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De Juicios Paralelos a Procesos Mediáticos. Tratamiento Informativo Del Derecho a La Presunción De Inocencia Y Roles Periodís

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De Juicios Paralelos a Procesos Mediáticos. Tratamiento Informativo Del Derecho a La Presunción De Inocencia Y Roles Periodís UNIVERSIDAD DE MÁLAGA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DE LA COMUNICACIÓN Departamento de Periodismo 2016 DE JUICIOS PARALELOS A PROCESOS MEDIÁTICOS. TRATAMIENTO INFORMATIVO DEL DERECHO A LA PRESUNCIÓN DE INOCENCIA Y ROLES PERIODÍSTICOS PROFESIONALES EN UN ESTUDIO DE CASOS: DOLORES VÁZQUEZ (2000-2001), JUAN ENCISO (2009) Y DIEGO PASTRANA (2009). TESIS DOCTORAL PRESENTADA POR GUILLERMO VILLALOBOS AGUILERA DIRIGIDA POR: DRA. MARÍA TERESA VERA BALANZA AUTOR: Guillermo Francisco Villalobos Aguilera http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2961-5634 EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi directora de Tesis, Teresa, por guiarme y animarme en los momentos de dudas. A todos los entrevistados/as que con sus voces han arrojado luz a esta investigación, sobre todo tú, Juan. A mis amigos/as, familia, a mi abuela que es un ejemplo de vitalidad y esperanza y sobre todo, a mi madre y mi padre, por su paciencia y por mantener siempre la confianza en que algún día terminaría esto. Finalmente, a todas las personas inocentes víctimas de un juicio mediático. 3 ÍNDICE Capítulo I. Introducción ......................................................................................... 7 Capítulo II. Hipótesis y objetivos ....................................................................... 13 · Hipótesis. ............................................................................................................. 15 · Objetivos. ............................................................................................................. 17 Capítulo III. Sobre los poderes. Funciones, relaciones e interferencias ......... 19 · Medios de comunicación, periodistas y Tercer Poder. La relación del Periodismo con la Justicia......................................................................................................... 26 · Las funciones de vigilancia, control y crítica de los medios de comunicación.. ..... 32 · Medios de comunicación, profesionales del periodismo y Justicia. La justicia mediática... ............................................................................................................. 35 · Transparencia informativa de los tribunales de justicia......................................... 39 · El profesional del periodismo como productor de información especializada: el periodista judicial... ................................................................................................. 40 Capítulo IV. El juicio paralelo: origen, definición y consecuencias.................. 45 · Antecedentes histórico-periodísticos: el sensacionalismo informativo. ................. 47 · Origen y causas de los juicios paralelos en prensa. Desconfianza, mercantilización de la información y noticiabilidad... ......................................................................... 50 · Definición de juicio paralelo.... .............................................................................. 56 · Riesgos y consecuencias de los juicios paralelos.... ............................................ 65 · El Affaire Dreyfus. Un juicio paralelo en prensa en pleno siglo XIX.... .................. 80 · Medios de comunicación, profesionales del periodismo y juicios paralelos: prácticas y cambio de roles..... ............................................................................... 83 Capítulo V. Deontología periodística y tratamiento del derecho a la presunción de inocencia en los medios de comunicación ................................................... 99 · Introducción a la deontología periodística. ......................................................... 101 · Historia de los códigos deontológicos de los medios de comunicación.... .......... 103 · Interpretación y crítica de los códigos deontológicos..... ..................................... 111 · Códigos deontológicos europeos actuales: postura ante el tratamiento periodístico de la presunción de inocencia y la información judicial..... .................................... 114 · Códigos deontológicos y manuales de estilo españoles: historia, su postura ante el tratamiento periodístico de la presunción de inocencia y la información judicial.... 119 Capítulo VI. Metodología.................................................................................... 127 · Base metodológicas de la investigación. ........................................................... 129 · Selección de los procesos judiciales objeto de estudio.. .................................... 130 · Descripción de la muestra.... .............................................................................. 135 · El Análisis de contenido. El Test ADSH. ............................................................ 145 · Descripción de las variables.... ........................................................................... 149 · Interpretación de los resultados..... .................................................................... 190 Capítulo VII. Resultados del estudio de casos ................................................. 193 · Resultados de los casos objeto de estudio......................................................... 195 · Dolores Vázquez Mosquera (2000-2001).. .............................................. 195 · Juan Enciso Ruíz (2009).... ..................................................................... 223 · Diego Pastrana Vieco (2009). ................................................................. 258 · La relación entre Información y Justicia: perfiles..... ........................................... 269 Capítulo VIII. Confrontación de hipótesis y conclusiones .............................. 275 Bibliografía: monografías y artículos ............................................................... 287 Fuentes: diarios y códigos ................................................................................ 303 Anexos. Entrevistas a expertos ........................................................................ 313 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN Periodismo y Justicia, a pesar de constituir dos campos diferenciados, pueden cruzarse en determinadas ocasiones debido a la legítima función de los medios de comunicación de informar de todo cuanto acontece en la realidad, y dentro de esa realidad, de aquellos asuntos que dependen de la propia administración de Justicia. Ante un determinado proceso, la relación existente entre la Justicia y los medios informativos, que en un principio debería ser positiva al constituir éstos últimos la herramienta idónea para difundir la labor desempeñada por el ente judicial, puede llegar a truncarse debido a las malas praxis asociadas a ambos campos. Y es que, pese a la existencia de un Estado de Derecho, en ocasiones los procesos judiciales no se llevan a cabo en juzgados sino en los propios medios de comunicación. Los denominados juicios paralelos resurgen de tanto en tanto y no por ello debe pensarse que el Periodismo es una perversión. Los juicios paralelos no son un problema exclusivo de los medios informativos y de sus profesionales sino que también son responsabilidad de la propia Justicia. El difícil acceso a datos y a las fuentes del proceso penal, las continuas filtraciones del sumario cuando éste debería permanecer en absoluto secreto o los errores derivados de una deficiente instrucción que conllevan a una condena anticipada del sujeto son algunos de los males que también ayudan a moldear la circunstancia noticiosa objeto de estudio. Afirma Gallardo Rodríguez que informar no debe significar juzgar anticipadamente al ciudadano que se encuentra sometido al proceso.1 Y es que la estigmatización de una persona, la publicación de informaciones poco contrastadas basadas en rumores y conjeturas o, incluso, las auténticas sentencias condenatorias aun cuando el caso se encuentra bajo secreto de sumario, desvirtúan el Periodismo acarreando además graves consecuencias personales y sociales para el sujeto implicado en un proceso judicial. De hecho, es tal la influencia que pueden ejercer los medios de comunicación sobre la opinión pública que, recientemente, se han llegado a buscar fórmulas para que el daño social que recibe un sujeto sea menor. Es el caso de la modificación de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal, realizada por el Gobierno de España en 2015, cuya reforma sustituye el término imputado por la denominación de investigado. Ante este panorama, unido al descrédito generalizado que padece la profesión periodística y la crítica global a los poderes, surgen diferentes ejes de investigación que describen el punto de partida de esta Tesis Doctoral: qué es y cómo se desarrolla un juicio paralelo y qué praxis periodísticas pueden llegar a mermar los derechos fundamentales de los sujetos implicados en un proceso judicial, sobre todo, el derecho fundamental a la presunción de inocencia. 1 GALLARDO RODRÍGUEZ, José Joaquín. “Presentación”. En: CALERO, José María; RONDA, Javier. Manual de Periodismo Judicial. Sevilla: Universidad, 2000. 9 Con respecto a estas cuestiones, una primera aproximación al estado de la cuestión revela la existencia
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