Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1967

Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements

John Haws Baum Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Baum, John Haws, "Geographical Characteristics of Early Mormon Settlements" (1967). Theses and Dissertations. 4512. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4512

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. cL gsog&apuicalGEOGIRAF ilialilcal CFAACTIR sitc5iuhrly NDRMCITMORMONNDRMCIT setithheittssememstits aa

A thesis Pcsentodpresented to the eepartr et of geosrphygeoyniphy brbiatibiytinannlnnim ymingyovingaming unlniversityuniversityerbiter3ity

tr fortiapartiaportia 1.1 fulrlllnnt of thpohpth fyquirorz for t lee dereodegiecereodegredergoa ysitemasteeysitaysitette ofoc cn

by

jocolnjolnln hwshawaws ba- nm av 1 acknowledgementsacknotatudgementsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

sincere appreciation is expressed for the heldheidhelpheip of many iihowhoho directly or indirectly contributed in tl-thee preparation of this thesthesischesisIs special gratitude and thanks goes to dr robert L layton for his many hours of assistance in reading and suosugsuggestingoostinggosting changes to dr alan grey who first interested me in pursuing this topatopiclc I1 offer thanks appreciation is also expressed to profes-professorsor L elliott tuuttultletulelele and dr marion T millett of the geography department w-andd dr sterling G callahancaliaCallahiihilhll of th education department whoanowno have contributed inn many ways to nymy aczdmoacadendc efforts

to my wife I1 adaamaraarn deeply grateful for the many long horsborshours spentr en t in typing correcting ardand proofproofinging this paper to nttyryntyty f 33y ar relatives I1 am IndeindebtedlAed f-forr their patience holpho p and enccjrr3ri2nt during the tinetime thistalethiethletxie thesis was being pre2arerprecreapreparerpre crea

iii ebleUBLETABLE OFOP coblCONTENTSCONL emsEWS page acknotledgemeacknowledgementsACKNOWLEDGEaultsMENTSWS iii mstUSTLIST OF tabizabiTABJTABLESso 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 v

MAPS ATDANDaibalbA TD mstUSTLIST OF seihselmSKIMseetchSKIMCFSKETCHCF 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 vl

1 1 introduction 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

CRPMRCHOPPER

CULTUCULTURAL BACKGROU I1 kl BACKGROUbackgroundlidirdzid 0 0 0 6

PHYSICALlwy aackgrou17iEACKC rouldroulogouid 3 II11 OPICALsualSRAL eackgrouidpouid 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 151

SSITE SSLECTICNSELECTIONmr 0 0 iliIII111 itelITE selseiael3el iduladul 0 29

FIFARLY M surey arvillPATTEPMSMS3 48Q ITIV ablyearlyARLYtrtfraf kormegrinKOKM SETTTEENT suretSUPEYSUREY PATTEPPATTERrvill ebisemisBRIS 0 0 0

mcpycnalnoln 4 voV EARLYEARLX x0pycayoncpyoncln 70k17ficatioas70rt7ficatigmslouicilo0ici J FI CATIONS 83848

vjVI SUMWPXcurl ayogyegyo 0 0 113

bibliography 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 118L

iv mstUSTLIST OF TABIESTABLES table page

1 climaticcliaclimtictietle data for three Sstationstionseions oron the eastern margmarginzi of the great basin 193119521931 1952 0 0 0 23 2 precipiprecipeprecipitationstionatlon data for estatiostationsris in salt lakedikeluyeouye valleyvaileyvalloy and mo statio adjoining wasatch mountainsstainsntainsntains 0 0 25

3 relationship of settlements to ydydfonnlaydfomfontfonn h4IPI P 4 Sottsettlementslaments with lenienten acre kocksnocksblocks 557 5 settlenmettlensettlementssettlementsentsants withwichwlch eitheight acre diousdio&splodsp3ocks 61 6 SsettlenentssettlementseviemiemuIzentsments with sexlix acre blocks 69 7 settlements with four acre blocks 7730 8 82 sottlervsettlementstn s with fifivdivvs acre blocks 0 9 seftlenentssettlements and fortiffortiafortific1lcatleatecatlonsionslionseionsesons 1051051

v mstUSTLIST OF MAPS ANDAMD SKETCH map page

map 1 settlement eapyap 0 0 0 0 3

2 plat for city of zion 0 0 40 it 24124

3 brigham city physiographic site 0 0 0 30

4 dake sig P salt lakslakedaks city physiographic sissiw 0 0 0 0 35

A 51 5 plat salt lake city 0 0 0 533 6 pattern Settsettlementlemont fifillrcoreom p utahmah 0 9 a 0 e 56

rj 7 pioneer map of tooelegtoboletooole utah 0 9 660

8 originalomginal plat of spspringvilleSpringinfviingviville city utautahh 63

aaA t 9 plat a9 driglwrbrigham city uth 0 65

A provo 10 plac 9 utah 0 9 0 7-13 survoy 11 original siirvosiervofervoyfurvoy of lehllehi utah 0 0 0 93

16 grove 12 layout of0 oldoid fort at PlpleasanpleasantpleamanPleipleapieaeasansant utah 9 & 966

13 map shoeingshojinShochojinlinjin location of fort boxsox embr 105

sketchswatch page 1 sketch of early provo Sottsettlementsottlementsotfclenontlenontlementlemont sites 3

tivi f-

introduction

considerable liteliteratureratum has been written about the viormonscormonsmormonsvIornonsmons ardand their settlement of the lands within thetiletlle great basin yotyob no one hshas produced a systerwticsystiniatic study aichhichizhich analyzes the filfrifillowingbillowingfollowinglowing geograp-ucalhical factors what pattern of lardland occurzncoccupancyy was actually used by these early

pioneers which physical characteristics deterdekoniinedzi deeddned tlialithe3 seloclionseloseioseicaselcaclionon of a site fcrodror thathe mormoykonomonon vivillageliagaLlaga what typstypo of city sarveysurvey natterrpittempettemnatterrtern vsv3s insinsti-IJ gated asap towns vierevere establishedestalestarbliohed along ththathokhan eastern marzinmarginarwinm aginvgin of thetho greatgr

basin wjx2t vaswass ehathathet-ha velationr11ol&tionshlp131 3 belicebelxcebetweenn the fcrtfartfarlsfcrls ardrd chche sttjernts in their layoutlay out patterns Aass thesetheeo quistquiquaststiionslionseions woreworo syste7raticsystcaticallyallyaily analyzed nnww finfimfindingsdings ereereero broubi bahtoahtU to thetho surfaesae ththusuusuns shscldishedirgng nncsv light on tootoptopicsacsics which prepreviouslye ouslybously had rotrotlnotnail boenboonbeem eexploredxalorplor e sctisfctorily As oneono hundred early morxicnmormanmormcn stITstirstitnerseitnernerhgrtat3 berekeredere&erewere anlyedanly ed andrd enenredearedanredenned redned

1 ikih4le ncrrrons certain hsuiresultsts lleileusiausleTIC noced wll the ccitiesestiesuneseunes1 ctbjhoi by tn3tnyth hcrrops

i aey wyte fotfolfollowedrotouowedlowed th larjiofarridarji vitillaevilviiTilpillaeI1 laeiarelareiaze dystesystesystemi ttheyleyiey Laeic rot duciaduplcloLe thywiig evexctexactlctlottot

pattern 0ofL land occboccoccpcyafancyarancy as v isualizedvisualizedjsieilircd bby jcerhjoeph S lthalth in his planphanan for

the city cf zion salsaisaltsait lake city the first ity 6scblished didduddugd ld nnnotIL

27 eorCGIegrconformif0m axactlyexactlyxacfc to the subsunsujrj alichvlichich vaswas propoapropopropo036 forfocL or tleteeteg city cfof ziorj on

ay this kasneswaswes alsaisalsaals5 traeteje in ttoI1 o nijorityrtjcrity of earearly1y morimorr w too rthrhefhee pphysicaliyay s ica featoreseaturesfeatureseatures especially t e indland forlionsforrorliouslionslions had crdorcrardordor G irlIirflencirlilencelencsLence uponboruornornon the eltisiteelteslt3 electiorelection of A ft iobjot osicosfc motonhotonmo ton conlaliolalloiniioaniio rj ec ob lished1ishedwished oron alluvial fantfans orgr detadeltadeita and not on izilallat1 e pain or river botorrbotory

1 erg teoahobeo hstestast lerlor oron villes ero frotcotct lrtart t vithwithA lho re sr atertter a

cay 1 7.7 t3 sltsitalt likedikeliwe ciycly arliariiari5711571 A lnore11113 VC is uldivdiversveerrcrrers i ty lnn thlthi rvcry berrst tterrste6 rrs vn io 2 many settlements bubinlitfititiltailt some type of fortifortlfortificationficationcatlon many failed to make allyany prov4provaprovisionsionslon for doldoidefenseense aaainstagainst the indians many torris hrhoweverwever constructed somesomo type of wall around the original suisurveysuz vey site and then expanded the community from this location one hundred settlementssottlements were examined in this study this iinvolvcinvolvedd extensive research into written material on the abjectsubjectF comitycotuity records endrindaindrond origioriginoriginloriginalnl city plats were studied where possible1 valuable informsinformairiryiny fcrea- tion on survaysurvey patternpatterns5 vaswaswos obtained through correspondence with the county recorders in out 3 ying regions personal interviews and field observations were also conducted to give the study more validity the main body of the paper Is a summary cf information corlcoricopicompiledcompliedpiled fronfromcrom all of these avenues oiof1 msearchresearch the fonnformroenronn andarmiaryl pattern of land occupancy as devtilopdevelopedd by the mormon

1 pioneers in4M the great rasinbasin was unique for that period of historysast Y inlililllri the united statasstatos possibly this was because the cormonsmormons were faced with the problemDrobleriieni of distribudistributingfling comparatively large groups of people on suallsmall

areaereaareas of arable landnd frontier settiesettlesettlenenisettlementsneniCs of tho tiddletiddiefiddlekiddleF wweste S t A 17ndid haihalaihhih7h

plains resresultedalterlaltera in scattered Alamfarrlfarrifarni dwellings or the isolated far-farmsteadstead

I1 while Ppacificcifacifc coatlclatlcoaltachaltacoati A rsettlementse t lankents arranged ththerthorr ffanisfamisamr is along river valleysatlealleatie is or aroundararouriakouriouri haroorsharborsharhantorsiatorsiagatorstotsrotsoors arleariean along trade routes this ppatternbernlernle of settlement which asswss enciuncougedenciuragedencouragedraged by Drbrtbradradrglindaglingiaglaglin ecungycung ardordandendond otlerotherotner church leleadersiders resultedresulterlteritecl in the esteestabibblibill shmentishnientashment of compact villages why the eorMormormortsmormonsmormonenortsmortsmonts adopted the iarularularrrfarrrfarg village oysleroystersystem whenwhon other sysystemssy te rs vrewrevareware rrorercorecrore prevalent in the

i 1 r1ra frontier regions of the unitedununi tedfed slatessiaasuatesL e s willwiwyll1- b tthoteeteoh0 firstfaf4 rs t queq uectonactonS t i 0 n analyzedar a 1 yz C I1 z

itlementsettlement5 E- TiT idlementLEMENT MAP

0 20 40 I1 L catecatSCALEe OPOFLIMILESJ

TO

7

17

V 79 11 80

1 tl

1 sas4LL J S

M 4 69 too J i 5

MAP I11 4 key to settlement map 1 montpelier 26 uintah 2 st charles 27 kaysvillewaysvilleKaysville 3 garden city 28 farmington 4 laketownLaketown 29 centervillecontervillemontervilleCentConterville 5 randolphP na ldolphadolph 30 bountiful 6 woodruff 31 srisaitsaltL lake cityCAY 7 richmond 3212 sugar bousehouse

8 smithfield 33 holladay 9 hyde paparkrk 34 killmill creakcreek 10 loganLO gan 35 sorthsouth cottocottonwoodod it11 providence 36 jordan 12 ellelieliiMilmillvillemilivilleMillmillevillevillevilieiville 373 draper 13 hyrum 38 coaldcoalvcos3villeillelile

14 paradise 393 wanshipmanshipW ansiliamsili P

15 mendon 40 peoageoa

16 veliswellsvilleWells rille 41 kamasK mas 17 fielding L422 parkparth city 18 tremontinTretremontontremonmontonton 43 GrantsGranIsgrantsvillegranisvillegranasville 19 brigham city 44 tooelethoele 20 willazwallazwill&i il 45 st johrjohnajohn

21 plain cicilycityty 4640 Feberhberab3be r Ccityitir 22 hooporvilleHooporville 47 midway

23 1loriloralornorthth cdonCogdenogdondendon 48 charleston 24 osdenoedenogden 49 alpaldiaidi iretrene

25 1hantsvillehuntsvillehuntsHantsantsviville1 50 lohilohl 5

map key continued 51 lneAneameamericanrican fork 76 pdchfpachfioldieldbeld

52 pleasant grove 777 1monroe6xiroe 53 olmorenoremomm 78 minarsvilleminarsvilloMinarsvillevillo 54 provo 79 beaver 55 springvillespringvllieSpringvillevelle 80 junction 56 palmyra 81 circlevillocircieCirclecirclevjuovillo 57 panishspanish fork 82 Paraparagonahgonah 58 Salemsalensalem 83 faparouarowarowann 59 faysonpayson 84 summit

60 nephi 85 cedar city 61 leven 86 panguitch 62 fountain green 887 Escalanescalantetc 63 moroni 88 toq7aextoqiiervilletille 64 fairafairvfairviewfairviow 89 hurrinhurricaneane

65 litmt pleapieapleasantsant 90 washingtonwashincwashinowashing tohton 66 springID city 91 st george

676 ebhraimenhraimephrairaEphraira 92 santa flaralabaclaracianaclana 68 yanti 93 Gleigleiidalogleixlaloidalo 69 Cemgemgunnisonnison 94 ordoondoorax rilloaillojillo 70 delta 95 mt cacrrelarrelrnenne1 71 holden 96 kanibcanabkanab

72 Ffulrorefulmorei1lrni e 97 D1 3saisala1 73 kc3dowar w 96 zonmonmonticspjic 0110o 74 rfdondednotedrotfrondedroTpotpor fi 99 blanding 75 liw 100 bilaffbiloffblliffkiff CHAPTER I1

CULTURAL background

background

when the moinonscormonsmormonshoiholMoinonsmons founded their settlesettiesettlementsrients in the great bisin3n sin they followed a definildefinisdefiniteke pattern of land occupancy the choice of pattern was open since they were ententeringerbig a region where no pravprcvpreviousbous3ous settlements had been founded they could therefore follow one of the establishestablishedod mi- teerstenrshenrsteensterrrrsdrsmrs s which existed in the united states such asQS 1 the isolisolatedisolatodisolat3datod

farmstead 2 thetho 1lineine village 3 the farm village or0 r 4 they couiicould choose soltesainesoresome new ssyselcyseicysescyseiselstem of these alternatives tl-thee church leaders selected the ftarnfarmsarnrannyarmarnannarm village and adapted it to their purposes anninenfnn the cormonsmormons established thetheirlr coirrnnities in the great basin exccplexceptionslions to

saum r i A 1- eme anond sonsopscry e the fafarmsarmini villagee rpatteripatteritternattern dve1opeddeveloped fe 1itnelineilmeinelneime vvillagesUlagestages emerged11 and seltseit

a bids y a fyrnfynnirn 1 isolated arrstcfanr&t adslids verevercwere founded t but as geneel211legrule the ffirmirm villav-I it AS sdaptedadapted by the early church iealealeadersdiers waswi tho method of satt1sattasettlcrentC yit

smemployedloyed As a& means of concomcomparisonparison a brief revreviewieoico w of ohstthsh9 4isolated

farmstead Pffndfandnd the line village is prpresentedlsenasen ttedeted with this beckbackgroundbeckgroundaroundvroundground thsohsth reasons for thoaheahoalae selection of he faafamframfama vivillageIDrgeagegge system become ncr appapparntapparentarnt

11. iii arsirsi iai0 cfof thezhe ttrotreraer5e irjorrrajor rxitexitpatte2r1 erns of settsettlomontlenertlenortlomont withinia thin theth united 3tatcjsstat js trtree isolaisol&isotso tcdbcd16cd farnselfarnsalfarjfcoadeadcad pr drtnalcd theroteerothemo werawere several rsasorsacors

6 7 historically which accounted for this situation while it is truetruo that thetha new england nilniivilsillagovillagoviiivililagsiagolagoago arrangaarrangementrentment was the original pattern practiced it was soon abandoned in favor of scattered homesteads the settlement of land west of the appalachians for the most part was not madepiadeplade by groups but by individuals novingboving to the frontier and staking out land1 andlnd claims which wero later certified by the federal government the population movingpiovplov ing to the frontier was heterogeneous with varieties of social and national backgrounds 1 two federal laws also adld1d to the spread of the isolated farm system congress parsedpassed the ordinance of 18517851285 which provided for

the division of landrand into townships consisting 0of4 thirty six sectionsections of one square rileniilonallenallo each the sections wcverewerere then divided into one hundred

sixty acres this ssystemYstemstomsaem provided a simple ard accurate method olof01 describing prpropertyp ri y but the grid pattern contributed to a wide disprsdispesdisprsjonlonion of homesbomes

the second important lawlavt passed nm 1841 required the settlerssaga4aa I1r-r tto0 esteestoestablishblish a residpresidsidneresidneresidueresidnaacancenca on the land beforeberone he could secure a tittitlebitlele to his propproperty3xty living on thetho tarnfarmsarnsarm was a necessityneossity diringduring this t4tat bnolmone becauseeca hase

1 absence cl0 good roadroads ai-andd automobile made travetraveltragel from the villagerillaillalil ige to the farrfannfarmrann endand 1ackbckck out of te question the iioattedsollatedabed farrfarnfarstedstead hadh&d both advantacadvant&dvantaic6ac and disadvantadisadvantce since the homehomes 5 aridanid baryrsbarybarr rs were constructed on the farr itself the family wswasmas always cioecloeeloecloseclove to iicsioslosacsIs woikwolkworkwonkwolm witwithwathwity a niniirnininirnim Ilosstossoss of tintireme in get- tingt4ta ng fronfrom the hoehorehome to work in the fields large numbers of livestcckiivestccklivestock could bibo raiseeaiseraisedI ccccaudebecauseccauseause the sacespace was not liiltodibold1 beldbold as wasas tthehe csseczsecese in the

farnfarm villavillar 393 tbeabe disadvantagdisadvantagedisadvantageses of thethoteeteo isolated ffarrfarerareait sisystornstern werewero ainjyrainlyhainlyr

appp A L losylowylourylowry ielronielson JTIIA Mormormortmormontmc ronorlmortmoyt1 Vvijljiracajiraq1j iqj A PPA11 rn adrd techrtecharT e chr iquaquuau1 0of Jfzrfar i pr ta 3 11 settlersjoueajoueSjoUe nl salt ukeuko ctyactyit Y univerunivoruniversityeizyelzy of duhutahugh t3 195 1 P 8 social ardarandd partly economic geographic0 isimolatiisolatiisolationolati on in frontier binesvinesminestaitaltjiTies meant social isolisolationitionaition schools and churches were not readily available to the isolated farmsanzskirmsanm fanfamilyfamilyllyliy thus depriving the family of these social institutions 2 linelsnellne village the line village was a modified version of the farm village dedesifreddesignedsiFred

to Pprovideloviderovide the advantages11 of res4resaresidencedence on the operated fannfahnfarm 11 while at the same time bringing thethetthee frufaufammiliesfamilies as close astas geographically posspossibleibleibie to achieve these goals the farms were laid out in such a twayway that they fronted on a single road or other artery of transporttransportatltransportationatlatwlon ardandare were oblong in shape having a narrow width adjacent to the highway or river but generally great dedepthoth 3 this pattern is typified by the french settlesettiesettlementsmonts alonoalong the st lawlawrenceence river in quebec and freifrelfrenchichiehleh canadicabadicanadian an settlements Lliini louisiana tn the united states the farms are iidlidildlaid out fronfloutingoingging the rivers or bayous of the mississipmississippmississippi1 leltaloitadeltadolta the fax-farrsas although conparativelycomparatively narrow are

I1 dodeepep extextendingerding backhackkackL ac florlfrorlsronsrom the arteracterarteryj of cocommerceinereemereemerce to the swamp or untiumuntiuuntiuntin li- able land the Llinelunenuneune vivillagellaveliage existed in other than french settled areas of

north america A number of hormonmorrion villages in utah hadh&d no more than the single micainnainn strusteustreetet because they were located in valleysvaneys too nsrrownarrow to

Jjustify borerorerpore than a single street or inbi a few cases becausebccausemccause the mairmainmaln

hirehighwayaayqay laslae as in exisexistencetencotoncotoneo and fa-ratisrarisrannstisrisrls were ablishedestablishedest along thithlthis5 rroute0 u4ua

21bidibid

bid p 19 9 the line village had the advaadvantagezitagezimage of lovinalallovioallovinallowing thehe fafarnerfarmersarnernccmccncr to re- on imp geop side hishie farnfarm without imposingposingC deopgeographicraphicgraphic isolation upon aj1jhimselfneifmelfme and his neighbors there was a drawbackdraw back to this pattern in that it coricorlcompelledballeloallel1I exceptional elongation of the fleidsfields much of the land was used for A field road and there was more tinetime required in reaching the ffarr end of the field fabfam vlleallevilevite the fannfarmsanasann village was not nenednewd with the morrr3Morcormonsmormonsronsmons it is piobablyprobably the oldest form of land occupancy bknownaminnmin to the human faifarfariilyfarifarlfariolyilyllyliy131y kayhaymanynanynamy accounts were written of families in ancient tinestimes pitching thoirchoir ellingduellingbuellingdvelling6du close

4 together and fatfaifetfiiingfilingdinomino the surrosurroundinasurroundingundina lands in common ratherrether hanthan1.1 indiv-

wor a ground fogsogszortr enmyeimyenpmy idsallidualliduallyY sorkinaworkinaworkingkinakinoID plot of the need for protection fotfrerfr0rszot groups was often the main factor in determining villapvillagee sttleentsettlementf T thehe vvillagevillage or the manor was a connoncommon feature of the feudal jarjxrperiodiodlod thivghrl

cirodedirodeeurope and asia in colonial america both the villageQ ana the isolaudisolandisolated 4farmsle&d were to be found vithwith theteethleihle velizv3lizvillcgngr prepredotin&tingderndorndomnlnainainatingunatingtingteng especially inJ n neenevne englandSnglandgiand the farn vilrgilrvillagege prevprevailedailedkiled vuhrewhrehf re landholdings vervecwerversvecswerewecewergs Ssrlimrllarll and the disandis anncee required to travatravel to the fsnnfarmncarmn and bbaekbackabicacic lato hethe giugaviugafiurriur gs

home was not great it iiai33.3 u7uallyuu931ydually roundfound in plaresplaces therewhere settlisettlcsetfioentrentnent tootook

place ororiginhyorigi11911119.11abydbynHylviv11.11 411 Y by hoiiiuhomogeneouseneousaeneous rather than by heterogeneousn t1orogeneous groups the village hadlladibad the advantqadvantagee of providing social bncancbii fitsnafi such as chuichuachu1churchC h and schooschool1l actiritactactiaatiiritritkeslesies on ttheie other hardhand the village system does not appearerrerpepp ar to be p-prcticla itic1tic 1 4inn aasareasareesa as wlwherebaetbael 3 large farfaxfaasfarrisrisnis pprevailedprev3iledve r J le or lrlar e nurbrsnjjnbers of livestlivestocllivestockoclec were naintainedmaintained

41 1md1 d 10

boxtmoxtcormonsmormonsons and the farm village

when thetho cormonsmormons settled in utahsutah the famfarmram village was the method of settlement used ratherrathor than scattering their farmfarjnsteadssteadssheads across the arable land as was common in most of the rest of the united states nelson cites the following reason as to why the farrfaerfarnfarm village settlement was employed by the Morcormonsmormonsmons the mormoemormontion villavevitagoviuago was a social invention of the Morcormonsmormonsmons motivated by a sense of urgent nedneed to prepare a dwe13dxdwellingg place for thetlletile saviour at his second coming by invention is meant the ccmbinationcombination of knornknown elements in A new forirfoantornforin to bring into existence a newne entity whether mechanical or social it is not intended to suggest that the mormon village is novnewnow in its components but only in their combination 5 while the need to provide a duteduyedwyedwellingia place for the saasaviorlor at his second coming was a motivating force for the establishment of the mormon village in missouri and illinois one should not suppose that this was the aos nainwainmaln motivatingC force behind the foundation of the farm rillarillaaosrillanosvillages in thetho great asinbasin cinceoneeonce the hornMorvmornmorvionscomonsmomonsionslons harlhad left the land which weswas dedicated to the building of ehezheeha center staks of zion and to the saviorsavicrls second coming

weWB fird nanymany other motivating factors which influenced the church leaders the geographic and social environenvironmentent of the utah area and the whole region of tho great basin weitweikwelkwere ffavorableborabvorab le to the sillagovillagovilla go plan the rillavillagec facilitated settiesettlesettlementnentment bibecausecause it retnetnotmetmot the following nelnetneedsds of the mormon settlers 1 it provided security 2 it facilfacilitfacilityfacilitatedit itedcited cooperative efficeffic- oncyiencyancy by plplacingiciegicirg the members of the ccmacmccnrtunityanitymnity in ready touch wwithth the directing officers of leethethokee group 3 it made for contentcon centnentrientwient in that social inintercourselertorkertorcoursecourse wswas enliicedenLiiced even in rioneervioneerpioneer stages the villages were large enough to supiortsupport religious educational and otherothor social

si id p 28 11 institutions 4 by the seseparationParationL of resideresidencresidencence area from arable lands a more advantageous utilization of lands was made possible common pasturing of the fields after harvest and common fencing were both memedemademedomadgdo possible by the fact that crops were stored and stacked in the village 6 albert seeman offers the following reasons for mormon agricultural communities settling together on a townsite the church the desert and the canyon stream have conspired to produce a village concentration the church has created so many religious activities and so monomonopolizedpo 1 1zed socsoesocialilaileal activities that it cannot carry out its program except in an organized cofarcofancorarcorarunitycomriunityunity while the church may have wanted or dosiiwidosirnd such communities yet it is the environment which made this demand and desire possible the cormcompletelete isolation fronfrom other settled parts of the united states nademade it necessary for thentherlthem to furnish their olmown protection fronfeonfrom the indians necessity of pirtificial3tificiailyy watering the soil made it imperative at that tinetime thth9fct theythoy cooperate in the construction of all irrigation trOjotrojociprojectscII1Is indiv- idual efforts would iihaveave been futile in irzarzirigritionigationignation fartfarrfarfarnifarriringniringI ng with 4 such csns are found along vestveetwestest the11 he wasatch conditions 1 the w- side of mountains 11117917 frontier settisettlementement of the middle west and thetho highli ch plains resultedrasulcasulted in scattered farm dwellinasdwellingsdwellinas while pacific coastal sehlesehiesoUlesettlementsments verewereeenveawea 3 sxrazlspreadstrazi around harbors or along trade routes but tho pattern of settlement insisted upon byby brighambrbgham young and otlerotierother chaarch7archurchh leaders resulted in a series of compact villages this irsws acceptable to the momoznonmonnonmormoninonimonrmon settlesettiesettlersrs since most of them had an urburhurbanan babackgroundkfround A lalaelargergenge proportion of the momonmormon converts came from villages of the eastern seabosebosrdseabondrd or villages in europe

most of the totomstownsms and villages of utah were situsituasitualodalodabodod in vallaysva2laysvaldays a-atl or near the mouths of canyons and the very nature of this topographtopographyoi

bibid6ibidbid appp 525352 53 7alberbalberalbert seeman coounitiesconimunitiesCoo unities in the sitsaltsait lakelahe sasindasin economic gloarangeogao XIV Worch published oypy Glo .2 hy gooradhyaradmradaran2 worchesterworchosterworchazterosterosten sachusettsmassachusetts clrkcirk 1 Univeruniver5university5 ty 19381908 P 130107 12 precluded to some extent satisfactory open country settlement further brigham young infoninconinformedned the church members that wherever the wall of theithe wasatch mountains was cut by a canyon from which flowed a mountain stream there along the streamstreamtsstreames ts course a settlement could be made 8

city of zion

while the hoamoamommormon village resembled the neinevnew enalandevalandengland town in some respects the basic plan foforfou many mormon settlements cancen be traced to the dlandianplanpian of the city of zion which was sent to missouri by joseph smith in the year 1833 this plan made provision for the practical needs of 9Q a frontier farming commnitycommunity the essential features of this city pattern were that the streets

aapanp arldanid should be wide intersectintersectinglnainaID each other at right angiesanglesI es andarid mnrunningning in

north south and eastLI iestwestlest directions the coeolcoreorcormiunityr lity was desidesiredgmed specifically as the residence area for the tamersfarmers who would cultivate the land adjacentadje cent to the corrxnanitycormrranity the plan provided that all the people should live in the citeiteltcityeityelty7 the city should bobg a mile square made up of blocks contalningcontainingcontacontaLningining ten acres each

cut into halfacrehalf acre lots lowingallowingel twtwentynty houses 10loto the block the st-streetsreet s should be eight rods wideide and the middle tier of blocks fifty per cent wider thanthen the others because they were to be used for schools carchesmrcheschurchesmrches arrland public buildings stables and barns should be on the edge of thetine city not more than one dwelling house should be put on a lot map 2 joseph smith visualized many communities in close proximity spread over the comparatively levaileval land of missouri ratratherlher than tustfustjust one

sibbiddad9 p 308303003008 ajoseph9joseph9 joseph A geddes codification of the erlyearly utah fannfahnfarm village association of pacific costoostcoast glozrg9ozrgeographersinre Is vol 8 19429192 p 2 13 immense city it is supposed said joseph smith when sending the plat of the city of zionzionazion1 to the brethren at independence in june 1832 9 that such a plat when built up willwiil contain fifteen or twenty thousand population and that theywillthey will require twenty four buildings to supply them with houses for public worship and schools when this square is laid off and supplied lay off another in the sainesanesame way and so fill up the world in these last days and let eveltevertevery nanman live in the city for this is the city of zion that is a succession of cities of moderate size of which the one to be erected at jackson county missouri is to be the center place gilo111010 when the monrmonncormonsmormonsons arrived in the great basin they found this plan was difficult to follow the availability of pepermanentmanent streams and areas withorithenith desirable topography was a limiting factor in the overaovenaoverall23 settlement plan despite these factors ISaltsaltsaitait lake city soon numbered more than thirty thousand people and as most of the desirable settlement locations wero occupied more settlers stayed within the salt lake valley causing this areaaroa to growg mam7 in palationpopulationpo the plan of the city of zion

becanebecame the ganemgeneral baternraternpattern for the settlements established by the 1iaimorainsmoraonsornormorsons in the great basin salt lake city being the first 11 villageeillagelleillagellagett established in 18417184 it woaldwould seem that mormon cocornnunitiescorhncornnzo unitiesminitiesminifies in the great basin were the

result of the convergence of the followingfo11ow4na n7 facts and influences 111 l the developrientdeveloprient of extraordinary group solidarity 2 the plan of the city of

zion and 3 the physical environment of the valleys ardand nearbynearby mountains while t1tathisthiisilslis last important factor is only briefly mentioned here it uriwriwillli be discussed in detail in chapter II11

lobiobB H roberts A COTcomprehensiveD tehensivetehennehensive hihistoryst of the church of jesus christ of latter dazdaycay saints vol I1 salt lake city utah deseretDeserofc nensnewsmensmewsneus ivrepressss9ssa 193091930 p 311 14

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PUTPLAT faifqiFCLR ICITCITYICITYY OF ZION the blocks wore tenton acresacnes eacibacieach with twenty oneono half acre 4 1lotslobs0 ts to1 0 o tatnI1 i block the centercontercontor titerer of blocks vaswas fifteenfifloen acres with thirty one hlfhalf aeraacreacra lotsiotslobsbots to the blo-blockk stetsstreetsstreetz narenerewereware eikelkeihtechtht rods niduldwid 3 lhtha three centercentor blocksbiocbloc cs wrowerewero roscrvdro3crvtd for churches schools and pulblipublic lubulldisbuildislullluilbuilildiJITIdislisilsnosngs 0 500goo00 tooomooWOOoooo J Soursourcecj church IiifiliiistorianilistoriansilistoriansorlansstorianI1 s ofefficeofficef i ce scalescaloscascadlole in feetreetreot salt lakelako city utan

MAlyapayapP 2 CHAPTER II11

PHYSICAL background

general topography of the great basin

some three years prior to the mormon entree into the great basin john charles fremont hdhod explored the region and consequently named it the great basin 11 the adjective great is appropriate in that the basin encompasses an area of approximately 210000 square miles it measures 880 miles in length from north to south and nearly 52572 miles in width at its broadest part it is the largest closed drainage area in north america the altitude of much of thethobhe sinisbasinisBabasinbaginis is 4000 feet or more above sea level the great basin is not a single cup shaped depression surrounded by mountains instead it is a series of more than 90 basins separated from each other by more than 160igo block fault ranges which have a north south trend and vary in length fronfrom thirty to one hundred nilesnilosmilos the higher basin ranges reach altitiaaltituaaltitudeses of from 8000 feet tcto more thanthrahr n 10000 feet and are separated by broad desert plains or basins lyinglpingaping at altitudes varying from seasoa level or a little less as in death valleyvaileyvaney to 4000 to ooo5000000 feet in the north many of these basins have their own interior drainage and thus playa lakes are formed on the valley floors these are shallow sheets of vaterwaterviterwiter which cover many square miles in the

11john11 I1 john charles frtiontfromontfrpmont depoereportrepoe of tho exploringeyplorin7 bcrexpeditionecreco d L lonion to the rockarockvrocky mountainsauntount inelneins in thehe year 1842IS ardand to ororegonmon ard orthrrnmorthamorthm f2yforniacalifocalibo g 1643116431843 1 ashingtonwashingtonwasningtonY U S governmegovernmentlentnt Prinprintinpaintinprintingtin office 1645 p 93

15 16 winter season but evaporate during the summer leaving their beds a eardhardhandhaid smooth alkali plain 12

lake bonneville deltas and terraces

within this basin and range country two large lakes existed during the pleistocene period lake la fontanhontan covered a large area in nevada while lake bonneville covered much of the present state of utah lake bonneville had an extreme north and south length of three hundred miles and an east west extent of one hundred eighty miles presenting a total areaerea of 195019750 square miles the sites of the present cities of salt lake city ogden provo and other communities in northern utah were once covered by more than one thousand feet of water 13 the bonneville lake basin drained an approximate 500054000 square rdlesriilesadles area in northern and western utah the general outline of the lake vaswas that of a pear and at the present time is denoted by the great salt lake desert and the sevier desert while the stem of the pear is occupied by the escalanteEscesealanto desert the lovestlowest depression in bonnevilleBonnoville basin is located along its eastern border and today is filled by great salt lake a remnant of the once expansiveexpensive ldalimikeLIA bonneville this body of water is a broad shallow sheetsheeb which extends eighty miles in s northwest southeast direction has a width of thirty five miles and covers an area of 1260 square miles fc great salt laketakelmkeimke receives fresh water from four important rivers the bearrearbealrbeahregar

12 gloria griffen cline Ecolorineexploringcolorinechlorine the greatgreatjgsinfasin norrsnonrunnormsnonrjnin cklahor laza university of Okoklahonoklahomalahodlahonevl131earseaaea13l 9631963 P 3

13gardwaudward J roylanceroyisroylaRoylsnce materials for ththe study of utahs I1geographyeo7r O .2 18 aitaltsitsalt ikelakeipke city utah by the author iacoibco16 0 redondo ave 19c1922 p 1 17

the ogden the weber and the jordan despite the inflow of these streams 9 the water level is stabilized by the tremendous amount of evaporation G K gilbert was among the first men to study the remnants of this peatgreat pleistocene lake and publish his reports to the world the great lake stood not at one level but at several during a period of climatic change when precipitation evaporation and drainage were in a state of balance the level of the lake was stationary during these periods top- ographic features were carved by wave action or deposited by rivers the various levels at which the lakeslake waters were stabilized for comparativelcomparativalcomparativelyly long periods of tinotimetimo are visible to highway travelers as benches along the mountainsides and especially along the wasatch foothills from mt nebo on the south to northern cache valley on the north w14 in the vicinity of provo it is possible to see four quite distinctldistinctly marked shore lines of ancient lake bonneville tha gilbert often referred to as the bonnevillebotinBoAinevilieeville the provo the intermediate and the stansbury each of these were formed at different periods in the history of the lake the highest is the gilbert which was named in honor of G K gilbert who arotevrote a classic history of lake bonneville in 1890 it can be seen just above the foothills east of provo the provo level is indicated by the provo bench the intermediate level is indicated by temple hill or brigham tounetoungyouneyoung university campus the rim of the stansbury level is riotnot pronounced and is difficult to trace through present day proveprovo because of urban develocmentdevelopment several years aoago it was possible to trace its course from about second west and Tiglfthtwelfth north streets as it ran in a south- easterly direction towards the city cemetery

14 ibid 18 the provo the intermediate and the stansbury levels were forntorredforredformeded as deltas by proveprovo river rock canyon creekcrock and slate canyon creek As lake bonneville receded during dry perperiodslodsyods the river and creeks cut through the highest delta the sediment from this cutting action was moved domdown to form the next lower fan like delta and then the process was repeated until the utah lake level was reached the provo river is at the present time building a delta where it enters the ququietlet waters of utah lake the early settlers and surveyors were undoubtedly surprised to see these flat topped deltas spreading out from the western base of the wasatch mountains in 1847 the cormonsmormons applied the descriptive title of benches to these unusual formations the term is still used today by the lay citizen when speaking of these delta formations these deltas soon became important to the cormonsmormons as they surveyed the area in an attempt to locate settlement sites

alluvial fans

the early settlers soon found alluvial fans were cocommonln in the gretgreat basin region the streams of the area are fed chiefly by tributariestributatribratariesriesnies whoe sources are in the high wasatch mountains where the rainfall is greater than on the aidandaridarld desert plains to the vestwest at rare internintervalsraisrals heavy downpoursdownpours cloudburstscloud bursts occur on the upper courses which though of short durationdurations fill the valleys producing torrents of great erosive power As these streams flow from the higher mountain valleys into the desert valleys they quickly drop their sediments nithwith the more coarse riateriaterialssiaterialsrials such as rocks and gravel being lala5dladdidl down first As the

QS grgladiengradiengradientadienadlen 1.1 diminishes and as the velocity decreases and as atervaterwater is lost

0 r by evaporationevajoevaporation andaridarld bbyx absorptabsorptionlonion intinto1 o therhe porous sliualluviumalln1lln finer 19 particles of dimentdimontsedimentse such as sand and silt are deposited in this way a pile of waste is forsorformediredrredined half coneeone shaped with a base varying in dial-diam- lereter from a few feet to several miles in widthvridth the accunulationsaccumulations are called alluvial cones when the gradient is steep and alluvial fans when the slope is not so great most of the streams which flow from the wasatch mountains and other ranges of the greatgreet basin inlointoin lo the desert valleys have built alluvial fans where streams arearo found in close proximity coalescing takes place making a piedmont alluvial plain generally speaking there are two types of alluvial fans found in the vavaneyvalleysneyuey of the great basin 1 the narrow steep fans and 2 the large gengentlyly sloping fans located at the immediate base of the surround- ing mountains or at the base of deltas the large gently sloping fans proved ilto0 o be of most value to the earleariearlyY mormon settlers in their quest for comracomrpcommunityunity sites

A map of utah locating the cities and totowns4 ns of the state with raref- erence to the ziverstiversriversziversryvers and canyons and soil formations would show that thetho early pioneers who founded thee settlements chose sites near the mcuntlairmount in streams at the mouths of canyons and often located their villages on or near an alilaalliaalluvialvial fan or delta these locations provided natural sloping lands for irrigation and ri-richnichi ch well drained soils which are well suited to a variety of crops

lake bottoms and river bottoms

the valleys of the great basin are underlain by consolidated de- posits estimated to be hundredsharildhurildiredsfreds of feet in depth the fill consists of layers of sands gravel silt and clay the coarse deposits of gravel were laid dcdownm by stream action fromfrore the adjacent mountains the silt 20 and clay layers vorewerewore deposited primarily during the several glacial periods uhenwhen most of the valleys were covered by lake bonneville or one of its predecessors 15 the lake bottoms or lake plain lands are gentle in slope and at first attracted the attention of the pioneers as settlement sites these lands were soon found to contain heavy clay soils with water tables often near the surface many areas were marshy and some sections were too alkaline for crop production 16 the river bottoms land is a combination of coarse deposits of gravel and silt and clay laid down by the river when flooding occurs some mormon settlements were located along river bottom lands to take advantage of areas of richer alluvial soils these same communities did have the danger of flood ddamagedenagesenage during high water periods and many wore therefore forced to relocate their settlements

mountains

the mormon settlers fodedbodedfounded their settlements at the foot of I1thebheloeeluhekohe wasatch range the wasatch mountains and the neighboring uinta mou- ntains are high and majestic when compared with the many other ranges in the basin and range country the wasatch range is the principal front

randrendrancranderenderancerangerengee on the western edge of the reckyreeky mountains and fofornsformsMs part of thethle easteieastekeasternn margin of the great basin physiaphysiophysiographicallygraphically it is a great fault block thrust above the valleys of the great basin vithwith an abrupt and

lffarf144irf elroehmebroELTermelmo0 o coffmanCoffnanman the geography of the utah valley crescent ll unpublishedi phd dissertation dept of geography ohio state univer sityILLY i94419 p 51 1 6 robert lytonlaytondayton landlanddand use in utah valley unpublished phd d 4 adopt syracuse 1062 p 16 dissertationss dopt of geography Univeruniversituniversiauniversitysilsitsllly 12 9 21 y impressive rise averaging about 6500 feet from the valley floor to peaks reaching well over 11000 feet above sea level the eastern face of the range is regionally much more gentle in slope than that of the westwost and slopes gradually to several upland valleys the mountains proved invaluable to the cormonsmormons settling the great basin their towns were often built near the mountains because here the timber was available which was needed for construction of homes and stock- ades roads were difficult to construct into the mountains thothereforerefore close proximity was advantageous where the timber was laekjaekjacklackingjackinging or had to be brought from great distances rock or acobesadobes had to be used for building purposes the p2esoncep2vsonce of forests meant the colony would have

log houses for their shelters and sawmills later gave therthorthonthom more digndignifdigniaif J aec8 framefraine residences the mountains also famishedfurnished valuable grazing lands for the pioneers livestock during the summer months climatic effect of the mountains upon precipitation will be discussed in thetho climate section of this chapter

climatic factors

the valleys along the wasatch mountains and plateaus where tithie cormonsmormons settled were comparatively dry and must have seesoesopseemednedmed especiaspeciespeciallyq11yallyaily so to a people coming from the midwesternnidmid western united states several clinacilmaclimaclinaticclizraticclimatictic factors account for this andaridarld condition 1 air masses from the pacific ocean carried by the Wosterlystorlywesterly winds must pass over thetho highhinh cascade sndandanend sierra mountain ranges before reaching the valleys of the wasatch As these air masses ararearaaueauaa forced to rise over the coa5tcoactcoastalal nountainsmountains considerable

moisture is lost on 11thehe windwarditjncjtard side and as they dodescendscend on the eewardecwardbeehard side thythey ere comparatively drrarrdry 2 when air masses with confideconsideconconsiderablesidesidorablewabiewahle 22 moisture content do pass over the mountain barrbarebarriersLers they must travel more than five hundred miles over basin and range country before reaching the valleys on the eastern margin of thetho great basin 3 the subtropi- cal high pressure cells influence the climate of the area As these highs move north along the pacific coast during the summer months they cause the moisture bearing winds to be deflected to the north giving the grestgreat basin a dry summer season during the winter and spring months this high pressure system has moved south allowing the pacific maritime air masses to penetrate into the valleys along the wasatch mountains meterologicallymeteorologically the wasatch mountains and their high plateaus and the uinta mountains have two principal effects that benefit the valleys on the easterneastorn edge of the great basin the first effect is the greatgroat increase of precipitationprec3preca citationpitation in the mountain region proper through adiabatic cooling of eastward drifting air masses forced to rise over these high barriersberiberzbarz lers coming mostly in the form of winter snows and early spring rains this orographically induced precipitation is stored ovar the cool months and is then neleneiereleasedsed through mountain streams to the valleys with thethobho onset of surnerdummersummercummergurnergumner pacific maritime air moving across the basin fronfromfroni the north pacific ocean is caused to rise as it approaches the wasatch range the orogrorogoorogrphicorographicakhiraphir effect may tdeginbeginginfin as nuchmichmuch as ten miles or dorenoremore vestwest of the mountains four stations of graduated ovationelolelevationelovationolovation tithinwithinrithin the salt lake valley and adjoining wasatch mountains serve to illustrate the

see 1 orographicA effect on precipitation table the northennorthemnorthern valleys alonsalong the wasatch mountains rotnot only receive more precipitation butbn t have lower annealannual temperturetemperaturetenpotempetemporturess than those on the

sousouthernthiern marf lnin of the great basin st george in southwestern utah

atfitaitfat 2pap2500280000 foot above sea levelleveilevoi has & nichruchmichmuch warrer annual temperatemperatureI1turepure but TABLE 1

CLIMATIC DATA FOR THREE STATIONS ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE GREAT basina 193119521931 1952

logan ututahah el 4778 J F M A M i i A S 0 N D yr range temp 23023.0 28528.5 36736.7367067 48548.5 56756.7567562 64164.1galghi 73673.6 72272.2222 63163.1 51551.5 36136.1 28528.5 48548.5 50650.6 preciaprecip 1561.56 1401.40 1891.89 2212212.21 193igo1.93 1341.34 4646.46 7575.75 9595.95 1651.65 1511.51 1511.511 51 172317.23

salt lake city el 4366 r teaptenptemp 27227.2 33233.2 40640.6 50550.5 58658.6 66666.6 76176.1 74374.3 64564.5 53253.2 39039039.0 31931.9 51351.3 48948.9 preciaprecip 1201201.20 1311311.31 1701.70 1571521.57 1371321.37 979297.97 6868.68 9393.93 4848.48 1351.35 139log1.39 1341.34 1429142914.29

st george utah el 2800 terpterrptemp 38938.9389089 44444.4 51551.5 60260.2goe 68168.1 75875.8758258 83483.4 81981.9 74574.5 61961.9gig 47747.7422472 40540.5 60860.8 44544.5 preciaprecip loi1011.01 1071.07ioplop 9393.93 5555.55 3535.35 2121.21 5555.55 6464.64 6868.68 6868.68 60go60.60 1211.21 8488.488 48

adata from USDA weather bureau sumnarvsummary of the data for the US byz sections no 11371137911 37937 washington government printing office 052195211 24 lower annual precipitation than does logan which is four hundred miles to the north and nearly two thousand feet higher in elevation see table 2 most parts of the great basin have swisuirjneraner temppgempptemperaturesraturesmatures of 90 to 100 degrees F and occasionally even higher laxloxlawlow humidity makes these temperatures more bearable than in other more humid regions of the same latitude prolonged periods of erterbextremelyremely cold weather are rare mainly because of the rocky mountains which act as a barrier against cold arctic airbir9 ir masses which move southward during winter northsnonthsmonths the daily caneranerange inln temperature during sumnersummer months when hot days andalid cool nights prevail is wide wind valocivagalocivelocitiesloci Jles are usuusuallyy light to moderate with occasionally strong canyon winds from the east only six tornadoes have occurred in utah during the period 191619571916 195i1957 with slight damage resulting the july averaaveragele temperature along the eastern side of the grestgreat basin is 74974.9749fOF while the average for january is 277f2770127.701 the lengllengthuh of the growing season ranges from 2121010 dasdays at saint georcegeorge to less than 120 days at logan

soils

the region along the foothills of the wasatch mountains and extending down into thehe valleys contains large tracts of deep fertile soil with a mantle of fine rock waste in this area of fans and deltas soils fall into the sierozem brown and chestnut classificatioclassificationclassificationss ard vithwith irrigation produce abundant crops 17f

17markmark jefferson utah thsth3ohs oasis at the foot of thetho wasatch geoeraphigeoerdphi cal rev ew 19161916 p 36046346 tameTAKETABLE 2

precipitation DATA FOR STATIONS IN SALT LAKE VAvaldeyVALLEY AND ADJOINING WASATCH MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSa 193119521931194219311.9421931 19521942

sailtairaltairsaltairsultair el 4212421 2 12 milesmilesies vrestwest of sasaltlt I1lakeakei Wcityy J F M A M i i A S 0 N D MEAN ANNUAL preciaprecipprecipreelp 101.0iolo 1201.20 glgi91.91 11281.282828.28 1421.42 53 8383.83 gigl61.61 5858.58 1121.121 12.12 116ilg1.16 1221.2214 22 1188118811.88 salt lake city el 434366036666 terminal on west side of city precippreclpprecup 1201.20 1311.31 1701201.70 11571521.57575257.57 1371.37 97 6868.68 9393.93 4848.48 1351.351 3535.35 1391.39 1341.341 34 142914.29 mountainbuntainmountain dell dam el 55005500 10 milesmi lesies east of salt lake city preclpprecipprecup 2122.12 2252.25 2502.50 22342.343434.34 2182.18 lao1401.401 40 8282.82 99gg99.99 90go90.90 2192.19 22272.2727 22152.1515 222122.21 bribrightonghtongaton el 8740 15 miles southeastsouth east of salt lake city preciaprecip 5075.07 5295.29 5425.42 33783.78782878.78 2562.56 22122122.1212 11441.4444aw44.44 11751.75175125752575.75 1331.331 3333.33 33123.1212.12 44364064.3636 5305005.30 415441.54

summary by no 11 data from usda9usdanUSDA 9 weather bureau of the data for the US sections 113737 washington government printing office 1952 26 the more central parts of the valleys west of the fertile fans and deltas contain lacustrine soils which in turn give way to more alkaline soil and poorly drained sediments especially is this true in salt lake and utah valley areas the first settlers found these poorly drained soils often prohibited a variety of agricuagricoagricujlturalitural pursuits consequently the expanse of arable lands was limited in most cases to a comparatively narrow strip a few nilesmiles wide at the base of the wasatch range the higher valley soils were found nostmost useful as grazing areas for the numerous livestock brought into the valleys by the NorMoreonnormansnonnormonsmormonsnonsmons

vegetation

when the first pioneers came into salt Iakelakemkedakeimkelmke valley they saw a valley barrenberrentarren of trees except for a few cottoncottonwoodswoods growing along the jordan river and on the banks of city creek for the most part the vvalleyvaileyey contained spaesagebrushbrashbrush greasewood rabbitbnrabbitbmshish and salt grass in isolated areas orson pratt a member of the first company to enter the salt lake valleyvailey recorded that a veltvelyvery great variety of green grass and vervvery luxuriant covered the botbottonsbottomstoris for miles where the soil was

4 Q sufficiently damp 1810 most of the accounts described the grass as

existing near the strstreamsearris and mountains on the eastern side of the 19 valley while the western parts were more desolate utah vallevalievalleyvailey supiportedoupporfced a wider variety of plants ranging from grasses to trees along most of the water courses were stands of willows and

1840 leland hargraveHar rave creer thethozhe founding of anjainkaunzaun endaencaempire saitsaltcalt akelakedake city okcraftbookcraftokcraft 19479197 P 30400430

19 orson F whitney history of uthlitah vol I1 saltsaitasitssitsalt Ilakelaheake city cennoncecannon and sons 89219489218921901892 194190igo P 325 27 200o cottonwood trees the land near the lake supported an excellent neadowmeadow farther up toward the mountains the land produced bunbuncharassbunchgrassbunchcharassgrass wheatgrasswheatgrass and rric1cegrassricegrassegrass in local areas such as the provo bench sagebrush and greasewood were abundantabtlndant the nearby wasatch mountains except for the lower ranges supported dense stands of conifer and aspeaspenen at higher elevations the forests were broken by parks of lush grass making them desirable for grazing 212 the lower elevations were dominated by scrub oak and sagebrush the vegetation found in these valleys was typical of that found along the western slopes of the wasatch mountains in the great basin

streams

several major rivers flow from the uinta and wasatch mountains into the adjacent valleys of the greatgreet basin the bear weber provo and spanish fork are rivers which have sufficient stream flow to be useful for irrigation during the siersummer months the bear weber and provo rivers all have their headwaters in the hiahhigh uinta mountamountainsns vilevliewilewhile the spanish foforkic has as its headwaters the wasatch mounta4mountasmountainsanslns the presence of streams was a major factor in developing theche serisenisem aridarldbrid region of the great B asin5sinsa n sinsine most of the valleys could be colonized provided sufficient stream fioflofigfloxflow was available early recon- naissance by the pioneers did not always correctly identify peianentpeiperrperranentpermanentperpermanent streams but anenwnen slremsstre3nsstromssLrems were found thathat did not disappear during the

20 honhowrdhonardhowardhow rd R driggs tiantiadtinnanoosTinntimpano7osanoos tutownarldriwri manchester iviivl111 H the press dris 18 clarke 1948 9 p

al111lL A stoddart rane lindslands pfjjthof utah county and their ititiita li11 zpill3 L111 onp ututphulphQ h azratraarariculilicuacutiltii ra1 fcporinantfeorifpori ont station bulletinnulnui letin no 31731 doandocanloan utintitutlutanrutanlutiutahin state agragriculturaliculturql llopec0110facallopecollopeCo 1951915 t p 5 28 summer nmonths 4herethere usually a settlement of sonsomsonesomee consequence could be developed the size of the stream flow into a valley during july august and september detentdeterminedined the number of acres that might be brought successfully under cultivation mountain strestrejnsrms and creeks furnished bhethebuhsbuhe water necessary for drinking and culinary purpumpurposesposos and for the turning of various types of mills in many cases the streams were far apart making the area of the

territory to be colonized extensive the lack of sufficient rairerair3rainfall41aaa11 and the distadistedistancezice between streams made it necessary for brigham young to send exploration parties on a broad scale if land for settlement was to be proviprovaprovidedidedaided for future expansion the absence of moisture limited thetho formation of colonies to restricted areas where the water could most easily and with least waste be brought to the farms the conservation of water was the only method by which settlement could be increased after the colonies had been established on the various streams CHAPTER HI

SITE SELECTIONSELEXTION

the physical environment of the eastern great basin has been dis- cussed in order to setsot the stage for the actual arrival of the momonmormon settlers the factors of climate landlandfomlandfornlandsomforn and soils all had their impact upon the choice of a townsite the cormonsmormons were faced with the problem of placing comparatively lareiarelarge groups of jxaxpeopleopleopie in lirldjirldlimitedtedbed geo- graphical areas where perltperitperinperitanentperitianentperiTianent streams flowed into the valleys colonies could usually be establishestablishededleds but where along the course of these stremstreamsils did the pioneers locate their villages analysis of one hurlhurihundreddred monnonmormon settlements reveals considerable information as to ththetee type of landlandfomlandsomlandformform cichosenL losen of the total number sixty towns verewerewore located on or at the iraneimmediatediate base of an allurialalluvial fan while another large group was found on or near deltasdaltas or bench lands only a snailsnallsmailsmallspall group of villages was located on lake plains or river bottoms land to better illustrate the relationship between the physical site and the eoamoamommormon settlement a sampling of various seise2seaselectedselectedectedacted corarunitiescomniunities from each of thesethesa categories is presented

tostowns located on fans at mouths of canyons bribliharbriharbrihamhamharhan cjlvycalvy brigham city is a classic example of a settlement locating on a fan ncrnernear the inmediatoimmediatemediatemedianomediatediato mouth of box fider canyon sardisardinee the azwzwaterstrst 29 30

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MAP 3 31 of boxpox elder creek carried alluvium from the near by wasatch mountains thus forming an alluvial fan the first settlers in the area were inter- ested in the water supply from box elder creek but also noticed the rich aalluvialvial soil deposits on this fan the soils were found to have excellent water drainage properties the natural slope of the land made diversion of irrigation water comparatively easy air drainage or them-therm- al conditions on this elevated land made fruit growing successful within the next decade after the initial settlesettiesettlementnentment

pleasant grove in september of 1850 a permanent settlement was made at grove creek which is directly north of battle creek these are both creeks which issue from the wasatch mountains into the valleyvailey about ten miles north of proveprovo the settlement soon encompassed all the sloping land between battle creek and grove creek here on the lower slopes of an alluvial fan the settlers found several favorable conditions for seiftlementsettlementIftintinnlement the

near by creeks supplied water for domestic and irrigation needs whilewhawh4klekie 1 good farm land was near at hand the land between the settlement and the lake furnished good pasture land for livestock since this meadow land which was in the lake bottoms area was of upmost inportanceimportance as pasture endand hay ground the settlers could not afford to take up this land with a village site if the early pioneers were to take advantage of the water power furnished by grove creekcreckcrock and battle creek they had to locate their settlement on the lower slopes of a steep alluvial fan the lower end of this narrow steep fan contained silt deposits this rich soil provided land for garden plots the settlementsettsottlerentlement was located near the foothills of the wasatchwasatchdasatchgatch mountains this made it 4 nennon possible to herd thedhek cattle sheep and goats into thetho rornearreannern by highlands 32 these were all factors considered by the pioneers in determining the

f site of pleasant grove 22 payson

in the autumn of 1850 the settlement of payson was made about twenty miles south of provo at the foot of the wasatch mountains on the upper slopes of an alluvial fan the settlement was located ritriarua the base of payson hill which is a finger of the wasatch mountains the settlers desired this location because it was here the Peteetpeteetrieetpeteetneetneet creek flowed from the mountains furnishing their water supply in addition this eveglave them the high ground for protection against possible indian attack paysonpeyson is located on the upper slopes of the salensalem fan this allowed the settlers to famfarmramsarm the more gently sloping and fertile lower slopes to the west north and east less than two nilesmiles straight north of payson thetho

pioneers could graze their cattle and horses on the rileameadowsdows of the lake bottoms this land proved ideal for hay and pasture

st georpgeoppgeoreegeorgee st george is situated on a sloping alluvial fan created byityiny streams flowing from the near byitytrykry pine valley mountains during periods of hearyheavy

rainfall or cloudburstscloudburstscloudcloud bursts great amounts 0of0 soil were carried down from these mountains fonaingforriing this fan some three miles nornorknorlnorthlklhkah of the junction of the virgin and santasanu clara rivers the natural slope of this fan is obvious to anyone who hshas visited the coirocoirounitycomnunitycommunityunity it is interesting to note at this point the directions given by brigham young as to the selection of a site for the city of st george in december of 1861

22driggs22 op p 25 driggs on oltgiteitcitelt 9 33 brigham young sent a letter to orson pratt and erastus snow giving thethenthema the followfollowincfollowinginc0 instructions

in selecting a location for a city there are a few requisdequisrequisites1 tes to which wo desire to call your attention first and most impo- rtant is a good central position that shall naturally form a point a hub city and a local head quarters for all the seclementsulementssettlementstlt Luleuiements upon the santa clara and rio virgin upper and loverlower such a locality we think may be found at or near the junction of these rivers great care should be exercised in locatinlocating9 upon high groundrowiddowid with dry gravelly soil a good distance from the river bottoms and consequently free from the unpleasant and unhealthy mimiasmaasraara usually arising from bottom lands in vaelvaenwaerwaenwann cllmatesclizratesclimates the next considerationconsiderstion will be the obtaining of a supply of good purepum water for doresticdorestindodorresticdorrestic purposes this may be accomplished by conducting water from springs many of which you will probably find at no great distance and by the digdiggingging of wells but no reference should be had to the procuring of water sufficient l for mills or manufacturing parparposespurposesposes all such establisestestablishestablishmentsablis 1 ments should be located on the streams as convenient to the settle- ment as proper sites can be found the above essentials procured you will next look around for building materials good stone and good timber and when found open practicable roads to them so that they naymay be easy of abessacess to all we wish to caution you against sleeping out upon your fernsferms which will be necessarily located on the bottom lands and may be sonesome distance from your houses you had better trtravelbivel a little distance to sleep than to expose your health by sleeping on those damp bottoms we repeat the suggestions that the brethren undertake the cultivation of such small tracts of land as they are able to cultivate to advantage having in view first the culture of cotcottonkonkoionton n as the most important staple adapted to that climate and the one most needed by the people of utah at the present lime 1123 it will be noted that brigham young was especially interested in establishing a settlement on idahhigh ground with dudry gravelly soil which would offer good drainage even though the farsarfarnfarm lands would be located near the virgin river botton lands he cautioned the people against building hoiesholeshorieshorles there

23joel richsricks forasformsfomas and 14methodsthodsghods of early morionmorrionmormon settlement lodanlogan duhutahugh utah state universuniversouniversityity 196905 appp 707170010 711 34 totownsans located on fans created by rivers breaching existing deltas salt lake city salt lake city was originally settled on an alluvial fan which was formed by city creek after it had cut its way through a terrace formed by ancient lake bonnevillebonriev ille most of the early settlements in salt larelake valley were nademade either on the bench lands to tho eastca-eastcastst andfindaind north or upon fans near the mouth 0of near by ewicwiemicanyonsyons the early leaders were apparently concerned with the type of land fomationmatlonformation where the first mormon city was to be built Bribrighimbrighamghimer young said the soil appears of excellent quality abun- dant watered by many streams of the purest water and timsertimber in thetho mountains the atmosphere is clear the air salubrious we have selected a site for a city which for beauty and convenience we have never before equalledequalled it is on a gentle declivity whore every garden house lot or room may bo alabundantlyowndantly supplied with cold water from the mountains at pleasure he described the first soil which was staked off for planting esas friable wanliwarnwannwarm and gravelly 24 brigham youncsyoungs description of the land is typical of an alluvial

formation the gen4genagentlegentie1 aeA declivity of the land with friable warriwarnwarm gravelgravetgravellyly soil indicates that these were important criteria in the site selection for sallsaltsail lk city

provo the fifrstarstrst settlement in utah valley brovprovproveprovo was located as a fort near the Timpanotimpanogosgos or plrjvoprovo river and below a point where a smalsmallsmail1 creekere branches off the main stream in 1849 the first pioneers chose this particular location which was about two miles westwost of the present downtowndown town business section and was situated on the alluvial banks of the

24 thomas C fcrceyroeyaceyiney ththe story of deseret independence tissoiiimissourii ting pupublishjrpublisherusajushy 7 Cunounooncuncanycany 19 c6ca 71 ziontszion fripriprintingtinatin4 and Publish6 ushjJr I1 conrandconranvdany PP 35

HUMAP 4 36 provo river in 185048501855 the settlers mlocatedrelocated their ssettlementettlement eastward nearer the western base of the wasatch mountains here the pioneers colocotocouldcolodd tataeke advantage of the gently sloping alluvial fan deposits which were laid dodownwm by the river as it breached the provo bench the new site further west provided better land drainage there vesvaswaswes less encroach- ment of subsurface water atpt the new location thus rakingmaking the groundgrowidgrowed titiu&ble11ableabie for a greater variety of crops the river at this location had sufficient drop to provide water power for grist mills 252 As the settlers began to develop farm land to the north andend east of the proveprovo townsite they nonotedledbed that the river creeks and lake had given thetho area a varied soil strata the rapidly flowing streams had left here and there a substratum of rocks and coarse gravel the more slowly moving currents had carried gravel sand and silt where the strstustreainsstreamsstreanystreamyeainsearns had over- flowed their banks rrichlehiehachlch alluvial soil was spread over the near by flood plains thus providing ideal farrfarnfannfarm sites the early pioneers in the provo area not only found water plentiful from the river but also found underground sources of uwaterater issuing forth as sarinassprinassprings at the basebaso of the deltas and ffansms to the north and east this underground source of water flows through gravel deposits which were forredformed by alluvial outwashout wash action at various stages of lake borabonaborjnevilleevillle beds of clay were formed before andaridanid after this outwashout wash action andsand served to60 trap the water forming underground reservoirs the spring water wswas valued aas a source of drinking water as well as irrigation water in ma-marymanyry cases the settlers found the water table to be within sjsixx to eight

25 25hubertruberlrubertHubert howe bancroft history of uthutah salt lake city utah Bookbookcrafbookcraftcraf 119 1964 p 310 37

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38 feet of the surface this water could be obtained through hand digging and would supply some water for livestock americanamerlean fork thetho settlers of american fork located their settlement along the banks of americanrneAneamerican forkforic river in july of 1850 where they could take ad- vantage of the natural meadows along the creek the main area of settlement wswaswae located on alluvial fan deposits created by the river as it cut through the bench lands at the base of the waswasatchtehtch mountains the sand silt and clay structure of this section provided natural meadows xion these meadows much needed farm land was put under cultivation water could be diverted at higher elevations on the american fork river and a system of canals was eventually constructed to provide the needed irrigation water for the pioneerpioneerspioneersfsf crops the water fromfroin the river was used for culinary purposes and as early as 1853 ann ordinordinanceazeeanceamee was passed prohibiting pollution of the stream soon surface wells wore dug with the water being used primacprimaxprimarilyilyliy for house- holds in the lands south of town artesian wells were dug furnishing water from which hundreds of acres of land could be irrigated the low medow lands near the lake votwotvoevouwoe ldid have been cultivated by the settlers but they werewyre found to be too wet and heavily alkaline for ordinary crop production and a-ass a result the higher and drier preas were brought under cultivation first

towns located on or near deltas

qedqgdogden

As early as 1841 the land v here thetho city of ogden now stands was

hold as a spanish grant by kliesmiles M goodgoodyeargoodyoarGoodyearoarrearpear who built a stockade and 39 a few log houses at a point where the weber and ogden rivers meet on the ath6th of june 1848 james brown of the mormon battalion purchased thilthiss tract of land fromyron goodyeargoodyear for 5000 during 1848 jaresjanesjames brobrownsrufsrnfs family and three other families moved into the cabins left by goodyear on the y banks of the weber river 26 brigham yoyounglaglmg was determined to make ogden a pivotal city for future settlements in the weber valley the october general conference of the church in sasaitsaltsatt1tat lelarelakelekelakeke city in 1849 voted to survey and locate a city in james browns neighborhood brigham young visited mr brownbrounsbrowns settle- ment during 1849 to determine the best site for the city which he knew would soon accommodate many new innimnimmimmigrantsigrantsmigrants to the great basin brighabrighamm stated that he and his party ascended a sandhill to discover the best location for a town which wee finfinallyalv decided should be laid out on the south side of ogden river at a point of bench land so that water from the weber and ogden rivers might be taken out for irrigation and other purposes 27 ogden was therefore established on a delta at the junction of the ogden andemd weber rivers in 1850 bribrighamghar youngfoung gave the people of ogden the plan of the city to be formsormformeded with city lots and outlying agr4agraagricul-eulculeui tural lands that sanesame year the history of ogden on its present site began the president urged the people to move at once to their city lots and to build for themselves substantial dwellings a meeting place ardand a so school house 9 to fence their IDgardensardensaddens and plant traitfraitfruit trees the place

26jbidbid Dp 307 2jaj kicksricks onOD c1t191cjtcat p 545 40 might become a permanent settlement and the headquarters for the northern portion of the territerritorytollytoily 28w logan when settlers from wellsville in the southwest end of cache valley were told to found other settlements one of the first to be settled was logan the city was located at the base of a delta formed by the logan river A finger of lake bonneville extended into cache valley thus allowing the creation of deltas along the mountain sides where streams poured into the ancient lake the site of logan was chosen as a location place because of its rich alluvial soil and pasture lands to the west of the city the logan river provided power for the early grist miusminsmills while the nerrnearneor by mountains afforded timber and summer grazing land for thetiletlle livestock 292cac

sprinerillesphineSprinePrinhibwib rilleavill9vill

v I1 was s 185018110 and was base a springspringvillelilellieville settled in I1 located at the of delta mapleton benchberich hobble creek cuts through this bench as it enters the valley fronfrom the wasatchelavlavia satchsateh mountains to the east the settle- ment of springvilleSpringville was established along the north bank of this creek the early settlers were able to take fullfulifudi advantage of springs which ississuedaedued forth at the base of this delta hence the name springvilleSpringville hobble creek supplied water for irrigation purposes the waters of

hobble creek were later diverdiverteddivey ed down the slopes of a small slslluvia luvivi A 3 fan thus allowing thehe settlers to irrigate most of the fields mundinemundingsursurrounding the settlesettiesettlementnentment

28 bancroftBbnncroftin 00op cit9citcita p 308

291bid 597 .9 pep thidibid 9 59597T 41 orornormorenoremm

the area where the city of orenoremgrengrem now stands was known by the early settlers of the valley as provo bench this name is still used to describe the delta or bench lands to the north of proveprovo the provo bench lands were not settled until after the year 1860 since it was possible to cultivate farms during the sulsuisuirimersunamersurnamerrimer months and then move back to the proveprovo settlement for the winter months the bench land is ele- vated above the provo river and hence no streams naturally flowed onto it since water for irrigation was a real problem to the earlycarly settlers this too was & factor in dalaydelayinginaihaing settlement on the provo bench lands the parent underlying natermatermaterialiallai of the provo bench is concomcomposedposed of cobblerockscobblerocks and coarse gravel with a thin layer of clay and silt as a

1 covering there are no inermediateintermediate41 ermediateemmediate layers of clay deposits which would serve to trap the water and establish water tables as is the case in the lake plain lands this explains why the settlers were unsuccessfulunsuccesssllsliAil in obtaining water 17by digging shallow wells into the bench structure the pioneers soon discovered that the soil had a high peipelmeabilitypermeability rate and low soil moisturamoisturemoistura capaccapacityitly in 1863 a small canal was constructed and in 1865 permission was given by thetho territorial government to divert unclaimed water from the provo river the settlers eventually found thitthatthath3 because of the basic landfordlandlandform1lndformform and soil composition such crops as fruit trees and terrterebereterriesberelesberdieslesies which require good drainage could be grown most profitably encn this thin roeyrocky soilsoli 5030 because the top soil was not deep and streams did not flow onto the berichtberichobench orenorem was not settled for at least ten to 4elvetwelvebelvewelve years after near by provo

1 32ood jra N huffkuff eet11 aleliefi mesorosmenorosMenoros that live ututhutahah county centfenralcentennial springvilloSpringspringvi110villo utahutalhutash art city publishing co 1941947 p 11lyliyl151 42 y towns located on lake bottoms or river bottoms

Pajamyrapa3jnvrapamyranyraMyra in the fall of 1851 several families localocatedted on the lake botton

1 t lands about three miles west and slightly north of the present city of spanish fork thus forming the nucleus of the settlement of palmyra although Palynpalymrapalyntralratra was located on the lake bottoms land it was also located along the north bank of the spanish fork river as it flows toward utah lake at this location the settlers could tako advantage of the rich alluvial soil which was washedvi ashshed from the near by mountains and spread over the surrounding flood plains during the high water periods in the spspinaspringlnainaing eventually the 1andslands in the vicinity of palmyra became too alkaline and

wet for nornalnormalnormah croerocropP production thus necessitatingt1ta the abandonment of the comicommunityunity 313

iakaak1aklaketownLaketownetownutown laketownLaketown was settled in 1864 as one of many settlements innn bear lake vrileyvalley the town itself is located on the lake plain two niles south of bear lake evenevonemm though the settlement is located on the lake

bobollonsboltons11 tons it rests upon allualiualluvialvial soil of considerable depth numerous wells have baenbeenbeon drilled to depths exceeding three hundred feet without

hitting solid rock formations nearly all the alluvium except zozodzonsomen e surface materimaterialsaisals from the lake have been transported by the bear 32 riverpiverraverpaver from the uinta mountains to the south east

3lhamilhaniltonhamiltonon gardner history of lehi salt lake city duhutahugh the news1 deseret awsews 1913 9 p 14 32sethseth eliotteuiotteulott budge the geography of bear lake valley unpibliunpublishedshed 1 masters thesis1 dptdriftdript of geography university of utah 1950 p I13431 43 nalnaimalbinrfbinefff after a long and difficult journey tho first settlersseltsettlerslors into south- eastern utah founded the village of bluff the pioneers in this region found the only suitable lands for farming were located along the san juan river bottoms they therefore divided the lands along the alluvial river banks into farnfarm plots and established their community 33

pioneer description

the following is a description written in 1869 by a mr mallinsonmaj linson an english convert to the church of the territory and settlements the territory is made up of a series of valleys with dangesdangosrangesrangos of hirhighighh nountainsmountains on each side and the totownsems are laid off on the sloping bench land fans and deltas wherever there happens to be a river or brook flofioflowingtingaing7ing from the mountains thesethose streams are formed by springs on the hills or by melting of snortsnow on the mountains and as we cannot depend on rain in this high altitude we are obliged to build towns on the water courses on the bottom lands near the center of the valley andarldarid beginning at the lower edge of town our farningfarming land is laid off the farms of a whole town being commonly enclosed with a single fence round the outside thus effecting a great saving in fencing natematematerialsriols oarouroanoun meadows are generally made by the rivers overflooverflogoverflowingringrino the land in the center of thetho vavalleys1 leys which is apportioned to each town and again to each citizen of thetho town in the middle of the sullmersurlmersummer the streams are so low that we cn get on the meadow land and cut and haul our hay honehome bathatbuthut at other seasons it is inninnundatedundated with water 134M soon after the mormon concomcommunitiesunitiesmnities were founded in a particular location men were appointed to survey a city plat for town lots here the leopleleopiejeoplekeoplepeople could live together while cultivating farms on the perlmeterperimeterperipenipenl netermeter

of the village A comparison of these various survey patterns reveals

maivmajymarvmany interestinginteresting points for discussion

331ielMtmtelvinmaelvinmmelvineivinelvinrinnlnvin J frost factors that influenced honohomoHomeHomesteadhomesteadinhomesteadingsteadingin and land 1 Abandonabandonmentnentment in san juan county utah unpublishedunpublished 1hastertastersmaster thesis dept of geography brigham youn university 1960 p 242 yariy4ri3ric3c op citit p 102 TABLE 3

MLITIONSrelationshipHIP OF seisettlementsTLEME NTS TO IANDFORM

settlement Locatedlocated on located on located on located on or near or near laklakee plain riverriver bottoms a fan a delta salt lako city X sugar hourhoushouseeousee x holladay X milli 1 1 creek x south cottonwood x draper x ogden x north ogden x uintah x hooper x p3paplainjnj city x huntsville x farmingtonFarnington x bowntifbountifulu1ua x provo x

Arelreimeamericanrican fork x lehi x pleasant grove x alpine x payson x springaspringvspringvllleme x palmyra x 455

ubieUBLETABLE 3 continued settlement located on located on located on located on or near or near lake plain river bottoms a fan a delta spanish fork X santaquinSantaquin X orenorem X tooeletoooletobole X Grantsgrantsvilleville X st john X manti X

EpInephraimraim X

moroni X

mt pleasant X

spring city X

fairview X

fountain green X

gunnison X clifieldrichfieldRi X salina X

monroe X

farolanfarowanparowan X cod-cedrr city X fanaParaFarafaragonahparagonahpana gonah X beaver X

hinersvilleminersvilleHinersMinersvilieville X nnguitchp&nguitch X 46

TABLE 3 continued

settlement located on located on located on located on or near or near lake plain river bottoms a fan a delta escalante X circlevilleCircleville X summit X junction X fillmore X delta X meadow X holden X wellsville X logan X smithfieldSnithsmithfieldyield X providence X hyrum X mendon X paradiseparadiso X hyde paparkrk X richmond X

wistonlewistonlefLer X millvilleMillmillevilleville X brigham city X willard X

TretremontintrerontonTrerontrenontremontonmontonton X

fielding X 47 tabieTABIZTABLE 3 continued

settlement located on located on located on located on or near or near lake plain river bottoms a fan a delta alvillecoalvilleCo X park itycityC x Kkairisamaamp s X wanshipmanship x heber city x st george x santa clara x washington X toquamtoquemtoquervilleillelile x hurricane X orderaordervdervilleordervilleOr me x canabkanab x bluff x monticello x la sal x mt cacaneicanelcamelrmel x glendale x

montpemontpelier1 ierler x

Rrandolphnd01ph x st charles x gagardenrdenaden Citycity x lauketownkelv m X CHAPTFRCHAPTER IV

EARLY MORMON seitlSEITIsettlementRIENT SURVEYSURWEY PATTERNSPATTEFUIS

background

investigation of the early mormon settlements and their survey patterns reveals considerable varvariationfictionfiation in their layoutlay out arranarrangem&nlsenenemen s the coryacommunitiesunities areore not allailaliau ten acre block patterns nor do they follow exactly the plan for the city of zion the sattlesattiesettlementsrients tend to fall into groups vithwithveithveath ten acre eight acroaero six acre five acre and fciifriifoutfourr acre bloclblochblockss key ttownsowns from each of these groups have been selectselectedcd for nodenorenoue detaileddet a iledlied study each will be discussed in an effort to show the chachara-ac uriscter tiesticsbicsstiesstjes of the survey pat4patapatternern tytypicaldieal tcto that segiseglsegmentent thetho other

cc&romunitiesoreofmormun L ties 9 while riotnot described in depth are showshownn on tables which villwill give the essential characterisllcharacteristicsieskesacsics of each

the process by which these settlements weiweiswedswereweces established derrionderrionsldemonstratesslk ratescates the rarrerrannermarrernannermarxermanner inn which the 1ornionsarmonsorormonsnonsmons attempted to transtrangtranslatelatelato1ateaate 1theirloir early ideals into concrete inctitationsinstitutionsdnstitutions and patterns of social organizitiororganizataor A thathutauthre29

phase sequence wswas ususuallyballyually employed 00.1 preprelininarypreliminary1 binaininai v exexplorationj rationlorationhorationLo wakyaswrasoyas undertaken by corcomcompaniesvanies appo-appointedinted equipped and supported by the churchchurclft 2 a coionizcolonizingapnp company was geregoregonegenerallyrallyraily pointedappointsappoint&appointedsp to fofodnd the settsettlorientlorient and 3 thetho cocompricanyripanyny was eypectedpeckedeypectsd to pattern its corrcorrunitycoercomeunity jnstitinstituticstirlstcrls afafterter those of salt la e city 35

35loonard5joonard J arrarrlngtonarringtoninetoringtor prcrt B s ir in dc cabrid yssass harvard ununiversityunivorsityA t0 rsity proffprosfprobspressprosss 1158q15581553 FPPFPP 689568fcofc8 95 48 49 brigham young and his two counselors headed the land settlement proprojectiecthect they were of course the leadinleading personalities in formulating and putting into operation the colonization and vvillage111agewillage layoutlay out program they had as close helheihelperspars the twelve apostles and many others such as stake prespresidentsdents and bishops who held key positions of leadership in the various settlements which were established throughout the great basin 71t was through this official system of montionmorronmormon govengovernmentimentament that brichanbrighan young concontrollecontrollercontrolledtrolle theth founding of the nanymany communities in utah brighabrigham young personally supervised the laying out of marymany of the towns into surveyed square blocks with wide streets and the alloailoallotingallottinga13otingting of fabingfaming lands and city lots to the settlers 360 despite the influence of church leaders investigation has revealed great variation in village Ilayoutlayay out patterns

salt IPipkeke clycity As previously mentioned briehanbrigham young and his associates follofollowednedved a general policy of selectselectingselectlinginglingzing a favorable silesiteslue in a valvaivalleyvaileyvalloyley and establish-estabbestab lish-

ing0 a ey settsettlernonsettlementlernon upon it fronfrom this hub or key colony other settlements werewemwero established throuchthroughoutout the valley as terrain and3nd9nd water auallowedowed the center of all mermon communities oaswasmasogs salt lake city and around it the sub caterscenters or hub colonies in the other valleys of the great bsinbasanbasdn wereworewone subsequently established the site for the location of salt drelokedoke city was chosen by brilbrirhanbriehanha m

young on july IS8 1847 belbetweenlweengween the forcsforlisforlcs of city creek on this sariesanlesaniesanesame srotscotspot briham said they would lay out forty acres of land for thethe build- ing of a temple those actions were done in the presence of severalsever

milton R hunter uh th storstoryv of her people salt lakodako city ITC T utah the deseretdeser6t itestcnewsI1 WS PTOSJpressprosstrr0 s s 1946 p 226 50 quorum members of the of twelve apos4apostapostlesk lesies orson pratt made a motion that the temple be built upon the site previously designated by president young 37 the apostles 9 at the same time 9 decided to lay out the city in blocks of ten acreaeresacres with streets eight rods videwide running at right angles with twenty feet on each side given to sidewalks the blocks were to be divided into lots of one and one eighth acres each before the survey of the city was completed it was decided that it would be ilmoremoromore convenient to have the temple block conform to the ten acre pattern of the first plot orson pratt in his record of the first survey explained it as follows on monday we commenced laying out the city beginning fwath the temple block in forming this block forty acres appeared so large that a council was held to determine iThetherwhetherhethey or not it would be wisdom to reduce it one half notot being decided in our views we held council again two days later when we gave as our mature 6pinionsopinions thitthttaktthkt we could not do justice to forty acres that ten acres would be sufficient 11 3J As the city extended into the disectedbisected delta lands north and east of the original site it was found that terten acre blocks with their one and one eighth acre lots were inconvenient because of the broken nature of the land in that part of the city and the blocks were reduced to two and one half acres 39 it was further determined at this time to build only one house on a lot ttentyrentytwenty feet back from the line in the center of the lot tisthis was urged as a means of preventing thehe spread of fire throughout the city another decision made at this tire was to have four houses built facing west and on the opposite siesidsidi i of the

3737roborts37pobortsrobertsRoborts onq ctcit vol iliillitiIIIlyl111 p 280 38 38dwardedward W Tu history S C dward tuiTulllidotallidotullidetullidoildelide 9 HifthiftoryhistoryorY of siltsaltatil1tt laliklakdakke city salt ukelake citytyg edwardedmard W tullidgeTul ae FYpublisherb 189 appp 47 6 utah tullidtullidelideilde 1 sh r 19169 9 476478 39rohel op p 282232 robertsts9tsa ci t 9 vol itttitIITHT 9 5 51 block four houses facing east with no houses being constructed on the north or south of VIthisrdsads block the next blocks north or south were to have four houses on the north and four on the south but none on the east arilandarkiarmi west sides this plan provided a home layoutlay out pattern whare no houses would front each other on the opposite sides of streets those houses built on the sanesame side would be about eight rods apart and would still provide sufficient room for gardens which would mnrun to the 40 center of the block this Pplanpianlanian of having0 four houses built on one side of a block and others on alternating sides was abanabandoneddonod in a short time the plan for salt lakelako city also provided forfoafozr public squares of ten acres each laid out in various parts of the citelnelxeltycityelwy for public grounds the temple square was the initial center for naming the streetsstreetsotsebs the streets around the temple block were called north south east and west temple streets respectively east temple street was soon chanzeeh&neii to main street the others were to be named first north second orthnorthI first south socordsocondsocoro south and so on following all sides the cricrloriginalginal street pattom extended three blocsbloesblocks east third east nine blocks

solasolusorasouthth NIneithninthLeith south fivelvefive blocks west fifth west and approximately five blocks north of temple square this basic plan for the city was

I submitted to the 1riolewhoiewhole clrcrrpcarp p in a town meeting on the evening of

july 28 1871847 As eicheachelch part or section of the plan was presented to the people it was unanimously passed and approved

40hr ildlldiidaldibidl P 28038080 52 on the olstoist of july orson pratt began the surveysurvay oaof4 the city theITthohe latitude of the nortnorthernnorthornharn boundary of thetho tenpietempletempiete aplenple block 1IT he writes I ascertained by meridian observation of thecne slssunL n to be 40HO degrees 45 minutes 44 seconds the longitude as ob- tained by lunar distances taken by thathe sextant and circle was illiiiili111 decreesdegrees 26 iniminutesnutes 343 seconds or 7 hours 25 minutes 46 seconds west of Gregreenwichemich its altitude above the level of the sea was 4300 feetsfeet9feetseet as ascertained by calculations deduced from the ricannicanneanmean of a number of barometrical observations taken on successive daydays 11

when was fl the city itself laid out landrandlarid for farrinfarminfarminflfarmingC and pasturing ptapurposesposes was surveyed outside the city 11linitsdinitsuts in sivo ten andane twenty acre plots the smallersm&3 lortor plots were nearest the city boundaries the

others followed in thezhe order of their size this kresvreswas done to pdiventpiventeveventevent rionononopolynonorionopolymonopolymonorolypoly of land and possible attempts at speculations in town lots 101.0 or nr by farming lands 42 we must make note of the fact that even though salt lake city wswas theune first settlement made in the great basin it did not follow exactly

1 tho plalnpinplnn of the city of zion the CAcityI1 tr of zion was laid out with hethe middle tier of blocks fifty per cent wider than the others or fifteen acres to the block this was for soesonesome unknown renreasonrensonson never incortxincorpor-1 ated into tho survey paternpattern of salt akelakedakeaye city each ten acre blockwlockbioclk inn the city of zion was subdivided into twenty hifhlfhalfhplf acre lots while in salt laielalelake city each ten acre block was subdiesubdivsubdividededed1ded into eight one and one eighth acre lots in thetho city of zion each house was to stand twentyty sivfivesive feet back from the street while in salt lake city the houses were to be built twenty feet back from the street line while these raymayroay be insignificant differediffenedifferencesancesences they do point out thnttantth t there wemwere many dedeviationsriatriationsionslons frenfronfremfrom the plan of the city of zion the churelchurch loaders

411bidjoiloiidi p 28101 42j rardrcrdrj d j p 282 I1i

53 r

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L L j I1 F FEll11 L

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11 1 1elr 1 11 1 j L F lelihlihn E ie 0 i PLAT 1141 galtgattHALTA IT obueLVElneonueUNKE C611OT11 helbeomekxeoTMW ac&cArantlanclacreere EcL1 socSeokmoloc elletellht OUE- AJC se dwigV arclL- cae E k4 H T mcczop LVIG4 0 CTSICTSCT S PG muzeparcmurm 5tletreTrrlae ul TS Ectrka rzopP WDE w llogloGOO AFTEFCZp saiwersuiwerarlveurlve f c3cacy othota T ji11 teduorledborworwocLe e 5feptEPT 20ZOofaiai1

VAr4pKrap 5 54 themselvestheraselves saw thatthabthau certain changes were necessary as the survey was made or shortly thereafter when one says that the plan of the city of zion thus became the foundation for settlements of the cormonsmormons in the great basin salt lake city being the first Ivilegileglivillagelagel esestablishedabilabaiab1ished in 1847184 1143 we must consider the word foundation in the broadest sensesensa of the word it is interesting to note that the townsitefcownsite of salt lekelake city was not officially given a patent land deed until june 1 1821872 at this time mayor david H wells purchased the tomtohtownsitesite for 16306716306l63067163o6 or 125 an acre for 573055730455730.45 acres of land the patent vaswasvms issued by president ulysses S grant through the general land offofficeleeiceiee an agency that has since been absorbed by the bareaubureau of lnddtnddand management the boundaries as spelled out in the patent were the city limits of that day which were thirteenth east then the boundary of ft douglas south to ninth south and west to about a quarter of a mile east of the jordan riverrivaredveredvar one reasonable explanation sss to why the citizens of salt lakelake city were squatterssquatters1111 on the public land for twenty five years is

that the general land office was not estaablishedestablished in utautahai until after 160180igo patents for four other utah cities wore also issued in 11872 by president grant these four were to provo mayor abraham 0 srrootseroot may september 13 1811871 brigham city mayor chesterI1 ovelandlovelandL 1 1821872 ogden mayor lorin farr august 2 1821871872 and loganlogan mayor willwilliamlanlameam B preston september 2 1821872

helsonheison4311elson4311eisonelsonnelson op cit p 38 sait44saltsalt lakolal-le tnburetrimibrimine rebrfebruaryuary 20 1961967 55 f Sursunsummaryunary of all the communities examined only sixteen in arditiadditiadditionon to salt lake city were found to have been laid out in ten acre blocks four of these holladay sugar hoesehouse south cottonwood jordan were founded within the salt lake valley as outlying spokes of the parent hub col- ony ogden some forty nilesmiles to the north the hub city for weber valley was also surveyed into ten acre bloeblocblocksIs to the south in utah valley we find american fork in this classification ephraim in sanretesanpete county and fillfillmoreFirLrioremore in millard county are the only ten acre settlements south of utah valley Brigbrigharrbrighamharr yowyomyoungig visited firfi3jlmoreimore shortly after its r foundation in 1851 to select the site for the permanent town and to see that it was properly laid out by the territorial surveyor all of the other ten acre settlements were founded in northeastern utah and south- eastern idaho with Ieellswellslellsvilvillele srisnisndsnithfieldsmithfieldSnithsmithtafthfleid1eldbeldfield and hyrum in cache county and woodruff randolph st charles and montpelierIlontpelierpeiler in richpichplch county and neighboring bear lake county of idaho eight of these sattlenjattlensettlementsantsents hdhad eight lots of one and one quarter acres to the block six had ten lots of one acre to thetho block while the other four settlements divided their

blocks into twenty SIXsixteenteen 5 and twelve lots to the block only honEolleolladayshouadayseonHoUadays ten acre bocasbocksblocks were further subdivided into titrentytwentyenty one

quarter acre lots to theL he blocbiocblock thus papatterningt lerningberning its survey in this respect after thetho city of zion

settlerSettlorsettlementsmonts vithwithvaithwaith eight acre blocks

thirteen corconurunitiescommunities fall under the classificatclassificationionlon of eight acre block settlements logan and tooelethoele are the hub cities of this group 56

settlement p&ttezkpatttzm FILLfillmorzefillmorwefillmorzfcMOrZE UTAUT terTEM rz e ablpbl ok elhtecht OE JC 0 eit aiztaidtaize LOT reraerrec alodlo3103lo elt vo AFTFaar re kaokwoKACeccKACLeca L Y piom&rzp1014eerz MAPMAF L efm 1 fx p morz G OT ack5ck B seitmeitSGIT afr illili marzmare otac44

MAP 6 0o 57

TAtabieTABLEBIZ 4

settlements WITH TEN ACRE BLOCKS

settlement whenwhon surveyed neabernwabernumber of size of street block lots per lots in size pattern block acres in feet salt lake city 1847184 and 8 1251.25 1321329 66 square 1852 82582.5 holladay 1852 20 5.5 82582.5 squarsquare3 south cottonwocdcottonwood 1852 16 6.6 82582.5 square llnorelinorefillnorefilinorefilimoreFi 1852 8 1251.25 1323321.32132 square 82582.5 ogden 1850 10 1 1321329 66 square

1329 squaree amerleanamericankaemaerican foikforkyolkyork 1850 8 1251.25 132 66 reelrect 9 squalsquar 82582.5 ephrainephraim 1853 10 1 99 square sugar house 1857 16 6.6 66 square wellsville 1861863 8 1251.25 99 square smithfield 1863 10 1 99 square hyrum 1863 8 1251.25 99 square

Mmendonend0 1 18186303 8 1251.25 99 swaresquare st charles 1864 10 1 99 square montpelier 118186565 10 1 99 squaaquasquarere randolph 1870 8 1-1251.2525 129132 99 square woodruff 1871 8 1251.25 1329132 99 squarsquare

jerdanjordanjorgan 1873 12 8.8 8282582.55.5 Rrectangularc ta n craar 58 logan although wellsville was settled in 1856 some three years before logan it was not to be the hub city of cache valley for colonizing after 1861 peter maughn was asked to locate another settlement ten miles to the northeast of wellsville in the year 1859 the fertile soil andang pasture land were ample and water power was provided by the logan river the first settlers in logan drew lots for their land tn the spring of 1860 while there was yet two feet of snow on the ground the townsite was first surveyed by william B preston and territorial surveyor jesse W fox A second survey was made and recorded in 1863 the tow- nsite was divided into eight acre bloc-blockss each blojblock umwss further divided into six lotsrots3 ots of one and one third acres the rinnainnlnninmain street was one hun- dred thirty two feet wide while all other streets were to be ninety nine feet in width

daringdarlngduringduningduming 1864 paradise hyde park and millvilmallvilmillvilloMillvillole were surveyed iinto0 o eight lots of one acre to eachea h block garden city to the northeast of logan and to the southwest of bear laliallakecce was also ssurveyedm veyedkeyed into e4eaeightahtght

acre blocks in garden city the blocks were divided 5ntointo four 101lots1 s of tuotwo acres echeachepch

tofeletooeletooelo

about the 44ath11 h of september 1849 the first whawh4whiteute settlers came into thoeletooele valley with the purposepirpose of finding honeshomes and establishing

PR permanent settlementsettlcment ther were three fanifamiliesliesllesiles in this rroupcroupproup

dosiahvosiahjociah call cuddonjudson tolman andSar samuolsarrualsamkolrualruai mechan families after ezploringexploringfloringploring the valley and lower part of the canyons for sprincspringsrs and trees they 59 decided to settle by a small stream just south of the present city of tooelethoele 45 brigham young granted the timber rights in small middle creek canyon and the privilege of a mill site on big settiesettlementSettlesettlementnentmentmont canyon creek to ezra T benson anson call josiah call and judson tolman in Novnovemberomber of 1849 shortly after this time the robert skelton john rowberry phineas wright francis lougy and orson blavettbravett families

P settled at the bottom of an alluaalluvalluviallailalial fan near the mouth 0ofL settlement creek canyon this site was located about one nilemilemlle southsouthwestkrestwrestwyest of the present city of tooelethoele these early pioneers wiltmiltbuiltbulit several cabins on the north side of settlement creek before winter came they were joined 46 by twelve norsnoremorsmore farkilfarkalfamilieslesies sndendand the founding of tooletoo le v9svscas well underway for the next four years more settlers came into the valley and many munitycormunitycomnunitycorcommunitycon buildings were constructed but until 3853185358533.8531.853 thetho tomtown hdhad

not been laid out in the failrailraitfarl of 1818535050.50 the toimsthimstowntownsitetownsitoitesitesito vaswas suisurveyedveyedkeyed by jesse W fox and the people located on their snallsnailsmallsmau tomtotownm plots the

blocbiocbloeblockst- s of the townsite vaavariedriedgied greatly in size of the original eight blocks surveyed four of these were eight seresaeresacres aehacheach with approcirratapproxirratelyey

echoeh voyeweye eight one acre lots to o-echch block while the other four blocks vorewerewore ssix1 x acres in area with six or seven lots to the blocbiocblock see map 7 As the years passed ootherunerouner blocbiocblockss were surveyed into ten and four acre blocbiocbloebloedobloeko why the variance in the size of these rectanrtrectangularlaraar1ar blocsblocbiocbloe s is a question that remains unanswered the main intersecting streets were ninety nulenuieninenuloninoni ne feet wide whilewydie the other streets averaged sixty six feet in width

thoeletooele county dustersduhtersDuhdatzcrhtersters of utah rioneerioneerpioneersrs historrhistoryHi storr of thoeletooele cocounty p saitsitsalt lake city utah diblisherspresspublishers essoss 1961 9 19

46h OD unterminter 00 cit it p 240 4u-U-

V 60

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FIELD OTUE 13 ajoqjodj05 siowctl SA orue MOTMCK 0 mllclojohcotcct 0 WSHOP Z i getsy AMO eq6eoge eoweeai& 0 aciqcilt S6evsyKEASSY annAHMamm ADAMIAOAMB alo lyanocib&vanvgr R i3wm3 ALFRED LEE- Q IZOSEJZT genee u smzd&t4 bro&eatnauy EMMCK ken FL t&amcisq&nac15 naulaclemdaik r&t44gzjw1 TMOMAS 16an atttej4s 13 fcjooy U W ri 11gt&t4mcgtahyah I jOUY QAKTU citzoukt tbt totsOTSIOTS b2lmakc TUTTLCTV T lemLEE u&m4 johojonoJOHM Q Imalmiawee W 1eae u B PUIUP7 N V LSOV4 DM ftgpetetz al4l leplelepl6 M zaedag mel50lelMeL50 r 7ye LA haarhaabmartnarzenarcemarze tantahtANtankahian lartartAH m OWUPf91lip RAMIZISHKIZOMom q dfivld qjmowlujam ib pfp1pa LA katMAk2tT bej l 31licspe N e6untq ui WM Bel UJ QJOHN04 SCJ J J ATMOMAS LCELCE leeellec-LEC- MITU Y ul c fbi cj B lulullLLIU YITHIW n ftjamfcsvlftmes MJMUBMJMU 13D u QTKOMA oviowlCCWCCW oprc& ititii CAollllrpllcpfe F j CLCCLINCIC fm THOMAS leale5 J h rjprapricmic tzotzgazo4 A reczoC 1.1 agne 1 J ri vkottzfturztomvb j tanekoaane Kt 1 A 9z&urzt0w 4.4 tanektTANe ISIKE LEE anueianguei 1z0 5 LI Yk16leyF l5elae f E uieuleBIErilke LEG QOIVCI al m leuLEE tolaoixoi manMAM u J K X v i WMBFE SSTT RrzsS F-r Q rs f- 3 a000sa00az col601oll&hetzsL 1 9 E 1745 suomtuom61Tuom 61 4 OA h QADAM SMITIA MSGTTSHA m2t704 f st 13 ab1bl3fslcicfslfck SHTM atkaatk1atkttu0 ST srapSWAP V 10410 mietimcmeet194 faf1j IAOP eoemoe LEE n am 27 oenoem AMJ n uou&e01 5m 13fa9uj&mkidew&mip i tl B li JAMES SMsmtthsmttwIT 1 K moeoaeoAeua M STEWAMT a I1moboamoilla741Mo uiUJ P worasVOKASwomas AT jwjkug hensawMENSMYmensayMENwen SlY beebae ragwllliahwilwit llaLIA A tomasatkiu3kwj FIELO 0&m aU 0 laheLAME 2 QJOMM shtoahto 4fom44foiqcatfcimatkin S aio C m G 5 labslamlomIONion115115 I1 L- F10 F kam S alo CPAMcyanPAMIEI-Z ieorelce aj1jn 9 laesar&vkjc v14 Q jrfslfk&m RSR NnixmixMIYtv B w1lj&m caam&81 1.1 af2pem JAMlaW- OJAMG s J LOTS g mamatmamotmamjt amdttamott e &svaosva U lous 5.5 hthomjfim taomaswomasUOMASTHOMAS 140 n 5 u Ttasmtzr3 N N ec nughHUGH WXASCS APOSTLE quohroctecs kuaku4maikmxik c0wausitcowa1q fp f s M BLOCEI bfeltslcisLIVamkeueALIVgamegemeA c5rcar0lsuozsu 0mam PRATT 0 a iai1 CAuntemaxeJATEal M 1 1 ladlaj 1 J C U 7 WALL L ctlcsl a &5tATOSSlonionlow

alluawlluawilu4i eickeptckenlpickensTT VS esq 6vav 17T MIL-mill

IPPIONEEE10 N E-etzIZ mtMAPP OF TOOtoo&l&eltELE UUTAHT in H kalmkaim5vacwin4salm rrPOTETIVEOTESTIVEOT stiveESTI WALL MO sli

AFTER MAP OF tooelTOOELE CTYcutyCATY Y borzonmorzon ELAOelko i&9

J MAP 7 61 tibletameTAKETABLE 5

SETTIsettizientssettlei4entsZIENTS vithWITHVTITH EeightTGHTETGHT ACRE BLOCKS

F settlement when I1surveyedd arveyed number of size of street block lots per lots in size pattern block acres in feet

Millmillcreekcreek 1852 12 7.7 99 rect square tooelethoele 1853 8 1 99999 66 reelroelrectroet saurasqurasquarere

6 1329 square loganidlIDI 18318630 1331.33 132 99 ellelimilmillvillemilivilleMillmillevillevilleiville 1801864 8 1 1321329 99 square eydekydehyde darkpark 186480 8 1 99 square paradise 186 6 1331.33 99 square garden city 1870 4 2 99 square Kayskaysakaysvkaysvillewaysvillevilleilelielle 18185813 8 1 99 66 square

winardwillard 1801870 12 7.7 99999ggs 50 rectamtia2arrectangular gunnison 1862 8 1 99 rectangular

meadameadvheadonmeadonmeadowi 1883 4 2 99 square

slustusujfpnary

ephraiephrainiephraimephraineEphrainim Glannisongunnison and meadow were the only settlements of this study with eightaaahtght acre biocblocbloeblockss south of salt lake city ephraim was included in this category as well as in the ten acre group because both dimensionsdiriensions were useduced in its survey pattern both Gunnigunnisongunnisonssonss and ephrainsephraimsephraimmEphEphraimsrainspainspalmsalms blocbiocblockscs were further subdivided into elgheight one acre lots meadowmeadows blocbiocblocksIs

were subdivided into four two acre lots to theL he blocbiocrockrocemock as was garden city north of salt lake city willarwillardI hoopervilleHooperville aniantand kaysvilloKaysvilviivillole werewere laid out with welve and siasixskasim and eiveteivnteight lots respectively to the bloc 62

Millmillcreekcreek to the east and south of salt lake cicibycilycityLY was also surveyed with twelve one half acre lots in each bloeblocblock it is interesting to note that all of the eight acre settlements had streets which generally averaged ninety nine feet in width the city of zion it will be rememberedrerierribered was planned with streets one hundred thirty two feet wide

settlements with six acre blocks

the settlements within this classification number twentyfivetwenty five thus forming one of the largest groups in our settlement classification pepatternpotterntternattern of tills number springvilleSpringville brigham city st george and cedar city were chosen as typical examples for more detailed analysis

sprngyillein7ville springvilleSpringville was typical of other mormon villages along the wasatch mountamountainsins Illotoitono farm4 arm houses stood out among the fields as all farmers lived in the vvillage sndand traveled to their farnsfarms each day to work thetho orig- inal survey or plat A of springvillesprineSpringspriner rillelileville was nademade by andrew J stevartstewart early in the irvinterwinter of 1851521851 52 the main streets were one hundred thirty two

feet wide and laid out in a grid pattern on the four points of the coriconlconicom- pass the other streets were either ninety nine or sixty sixsiy feet in width the blocbiocblockscs wore surveyed into six acre squares with six one acre

lots to each bloclbloc1blochl certain blocks and 10catlocations1 ons were reserved for public meeting houses churches and schools in the central dartpart of town sincesinco everyone wanted to mmown a city lot a fair dystesystesystem had to be devised in dispersingd 1spersespers ing these lots it was finally decided to give each

lot a number thethozhehe numbers 14werewero1-1 r0ra then placed in a box ardandnd eeachch hehedd of a fohirfouirfnirilyfairilyllyliyily given cancechncechance to drwdraw a lot t a public meet-meetinging this seeseededed 63

I1 el I1 I1 elletlelf 1 11 I1 11 1e1 leliieli vj etlell W

s T m r C r

it IF 1 1 1 1e1

I1 I1

0or161nalR I1 i N A PLAT CFOF WRIHWILLELR CITYIJJTAdittCITY utahuta4 N wzivll c31l Y 17 CE bloo21002 S 1 aeairseaiese calocchlocbaloclolLOO I1 bixstySIX OIH- ZS tot5totacotscoxs 14im EACH QLCC

faftyvaftyAFTERrz edaledulOtalotalhjalocuciwaenjalhJAL sursorORIVEVCaf1f MAP 100 2000 OP 5pr4pizlmctvllle1nc4v11 lr citfciefCT UTZHUTutchUTZ H

MAP 8 64 to satisfy the majority of settlers and the city lots were therethereforeforefora quickly claimed 47 bribr lehamrham iszisyciszcityC brigham city was founded somewhat differently than most of the early monnonmormon settlements the colonists who settled in the vicinity of Brigbrighamhaiahalahara city had riotnot beenbeon sent as an organized company under tho direc- tion of brigham young but had simply drifted to this location a few at 48 a timetimo in 1850 several families had settled on box elder creek which is located about twenty miles north of ogden there two hundred four people were living in and around the srallbrallsriall fort where brigham city now stands in thetho year 1854 under the leadership of lorensolorenzo snow a great organizer and leader better homes were built and irrigation projectsbrojeproje 3 ts were improved earlyfarly in the spring of 1855 the tomsitetownsitemaite of brigham city was platted this first survey known as plat A extended from what is5sas now second northworth to second south fourrour blocks east of main street andandiandtangiang the 49 same distance west the original plat A map was not recorrecordeddd at the box elder county court house until zayvaymay 180 As eaimaieapmap 9 indicates there wero thirty two rectangular blocks in the original survey or flatplatpiat A each block was six acres in area and

each raswasnas further divided into twelve one half acre lotslobs3cj s anyone wishing to procure a lot in plat A was given a title to the lot of his choice after he had builtbulit four rods of the rock wall alhawlhawhichch was belngbeangbeinheinheln built

4iaidonn arlosarioscarloscarioscurios johnson A brief Hhitoiy af2fof spnvnioqpr4n7villo sprinaprinsprinvillelleilelin wodgod p 1 utah prinprintedted by william F gigibsonabsonbson sprinllosprin7rile 1900 1 15 48 racksbacks48ricksbicksRickspacks sajsejs2jseeop eit9eita P 63 49boxbox elder county laughtersdaughters of utah piorepioneerspioneplone ersors histerigtory nf 5 ox eldereld 4rar rointarointcountylayleyl1yr ichamk zrarriwmizham city utah arliruartaru city pjbllshini shin g 1931937 P 25959 65

F 11

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PLAT ALA f5r6ham5r16ham CTYCITY UTAHLJTAH ay iy jehcr2eravrzv ROKRmokmow OK AF taelerawle OMEHAIPomaOME okioatHAI P c tze LOT tpirzspirzraeleai&i edeOCKedm 900geb 1000 100120 1.1 J AFTMM Zanwlqzjouvj lfflf4 MFmarmam ezleazle6tlg 1 vq&r ew walwat hal ctv1 otahUTCHotaw

MAPYAeapp 9 66 around the city0city50 these lots would be used as tovmsite lots for homes and possibly a barn for stock since the large farm holdings were located on the perimeter of the to-townm forest street or center street running east and west was laid out one hundred thirty two feet uldewidemide while the other streets running east and west were only sixty six feet in width iiiall of the streets running north and south were ninety nine feet wide including main street which runs north and south west of the court house block

Sstt george

in january of 1858 brigham young dispatched a small pertpartpartyir of men to establish a cotton farm along the virgin river in 1859 brichanbrighanbrigham young visited this group and at this time visualized the prospective co- nter for the settlesettiesettlementnent of st george seeseeseo chapter II11 st george wsvaswas important in the opinion of brigham young since it was to be the center for future settlements in the southern utah territorriterritorytory 51 with the outbreak of the civil war the cotton supply in utah quickly dwindled ejbrigham young called three hundred nine ad-additionalitditionalionallonallonai settlers to strengthen and build settlements along the lower virgin river with instructions that they were to develop cotton farming and other semitropicalsemi tropical crops when this group arrived they eventually settled in the vicinity of present day st george under the leadership of erstuserestus snow a corcowzuritteecommitteezurittee was appointed to choose a towrsitewrsisetownsite and procedo with the town sursurveytey the original plat was laid out in square blocks 528 x 528 feet each city block had just over six acrosaaros to the block

50bidibidL p 260 51pacics ricksA I1 ovop cit p 69 676 which wero further sxbividedsubdivided into eight 8.8 acre lots three of the lots werewore reserved for school purposes thetho streets were ninety feet wide including twelve feet wide side walks uteweuve note a departure herehemehome from the standard procedure of laying off the streets in rods which would have nademade the streets either ninety nine feet six rods or 828255 feet five rods thirty six blocks were surveyed in this fashion as part of platpiatplax A withP th the central block set apart as a public square 52 this original plat was not officially recorded at the washington county court house until 1821871877 after the town lots had been given to the settlerssettlerslors of st george the next problem was the division of the agricultural land south of tovtownbownn it was finally decided to survey the farm land into comparatively sfriallsriallaliailall plots most farms were no larger than five acres with two and oleone halfhplfhaly acres being average this procedure was used because the number of set- tlers was large and the area of arable land was limited

bedredrcedar cicityolty although parowqnpa rowannowan was settled in january of 1851 and became the county seat for iron county cedarcedir city soon became the nostmost important town in the county in november of 1851 shortly after the carowanparowan settlers had begunbegum their settlement a scotch company trained in coal mining and the making of steel arrived on thetho Lattle4ttlelittledittledittie muddy river now known as coal creek to fonnfond the colony of cedar city they had been sent by brigham young from salt lake city for tho purpose of making steel which was scarce in utah during the early years of settlement the set- tlers used the adzdzdriftft wood found alonaionaionoalong the banks of coal creek to build

52 roberts aricioriciclt vol v9vaV p 123 m-

68 a dam which would dad4dvrbdarbventvert the water to their farm land in 1852 cedar city was laid out in lots four rods by twenty rods with streets six rods wide and alleys cutting through the blocks three rods wide this allowed blocks of six acres each and four lots to the blocbiocblockbrocklc each lot was just under one and one half acres in dimension As previously stated most of the streets were six rods or ninetynjjiety nine feet wide with the exception of main street which was oneono hundred thirty two feet wide this pattern of survey provided two hundred eight lots for the new settlers moving to this location 53 any people moved from cedar city in 18581853 due to the failure of the ironiron industry the experiment failed since the work could not be 54 done on 0 sufficiently large scale to make it profitable sheep and

cattlemen soon moved intoLn 1 0 the region replacireplacereplacingng the manufacturing enerenter-11 prise thetho animals were ableabieabile to find excellent s-summerup ror range on cedar

N mountain whilewh-Lle the western desert provided good winter pasture

slinryqsummjrysummeryry from the tabletaulecable showing the six sereacre settlements it 1Iss possible to mkem ke certain observations tn eighteen corwiunit4communitieslesjes the blocks are further divided into four one and one half acre lots to the blocbiocblockbloch in four villagesrilinfnees mehn blocsbloesblocks are subdivided into eight 8.8 9creacre lots per

4 blocbiocblock and&nd in the rerer9ininfm ining three1 settienbettiensettlemntssettlementsints3nts the city blocs arere sarvsurvsurveyedsy ed

into Ssix5 X one acre lots the ststreetcetacet widths in six acre blocbiocblock vllgesvolgesvillrges vary and arere not consistent as in thetho echtlghtighteghte acreacroaero settlesettlementsrents in twenty

one of thetho townsoemsovms the blocks are square in shapeshaposwape three towntowns arere sursurveyedgur joyedtoyedroyed

with r& combiriatcombinationtoilortor of rectangular and square shapedslipped blocks

53p iicksc s orop citcu Dp 90 YBanybancroyeanbancrofterocro ft onOP cit p 317 69

TABLE 6

settlements WITH SIX ACRE BLOCKS

settlement thenuhenithenwhenI surveyed number of size of street block lots per lctletletslotss in size pattern block acres in feet springvilleSpringville 1851 6 1 132 99 square 66 santaquinSantaquin 18511351 6 1 120 99 square nedhimedhinephi 185138511.851 4 151.5 1321329 99 square carowanparowan 1851 4 151.5 99999 66 square palmyra 1852 4 151.5 99 Ssaussqusqu rex e cedar city 1852 4 151.5 1321329 99 square brigham city 1855 6 1 1321329 99 rerehredct square 66

Paraparagonahgonah 1859 4 35151.53.53515 90 squaresquaaqua re toquervllletoquervtoqueroillelile 1862 8 8.8 82582.5 souanesquare st george 1862 8 8.8 90 square circlevilleCircleville 18641864 4 151.5 99 isquareasquaresquare holden 1811811 4 151.5 99 square delta 1811871 4 151.5 132 99 square

.8 squaresquaaqua huntshunto in lieilehiebie 1873 8 8 66 re draper 1831873 8 8.8 82582.5 reelreetrect squabsouansquare alvillecoalvilleCo 18711874 4 151.5 99 55squaquqi v rree dervilleordervilleOr 18753875 4 151.5 66 square monroe 1879 4 151.5 99 shosnosquareU A r elsinoreElsi noro 18793879 4 151.5 82582.5 66 square 70

TABLE 6 continued settlement when surveyed number of size of street block lots per lots in size pattern block acres in feet canabkanab 1880 4 151.5 99 square summit 1882 4 151.5 99 squaroaquarosquaaqua ro levan 18818871882 4 151.5 99 square fairview 1888 4 151.5 82582.5 square fielding 1894 4 151.5 99 82582.5 rect square kankamkanaskamasas decoirecordedrecoi led 191219122 4 151.5 82582.5 square

settlements with four acre blocks

of the five Cgroups of settlements in this study the four acre ab1b block settlements are by far the largest twenty eight cormmlitiescommunitiecommunitivecommunitie or noremoremoromone than thirty percent orelaneaneonezarezane within the classification of four acre settlements provo is the largest of these and also is considered a hub city for all of utah valley tvotwo other cities pleasant grove and spanish fork are also selected as varied examples in this same category

provo

in march 1849 john S higbee at the head of thirty fardliesfardlies tocktook wagons horses cattle farringfarming implements and hoasehousehouseholdholdhoid equipment endand left great sitsaltsait lake city to eestablish a mormon111 1orloniorioriorbrioror settlementsettlerent on thetho

1 provo riverpliver the placepince chosenchozen naswalswaswatsngs a favoritfavorite3 indian fishing crourilground 71 where the utes held a fish carnival at the time of the spring spaimingspaimingspawning fording provo river the settlers established themselves on the south bank see chapter II11 farming and building were begun andend within a few weeks the settlers hdhadhod constructed a fort plowed two hundred twenty

anid 55 five acres of land and planted rye 9 wheat aarldandaridridnid corn in 1849 samuel clark established the communitycommunitys first tannery and john blackburn erected the first sawmilsammilsawmill1 a crude hand operated affair thatthaithab wwss soon replaced by a water driven mill two large canals diver- ting water from provo river were dug for irrigirrigzalirrigationtatzalcalaionalon that same year the first gristrigristmillii11 iimsmswas bubuiltlt and put in operation A decision was made in 18501650 to move the settlement easieastwardtwardeward about a mile anda half where the pioneers coucouldad1d take advantages of more favor-

able geographical factors see chapter V

during the susummermmorammor of 1850 surveyor lemon came from great salt lake city and began the survey of proveprovo he struck the first stake Ainn the center of whatweat wcwss to be the public square and is rownow pioneer park assisted by peter W conover as chain bearer he surveyed the northwest quarter of the city one hundred and sixty acres were laid off into city

lots in the sprcprspringinia of 1851 histhis worwortworkc was continued by andrew J stewart

A city plot one riealemdmiemlemplele square plat A was surafsurvfsurveyedyed rurinincrunning elevelevensn blocks each way with the rmblicemblicpublic square in the center A block was twenty four rods by twenty four rods or slightly under four acres and contained 617gipeihtechtht lots each beinarbeinpbeinpr six by twelve rods or one half acre each minmainmaln street now fifth west street and center street wernerawerawerp made eight rods 132 feet nidewide ardand the other streets five rods 82582582.5 feetfoetfootroetroot videwidewlede the plat

9 new 55jthth jp cruicecruideguijo to the state ew aorlyorlyork hastings house publishers 1939 1 p 216 722 extended six blocks vestwest of main street and five blocks east six blocks south of center Sstreetk reet and five blocks north the numbering of the blocks began in the southeast corner of the plat and ran west thence east on the next tier and so on the last number one hundred bientybienlytwenty coming in the northwest corner 56

18 0 summer many in the fall of 18505 and during1 D the of 1851 of the settSOttsettlerslers moved out of the fort onto their towntourn lots the tier of blocks on the east side of main street being the first to be occupied the one on the vestwest fofollowing1lal owinwing 57 the government surveyors earlecarieeaniecame to prevo in 1856 in running their survey inesanes they found that the city lines varied fronfrom those of the government by only one degree to the right east the streets did not therefore run exactly on cardinal lines but were off only one degree since the instruments used by the pioneer surveyors were not of the highest gradegrado we must compliment these men on their ability to surreysurvey the city with such a 3ittlelittle discrepancy in running theirthedr survey 1inesinosiineslinesknos 58

Pleapleasantpleacantpieasantcant grove

on their relreturn1lurndurnwurn from the proveprovo indiindianan war daniel wells and lelewiswisw is PtPwObinson passedasspss ed through the meadows fed by battle creek it appeared to be choice land to theca leaders for they said inln their report that no 9 better stretch oiof1 rich grasses was to be found anywhere indn the arid hestwesttlejstast i5ia 7

5j56jaj lrinuscrinus jensen Ferlyjarizjarly hi ststory of prolrojproveprovo uttathtjthahqh provoPprovebovodovoeovo uthututr h newmew century printing co 1924 p 63 57 ibiwdid p &64 58 ibid 1p 130 50driggs op citnit p 25 1-

73

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MAP 10 74 their decision was to stake out claims where battlebattieBatleatiebatie creek spread over the land though they did not at the tinetime pause to do so the name battle creek was derived from the first skirmish between the indians and whites on february 28 1849 before the first settlers had norednovedmoredmoved into the valley here a group of outlaw indians were surrounded andzindaind forced to surrender after several of their number had been killed it was not until september 13 1850 that a perpermanentmanertmanent settlement was made at grove creek which is directly north of battle creek here an inviting grove of cottonwood and boxelderboxelder trees was chosen as a spot to build cabins the cabins would serve as a protection against the elements and possible indian attacks soon other settlers were to foll- ow and by 1851 the settlement had grown to encompass tho slopes between battle creek and grove creekcreole the years of 1851 and 1852 saw battle creek stretch out for about three miles and take on the appearance of a line village or tstisbiststringriiigrizig town within these two vigorous years of pioneering the coneonconnanityconmunityconncommunityanityunitymunity at the foot of mt ti mpanogos had become a string of farmsarnsarm homes rereachingeachgach lngang from the eastern limits of american fork to the north edge of provo bench lindonlindenlindon this settlement pattern followed rather closely the well marked old indian trail of that dy that led across the northern end of thetho meadows which lay to the northeast of utah lake U S high- way 011 later followed this old trail this system of spreading out along the road leading to and from pleasant grove was in direct contrast to the accepted method of living within the village As stated above many of the pioneers builtbulitbulat1t their homes along this open country road one of the honehomehomohonashones was houtoutboutbabout a hlf mile from the eastern erieecieedgeodgeeege of american fork nernear 75 a spring that was henthen called cold spring 11 it was there that father stephens made his home it was large enough in construction to become a social center for the settlement which was fast becoming a string town 60 with the outbreakcutout break of the walker war in 1853 brigham young instruc- ted the people to build forts and gather within thenthem A small townsite was surveyed in this year 1853 by jackson stewartstewert of provo fifteen lots of three by ten rods were arranged on each side of the central square or public corral with the houses set about in the center of the lot all houses faced toward the central square 6101 within a few years more blocks were surveyed on all sides of the original site the average block was four acres in area and further divided into four one acre lots the blocks were not surveyed with the same uniformity of such settlements as provo and spanish fork the streets were only sixty six feet in width as an average thus giving the community narrow streets when compared to provo and spanish fork

senspanishish fork the history of spanish foikfolkfork paralleled that of palmyra between 1851 endand 1856 in which year both settlements were united in thetho one settlement of spanish fork intn the fall of 1851 john W berry albert

K W aindfand georageorc 3 thurber jariesjarlesjames thornsthonas stephen markrimarkrrimargriMark ri andfind geergegeorge1 eickshicks with

sseveraleveri I1 other farfamniilesmiliesfamilies located along thetho spanish forfonforkfonk river about three miles northwe-northwestst of the present site of spanish fork these farifanifamilieslieslles

formed the nucleus of the settlenmettlensettlementent of papalmyra1lmyra by the suirsurrsumnersummerrierelereuer of 1852 it was felt by the general authorities thtthatth3t enough zelzetktlerskelerssettlers were now

f 60 1 11.ib d p PP 371 4rar

61huffhuff et gl11. 00oo catcztcitacit9 ppap1 & 76 present in this vicvicinitynityanity to form a town george A smithsimithsamith visited the settlers and took the leadership in selecting the townsite in october 1852 the settlers petitioned the territorial legislature for a city charter which was granted A ten acre square was laid out as a townsite the farm lands were surveyed around the perimeter of the 62 settlement44144.1 4 isaac Brockbbrockbankadkamk jr relates some interesting details of this settlement in his diary during the fall of 1852 a great many settlers camecprecargcangcapre on the town site and soon there were great numbers of cellars dug and occupied during that winter the town was nearly all underground though a few persons put up log rooms the winter passed gwaydwayaway very pleasantly we had an abundance of good firewood on the creek close by and could get two loads a day we had no meat to eat only as we chanced to kill jack rabbits when the snow was on the ground the snow was deep most of the vinterwinter and having no hay to feed the stock we drove them among the cane and willows on the borders of utah lake where they lived and kept their flesh in the spring of 1853 we had to wait until the grass was good before we could commence to do any farm woikwolkworkwory the ground was all unbroken ardand most of it required a good double team ttoko workworic it during the winter the land around the tolmtownsitesite hdhad been surveyed and was distributed among the setsekftlerssettlersfilersmaiers by ballot so that all had an equal chance of getting a piece of land cioecloeclooclose to the town or sonesomesorne at a distadistancencenee bbut all appeared to be satisfiedatisahlsabistiedfiedfled with this way of dealing tat3 during these sanesrmearmesamesnme yersyears families had settled further east of palmyra on an alluvial fan formation idemidem by the spanish fork river this comrwiitycormiutiity vasvoswaswos known as the 11upperupper settlement this small group of not over a dozendolzen families was forced to move into the palmyra fort during the vilkerhalkerhaikerwilker darwarwar of 1853 following the close of the walkerwaikerwalherwarker war in the summer of 18511854 those upper settlementsettlemgnt pioneers began to return to their lardslands during this same year the upper settlement

62ibid p 373378073323023 golbibidd p 280380480 77 pioneers built a fort as further protection against any future indian raids

before the spring of 1855 james C snow using the southwest corner of the fort as a starting point had surveyed a city plot of ninonince blocks adjacent to the fort the blocks were twenty four rods square or just under four acres to the block the blocks were further subdivided into eight lots of one half acre each main street running north aniand south was surveyed as eight rods 132 feet in width while an eight rod street running east and west center street bisecteddisected main street at rialri2htrightt angles thus dividing the community into quarters the other streets were six rods ninety nine feet wide the lots in the original survey were au&u taken up andaridarld a number built on by the settlers who were leaving the 64 fort during the summer of 185518551 the first houses erected in spanish forkforik were built of logs fronfromfroni payson canyon most of these early habitations however were iduedugidug outoutss and later construction was of adobe or sun dried bricks sunarylunary twenty two of thehe settlements in this category havshaqqhavq blocks which are divided into four one acre lots to each block the prominent cities in this group today are bountiful richfield salina manti lehilehtlohi and pleasant grove the four coxcomcommunitiesnunitiesnuni ties of provo spanish forforkyoryork north ogden and wanshinwanshipw&nship haveh ave blocks with eight lets of one half erecreacrepere each park cityscitescity average block is divided into six lots but here there is great variance

64elisha64 elisha warner the history of cnsprnshnish forcfork spanish fork utah the press publishing conComcompanywinyviny 1930 p 545 78

TABLETABLE I71

SETTLEsettlementsMEYES WITH FOUR ACRE BLOCKS

settlement when surveyed number of size of street block lots per atsxtslots in size pattern block acres in feet north odenogden 185138513.851 8 5.5 99 squaresquaaqua re proveprovo 1851 8 5.5 13213211 82582.5 square pleasant grove 1853 4 1 66 redrehrect square lehi 1851853J 4 1 99 square spanish forfonforkfonk 1855 8 5.5 132 99 square beaver 1856 4 1 13213291029 99 saiSlisquarequare mount Plpleasanpleasantpleamaneasan 185818531.853 4 1 132 99 squaresqupresquaqu re spring city 1859 4 1 99 squeaque re heber city 18501860 4 1 82582.5 square cilarCliarcharlestonleston 1860 4 1 66 square wanshipmanship 1864 8 5.5 99go1 square st john 1866 4 1 66 square plain city 1870 4 1 66 saisqisquareare kantimantimantl 181 4 1 99 squaresquaaqua re

4 as j- 66 squaresquaaqua Rrichfield1 c1s ead1d 181871 4 1 99 re salina 1871 4 1 99 6606I1 sousouiresquiresquareirekrekue redmond 387138213.871 4 1 66 3squarequa re 66 square washington 1873 4 1 8282582.5 redreheedrect I1 souari park city 16801880 6 7.7 5 50 redrehreetpeet squareS jiiarijikari 1 s-inta clricarioira 1681 4 1 66 squaaquaIaeaquaaua re 79

TABLE continued

settlement when surveyed number of size of street block lots per lots in size pattern block acres in feet moroni 1882 4 1 99 square

junction 1890 4 1 99999 82582.5 square bluff 1891 4 1 99 square bountifulbountibounri fulfui 1892 4 1 9909 66 rectangular

tremontinTretremontonmonton 1903 16 2525.25 79 reelrectreet square fountain green 1905 4 1 99 82582.5 squaresquaaqua re centervilleCenterville 19151935igl193 5 4 1 66 square blandingblending 1916 4 1 99 square

date survey was recorded

in the number of lots for each block tremontintreronTretremontonTremontremontonsmontontons rocksnocksblocksmocksbrocks are broken down into the smallest lot segments that of sixteen one quarter sereacreseneacne plots since tremontorstremontonsTremontorstonstonszons survey is of more recent origin this raymay account for thetho small sisizeze of the lots twenty ttuotwoio towns are surveyed with square block dimensions five settlements have blocks of both rectangular andaridarldgrid square design

settlements uithwith five acre blocks

ten settlements of the totilcotiltottob a1aa number included in thisthi s study are within the classification of settlementsettlementss wwithth five acre blocks of this r proupcroup scslsnteetcnlante isLs chosen as the representative totownrr to bo furtfurther1 er explored 80 escalante although potato valley was discovered as early as 1866 by a group of modrmordmorrmonnonon cavalry in pursuit of indians during the blaclblaceblackblaekc hawk war it was not colonized until 18518718751.875 during Febrfebruaryaaryuary of 185187 men from both beaver and panguitch came into the region exploring the country in search of good livestock range and a location that ightnightmight offer a milder climate where a munitycoimunitycorzaunitycoicolcommunitycontacorzaconzaunity could be established these men laid out the arable land in one hundred sixty acre tracts since land was unsurveyed at this time measurements at best were rather rough they all agreed that the farm land would be divided into sections of twenty two and one half acres each this would leave some land for settlement by future pioneers it is evident that they were concerned with establishing a community rather than large 4individ- ual famfann tracts this policy undoubtedly accounted for the rapid growth in population during the following yesrsyeprsyepes 650 the settlement of escalante was motivated by the desire on the part of the settlers in the older communities fcrbcr new economic opportu- nities and for a climate norenoromoremoro suitable for agriculture this area of utah was especially inviting to cattlemen and shcepnenslheerpmen since most of the

other randranderangee lands hdhad boer-i claimed or overrunover run withwi h livestock the people were not eaiealcalledcal aed1ed to go to this section as lzadihadahad been the case with numerous other pioneer coucopmunitiescorjmnitles escalante was one of a small group of coiwiimitiescorvrivnnities that wsnaswas not selsettleduntied in the traditional 1hormonmormon

Ppatterntte rn

65n nelsonel-eion on 0op citcil appp 848584 85 81 the original townsite was laid out in the spring of 1861876 it was divided into eighteen five acre blocks each block in turn was divided into four lots of one and one quarter acres with one village lot for each family As the village grew additional blocks and lots were surveyed until the town contained over fifty blocks on the village lot the farmer built his home and farmyard few buildings were constructed on the farm itself since barns corrals sheds poultry houses hog pens were all located on the one and one quarter acre town lot there was space on the home lot for the family garden andend some fruit trees as well as for ornamental shrubs and trees around the house

SUMMsummary

As the five acre table indicates seven of the five acre settle- ments had blocks which were further divided into four one and one quarter aerecreacre lots per block farmington had blocks with six lots each midway c blocks were subdivided into eight lots per block Alalbinesripinealpinealpinespines lots dildimen-man sions were the smallest of the group with fourteen one third acre lots to the block the streets were generally ninety nine 825 or sixty six feet in width eight of these communitiescoruniunities were laid oatout in a square block pittompattom alpine and payson had both rectangular and square blocbiocblocss in their originalori ginal plats with little unifomityuniformity between one tier of bloc cs and another 82

tibleTABIETABLE 8

settlements WITH FIVE ACRE BLOCKS

settieSettlesettlementnentment ehenwhenunen surveyed durbornurbornurebor of size of street block lots per lots in size pattern block acres in feet saleasalensaiedsalem 1855 4 1251.25 99 square midway 1860 8 6.6 99999ggs 66 square alpine 1868 14 3535.35 66 redrearect square

0 o minersvilleMinersville 160igois I1 4 1251.25 82582.5 square escalanteescal ante 3863.8618761.876183861861876 76 4 1251.25 99 square mt carmel 188011880 4 1251.25 66 squaresquaaqua re paysonpay ggs son 1881887 4 1251.25 99999 66 rectrecu 9 square monticello 1887 4 12512.5 99 square fafarmingtonmimintonnt 1892 6 9.9 1321329 82582.5 rect square burxhurxhurricaneicaneibane 1913ree1913rec1913 reereerec 4 1241251.251.24 82582.5 66 square

in and about nanynarrymanymarry of these cc7ccotitiescctonunitiestitles forts and walls were cocon-1 1 structedstructed as defensive measures against the indian tenacemenace which threatened

the pioneers especially durinduringduming the period between 1853 sidandaid 1870 in most cases drotectiveprotective walls were adlaida d out alonaalonpalong streets which were pirtpart of thetho original suricsurvcsurveyedyed grridd in a few instances a fort was constructed

priorpelorpr lor to the official survey when this wsvaswas done a point of the fort wisuiswid

often selectselecteded as ththethuj starting point for thethobheuhebho town survey these statstaastatek e rentsbontsments wwallwjll1 liii11.11 be anairanalyzeded in the fifth chapter where the fortifications of sevorseveralal settlements will bo dldiscussediscussed in detail CHAPTER V

EARLY MORMONMORITON fortificationsFO FICATIOS

background

when the cormonsmormons first arrived in the valley of the great salt ikelake one of their first objectives was to build a fort and where po- ssible a wall in or around the community as a protection against possible indian attack the wall would also keep the livestock from the garden plots within the city proper this pattern wsviasvins followed in most of thetho early mormon settlements in general the mormon settlers had friendly relations with the indians of the region but occasionally raidingraudingmaraidingmaraudingma indians would tttackttckA the settlers especially during the period between 1853 and 1870

Spsheakinspeakinspeakingeakin g in farolanfarowsnfarowan in 1851854 brigham young gave the folifolkfollowinglowing advieadvicei which was pplicblsapplicable to all the early communities 1ltI want to see a settlement fort in evryevery city I1 want you to make a wallwaliwaii around here so that no ninrinnln cncanean get over andnd if your enemies come with scselingscalingling ladders they canean not aclaelactgetgot to you and no gun faze the wall and be pperfectlyrfectrefectlllyeliyelly safe make four percpermpermanentanent gates and rrskeraskerr9ke yourselves secure so that you cncan sleep in pepecece akomkennkoke the waliwellwaii six feet thick and six or eight tsetteetdeetet high and dont be talking about it but go to and do it the settlers were also given three general rules to foliofollowr for their protection agagainstinstdinst thetllethle indiindiansans 1 the cattle were to be drerivendrivenv n into the fort if the indians threatened 2 the fort wswas to be the

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83 84 y center of ththe town and the people would at first have their homes within this enclosed site isas protection against the indians 3 the settlers were warned not to reestablish a colony which they had been forced to vacate unless a parlypartyparcypar cy of fifty well armed men were available and no women or children vereverowerewero to be taken to these settlements unless a good wall ten feet high and three feet thick was first built they werewore to have a grist mill and a source of water where possible within the fort 67 the first fort salt lake city

the Mor11ormonscormonsmormonsmons in the parent settlement of salt lake city selected one of the blocks from the original plat to be enclosed as a fort the ten acre block which waswasswasz chosen was between third and fourth south streets and between second and third west streets homes or cabins were built irithnithirithwithinith acobesadobes or with logs and were arranged to form the uailvallwallmaii of the fort the outside wall of each house formed the outer wall while all windows and doors opopenedned to the interior of the fort the roofs of these cabins consisted of poles or split logs laid close together and Q covered with cedar bark that grew about the marshes 68 acting both up- on reports of the climate and the dryness of the soil in the valley several inches of dirt wswas used on these flat roofs as a protection against rain andnd snow when the winter andend early spring rains carocamecamo they leaked bdlyadly61y umbrellas were frequently used within the house to 69 keep the rain from dripping oron people as thethey slopsiopsleptslopt or ate thethertheirr meals

ime671bidIMs 613611 G ryn lake 1 IA nicholasnoicholns nornmornyornmo-I thilielile old fortvortyort salt lakedakeke city utah utah printingprint ing co 1019644 pD 20 69roberts69roberts aaop cciit vol iliilllitIII111 p 303 85 fortunately tho first vinterwinter in the valley was a mild one as it could have been disastrous the floors of the cabins were made of leveled clay which was packed and ilaiiardenedhardened into a smooth surface the one block selected for enclosure by the pioneer leaders for homes was found inadequate for the number who made their way into the valley during the fall of 1847184 it vaswas not long until additions of one block kieretrereverewere made adjoining the originsoriginal fort on both the north and south sides these edditadditionsionslons were called north and south forts respectively they were connected vithwith the old fort by gates and each of the latter forts had gateways to the outside the houses around the perimeter of these additional enclosed blocks as the first one were built solidly together of acobesadobes or of logs the highest wall on the outside the 0 shed formed roof sloping inward 70 during the spring and early summer another block was evidently added to the three already described in a general epistle issued after president young returned to the valley in the sumnersummer of 18461848 is stated on our arrivaltrrival in this valley we found the brethren had erected four forts composed mostly of houses including an area of about forty seven acres 117171 the lndindlzndland surrounding the fort was considered the best suited andnd most convenient for crops and a twelve foot high adobe wallwasgallwaswallwaiiwail vaswas to have been placed along the crop land to keep the grazing animals on the out- side the inner line of the wall or fence extonextendedded due east from the jordjondjordanjordonjondonon river along the south lineiinolino of ninth south street to a point twenty rods east of the east line of ninth east street thence due north

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711b ad1dd 86OZ y to south temple street continuing dueduo north along NIN street to fourth avenue thence due west to the east line of state street thence north- westerly along wall street to seventh north street thence due west to the jordan river specifications called for it to be six feet thick at the bottom thirty inches at the top and twelve feet high and surrounded by a ditch of unstated dimensions 722 this wall was never completed as planned in the late 1850s1850 a fence of poles and adobe enclosed the entire area to agive added protectionprotection against possible indian attacks in 38513.851 the boundary of the village was extended to the base of the wasatch mountains on the east one half mile beyond the hot springs on the north and to near twenty first south on the south 73 settlement had spread eastvrdeastuardto to sixth east and westward to seventh west this ex- pansion left too 1ittieittlelttielittle land between the village and the wall for a

growing0 population and great fields on the south side of the adobe bar- rier began to be utilized for crops Ass the village continued to expand it covered the former crocroplandplind soil and increasingly large areas had to be allsepalloepallocatedted outside the wall the growth of the village during the 186011860ts ws expressed merely in a slight expansion of settlement toward the estenst and along the bench to the northestnortheast the avenues were constructed slongplongalong this bench thus creating the first major deRdepdeparturearture from the original plan the avenues and blocks were less than half as large as others in the city becabecauseuse of the relief dheildwellingsings also moved eastward covering more of the crop land between the village and the wall near yinth esteastepst many homeshomos were actually built on the outward side of the wall to near fourteenth east

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forafor4lificationsfortifications1 in central utah brovprovprovo0 LFfortt utautah the first settlement of provo was made on the south side of the proveprovo river near the lower crossing approximately first north and eighteenth west streets today at what was later known as old fort field in the spring of 1849 the erection of fort style houses was commenced at once fort utah measured twenty by forty rods and was surrounded by a fourteen foot stockade irithwithinith gates at the east and west ends box elder trees which were more accessible and durable than cottoncottonwoodvoodwood were used for buibuildinabuildingldina material loulog cabins wieithwithth roroofs0fs constructed of split lumber and dirt formed the exterior of the fort each cabin had two clothcioth coveredcovered windows luncheonsPunchepuncheonsons were used for floor- ing the vecvacveevacsntvacentnt spspaceseesces between the houses were filled with pickets enbeddedembedded closely together in the ground to complete the stockade A eattiecattleeattlecpttle corral attached to the southeast corner of the stockade was used at night and a guardhouse was erected within the corral smaller private corrals were placed within the stockade close to some of the cabins A brass ennoncannon was placed upon a natural mound located in the center of the fort 744 youngyouncryounce brigham ID arrived at the original settlement site in septem- ber of 1849 to inspect the fort and the settlement in general the original fort had beenben selected because the provo river adand a snailsnallsmallsmail branch strearstramstreamstmamstroam flowing southward gave soaesonesomegonegome protection fronfrom the surnsswensswarns of 111horionmorionhormon criclcetscrickets that infested the bench lands to the east and

74gracof graco winkleanwindleanlilinlefrianWinklean cded provo pioneer yoryoronxoryoron on cicuyty portl&dportland 1 cqaqoregonp7onpaon BinforbinforjsJs and hartvart publistersblisherspublishersolibliolt shers 1921942 p 161 65 88 y north the annual spyspringspyinging flooding of the provo river however innunimiunannun dated the grain fields and prolonged the springC planting for this area

on september 171 brigham younayoungyounp heber C kimball and others rode out of thetine old fort to locate a moremoro suitable townsite they found a very eligible place about two miles northeast of the fort 75 the settlers constructed a small fort six by twelve rods at what is now towiettosowiettesowiettoSowietteiettoletto north parkpaek using this snailsmallsmail fort as a starting point the future city was surveyed contrary to brighambrbgham youngs orders church and city officials of provo were moving out of the fort and establishing homes and farms all over the valley george A smithsplith was sent by brig ham young to take the lead in getting the settlers to build a larger fort and then to build homes within the fort 76 provo confident of its size and strength in numbers was one of few settlements south of big cottonwood that made no attempt at further fortification during the first year of the walkerwaiker war the settlers finally decided to wall in their city during a temp- orary peace period the colonists who had establestabaestablishedisheddished therrthedrthennthemselvesselves along the river bottoms and in other outlying placesinplapiaplacesplacksincesinin the spring of 185 moved into the city and began constractionconstructionconstraction of a mud uailwaliwallwailwaiigall as directed by brigham young the uailwillwaliwailwall was to run north from seventh west and center street to fifth Northnorth thence east to university avenue thence south to sixth soutelsouthlsouth thence west to seventh west and thence north to center Streetstreet7777 the wall was to havehavo an eighteen inch rock foundation and wunswoss

to be twelvetwelvo or fourteen feet highC with a width at the base of four or

75125175lbid751bidbid p 51 76 p 5 ilibid 9 75 W 77lbidibid 10 p 78078 89 six feet and slope to s width of two feetfoetfoot at the top there were to be bastions and port holes for defense against the indians in the building of the wall a number of rods was assigned to each man andnd additional amounts of vorkworkmoekvora were to be done by those men owning city lots the nethodmethod of construction was similar to slip forms used in modern day concrete worvorkwork poles were placed in position six to the rod three on each side of the section of wall to be built planks were placed at the bottombottorabottona inside the poles and a mixture of clay and dirt dug on the outside was dumped between As the wall rose in height more planks were added until the top was reached work on the waliwallhrail went on for about two years during this time the west endand south sides and part

of the north side werewore completed As the danger of Tindian attack grad 78rygryomyo uallybally decreased work on the wall was discontinued some men finished their assigned workworldvorywory unliewhile others did little or nothing the wall never did extend east of fifth west which was then main street As people moved out of the walled enclosure they claimed lots on the south east and west As the hub cicityy of utah valley provo

continued to grogrowr and the major trend of settlement was in a general oaster3ireasterly dilectadirectadirectionon this meant the settlers would gradually be moving up the gently sloping fan towards the foothills of the wasatch mountains

tooelethoele soon after the original eight blocblockss of the community of tooelethoele were surveyed by jesse W fox in 18513 work began on a fort wall the wall was to enclose the town on all sides and was constrictedconstructed in nuchmuchtuchruch

the some way asns the prad walwaiwallwaliwaiiwail1 in salt lake Ccityty the men who had lots

sjensenajensenSJ jensenjonsenensen 9 00oo cit 9 appp 1010510 105 90 within the proposed enclosure were each to complete sections of the wall it was planned that bastions or lookouts would be constructed at each corner of the wall gates were to be built at midwaymid way points in each side of the fortification thus offerlofferiofferingI1 ng easy access to and froinfrom the fort the wall as was the case in many other towns was never actually completed on all sides the wall was finished on the south and east but only partially conplotedcoripleted on the north and west As the indian menace had subsjsubsidedded people were not motivated to finish the project never the less the wall did offer some protection against possible 79 attacks duridurinoduringnoC the 1850s1850

lehi when the erection of the first cabins began in the fall of 1850 at sulphur sprcprspringsi acsncs later known as snows spring it was planned to build them end to end in the form of a fort the spring vasutaswasuras to be situated in the center of the fort this design was never carried out because of the small number of settlers present only the north side was coinpleted with eight houses together with four on the east and three on the west and the south sisidede was entireentirelyly open native cottonwoodcottorwood trees found to the north along dry creelcreetcreek were cut and brought to the settlement after

havhavinglngang been trirmedtrliimedtrimmed and cut into proper lengths they verewerevievre re used to build 80PA theuhe first cabins the walls were approximatapproximalapproximatelyely seven feet high and the roofs were radenadedadenadodadomade of wiwillowsnows and dirdirt the openings between the logs verevorewerewore chinked with ppieceslecesfeces of wood and daubed with hidmidmud A sod fireplace

in oneono corrercomercorner of the monroonmomroom served for cooLAngcooking heating11 and lightingcd the

79 tooelethoele county DufhtersdustersduhtersDuhters of ut-auhuuhh Rionpionplonpioneerssersgerggorg OD cit appp 192019 20 80 gardnorGardgardnernorlnortnoet on0 c t p 21 91 cabin doors were made for some cabins from the wagon boxes while p1pa quilts were used for the same purpose by others 81

when the walker war broke out in 1853 george A smith was placed in command of the utah militia south of salt lake city he immediately directed all of the settlements to construct some type of fortification the settlers of lehi at this time were scattered from the present state road to utah lake although the majority lived at evansville different localities were examined but the choice was finally narrowed to two sites one the present new survey the northwestnorth west part of modern lehi the other the site upon which the city lower lehi was eventually buibulbuiltbulit1tat this latter siteultoyite was selected because no one had already conaticonstructedconstructedconsti acted horieshorleshomeshomles therettherelthere thus avoiding rivalry and argument and also because the 82ft surface well water was considered more desimbledesirable the plan for the new fort was not complex it called for forming allailali the log houses into a hollow square alvutaboutalmut seventy rods in dianeterameterdianeterdiameter inside the enclosure were to be built corrals stockstockyardsyards and stables

As the cmcropsps uezowerouezwezewerwez e harvested that fall they were brought into the stostockadecadeeade and the log cabins were moved and placed end to end thus forming the new

fort thetha north lineitne of this second fort was three rods northnorwah1h of main street thehe west line was threetltereetereotineetineoa ee rods west of third west street the south line was midway between second sndand third south streets and the east line wswasw s midway beleen center and first iestlestwest streets the second fort with the increased centralization of people reresultedaltedacted in a closer 830 union of corlconnunitycoanconnunitymlnitymunity 1aaalifeilfeiffefe which so charactercharacterized3 zed the mormon settlements

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1 881ibadibidbid appp 66666 6 92 As a further precaution against indian attacksatiacks9 and because by 1854 lehilehllohi had five hundred settlers the city council decided to build a twelve foot high adobe wall with a rock foundation this would sur- round the present fort on all sides work was beganbegun on the wall in june of 181854Y the wall was six feet wide at the bottom and sloped to a thickness of three feet at the top for the use of the defenders portholesportholes eight feet fronfrom the ground and a rod apart might be used the bastions which projected out from thetho wawallswailswauswansUs rimidwayridwaydway between the corners served as additional protection Ertrancetraneeentrance to the fort could bebo made through gates on each side which were well guardedguardeduardcardeded as they were p located in close proximity to the bastions 84 As a means of assuring work on the wallmilsml19 each block within the wall was divided inointo eight lots

and for each lot that a nanman owned he was required to bubuildiidlidald1ld four rods of wall or pay the equivalent sixty bushels of wheat or sjsixtysjctyatyxty dollars byetyesy the fall of 1854 the wall was nearly completed and what was accom- plished served as effective defense against raudingmaraudingma indians OJ85

4 just prior to the construction of the wall thetho1 he city was surveyed under the direction of david evans who was mayor aat this timetinietimie using oronly1yay a pocket compass and a carpenters square a plat containing six- teen square blocks tijontytvjcnty rods long intersected rithwithnith streets six rods in width was laid ouloutour running abound the interior of the wall braswas to be a street eight rods videwidepride except on the south where it was only five rods wide thus the dimensions of the fort were oneono huihundreddred fourteen

rods in longalong4length1 h and one hundred eleven rods in width with the wall enclosing the whole

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ame mormon in lneAncamericanrican forkrork 9 as in several ototherher settlements houses were originally built on the famfarmsamsannsanm tracts rather than in the area which was surveyed for the city however indian troubles beginning with the walker war in 1853 madede it expedient to move the isolated houses onto the townsite for further protection it was decided to follow the church leaders admonition and erect a fort for protection the fort was eighty rods long and seventy four rods wide and con- tained thirty seven acres of land during the month of august these

ordinances pertainingc3ca to the fort were passed by the city council 1I bebo it ordained by the city council of lake city american fork that a wall be built around the fort of said city and the wall shall be eight yards banebackbandbawd of the houses and running parallel with the houses 1126122 that said wall shall be tvtevetotevetvtelve feet high and six featfeatfeetseat wide at the base two feet wide at the top 3 that every individual ovtninganingowning a lot within the lilimitsmits of the city shall be required to build a wall across said lots and allellelieil the extra wallwaii 9 totogethert3tayetheryother with gates of said fort shall be built by a tax levied upon the property owners and citizens of the fort n4na4 that a committee of four be selected or appointed to locate and susuperintendoerintend the erection of the wall and if any individual shall neglect to build his share of the wall witawitvwithinun a reasonable tinetinotimetimo it shall be the duty of the co- nmmitteeitteeattee to complete the wall and take the property to defray expenses 86

the vailwallwanvalywavan n was constructed of large adobesadonesaldobes made of clay found in the river bottoms land all the individual or privately o-omedn ledaed corrals were located imtediimmediimmediatelyabelyately in front of the pioneer houses while the center of the fort was reserved as the public corrals the corcorralsalsais were built in such a w-vaywayy as to perpepcomitpomitmit thetho stock from each individual corral to enter

686huff CL .9 anon 226227226 22 f et al 9 2n ctrctqcit DP 22622227 95 the public corral in order that they could be taken to pasture by the herherdersgerdersders 8781 only part of thetho vailwallwaiiwaliwarl project was finished before the indian danger abated tho settlers nevertheless arranged their first habitations in accordance iiitheiithwith the plan of the fort the trend for migration inln the corumnitycoirummity of american forkfonk was to the south side of the original settlement site this brought the settlers closer to their farm lands and pastures which were located principally on the gently sloping lake lands to the north of utah lake pleasant grove

construction onoin a fort was begun in pleasant grovegrovo during the sunnersumnersummer of 1853 jackson stewart of provo surveyedsurveyedTurvesurveyed the site for a fort during this summer and construction becbedbedanbecanbeganan at once the wallswaliswahlswanswaus were nademade of rock cemented totogetheraethermether with mud the vallwall was two and a half feet thick at the bottom and tapered to about one foot at the top it averaged five feet in height and enclosed a four square block area be- tween first west and third east streets and between third south and first north streets the gates were at the intersections of first south and third east first east and first north center street and first west and main street and third south all traces of the old fort vailswallswaliswails built in 1853 have disappeared the stones wereworewero later used in faoato other buildings and in the chimneys of thouric pioneer cabins 8800

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was ur the followfollowingdigbigC description ol01of ththe old fort rittenwritten by charles B harper As soon as the walls were fairly started the people began to build homes within the fort square these homes were built just inside the walls of the fort on three rod lots with thetae house set about in the center of the lot all houses faced toward the centerconter blocks of the fort A roadway extended all the way around the four center blocks of the fort and across this road from each home lot were the individual oirnerslownersj barns within the space circled by the barns was a large community corral privately omedowned barns and the community corral to- gether covered the area now contained in four city blocks in later years when the town had bailtbuilthullthulitbabilt up considerably the barns and corrals were removed and homes built and buibulbLibusinesssiness blocks erected in their place and it was around these four confercenterconter blocks that parades marched during all community cele- bratbrationsions of the fourth and twenty fourth of july and other eventful days for many many years this fort had a unique water system which the residents built to insure themselves of good pure water in spite of indian raids and also to protect the health of the community A small box flume carried the pure mountain water from thetho hills to the northeast corner of the fort wall thence into the fort where it was turned into smallersmailer boxed flumesblumes which extended all the way around the forbforu on the front line of each individual home lot at each home there was an opening in the ftimetigerigellime where a cover cocoolidcojlidad1d bebo lifliftedted andaridanid water dipped out with a bacletbucletbuc et and then the voodwood cover inediate17immediatelyn replaced so that the water was kept clean andnd purepore at all times the flumefiume water was used solely for culieulieuilculinarynory purposes all stock being driven outside the fort wall and vratwateredered at brouctrouctroughshs outside the uailwallwaiiw and constructed separate and aa t from the culinary system the water system was not in use when the people first moved into the fort for the fort walls werewore not nearly completed when on jujulyj 18118 1853 there came an order for everyoneeveiwoneiyoneryone to nove inside the fort lines at once with remarkable zeal the settlers pulputpuz forth every effort and bbyy julytuly twenty fourth just six days later every family had been established in some kind of shelter within the forsforts boundaries the construction of the vailswallswaliswanswaus and the building of the water system went on all the more rapidly after the settlers were all located within the fort andaridarld the people beanbecanbegan to build horeshoneshomes of a betader type and a noremore perpermanentmarentmanent nature than theythoy bettbetterler of 89 hhdd had uhenwhenn they had lived each family out on its ownourn farm

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the city berbarbofbeganboganan to buildtr in an east and north direction afafterter thehe haierhaienwalerwalkermalkermaiker war years the people found the soil fertile on the lower slopes of the fan which slopes from the bottom of mount timpanogostimpanogos and the city grafgraduallytallykallykaily novedmoved higher on this fan

SRspringvillesprineSpringvillee the first fort in springvilleSpringville was built on the rising ground about where the third ward schoolhouse now stands it covered about one and one half acres of land the fort was constructed to serve as a fortress as well as a home there were log or block houses around the perimeter locked together at the corners the roofs were made of layers of willows andend clay while the windows and doors opened into the courtyard these were the only means of entrance or exit from the fort these gates were flanked by bastions atallalb the corners so as to offer protection against indian attack and possible outbreaks of fire which might other- wiseso sweep the entire wall in case of an indian attack the cattle could bebo driven into the courtyard for security the logs for the cabins were obtained from hobble creecreek canyon a few miles to the east of the settlement both cottonwoodscottonwoods and cedars were found along the canyon the cottonwoodcottonwoodc were used in the construction of the walls of the houses while the cedars which grew tall and stralestraigstraightht and would split easily were used for rideridgeeidgedidge polespoless foistsjoists and rafters the work on the fort was begun in september of 1850 and before the storms of winter beanbegan the fort was completed 90 during the walterwaikerwalkerwalderwaider war a new fort mswast constructed to give the set- tlers greater protection the new fort surroundsurroundedod four city blocsblocks

joansonjohnsonqojolnsonjohJoKjoknsonnson 00oo citcu p 99 the wall of thetho fort was nademade by constructing blockhouses at close intervals ffromrom one another the buildbuildingsdagsbags were connected by a stockade

whawhj was ten feet high whichch built of logs01 setsot three eetffeetbeet deedeepP in the earth all the surrounding families were called into the fort during these troubled months A guard was posted outside every night until the trouble subsided 91

in the spring of 1851854 the settlers decided to construct a mudraud viavm1311 around the city plat which was at thatteat time three fourths of a mile square this they felt would give more roonroom for expansion and give ad- ditditionalional protection against the indians this wall was eight feet wide at the base ffourour feet wide at the top and twelve feet high it was made from earth ffoundsound near the wall the wall and surrounding rroatmoat required two rods of the eight rod street which encircled the original townsite the wall was built in much the sanesame manner as those onclosincenclosing other pioneer towns four gates and bastions were put in to serve as exits and entrances with the bastions giving extra protection for each gate after the indian menace was over many people began to move ffromsromrom the original city plat enclosure springvillesSpringvilles11lesies growth pattern was mainly in an easterly direction city plots were tatakentahenen along hobblehobbie creek and towards the mapleton bench homes were of course established on allailali sides of the old fort but the major trendtrand was toward the ea-eastst and

the wasatch mountains1

9jbidbid p 2123 100 palmyra Sspanishnish fork

the people at Paxparpaxiyrapa3jyraiyralyralyna enclosed a tenton acre square with what they called a spanish wall for protection fromsrom the indians J wylie thomas states aehacheach family had a small house built with Aitsts backbeck fitted into the wall of the fort and its door opening into the enclosure the houses andwallsand wallswaliswails of the fort were built of large mud blocks or adobe the fort was forty rods square and the walls ten feet high 119292 many people moved into the fort at palmyra when the vallervalierkalkerkaikerwallerwalker war broke out in 1853 during this same year a group of settlers living further eastoast on the river at a place called the upper settlement moved into the fort following the close of the walker war in thetiletiietlle summer of 18541189 those whoilolloiio had taken land in the spanish fork riverdiver bottoms above the site of palmyra felt safe to return to their homehomeshomoshomos93s 0393

As protection against further indianind iantan troubles theknevae people of the upper Settsettlementlementlemont decided to build a fort nearer to their fanfarnsanfanafarmsanasanna land george A smith opposed the noiremoiremove butbratblutbrut erigBrigbrigharlfrighamerighamharlhanlhani young was contacted andnd he

4 approved saying the town1lowneown should have been built on that site in thetho first place the fort was built at about 300 south main street of pres- ent day spanish fork with adobe walls two featreat thiclchiclthick and twenty feetseet high thetho homes were built along the inner side of the inner rectanreceanrectanglele which was one hundred feet north and south by sixty feet east and west there were port holes in each of the ccnpartmentsccnpartmonts both in the upper and lower stories earlyeanesr the center of the fort was a well from which water vaswas drawn for culinary needs thetho only outside opening in thetho walls of

92 huff et aal 0 cit p 381 93ibid931bid loiiollol103101 the fort was a gate sixteen feet high and ffourour inches thick it wswt s abqb considered a strong fortification for those days 947 spanish foixfolkfoikfork grew not onlyoayony in an easterly direction but also to- wards the north and south from the site of the fort the easterly migration trend allowed the settlers to move gradually upward onto a series of delta levels created by ancient likelakelakeaike1ike bonneville here good land drainage was available and the rising mineral salts did not present the problems which were encountered by the palmyra settlers who had tried without success to establish a community to the west and north of spanish fork

Eephraimim one of the most enterprising and attractive towns itijn sanpete val- ley is ephraim it is situated on pine creek at thetho base of the wasatch

4 mountains nernear the center of the valley isaac behuninbehuinmin spent theahe1 vinterwinter and spring of 1852531852 53 on0 finepireminepine creek in an attempt to establish a farm he was unibleunable to hold his claim because of indian troubles in the

2 winter of 1852185255185115 55 tvientygientytwenty fiveriveL ve members of the kantimanti militia moved to the sitesitlebitle they had been unsuccessful in an attisattosattemptsmptampt to establish a settlement to the north here at pine creek these men builtbulit a small but strong fort the walls weewenwereweecewencere formed by using rock from the near 1byj lands and adobe fronfromyron clay in the iimmediateedliate vicinity the encenclosurelomire encompassed an area of one and one half icrasidrasacros within this fortification houses of rocroerock and adobe were also built once the vailswallswalis of the fort were cotple1completee the nenmen felt safe from future indian raids soon other settlers came to

live within the fort aiariarlaielarelarylel take uoup claimsc3aimscliijns alonaalonoaionoalong pine creecreek wiwithinthin a year

I fahermaheriwarnerlwarnerewarnernarnerfamerwarner 01op citcli appp 515251 52 102 and a half a4aalterafterasterater isaac behuninsBehunins attempt at farming ephraim boasted a population of three hundred eleven people 95 payson

in consequence of the indian trouble of 1853 the people were co- mpelled to build a fort in many cases pioneer homes were torn down ardand used buildingininbuilding the fort the settlement had grown so that it nademademadg a row of houses sixty rods square the pioneers then built a fort wall around this settlement the wwaltwallwait11 was four feet thick eight feet high on the inside and sloped to the outside the mud was taken from a trench four feet deep on the outside of the wall the northwallnorth wailwallwaii was never completed asa the trouble with the indians usually earlecanlecaniecame from the south gates were located on the south and east sections of the wall

the east gate was located at the old adobe barn the public square wasvas in the center of the fort where the old nebo stake tabernacle now

stands A flagpole stood in the center of the square and a public veliveilwellvieuvienvren to the north of it 96

mrs jaanj3an LuridlundholmhormhoLm a great granddaughter0 of daniel stark aran early surveyor of paysonpayson informed the writer of this thesis that the old fort wall extended east and west between second west and second east on main street and fourth northporth streets the north south nilsmllswallswailswalis connected these walls running north and south on second west and second east mrs lundlundholmholnholmhoim can rememberremenber as a girl seeing rerantsremnantsnants of this old fort wall

95hunter95funtert95Hunter apppon cit9citelteitcitaeity p 241 bhea96rhearhea honehonomono cleangeangoanguoan worthington and phyllis D swanson the payspaysonon Sstory Payspayscnpaysancn utah by the authors 190 p 3 103 and a comercornercomenconner marker which havehavo since been covered or removed as rewnew homes were built thithythroughoutougliout the area 97 in 1893 daniel stallstark was hired to reresurveysurvey the city farming and hay fields the limits of the city proper were extended half a mile in each direction from the original plat the steep salem fan see chapter 1II11I prevented the settlement from extending towards the east since the pasture lands were to the north the town grew to the south and west as inorelnoremore settlers moved into the payson area 98

fortifications at other locations

wellsville peter maughan was asked to choose a site in cache valley where future settlers could make their homes foiFolfollowinglouing brigham youngsyoungg admo- nition he investigated the area in the summer of 18561836 and after looj1004cloojlookingng over the valley he chose a site in the south west end of the valley

after reporting his findngsfindfindingsogsngs to brigham young he was instrue4instructed1 ed to take with him any settlers who desdesiredairedalreddired to settle in cache valley and there found a permanent colony on the 15th of september 1856 a small parltypartyparety of eight men and deveral women and children arrived in the valley to establish a settlement during the fall of 1856 the pioneers began to erect a fort whichvenich would afford thenthem protection from indian attacks timberwastimber vaswas obtained from the near by mountains these losioslogs were used to make cabins which were placed side by side to form the walls all doors and windows verevorewerewore constrictedconstructed or cut in walls which icedacedracedfacedf the

tlintorviewInteriinterievev with mrs joan lundholm greatgroat granddaughter of daniel stark march 19619677 98hon91honehono WorthworthinfworthintonworthinginiinF ton and swanson op citeitefteatcat p 7 104 interior of the fort polesepoles9poles brush and earth were used to form the roofs of these honeshomes the fortificat4fortificationon was originally knoknownvm as kaughansbaughansmaughansMaugKaughmaughhansans fort but the name was later changed to wellsville to honor 99 daniel H wells who headed the original utah militia brjbajbrhamabrhamrham citacitvcity As stated in chapter three brigham city was not settled by an organized company of mornonsmormonsmormone under the direction of Brigbrighamilaniianliam young in 38503.850 several families settled on box elder creek about twenty miles north of ogden A year later more families came and a fort was built to afford protection against the indians the map on page 105 indicates the fort was built in a location near box elder creek when the city was later surveyed the fort wall enclosed much of the original plat the walls were constructed mainly of adobe or mud packed into rough plank forms the houses of adobe and logs were built within the enclosure in the spring of 1852 the settlers who now no longer feared the indianindians left the fort and began vorkwork on their farm near by bieheachdach farm contained forty to eighty acres for each man the men would go to their farms loo100 each morning and return to the safety of their fort homes each night

santa clara and st georgegeo the settlement of sansantaa clara on the santa clara river was founded

by jacob hamblin 1ufusrufusrutus luenalienallenailenauenanen and others these men had worked 8ass mi- sionssionariesaries among the indians who inhabited the soutthernsourthernsour themthern part of the utah territoterritoryy intn 184 109lopioplog cabins werewern built in a cluster near the river sonosomesomo nine miles north of its junction with the 10pjoajoio cirpvirpvirginin it was

99tullidma on 07 aq p 413 tulitulladejde1 arqrA cttq

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fiaaifiaapAP rovSPHOVowwn6mam6 l06t104loc&tiow OF fqf2tforatforzt rboxaboxfl OX eldeaelde2eloeg NOMO aaretasprecaaprecapret eat2iC azefazzfr piotjcfirz madMAP

MAP 13 106106log considered wise to build a wall fforsoror protection against possible indian uprisingsup risings these early settlers decided to construct a wall of rocks cemented with mud this would surroundturzurround the colony on all sides it iraswasvaas ninoniino feet high two feet thick and one hundred twenty feet square since the village was comparatively small the dimensions of the fort

wall seemed adequaladequatele for that time the fourding of stsj george has been discussed in chapter three it should be remembered that brigham young called three hundred nine people to go as a group to settle in the vicinity of the virgin river this relatively large group of settlers greatly influencedinfluonced the fortifi- cation plans for st george the plute indians who lived in this region were a comparatively weak tribe they had caused very little trouble among the comonsmomonscormonsmormons in this region these two factors large group settle- ment and weakness of local indians made it unnecessary foror the colonists to build a fort thus st george was one of the few early villages to 101 be settled without the toil of constructing a fortification loi

cove fort cove fort was constructed by the mormon pioneers as an outpost on the mormon trail or california road in 1868 brigham young thought it wise to conconstructstract A fort at this locatcocatlocationloniondon twenty three miles north of

beaver as a buiwarbulwark &against0ainstainest indian dedepredationsPrelationsredations and as a comfortable way station for pioneers traveling between salt lake city and utahsutah dixiemxie the fort wwss located on cove creek which issues from a recess or cove in thathetho tushzitucharbucharr mountains to the castoast and was named from it it was builtbulitdulit of blaclblaceblack volcanvoicanvolcnjcc roelrockroek laid up in iunelimeilmelume mortar walls arearo loi101idlbld9 p 71 10710 eighteen feet high and four feet thimthick at the bottom tapering to two feet at the top snailsmallsmail cabins of rock and adobe lined the interior of the wall ittt is the only fort in an almost perfect state of preserva- tion which still stands as a replica of the many forts constructed by the mormon pioneersanpn oncersonners as they attempted to protect their settlements from cache valley on thetho north to santa clara in utahsutah dixie most of the main fortifications were constructed in the year 1853 or within the next year or two because of the walker war at various places throughout utah other fortifications were built similar to those in salt lake and utah valleys in sanpete county many of the earlyeaffy settlements had some type of fortification nearlyyearly all of the hub cities had some type of fort constructed it must also be noted that many of the early commnitiescootiunitiescommunities never built a fort as such several reasons might be given as an explanation for this intn this early period nany of these villages which did not provide protection for themselves were able to rely on the nearby hub

c cities for protection in the event of an indian attackc several settle- ments were not founded until after the 1850s1850 and 60sgos which were the years of greatest danger as far as the pioneers were concerned 108

TABLE 9

SETTMYUTS AND fortifications settlement vaswaskas a fort type of was protective eailhalihalluailwallwail built construction built around Settsettlemensettlementlemen VL salt lake city yes adobe logs yes holladay no no mill creek no no sugar house no no south cottonwood no no

Ddraperraper no no jordanjorden no no faxittinfaaFaxfarmparnpanniTtiningjuglugton yesyos log cabin stockade no bountiful yes adobe yesyos kaysvikaysvillewaysvilleKaysvilleilellelie yes adobe yes centervilleCenterville no no ogden yes adobe logs yes north ogdenogdon no no uintah no no lynne no no slatervilleSlaterville no ko10 booHoohgopervillahoopcrvillehoopervilla yoN 0 no plain city no no provo yes adobe logs yes knerlAmerlamerliaamerlcaamericanca fork yes adobe yes 109

TABLE 9 continued settlement was a fort type of was protective wall built construction built around settlement lehi yes adobe yes alpine yes adobe rocks yes pleasant grove yes adobe rocks yes payson yes adobe mud yes salem no no springvilleSpringville yes log cabin stockade yes spanish fork yes adobe logs no santaquinSantaquin yes adobe rocks no orem no no

palmyra yes adobe mud yes nephi yes adobe no levan no no toofictooeictooelc yes log cabin stockade yes Grantsgrantsvillegrantsvigrantskivilleilellelie yes log cabicabinn adobe no st john yesyos adobe no kantimantlmantiy ti yes adobe rocks noN 0 ephrainephraim yes cedar post adobe no moroni no no mt pleasant yes cobble rocks clay no spring city no no fairview testeayesyea 109log cabin no fountain green no no 110

TABLE 9 continued

settlement was a fort type of was protective wall built construction built around settlement gunnison no no redmondbedibedrReditondnond no no salina no no richfield no no elsinore no no honroemonroe no no junction no no garden city no no clrCircirclevillecirciecirclevilloCircleclevillevillo no no Paraparagonahgonah yes log cabin stockade no carowanparowan yes log cabin adobe yes cedar city yes adobe hocrocrockshocksks yes beaver yes log cabin stockade no Minersylinersvminersvillevillee no no summit no no fanguitchpanguitch yes log cabin stockade no escalante no no fillmoreFillKorecorenore yes adobe cedar posts yes delta no no holden no no

meadow no no haliswellsvillewallsvillewollsvillewallsWollsville ieslesrosyesyos log cabin stockade no ill

TABLE 9 continued settlement was a fort type of was protective wall built construction built around settlement logan no no smithfield no no providence no no1 0 hyrum no no mendon yes log cabin stockade no paradise no no hyde park no no richmond no hoNO lewistonlewistonxon no no killvilleKillmillvillemiilMillmillevilleville no no brigham city yes adobe logs no willard yes adobe logs no tremontinTretremontonmonton no no fielding no no alvillecoalvilleCo no no park city no no kamas no no wanshipmanshipwan ship no no raberreberheberhaberhober city no no midway no no charleston no kcno st george no no 112

TABLE 9 continued settlement was a fortfoifor t type of was protective wall built construction built around settlement santa clara yes rocks mud yes washwashingtonwashjngton3 agtonngton no no toquervtoquerotoquervillee no nomo hurricane no no dervilleordervilleOr no no mt carmel no no glendale no no canabkanab no no blandingbland ing kono no bluff no no monticello no no la sal no no montpelier no nc cove fort yes lava rock no woodruff no no randolph no no st charles no no lake town no no CHAPTCHATTY VI

SUMMARY

when the cormonsmormons founded their settlements in the great basin they established a definite pattern of land occupancy aside from the physical limitations of topography clclimateimato and soil they were free to chiosochoosechooso the pattern of land settlement which would best serve their needs they selected the farnfannfarmllfarrri village plan and then adapted it to thethotiletilo seniarsemlarsemiaridsenisemi araridid lands of the west the eoriMorimorinonscormonsmormonsnons chosechoso the famfarm villvillageagell system because it provided security enhanced the various church pro- grams allowed for more advantageous utilization of azarableadabie landsableabie among X tho group developed extraordinary group solisollsolidaritsolidaricsolidaritydarit r and was probably best suited to the physghysphysicalfl caical environment of tathoteeteo great bainbasin the basic plan for the mormon settlements was the plan presented by joseph smith and known as the city of zion while the diandlanvianplanpian of the city of zion was a master plan devised for a farm coiwxr1itycoiituunity the facts

11 do not support the statement that ailaliall of the faxfayfc r western settlexensettlementsk s were patterned after the city of zion 102

the region the 1mornonsmornone111ormons chose for settleisettledsettlementilent was semiaridsonisemisomi aridarld and must have seeraedsoomrxi espeespeciallyia11y dry to a people coming from the eastern united states several climatic factors account primarily for this semiaridsemi arid condition 1 distance inland from thetho oceans 2 mountain

10 I1 kelson14 elsonqlson siislisitcn ci I1 P L 7

113 lih1143143 14

7 barriers and 3 the influence of subtropical highkighhigh pressure cells the mountains of the region provided great natural water sheds thus supply- ing streams which in many cases were of a permanent nature the presence of streams was a major factor in developing the eastern margin of the great basin since most of the vvalleyseysays could be colonizedcolonisedzed pro- vided sufficient streamstroam flow was available the morrionsMormormonsmormonerions were faced with the problem of placing comparatively large groups of people in limited geographical areas this could be

accomplished only by intensively irrigating0 the more favorable locations analysis of one hundred mormon settlements revealed that the early pioneers located their villagesv ages on or near alluvial fans or deltas these werewore created by theuieule streams which also supplied the precious water for both irrirrigationgatlongationfidationfigationfi and culinary needs of the total numbernu mber in- vestivestigatedgated sixty towns were located on or at the iimmediateiinedia base of alluvial fans twenty four coranitiescorjnranifcies were located on or at the bababebahee of deltas onlycrioaioal dy sixteens4sa eteenxteen ilagesflagesvivillages were situated on lake plains or river bottoms land both the fans and deltas provided natural sloping lands for irrigation sndand rich well drained alluvial soilssolissolls which wore wewellweilweli suited to a variety of crops brihambrigham yolyoungyoeyouyoeng nang encouraged the settlers to select sites encn hiaihhihrh ground where drainage would not be a problem several1 settlersottlersettlementszients were forced to abandon their origioriginalziaizial positions and

0 move lo1041 o higher elevations when drdrainagedralnageaLnage of farm lands became a problem itIL is evident that the early pioneers soon realizedrealireallreailsedzed certain landlandfonnslandformsforms offered dioremorenorgmorg advantages than did others investigation of thetiie early morrionmormon settlements and thoirchoir ori7inrloriginal city pitsplats revealedrevcaled considerable variation in their surveysurvaysunvey patterns the corxrunitiesconjrunities eerovenoweroweno rotr ot allailau surveyed in ten acre block patterns nor n-

115

did they follow as many have supposed the exact plan fforor the city of zion it was possible to group the villages into block patterns of ten eight six five and four acres only seventeen settlements had blocks of ten acres each salt lake city was the key city of this group salt lake city was to be patterned after the city of zion but careful study reveals many deviations from this plan the center blocks were not surveyed as fifteen acres to the block nor vierewore the blocks further subdivided into gentywentytwenty lotsdots to the block the influence of Brigbrighambrigharnhainharn younayoung and other church leaders was strong in the survey patterns of

nanymanynoonymoony mormon communities but despite this infinfluenceluence iranyrranynanymany variations were noted As an exaexampleriple BrighdrigbrigherbrigharibrighwrBrighariwr young requested the temple block be surveysurveyedod as forty abrasacrasacros but this was reduced to ten acres as the survey

cants k was adaradanadairadair several settlersettlementscintseints were nolotnot founded oinivinalloriginallyC Y by church selected groups but raratherblaerulaer by pioneers looking for new grazinggracing or farm

lands tho ton usually fofollowilowl lowbow thu grid pattern of survey irithwith square blocks but thetheetheoe werawerewero narywary communities which had both square and rec-

tangular blocbiocblockscs the street size varied fronfrowfrom villvilleaeeaoe to village theyA were not all stusuuveyedkeyedorvorveyedeyed with one hunhundredIred thirty LWO footfoo4z wide streets but

1 seemed to adopt street dimensions to1o10ao fit their needs the number and size of lots to cachoach block shows great variation between one town and another of the different groups analyzed the totownss with six acre blocks and four acre blocks far outnumberedout numbered the ten acre group with twentyfivetwenty five and twenty eight cities respectively the reasons for these variations irin settlement survey pattern arearo difficult to trace in soresorosomesomo cases it may havehavo been the availability of land which could be used forfon a townsite hanyhamanyny towns apparently were surveyed according to tho discroliondiscrolion of tho local town leadership territurritorriterturterritorialri koriakoria1koriah1 surveyors or n-

ilg116

locally appointed surveyors exercised some influence on the dimensions of the blocks lots and streets in and about many of the mormon communities forts and defensive walls were construeconstructed tedbed as defensive measures against the indian menace which threatened the pioneers especiaspeciespeciallyy during the period between 1853 and 1870 the protective wall also served as a fence which would keep the cattle from the city garden plots in most cases protective walls were laid out along streets which were part of the original surveyed grid in a few instances a fort was constructed prior to theuieUuleie first official survey when this was done a point of the fort was ofteroften selected as the starting point for the town survey the walls were generally constructed by using crude plank forms into which clay or mud could be tampedcamped these adobe walls required many months to build and a cooperative effort fronfrom all concerned few of the towns were able to coneonconpletelycompletelyluleluletelyipke tely enclose their settlements withwildi a wall and many of the early villagesv agesagos dvornevornovorn built a wall or fort as such two reasons nightmight be given as an explanation for this in this early period many commu- nities which did notnocnoo provide protection for themselves were ableabieablo to rely

on the near by kubhub cities for protection in the event of anelnalnean indian attack since several settlements were not founded until after the indian wars wore over they could not see the need to build fortifications it should be apparent that the cormonsmormons chose the pattern of land settlement bestbastb6st suited to theithoitholtheir eedseds and then adapted it to their physical1 surroundings the selection of a townsite by thesethose early pioneers indicate considerable plahmplaxmplanningng was involved whilewhilo it is true that not all morion communities werewero similar in their block 117 arrangement or size nevertheless they were ununiformiformbiform in general grid pattern in most cases fortifications were built where needed and served the purpose for which they were intended one cannot help but adnireadmire the orderly and cooperative manner irin which the cormonsmormons established their villages in the valleys of the great basin bibliography

books arrington leonard J great basin kineKinzkingdomdoidol21 cambridge harvard university press 1958 bancroft hubert hovehowe history of utah saltsaitsalesaie lake city bookcraft 1964 box elder county daughters of utah pioneers hiskodk2fhistory of box elder county brigham city utah daughters of utah pioneers 1937 clayton william william clclaytonsclaytonacloyClayatonaxonmxontonsIs journal salt lake city claytoncleytonclaycleyton family organization 1921 cleland herdanherdmanhardmanhandman F geology physical and historical new york american book Concomcompanypany 1928 cline gloria oriffgriffgriffenen explorinexploringexploringExplorin the great basin norman okiaoklahomaOklahoplahopia university of okaiOkliokliahomoklahomaahonahom 19363 creer leland7 hargraveargrave11 the founding ofof an erempiredire salt lakedake city bookcraft 1971947 drigedriggss howard R timpanczostimpancgos town manchesterhanman chasterch6ster N heH thehe clarke press 19819339483.948 finch vernorvennor C trewartha glenn T robinson axtarthurhur KH haluhaimhannonshammonsons mcgraw edwin H elements of0 L geocraphgqogljphv new york hill book company inc 9571957A nauvoo kingdom on thevae urbariaurbarialUrbaria flanders robert druca3rucadauca 1 11 mississippi illinois university of illinois press 1965jc465 gardner haariillhazriiltonuon history of lehi published by the lehi pioneer comritteocomnnttee salt lake city the deseretdaseretd3seret news press 10131913 cafonhafon leroy rdandend ann vs eds to the rockies and oregon 118391&21821f2 glendale 1955 honsborishongbong rhoa yorhingtonworhingtonYoreorvor thinglhingchinghingtonton gean and swanson phyllis D eds thetho paypa son story payson ututahahxh published by the authors 1951950 huff khlmaimzaemaimmama N brown ettieettlenettienettle jones edith B beardall iiriaairialenialenlaa C eds 1 pu in Mcmomenomemomoitioriecmcmoriqciecleriq rh9tbhat1hat livdiv utah countcountyY cenorunialcontormialcentContormial hishistory publb1 i Zshodchoda- a comity i F U an by utahutan cojitycolntjColn tj untersdaunterssauntersdauDa 1 luers of utah pioneersneersloneerslonjersLo cpringvill dlanulandzan bubl co art city publishingeubllubi shinzshingC v 1947ly 118118 119 hunter elitonelltonkiltonmilton R brigham youiryounryounp the colonizer salt lake city the deseret nows press 190igo1940 the ututahn story salt lake city wheelwright lithographingLithographing 1960 utah thathe story of hor people salt lake city the deseret news press 1961946 Jenjenserjensensersex J marinusmartnus AM earlyeardy bistorhistorhistory of proveprovo utah provo new century printing company 9241924 johnsonjohn son don carloscarios A brief history of arinspringvlllee utah SprisprinavillespringvilloSpringviilovillonaville Wwilliamianlaniam F gibson 1900 mead 1 new york an elwood LirrijfcionrrigaarigaZ tion institutions the ylaamillmacrcillan company 1910 morgan nicholas G the old fort salt lake city utah printing company 1641964 neff andrew love history ofof atlutlU tahdi 1847l8691847186971869218697 1869 saltsait lake city deseret newsmews press 1940 sit nelson lowry the merrmonmorrmonmprnon Villavillaepillaevillacypciecipcyp A pattern and technique of land settlement salt lake cityollygityolgyoilyolly university of utah prespress 1952 peterson marie ross edod echoes of yesterday published by r slisllSiisummitrandt ountybountycounty11 DaLightersdaughters cf utah pioneers salt lake city mountain states bindery ricks joel forms andnd mettiMetrimethodsods of earlearierly mormon settlement logan utah fuuth state iversityuniversityunUniversilysicy 196b

roberts B H A Ccomprehensive historyiiiliiiti story 0ofL theuhe church of jesus christ 1 of latter day sain Lscs loiiol01ol I1 iiililii111l V saltsait lake city theche1 deseret news press 193igo1930

romney thomas C the storystury of deseretdoseretdosseretDo seretsenet independence missouri company zions PrinbrinlingprinlingprintincyoingLingtincytinnyID and publishingublishinzU 1931948198

2 1 f roylancoroylandoRoylanco hardward J materials for the stc1- 0of utahs geo7rargeography i Ssaltsaitit laka city published oy Tmene auauchoranchorlhorchor 1660 herecondoreaondoondo ave 1921902 Sansantaquinsantaqu4ntaQUin thiouhchiochloThiotxouqhuh the teautearsyearyeauyearsyoars 13j151 956926 cantaqusantaquinSan taquinlnLn Sansantaquinsaiitaquintaquin centennial history coimitleecolcorrnitleeCoimitLee 1951911191166 shelleysherley george F arlyariyearlybarly historyist 0 of agrjgrjierijiericaricaricarlicarilcarl ork anericanamericanAnerican fork utah american forkrorkronk cityoltyclyoly loj10515145 ststansburyms ry howard iexoloratiexplorationon rdind surveslirvcy cfof tthe6 valloy of the gretgrebgreat salt iko120 C tah rniladeipaiarniiacteipnia lippirtlippirvlippineoltrott granbo and bcrccrccrpcuytanypany 16-lb5252 120 thomas george development of institutions under irrigation new york the cacmmacmmacmillana i oonGomoomcompanypany 1920

thomson 1mildred hatch ed rich memories A history of rich county springvilleSpringspringlispringviville3 le Utahutah art publishing co 1962 tooelethoele county daughters of utah pioneers history of tooelethoele cocounty salt lake city publishers press 1961 trewartha glenn T an introduction to climate ad3d ed revised new york mcgraw hillkill book company 1954 tulltulituiitullidgeidge edward W edward W tullitullidpcesaaelaaaels historbistorhi storiesjosaoszos4 vol II11 salt lake city the press publishing company 1889 histhistory2ry 0ofr saSsaltsaitait lakelako city salt lake city edward W tullidge publisher 16691886918889 utah a guide to the state compiled by workers of the writerWritwriterswritertseriserts program of thethatho forkdorkvorkwork projectproyect administration of the state of utah new york eastinhastinhastingsIs house publishers 1939 warner elisha the historyhistorzstory 21of spspanishlishtish fork idanishsdanishspanish forcfork utah the press Publishpublishinginaknakne company 1930

white C langdon and foscue edwin J kealkeairegiregionalonalonai goofgoofraphyraphy of lnangloangio3 america ad2d ed revised KnaknalewoodengleEngieenglewoodengiewoodlewoodwood cliffs iewlewbew jersey prentice hauhallhalihail 1958 whitney orson F hihistorytorytqrv of utah 4 vols salt lake city cannon and sons 169219041892190416921892 1904 winkleman gracsgrace ed provo pioneer mormon city compiled by the workers of theuieoieole Writerswriters1Writerstorstorc 1 program of tietlethexie korkworkgorkworic projects administration for the state of utah portland oregon BLBinbinfordsfords and martmar t publishers 1942

worlton james T cornuconlnunityni life jinn U tahutah salt lake city the deseret Y news press 1951 tounetoungyouneyoung levilovi edgar chief enisodenisonepisodesgs in the history of utah chicago the lakeside press 1912

thethoth 0 undinfountinfoundinFofou ndinganding of utahU tabtah no-nowr york charles scribners1 sons 1923

periodicalperiodicals and lewsjewspapersJewsewspapersnewspaperspapers

the dsoretdworet nelcnewc salt lakedake city utah june 15 1950

goddesGoddesdosdej jossphjoseph A modification of the earlyeaxlybaxly utah farm village ll11 jack goo I sociationafsociationassociationAf lon of pacificjaciIaci fic coacoastcoantt 000ooogeographersra 1 icr3 vol 8 1942 121 jefferson mark utah the oasis at the foot of the wasatch geographical review vol I1 1916 meinig D W the mormon Clliturelaitureculture region strategies andund patterns in the geography of the american west 187184719641847 1964 11 annals of the association of american geographers vol 55 june 191955 pratt orsonorson journal of orsononsonorson pratt latterlacter dday saints mellenialMellenial star 1849501849 50 the salt lake tribune salt lake city utah february 20 1961967 seenanseemanSeoinan albert communities in the salt lake basin economic 600Googoographgeographygraph vol XIV worchester massachusetts published by darkclark university 1938 utah historical society utah historical quarterly salt lake city 1928 white C langdon the salt lake oasis journal of gqogrageographyr hy vol 27 1925

unpublished material boyce ronald A historical geography of greater salt lake city utah 11 unpublished easterbasters1astersrastersmaster thesis department of geographyCD university of utah 1919575757 budge seth elliott the geography of bear Llakej e valley unpublished masters thesis department of geography university of utahubah 1950 burnham R C the cilClicimatesclinatesclimatesnates of utah unpublished sterlssherlsmastersxa thesis department of geolgeoegeographya 1 achyaphy university of utah 1950

buss walter richard A preliminary survey of the physiographic types of utah unpublished masters thesis brbrighamlehanlehamigham young university

chestnutwoodchestnuiwood charcharlescharlaschareeschareaschareeslaslecees M A historical approach to the urban 000Cooooogeographygraphy of ighanibrighamBr city 11 unpublished Yastersmasters thosisphosis DepartDepartiedepartiencdepartzientzientnc of geography university of utah 1950

coffman W eirioelitioelicio the geography of the utahutain valley crescent unpgnpunpublishedabilishedabolished ph D dissertation Depardepartsdepartndepartmenttnent of gelgecgeographygraphy columbus ohio statestato university 1441944

frost Imelvinmeivinleinmelvlnin J factors that influenced hcmestaadkomesteadtragxg and land i I1 abandonment inln san juan county utah und1jb1junpublishedA S i ed atersa 3jtersjtk aersr s morit gcograpnyco toungyounsyoung Un ty 1960 thesis departdopartxtiont of jgraphycography0 1 brigham universuniversouniversityivers 312232222 griffin rodney the 600geographyGoography of the wasatch front 11 unpublished masters thesis department of geography brigham young university 1965 harris C D salt lake city A 1regional capitol unpublished ph D dissertation department of geography ohio state university 1944 johnson wilburn K cedarcledar city unpublished masters thesis department of geography university of utah 1956 layton robert land use in utah valley unpublished ph D dissertation department of geography syracuse unlversaityuniversity syracuse new york 1962 richan frederick partridge the geography of davantpavant valley utah unpublished masters thesis Departdepartmentnent of geography university of utah 19519571952 slater richard gene tooeietooelethoele VOvoleyvalleyvaileyley utah unpublished masters thesis depardepartmentlnent of geography university of ututahih 1953

snow william J the greatgraat basin Bbeforefore the coming of the Morcormonsmormonsmons unpublished ph D dissertation department of lilshistoryflistory university of california berkley california 1qaq19323

tholtthointhornthomm derrick jasjusjanjanosjamosacsncs the geography of hober valley unpublished masters thesis Departdepartmentnentmentmont of geography university of utah 1965

wride chariescharlescharlas hazwardhazhaywardward the agricultuiagriculturalal geography of utah county 1849196018494 1960 11 uniunpublishedublishcd kiasniasklasmastersterlsberls thesis brigham young university 1961

public documents

bailey reed vl climate mdnd Settsottsettlementement of the arid reregionlonhonion 1941 yearbook of agricultagriculaagricultuieagricultureAgriceltcult ua Clinicilmicliniatectimazeateazeazg and haneianean washington U S government printing office 1941 fremont john chax3charlescharies lenortrenortreport of the ilxploringexploringxulorin expedition to the rocrocky jl11 ountainsmountains jayin the yearY e r 1842l42&ndP rd to ortoronon ardand ortortnernlernbernbornnern allocaliforniaalioniia 3 LT j i 1& 1843164 366 ashinton11 on S gcvernmerlcvernrnerl frintifrantiprint i orrloffiorriofficece 155 hunt 0 B varnes H D thoaasthonasthomas H E geoio7geolorygeologyy of orthocthorthmforthmrn utah couilCoulLcountyty united states geological survesurvey rolprofessionalrokfessionalsessionalfesscessionallonallonai paporpapen niirioernumber 257 A waliinrton U S Governgovernaonfcgovernnantnantdantdent prprintingatiting office 1953

Ileadmead eluccdelwerdelwecd Rreportort of irrlirrigationatiionathion invsjlg9tjonsinvestinvost if t 1 ons in utah ia5hina5hintcntan tcn U S govergovernrcntjr nt printingprinti ng office looloj 123 powell john wesley report on the lands of the arid rebReEregionsLions of the united states washington U S government printing office 1879 simpson J H keportreport of at&texplorationsrationslorationsloratiouslo across the great basin of the Territerritorterritorytor of utah washington U S government printing office 1861876

stoddart L A range lands of utah county utah and their utilization agricultural experiment station bulbuibulletizbulletinletiz 1 no 317 logan utah utah state agricultural college 1945 united states department of agriculture weather bureau sumasummary of the data for the U S bvby sections no 113711 37 washington U S government printing office 1952 united states weather bureau climatic suarzsusummaryarzary of the united states utah section 326132 61 wawashingtonshin FRrtonarton U S government printing officeorrice 1952

other sources

adams william webster kane county recorder canabkanab utah correspondcorrespondenceence february 1967 baker florence sevier county recorder richfield utah correspondence march 1967

barker helen P washingtonwashlngtona county recorder st george utah correspondence march 1967

bourne marguerite S davis county recorder farmington utah correspondence march 1967 call ambrose grandson of anson call early utah colonizer orem utah interview january 10 1967

carter lucille G juab county recorder nephi utah correspondence march 397-197192192019070 dye deliadelladeila L reference librarian historical society salt lake city utah correspondence xaXmarcharchach 1967

evans Xaxgaretmargaretargaretax garet roundyhoundy box elder county recorder brigham city utah correspondence february 1961967

jolley LB M great grandson 0of henry bryant narihapnanmardmandnapnanninglingning jolley erlyearly settler in palmyra spanish fork orem utahutan interview february 15 1967 long ida jonnson thoelelooeletooele county recorderRe cordercordor tooelethoele utah corrcorrespondencee s pond enceonce february 1967 124 lundholm jean mrs great granddaughter of daniel stark early surveyor of paysonpayson paysonpayson utah interview march 16 1961967 olsen ruth eaneseames weber county recorder ogden utah correspondence march 196 smith gretta B cache county recorder logan utah correspondence february 1961967 spriggs wanda Y summit county recorder alvillecoalvilleCo utah correspon- dence march 1961967 wanlass jackson sanpete county recorder manti utah correspondence january 1961967 warren arvilla E san juan county recorder conticellohonticellokonticelloHontiKonticellocelio utah corres- pondencepondence february 1961967 wasden joan W iron county recorder Pacarowanparowanrowan utah correspondence february 1961967 whitburgWhitwhiteburgburg wayne C wasatch county recorder heber utah correspon- dence march 1961967