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Selecting Immigration in Modern Argentina: Economic, Cultural, International and Institutional Factors

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Selecting Immigration in Modern Argentina: Economic, Cultural, International and Institutional Factors SELECTING IMMIGRATION IN MODERN ARGENTINA: ECONOMIC, CULTURAL, INTERNATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS By JULIA ALBARRACIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2004 Copyright 2004 by Julia Albarracin This dissertation is dedicated to my family. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several institutions and persons made this study possible. I thank the financial support provided by the University of Florida’s College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the Tinker Foundation, and the National Science Foundation’s Americas Program. I am also grateful for the guidance provided by my committee chair, Professor Philip J. Williams, and to the rest of my committee members. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 IMMIGRATION POLICY IN THE LITERATURE ...................................................5 Introduction...................................................................................................................5 Immigration and the Nation State.................................................................................6 Theories Explaining Immigration Control Policy ........................................................7 Society Centered Approaches..............................................................................10 State Centered Approaches..................................................................................18 National Identity and Nation Building ................................................................24 International Relations Approaches: Liberalism and Its Strands ........................31 3 ARGENTINE IMMIGRATION POLICIES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: 1853-1994...................................................................................................................35 Introduction.................................................................................................................35 Argentine Immigration Policies after Independence ..................................................38 “Recuperating” Tradition: the Nationalists and Patriotic Education..........................47 Immigration Policies after the 1930s: Refugees and Neighboring Immigration........56 Immigration Policies in the Peronist Era....................................................................64 Immigration Rules of the Military Regimes after 1955..............................................70 Control of neighboring migration........................................................................70 Immigrants and Communism ..............................................................................74 Democratic Governments after 1955..........................................................................78 General Overview of the Immigration Policies of the Argentine State 1876-1994 ...82 v 4 IMMIGRATION POLICIES AFTER THE REESTABLISHMENT OF DEMOCRACY 1983-1989 ........................................................................................90 Introduction.................................................................................................................90 Democratization by Collapse: The 1983 Argentine Transition to Democracy ..........92 Argentina’s Foreign-Born Population in 1980 ...........................................................94 Giving Immigrants a “Break”: Amnesty Decree 780/84............................................97 Did economic reason shape the passage of the 1984 amnesty? ..........................97 Cultural factors shaping immigration policies: migrants in the print press.......102 Argentina: country of emigrants?...............................................................103 Portrayal of immigrants in the print press..................................................108 War Economy: 1985 Hardening of Immigration Rules............................................113 Economic factors shaping immigration restrictions..........................................114 Only skilled workers and investors are welcome in Argentina.........................119 Cultural reasons behind immigration policies: immigration in the print press .122 International factors shaping immigration policies during the 1980s ...............128 Conclusions...............................................................................................................133 5 IMMIGRATION POLICIES DURING PRESIDENT MENEM’S ADMINISTRATION: 1989-1995 ............................................................................134 Introduction...............................................................................................................134 Immigration Policies in the Early 1990s ..................................................................135 Immigration to Argentina 1990s .......................................................................137 Economic Factors Shaping Argentine Immigration Policies of 1993/1993......139 Cultural factors shaping Argentine immigration policies 1993/1993 .............142 Immigration Policies in 1994....................................................................................146 Argentine economy after 1993 ..........................................................................148 Does the fragile economic situation explain immigration policy changes of 1993 and 1994?..............................................................................................150 Cultural factors in the immigration decisions of 1994/1994.............................151 International factors shaping argentine immigration policies during the 1990s: the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR).........................................................162 Conclusions...............................................................................................................169 6 ARGENTINE CONGRESS AND IMMIGRATION POLICYMAKING ...............171 Introduction...............................................................................................................171 Immigration Policymaking: Institutional Framework ..............................................172 The Delegative Democracy Argument .....................................................................174 What Led to Centralization of the Decision-Making Process? ................................177 Crises and cfnsensus..........................................................................................177 Institutional features ..........................................................................................180 Role of the Congress in immigration policymaking..........................................183 Immigration Issues in the Argentine Congress.........................................................186 Congressional committees.................................................................................187 Types of decisions that the Congress considers ................................................188 vi Activity of the Congress Relating to Immigration Issues 1983-1995 ......................190 Draft bills considered 1983-1989 ......................................................................196 Draft bills passed 1983-1989.............................................................................198 Other draft bills considered 1983-1989.............................................................202 Draft bills considered 1989-1995 ......................................................................206 Draft bills passed 1989-1995.............................................................................208 Other draft bills considered 1989-1995.............................................................218 Comprehensive immigration draft bills.............................................................221 Information Requests................................................................................................226 Their objective...................................................................................................226 Number, topics, and initiation of the information requests...............................229 Content of the information requests 1983-1995................................................234 Neighboring migration ...............................................................................235 Central and Eastern European migration....................................................236 Executive’s response to the information requests .............................................238 Conclusions...............................................................................................................242 7 RECENT IMMIGRATION POLICY CHANGES...................................................246 Introduction...............................................................................................................246 Immigration Policies during the 1990s.....................................................................247
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