control dairy production. (7) Measures against speculation in over railways, docks, and similar en- (2) Measures for the provision of industrial raw materials. terprises at the close of the war, with the means of production. The only one of these policies that a view to the better organization of (a) To supply fertilizers and seeds Vorwaerts admits was carried out on production and distribution." through public institutions and to regu- radical lines was that aiming to pre- Like the Germans, the British So- late their use. vent speculation in raw materials. cialists demand the inauguration of a 42 NEW REVIEW

legal minimum wage. If this is estab- Alsace-Lorraine should be decided by as their reason for opposing immediate lished—no matter how incompletely the fortune of arms. In a number of peace, on the ground that nothing could nor how low the wage—it is needless declarations they have limited them- be done with the German government to state it will in itself mean a revolu- selves to the demand that the popula- under present conditions. And one of tion in the organization of labor and tion of these provinces should be given their chief grounds for supposing that of industry. the opportunity to decide as to their this condition can be changed is their Direct war needs, however, compelled own fate. hope that Italy and certain of the a far more rapid evolution, as wit- "We Social-Democrats would be giv- Balkan nations will join in the war. nessed by the law giving the govern- ing a very poor testimony of our feel- But it is in the peace terms of this ment power to take over any establish- ing for democratic justice if we made pro-peace group that the greatest diffi- ment for war purposes. Such establish- any criticism of this French demand culties are found. For they do not even ments will not remain in the govern- for the right of self-government for mention the vital issues. Here are the ment's hands after the (war. But Alsace-Lorraine. The objection we terms: many new methods will be introduced, have to make to the French is quite "No annexation; especially in the handling of labor, and another one. We should and must try "Political and economic independence a large part of these will doubtless be to make clear to them that this de- of every nation; permanent. Moreover, wherever the mand, under present conditions, means "Disarmament; government will have proved equally an indefinite prolongation of this mur- "Compulsory arbitration." efficient with, or more efficient than, derous and wasteful war, since neither Not a word about a plebiscite in the private owners, an unanswerable the rulers of Germany nor the majority Alsace-Lorraine, nor about an indem- argument will have been given for later of the German people can be won over nity for Belgium. nationalization or municipalization. As to the view that the question, to which However, one, at least, of the signers Lloyd George pointed out, the success country Alsace and Lorraine should of this manifesto is disposed to do jus- of this policy will be the strongest pos- belong, can be decided now during tice to Belgium. The Berne Interna- sible argument for collectivism, "since the war; since any solution which is tional Conference of Women Socialists, the British people are essentially a peo- forced in war leaves with the con- held about the middle of April, was ple who act on example, and experi- quered the desire to win back by force convened by Clara Zetkin. And she ment rather than on argument." what has been taken away. But a signed a resolution—passed unanimous- peace which would only be a truce is ly—which contained the following The German Socialists' as little in the interest of the French clause: as of the German people. We can not "A general resolution was adopted Peace Terms ask that the French should abandon after discussion calling for 'a speedy ARLY in the war Socialist lead- this demand for justice. But we can ending of the war by a peace which ers of Munich adopted a peace advise them, because of our mutual in- shall expiate the wrong done to Bel- E programme in which the follow- terest, not to insist upon it as a condi- gium, impose no humiliating conditions ing were the principal items: tion sine qua non." on any nation, and recognize the right "Indemnifications determined by just The peace program of the German of all nationalities, large and small, to claims and financial responsibilities. radicals was first definitely formulated independence and self-government.'" "Plebiscites conducted by interna- in the manifesto of Liebknecht, Lede- The adoption of this clause by the tional committee in disputed territories: bour, Mehring, Rosa Luxemburg, Clara Liebknecht group would indicate that Alsace-Lorraine, Schleswig, Russian Zetkin and Otto Ruehle (who voted with a handful at least of German Socialist Baltic provinces, Finland, Poland, Liebknecht against the third war loan). leaders share the views of the British Trentino, Balkans. The manifesto first printed in The La- pro-peace faction. From this beginning "International possession of Euro- bour Leader of April 1st was accom- the peace movement might conceivably pean states: Bosphorus, Dardanelles, panied by a significant letter dated grow—before many months—until it Suez Canal, Gibraltar, Kiel Canal." March 12th, from which we take the included a considerable minority of the This was before the taking of Ant- following sentences: German Party. But even this small werp and Lodz. We have already "Dear Comrade, do help us to make beginning has not yet been made. shown that Kautsky and Bernstein op- an end to this murderous war (before About the middle of April the Ger- pose all indemnities. The latter now still other countries join) and to make man and Austrian Socialists held a also opposes a plebiscite in Alsace-Lor- our Comrades in France, as well as Conference in Vienna to discuss peace raine—as a condition of peace. in Britain and Belgium, take the road terms. The following resolutions were Eduard Bernstein takes a liberal of International Socialism." passed and are widely approved by the view of the Alsace-Lorraine question. This should be read in connection capitalist and pacifist press of Amer- At the same time it will be recalled with the following passage of the mani- that he defended the invasion of Bel- festo itself: International arbitration courts must gium as a military necessity, and is "It is said that propaganda for peace be developed into obligatory tribunals against an indemnity. He is in favor would be interpreted as a sign of for settling all differences between na- of peace and does not want the war to weakness. Against that we say: tions. be prolonged for the purpose of crush- Wrong interpretations are thwarted by ing England, but he does not accept the hard facts. And the incontestable fact All treaties and agreements of states peace conditions favored even by the is the favorable military position of must be subjected to the democratic most pacific of the Socialists of the Al- Germany. The frontiers are secure, parliamentary control of a representa- lies and leading neutral countries. and the war is being carried on on the tive assemblage. While he is not opposed to a plebiscite enemy's ground. It is for this very International treaties for limitation to settle the Alsace-Lorraine question, reason that we can be the first to pro- of armaments must be agreed upon, he wishes this matter to be left entirely claim the word, 'Peace.'" with a view to disarmament. to the decision of the Germans. His It is precisely the incontestable fact The rights of every nation to deter- argument is as follows: of the superior past achievements and mine its own destiny must be recog- "Our French comrades do not at all present position of the German armies nized. take the point of view that the fate of that is given by the French Socialists German Socialists in America are BRITISH SOCIALISTS AND PEACE 43 not so enthusiastic. The New York In its annual congress, held at Nor- "Mr. Burgess: Does the N. A. C. Volkszeitung refuses to believe that the wich on April 5th, the Independent consider this declaration to be authori- conference did nothing more Socialistic Labor Party accepted a report from tative? than to pass these high-sounding the National Administrative Council of "Mr. Bruce Glasier: It was not in- "pious wishes." The organ of the the Party setting forth that the Party dorsed generally by the N. A. C." American German Socialists is still declared that it was the duty of the Mr. MacDonald offered the following more severe on another of the resolu- labor movement to secure peace at the explanation: tions passed. This Vienna Conference earliest possible moment. The resolu- "The phrase 'fighting the war to a resolved: tion was in part as follows: finish' must be interpreted in a Socialist "The fact that Socialists of belliger- "The labor movement reiterates the sense and not in the popular sense. ent States are defending their country fact that it had opposed the policies The war had got to finish, and at the in war must not be made a barrier to which produced this war, and that its present moment it was no use to talk maintaining the international relation- duty now is to secure peace at the about 'stop the war.' He challenged ships of all Socialist parties or to ac- earliest possible moment on such con- anyone to point to clearer declarations tivity in their international arrange- ditions as provide the best opportuni- than his that the war ought not to be ments." ties for the re-establishment of ami- carried further than the political point To which the Volkszeitung retorts: cable relations between the workers of when the forces of democracy in Ger- "If this last resolution means that the Europe." many were liberated and prepared support of the war by the parliament- J. R. MacDonald and at least three themselves to crush their own militar- ary representatives of a Socialist Party out of the four members of the Na- ism, and thus place European peace on shall form no obstacle against that tional Administrative Council of this a firm foundation. The end of the war Party's membership in the 'Interna- Party had been delegates a few weeks must date from the time when the dem- tional of Labor,' then the prospects for before at the Conference of the Social- ocratic forces of Europe were ready to a reconstruction of this international ists of the Allied countries at London, take things into their own hands." are poor." at which it was voted unanimously that The Congress apparently accepted the war must be continued until vic- these explanations, as the National Ad- tory was won. Had Hardie, Glasier, ministrative Council was re-elected by Are the British Socialists Anderson, and MacDonald changed overwhelming majorities and its report their opinion? Or could their position was accepted by a vote of 188 to 3. for Peace ? at the April Conference in favor of im- MacDonald thus adds a third clause REPORT has been widely pub- mediate peace be reconciled with their to the conditions under which he and lished in the newspapers that previous stand? This question was his followers will favor peace. Prac- A the two British Socialist parties brought up at Norwich. We take the tically all British Socialists and Labor- at their recent congresses took up a following account from the Labor ites had demanded a Belgian indemnity position against the war. What is the Leader of April 8th: and a plebiscite in Alsace-Lorraine. He truth of this report? We shall see that "Mr. Burgess (Bradford) directed now demands, further, that the war it is far from accurate. attention to a phrase in the declaration must not end until the democratic Shortly after the London Conference issued by the Conference of Socialists forces of Germany are "liberated and of the Socialists of the Allies counter- from the Allied countries which said prepared to crush their own militar- tendency appeared where least expect- that 'the invasion of Belgium and ism." Clearly this is not exactly the ed. The British Socialist Party de- France by the German armies threat- view of the majority of the I. L. P. clared : ens the very existence of independent But its resolution, like that of the Brit- Five peace resolutions and two nationalities,' and that 'a victory for ish Socialist Party, is somewhat ambig- German Imperialism would be the de- uous. To get the real sentiment oo. the amendments were adopted at the An- feat and the destruction of democracy I. L. P., we must refer to another reso- nual Conference of 1915, most of them and liberty in Europe.' He asked lution, about which the discussion with large majorities, and one amend- whether Mr. MacDonald was as alleged chiefly raged. The Conference divided ment—of pronounced jingo tendencies the author of these sentences. He also almost evenly on the problem as to —was handsomely defeated. quoted from the declaration the phrase whether the present war was to be op- The peace resolution, which was 'whilst inflexibly resolved to fight until posed, along with all wars, whether so- adopted by 78 branches against 57, victory is achieved,' etc., and asked if it called offensive or defensive, deciding reads: represented the view of the I. L. P. by one vote (121 to 120) to pass over "This Conference of the British So- "Mr. Bruce Glasier said the National this question. The majority of the cialist Party condemns the cry raised Administrative Council had issued its Congress, then, was not for immediate by the capitalist parties in every bel- own manifesto, and by that it must be peace at any price. A considerable fac- ligerent country for a fight to a finish. judged. The Conference of Socialists tion, as the applause showed, shared "This Conference therefore fully in- from Allied countries was a private MacDonald's views, while the Congress dorses the efforts of Socialists in neu- Conference, and no account of what as a whole refused to rebuke its repre- tral countries to terminate the war, occurred was to be published. The dec- sentatives for voting for the resolu- and declares unhesitatingly that it is laration adopted was a compromise. It tions of the London Conference the supreme duty of the Socialist Par- did not represent his (the speaker's) The following resolution was passed ties throughout the world to work for view, but each side had to yield some- by a vote of 243 to 9: an immediate peace on such terms as thing. The declaration was a great "This Conference expresses its strong will prevent the repetition of a similar advance on previous statements issued disapproval of the action of the Labor war." by the Belgian and French Socialists at Party in taking part in a recruiting A resolution which declared for the the beginning of the war, and except campaign, and of I. L. P. members of preliminary destruction of the "Central for the efforts of the I. L. P. it would Parliament speaking from platforms European autocracies," after which the have been very different and, in his on which attempts were made to justify workers should begin to work for peace, view, harmful to the international So- the war, and the foreign policy of the was defeated, 46 branches voting for cialist cause. They had exercised a Liberal Government which led to the and 81 against it. very moderating influence. (Applause.) war." 44 NEW REVIEW

Finally, by the very close vote of 120 sociated Press cabled his own version. upon China, but by improving her posi- to 121, the following resolution of op- In one version or the other there are tion as against the other Powers. The position to the present war and all overstatements and omissions of vital right to advise, guide, and administer, other wars was defeated: importance. Take, for example, the in the affairs of the Republic is made "This Conference is of opinion that following clauses in the Associated conditional upon China's inclination to the Socialists of all nations should Press account: avail herself of foreign assistance in agree that henceforth the Socialist Par- " 'Before granting railroad conces- general. From the Japanese point of ties should refuse support to every war sions to any third Power, China must view this may be fairly described as entered into by Capitalistic Govern- agree to consult Japan. an assertion of mere equality with the ments, whatever the ostensible object " 'Before endeavoring to obtain cap- other Powers, or a preference over of the war, and even if such war is ital for loans from any third Power, other Powers where Japan believes she nominally of a defensive character." China must consult Japan in advance.' is entitled to the preference, as in the "Here is apparently an attempt to matter of policing China if it should establish a Japanese control of the come to a foreign police. For the Japan's Demands Upon financial and railway policy of the en- 'spoliation of China we find no evidence. tire Republic. But when we turn to Japan has promised to give back Kiao- China the Chicago Herald version, we find chau, and in the stipulation that China HE rapid march of events in the that China must obtain Japan's consent 'shall not alienate or lease to other Far East is arousing fears to negotiations with third Powers over countries any port, harbor, or island T among the organs of interna- railroads, or loans, or the hypotheca- on the coast of China' the Tokio Gov- tional High Finance. Japan is said tion of revenues, in South Manchuria, ernment has declared that 'other coun- to threaten the spoliation of China, her and eastern Mongolia. Since Japan has tries' includes Japan. subjugation and permanent suppres- consented to defer consideration of east- "In the facts, as we have them, no sion. American militarists are using ern Mongolia, we are left with the vital assault on China's independence this event as an argument for more simple fact that Japan is claiming pref- or integrity is apparent, though an ex- powerful armaments. Japan is being erence over other Powers in the sphere tension of Japanese influence is plainly reviled by the American press; and of influence everywhere recognized as forecast." an expression of the New York Times her own, the terrain she won by her is typical: victory over Russia ten years ago. "For two good reasons Japan ought "Turn, on the other hand, to the to make a treaty of firm and lasting Herald summary of the famous Article Bernstein on the Social- peace with Germany before she pro- 5, over which the break between Tokio ists of France ceeds to enforce her ultimatum upon and Peking is threatened. The first China. The first is that, according to and third clauses look formidable: Bernstein has published a collection the general understanding of the West- " 'The central Government of China of Socialist documents bearing on the ern world, she is attempting to assume shall employ influential Japanese sub- War under the title "Die Internationale control of the Government, the for- jects as advisers for conducting admin- der Arbeiterklasse und der europaische tunes, the destiny of the Chinese Re- istrative, financial, and military affairs. Krieg." Vorwaerts notices the follow- public in a distinctly German manner, " 'China and Japan shall jointly ing important points brought out in in the manner which the great teachers police the important places in China this pamphlet:— of political theory in Germany have or employ a majority of Japanese in At the outbreak of the war, Vor- declared to be the true method of in- the police department of China. waerts was in complete agreement with creasing the territorial domain, the "Certainly, if China 'shall' employ the Party executive. [The radical anti- commerce, and the power of a State. Japanese advisers and Japanese police- governmental character of the declara- For a second reason, if she now pro- men in the 'important places in China,' tion in Vorwaerts was shown in the ceeds by armed force to enforce the the charge of vassalage would almost NEW REVIEW for October and Novem- demands China has rejected, she will be justified. But what does the Asso- ber.] tear up, as unconsidered scraps of ciated Press summary say? Bernstein says further:—"The oppo- paper, two solemn treaties, one with " 'Before choosing any foreign politi- sition against the war on the part of Great Britain and one with the United cal, military, or financial advisers, the French Socialists was so strong States." China must consult Japan. that in spite of their unfavorable judg- The whole thing is complicated by "'// China employs foreigners as ment of the behavior of the Austrian the fact that Japan and China are controlling advisers in police, military, each using the situation for purposes or financial departments of the entire and German governments, one group alien to the situation itself. And the country, Japanese shall be preferred.' wished to vote against the war and the information concerning recent events "Other clauses stipulate the right to war credits, another group was for ab- is meagre and conflicting. The New propagate religious doctrines in China, stention from the vote, and only a mi- York Evening Post gives a significant various railway concessions, China's ob- nority was of the opinion that under analysis of Japan's demands: ligation to purchase half of her mili- the changed situation there was no way "How incomplete and confused is the tary supplies from Japan, and the ob- of avoiding voting in favor of the war information upon which the sinister ligation to consult Japan before grant- credits. The declaration of Germany interpretation of Japan's motives is ing railway, harbor, or mining conces- against France, which then followed, based, appears from an examination sions in the province of Fukien, which and Germany's declaration of its inten- of such versions of the Japanese de- faces on Japanese Formosa. tion to march into France through Bel- mands as are actually available. On "Thus, if one studies the list of Jap- gium, had the result that on the 4th of February 18 the Chicago Herald pub- anese demands as reconstructed from August the Socialist group in the lished a list, 'obtained through Chinese the different versions and in the light Chamber of Deputies voted unanimous- sources,' of Japan's specifice demands, of authoritative comment at Tokio, the ly for the war credits." including those which she is supposed impression is hardly avoidable that, Thus Bernstein gives us data which, to have withheld from the knowledge while Japan is plainly resolved upon as he clearly believes, largely exonerate of the other Powers. On February 17 bettering herself in China, she plans the French Socialists for supporting the Peking correspondent of the As- to do so, not by imposing her authority their government. SHAW ON EDUCATION 45 Correspondence

Shaw on Education does not lead to a wild and inhuman and weight to enlist, while it omits absurdity—is based upon faith? Or to mention that a one-legged man who To the NEW REVIEW: does Walling reject faith as an inse- meets these requirements need not ap- R. WALLING'S adventures in cure foundation? If so, I invite his ply. If we Socialists may never open criticism are as startling as attention to the fact that even Euclid, our mouths without twaddling about M Vachel Lindsay's adventures having no demonstrable first premise, "the economic basis of the subject," in the Congo. In his letter about my built his work upon faith. And lest we shall soon be as pathetic a lot of review of "Shaw on Education" he he misconceive what I mean by faith, half-wits as Betsy Trotwood's Mr. Dick says he has discovered the existence I assure him in advance that I mean who, it will be recalled, never got be- (hitherto unsuspected) of an American what Shaw means and what Samuel yond two sentences without twaddling Shavian. Not content with this dis- Butler says, namely, that "faith con- about the head of Charles I. Every- covery, he announces that Bernard sists in holding that the instincts of body in America, save apparently Wal- Shaw has no philosophy, is neither the best men and women are in them- ling, knows that when a Socialist urges Socialist, democrat, nor radical, holds selves an evidence which may not educational reform, it is self-evident manifestly bourgeois ideals, dodges the lightly be set aside." that he is striving for a condition of economic basis of educational reform, It is, however, not so much at the affairs in which the child of a ditch drifts irresponsibly on a sea of con- Shavian foundations as at the Shavian digger shall be in as small a class in tradictions, and—to complete the gay contradictions that Walling rebels. school and shall have as big an in- perverseness of his conduct—stoops This is because his reverence for sin- come at home, as the child of a rail- (once a month or so) to reactionary cerity and consistency rises so high road president. This is the mark that positions, for conclusive and final evi- that he not only prefers to see Truth Shaw deliberately aims at, when he dence of which the unbiased reader is robed in pomp and circumstance, but champions the rights of children and referred to the index of any one of finds it a blasphemy and a scandal that advocates an equal income for every Waiting's books. Shaw should occasionally robe her in child, woman, and man in the com- It is clear from the "errors" of the maddest levity. Curiously enough, munity. which Walling convicts Shavians that Walling shares this feeling with the he does not yet understand the species, Naturally, he doesn't waste his time compact middle-class idealist whose begging the ruling classes to open and so I had better explain it to him sense of correctness and consistency without delay. When a Shavian bows Shaw has so often outraged. But can their purses in order to bestow an ex- three time to the East at the mention it be that, in any important respect, pensive educational training upon the of the name of Bernard Shaw, this is Walling is in the same boat with the inexpensive children of the poor. He not, as Walling rashly infers, an act unspeakable bourgeois, the same bour- leaves that sort of poppycock to others. of idolatrous worship. It is a public geois whose breath is as a stench in Walling, however, whose heart bleeds expression of gratitude at the exist- his nostrils? "What an ignominious for the working people, cries out upon ence, on an earth teeming with medi- and irresponsible contradiction," some so much brutal common sense and ocrities and dullards, of a man who anti-Wallingist might cry. Yet, if this angrily calls Shaw a reactionary for can quicken the soul with aspiration happened, we should comfort Walling. not endorsing a plan that limits classes and the world with wonder. In short, We should tell him that life is full of to eight pupils, a plan proposed by a Shavian is one who unaffectedly contradictions and that our poor phil- Bebel some thirty years ago. I might, acknowledges his debt to the inspired osophers of life must cut their cloth with as much reason, call Walling a utterances that cross his path, whether to fit their pattern. I have myself reactionary for not endorsing a plan these come from Da Vinci, Voltaire, read all of Walling's books and noted limiting classes to seven pupils, a plan Shelley, Rodin, William James, or his well-meant endeavor to classify the proposed by Milton (in his famous Strauss. As soon as Walling grasps universe and its anti-nomies under Tractate) three hundred years ago. this point and observes that a disciple half-a-dozen ironclad and rigidly con- The fact is, most of us realize, what of Shaw is frequently a Butlerian and sistent heads. But I swear I can prove Walling seemingly overlooks, namely, a Wagnerite to boot, he will understand that the undertaking was a failure, that society pays a railroad president why the true blue Shavian is little Walling being far too clever a man to so handsomely that he is able to send likely to be nonplussed if it ever be be guilty of no contradictions whatever. his valuable children to fashionable proved (as Walling charges) that Shaw Perhaps he will repudiate this state- private schools where Milton's small- is "reactionary" in his economics ment as in itself an intolerable contra- sized classes have been the rule since "desultory" in his theories of educa- diction. It makes no difference. long before Walling was born. When tion, "superficial" in his philosophy. Having given Shavians a piece of the railroad president and the ditch But Walling has not made these his mind, Walling eventually falls afoul digger get the same income, society charges good. A cat may look at a of Shaw's views on education. He de- will esteem the ditch digger's child no king, and any fool may echo Waiting's clares with much feeling that Shaw less highly than the railroad presi- bland declaration that Shaw's philos- has wilfully evaded the economic basis dent's, and will take care to offer each ophy has no foundation. I assume of educational reform, inasmuch as he of its valuable children, regardless of that Walling, whose reputation for sin- fails to clamor for a reduction in the parentage, an equally sound and ex- cere and dispassionate investigation I size of school classes and for a conse- pensive education. There really is no have always respected, has examined quent increase in the school budget to disputing the fact that as long as we the well co-ordinated system of thought the tune of four or five hundred per have big incomes and little incomes, that Shaw has spent a life time in cent. Walling evidently regards this we shall also have education, food, and riveting together. But if he has done omission as dishonest. Perhaps it is, clothing, of a finer and more expensive so, how can it have escaped him that but it is no more dishonest than a re- quality, accessible to those whose Shaw's philosophy—like every sound cruiting poster which invites men of purses are better filled. Those of us philosophy, like every philosophy that sound health and of specified height who do not like this condition, can 46 NEW REVIEW

either lump it, or work, (like Shaw and employers get much comfort from Phoebe Gary? Worse than no litera- Walling in their several ways) to in- Shaw's pursuit of this goal, say as ture at all, in short. As between this duce society to make the obvious much comfort as the Forty Thieves substitute and the Bible, give me the change. Meanwhile, we must leave to got from AH Baba? And can anyone Bible, say I. And so says Shaw. political amateurs the game of joshing be mad enough to infer that, after the But this cruel alternative should not the public with the easy assumption commnnity has begun to pay our chil- be imposed upon children, as Shaw that rich men's school taxes can ever dren a dignified income from the mo- emphatically points out. A child should be increased five hundred per cent, for ment of their birth, a crime will be be taught, as a matter of practical in- the benefit of poor men's children. committed if adolescent citizens are formation, the objective facts of exist- "Shaw adopts the employer's educa- asked to give the community a small ing religious beliefs. He should know tional ideal of cutting down school return in useful work during a part that a Hindu is as well satisfied with taxes by making the pupil pay his of their leisure? We must always bear Mohammedanism, as a New Englander own way." This is Walling's extraor- in mind that it is strictly on this basis is with Christianity, and that the one dinary comment on an innocent pro- of the pecuniary equality of children feels as superior to all outsiders as posal made by Shaw (and by Butler, and adults that Shaw's educational the other. What the schoolboy actually James, Wells, and many other thinkers) proposals are advanced; on any other learns, however, (and learns by in- that minors, from an early age on, be basis, the thorough, scientific and nuendo!), is not fact but prejudice. expected to render such periodical ser- democratic training of the young must He learns, for example, that the Hindus vices to the community as their years, remain a madman's dream. It seems set up Allah in place of Jehovah, a their leisure, and their capacity may to me that as soon as Walling realizes piece of depravity for which we shut allow. Now, I have known boys, who, where his criticism of Shaw's econom- the gates of Christian mercy on them in the summer intervals of their school ic? has led him to, there will be noth- forever; or that the Shintoists, dis- and college careers, have "paid their ing left for him but to call high heaven pensing with priest, temple, and ethical way" as ship boys on coastwise steam- to witness that he never meant to say doctrine, thereby give an exhibition of ers, as boys-of-all-work on the farms anything half so outrageous. bad taste for which they stand beneath of Dakota or Maine, or as artisans' Having spent nine years as a pupil contempt and deservedly rank as the helpers in various trades, and have in English schools and some years as social inferiors of American gentlemen. pronounced these experiences to be ten a teacher in American schools, I am Shaw's chief point about religion is, times more valuable than all their for- unable to share Walling's cocksure as- however, that "the real Bible of the mal school instruction put together. sumption that education in the United modern world is the whole body of But we are told that Dewey and the States is far ahead of that in England. great literature, art, and music in new educators regard any sort of We all know that the English authori- which the revelation of Hebrew Scrip- youthful knocking about in vocations ties have not abolished religious in- ture has been continued to the present as wicked and unpedagogic, and since struction. But is that such incontro- day." Until we begin to put this Shaw desires the State to turn this vertible evidence of inferiority as Wal- modern Bible at the disposal of the wickedness to its profit, Walling holds ling alleges? Take my own case. I school children in the United States, him up to public execration as a had the usual Bible course in the Old our social philosophers had better talk Machiavellian imposter. Walling goes and New Testament books as pre- warily about the superiorities of Amer- further. He tears the mask of hypoc- scribed in British schools. What was ican schools, and exercise discretion in risy off Shaw, and pictures him run- the result? When I read the story of entering these superiorities on the in- ning to the side of the big employers, Eve's daring adventure in behalf of dex of any of their books. wringing their hands very hard, and knowledge with its sequel in Adam's FELIX GRENDON. assuring them, while sobs choke his ignoble cringing to the Lord, I became New York City. voice, that their school taxes shall a Feminist; when I got to the tale of never, never be increased—save over the cruel punishment God visited on his dead body! Now all this is highly Cain after first goading him to fury A Correction diverting. But how in the world did by mercilessly partisan discriminations, To the NEW REVIEW: Walling's eyes construct this picture I became a Socialist; and when I MMA V. Sanders of Stockholm, of Shaw? Titania, we know, fell in reached the place where John the Bap- in a letter printed in this jour- love with the face of an ass under the tist enjoins the Pharisees to look for E nal last month, quotes some impression that it was the handsomest truth in deeds not words, I became a words of mine about "concessions face she had ever seen. But there was Pragmatist. Probably thousands of wrung from capitalism for the female some excuse for Titania's delusion in- other boys passed through the same part of the working class, concessions asmuch as her sight was bewitched by avenues to the same awakening, and which may be achieved later for the Oberon's monkeyshines. But what ex- stepped as lightly as I did from the whole of the working class—such as cuse is there for Walling? To this old religion to the new religion, I mean the normal work day or the prohibi- able Socialist and author, Shaw's works the religion of modern men and women tion of night work." She is under the are as open as they are to me. I take who put their God at the End of the impression that I said that Feminists it that he knows as well as I do that world instead of at the Beginning. want such concessions abolished in the Shaw stands for the taxation of un- Now the Bible may hold many bar- interests of "equality before the law," earned incomes at the rate of one hun- barous errors and delusions. But it and takes pains to inform me that they dred cents on the dollar, and for the is, nevertheless, the ancient literature do not. This is interesting, but un- gradual redistribution of the national of a very remarkable people, and it necessary information so far as I am income (by the simultaneous pressure contains, in the words of Christ and concerned; for if Miss Sanders will of Collectivism from above and Trade of the great Prophets, an inspiration look at my article again she will see Unionism from below) until all chil- that redeems its crudest superstitions. that I was saying then just what she dren, women and men shall enjoy the What do American educators put in is saying now. If Miss Sanders wishes only kind of equality possible among the place of this literature? What but to disagree with me, she will have to human beings, and that is an equality the typical sawdust schoolreader with change her opinions. of income measured in dollars and piffling insipidities and aimless puerili- FLOYD DELL. cents. Does any one believe that the ties by Henry W. Longfellow and New York City. 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Patronize NEW REVIEW Advertisers WILLIAM ENGLISH THE SOCIALSTS AND WALLING THE WAR Author of "Socialism as It "The Red Book" would have served as a title for this book had not Austria Is," "The Larger pre-empted it. Aspects of Three-fourths of this book consists of a very carefully selected docu- Socialism," etc. II mentary statement of the position toward the war of the Socialists of all countries where they are an organized body, with special reference to their Peace policy. Ready May 15 No material has been omitted or included merely because it seemed cred- itable or discreditable to Socialists in general or to the Socialists of any par- ticular country.

12mo. The running editorial comment sets forth the conditions under which the ii statements of these leading Socialists or Socialistic organizations were made, ii 500 pages and indicates why they are important. ii $1.50 net. II In addition to this editorial matter, Mr. Walling furnishes a final chapter summarizing the revolutionary Governmental Socialist measures adopted by the governments at war and the attitude of the Socialists toward them. This book shows the attitude not only of the Socialists, but of the Euro- pean masses. For the first time, we have adequate answers to such questions as these: Is there a strong anti-war sentiment among the people of France ? Of Russia? If so, just how strong? Is there a powerful pro-war sentiment among the common people of Italy? If so, how powerful? And similar ques- tions are answered about the many nationalities of Austro-Hungary and the Balkans. The main interest, naturally, lies in England and Germany. This is the first book to give a satisfactory statement of the relative strength of the pro- war and anti-war factions among British workingmen, their respective argu- ments and their real motives as well as a complete summary of the position of Shaw, Wells, Keir Hardie, J. R. MacDonald and H. M. Hyndman. Similarly with Germany. It tells the strength of the anti-war faction represented by Liebknecht and the Vorwaerts; of the middle group represented I by Haase, Bernstein and Kautsky which supports a war of defense against Russia, but not a war of aggression against France, Belgium and England; ot the pro-war faction, led by Scheidemann, Suedekum, David, Heine, and Legien and other labor union leaders. And finally the book shows the peace programs of those Germanic and Allied Socialists who favor peace and answers the all important question: How far do these, the only people's peace movements, have common demands, and how far are their differences so irreconcilable that they will have to be decided II by a prolongation of the war ?

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