DOCSLIB.ORG

London Journals of LJRHSS Volume 18 Issue 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
London Journals of LJRHSS Volume 18 Issue 1 Scan to know paper details and author's profile MFIVME+VSQE5IREP(SPSR]XSE2SHIVRc 7IKMSRc )ķķ±ĻƣåĮƐkĮ±ÚĞŤŇƐkĥŇƭ ĞÆåŹĞ±ĻƐ8åÚåŹ±ĮƐĻĞƽåŹžĞƒDžƭ ABSTRACT ƭ This paper examines three phases in the history of Siberia within the larger context of Russian history. It points out that following its conquest and annexation by Russia during the reign of Ivan IV (the Terrible), Siberia became a penal colony for criminal elements, book radicals, revolutionaries and other sundry offenders. The sustained attempt by Russian Tsars to keep ‘unwanted elements’ out of circulation in European Russia did not only result in a heavy human traffic to Siberia; it led to the planting of ‘seeds of cities’ there and inadvertently became ‘a rite of passage’ for the men and women who turned it into a ‘gigantic laboratory of revolution’ and kindled the revolutionary flame that so fatally consumed tsarism and autocracy in Russia. The paper contends that Siberia became an open graveyard under Stalin and examines some striking opposites and trajectories in the history of the region. The study concludes that despite its harsh and inclement weather, Siberia has transited from a penal colony to a modern region. UåDžƾŇŹÚž×ƐSiberia, Soviet Union, Russia, penal colony, revolution, resources, development. ​ Į±žžĞüĞϱƒĞŇĻ×)25&RGH X±Ļďƣ±ďå×Ɛ(QJOLVK LJP Copyright ID: 232546 Print ISSN: 2515-5784 Online ISSN: 2515-5792 London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences 379U Volume 18 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 © 2018. Emmanuel Oladipo Ojo. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 4.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Siberia: From a Penal Colony to a Modern Region Emmanuel Oladipo Ojo ____________________________________________ I. ABSTRACT whole of northern part of the Asian continent; the This paper examines three phases in the history latter exists in the realm of mental consciousness of Siberia within the larger context of Russian and is known virtually all over the world. The use history. It points out that following its conquest to which the former was put – a penal colony – as and annexation by Russia during the reign of well as its inclement climate informed the latter. Ivan IV (the Terrible), Siberia became a penal Thus, the mention of Siberia often evokes fear and colony for criminal elements, book radicals, horror even in the sub consciousness of people revolutionaries and other sundry offenders. The who probably never visited geographic Siberia and sustained attempt by Russian Tsars to keep are probably in continents far away from it. Indeed, just as the Battle of Waterloo of 18 June ‘unwanted elements’ out of circulation in ​ European Russia did not only result in a heavy 1815 has since popularised Waterloo and carved at human traffic to Siberia; it led to the planting of universal and imperishable phrase out of it; ‘seeds of cities’ there and inadvertently became ‘a metaphoric Siberia is known world-wide thereby making Siberia one of the three ‘phrase-places’ rite of passage’ for the men and women who 1 turned it into a ‘gigantic laboratory of revolution’ that attract world-wide recognition. The fame of and kindled the revolutionary flame that so metaphoric Siberia may have informed Nikolay fatally consumed tsarism and autocracy in Rerikh’s submission that “it would be odd to talk about the meaning of Siberia for the world. It is Russia. The paper contends that Siberia became 2 an open graveyard under Stalin and examines known to every schoolgirl”. Till date, the some striking opposites and trajectories in the metaphor, ‘send him to Siberia’ is almost a death history of the region. The study concludes that sentence, or at best, a sentence to a horrendous, despite its harsh and inclement weather, Siberia insufferable life. This is because many of the has transited from a penal colony to a modern individuals despatched to Siberia never returned region. while those who did had their lives severely uttered for ill. Indeed, an individual who Keywords: Siberia, Soviet Union, Russia, penal demonstrates unusual physical strength and colony, revolution, resources, development. ruggedness must have come from Siberia because London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences “Siberians are capable of enduring almost any 3 Author: Emmanuel Oladipo Ojo (PhD), is an Associate imaginary hardship”. As Britts has pointed out, ​ Professor in the Department of History & International ‘Siberia’ has become ‘embedded in our language Studies, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. He is that it’s become a by-word for other things: a currently (2018) a visiting scholar in the Department of General History, Siberian Federal University, 1 Since the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte there, all over ​ Krasnoyarsk, Russia. the world, ‘Waterloo’ has figuratively come to imply decisive, final defeat or setback. In the same vein, since Julius Caesar crossed the river Rubicon in 49 BC; the phrase ‘crossing the II. INTRODUCTION – SIBERIA: DELINEATION Rubicon’ has figuratively meant ‘passing the point of no AND CONQUEST BY IMPERIAL RUSSIA return’. 2 Quoted from A.J. Haywood, Siberia: A Cultural History, ​ ​ ​ There are two Siberias – geographic and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. xi. metaphoric. While the former is an enormous 3 Victor L. Mote, Siberia: Worlds Apart, New York: Boulder, ​ ​ swathe of contemporary Russia covering the 1998, p. 1. © 2018 London Journals Press Volume 18 | Issue 1 | Compilation 1.0 11 terrible seat in a restaurant might be referred to consensus among Russian historians and by waiters as “Siberia”. “Siberia” can be a social ethnographers on the origins of the name 4 condition, too, when someone is ostracized’. In ‘Siberia’. The first mention of the name may the same vein, Frazier opined that to most people however probably have been in the Chinese Siberia is not the place itself but a figure of chronicle Yuan–Chao–Mi–Shi in about 1206. In ​ speech. According to him; “in fashionable effect, the word ‘Sibif’’ which probably meant ​ ​ restaurants in New York and Los Angeles, Siberia ‘Western Borderland’ may have had a Chinese 8 is the section of less desirable tables given to origin. Arab travellers and traders of the 13th to ​ customers when [sic] the maître d’ does not the 15th centuries called the region now known as 5 ​ especially like” De Windt, one of the earliest Siberia different names: while Rashid–ad–Din writer–visitors to Siberia, wrote: called it ‘Ibis–Shibir’; Mesalek–al–Absor called it ‘Sibir–i–Abir’ and Ibn–Arab–Shakh referred to it 9 The name “Siberia” has a far more terrible significance as ‘Abir–i–Sabir’. The seemingly contradictory in England than in Russia. The word is suggestive, to the majority of Englishmen, of misery, cruelty, and names notwithstanding, all these early travellers death. It conjures up vogue visions of dark dungeons and traders were unanimous in their location of and deadly mines; men dying under the knout; and Ibis–Shibir, Sibir–i–Abir or Abir–i–Sabir in the ravishing of young and innocent women by guards and 6 north-east of the Kirghiz country, upper valley of prison officials the River Irtysh. This indicates very clearly that The focus of this study is the transformation of these names refer to the region now known as Siberia from a penal colony to a modern industrial Siberia, because, among other proofs, of the seven region; thus, other than locating the region, this railway bridges that span the Irtysh River, all are study does not have the intention of veering into in Siberia and Kazakhstan. The earliest references ​ any detailed ethnographical and geographical to ‘Siberia’ in European accounts occurred in 7 10 description of Siberia. There seems to be no about 1375. For example, the Catalan Atlas of the world gave the name ‘Sebur’ to the country east of the River Volga, a famous river in present-day 4 Ransom Riggs, “Siberia: What’s in a Name? Mental Floss, ​ ​ ​ ​ Russia because eleven of the twenty largest cities 18 May 2011, p. 10. in the country, including the capital, Moscow, are 5 Ian Frazier, Travels in Siberia, New York, Farrar, Strans & ​ ​ ​ Girous, 2010, p. 3. located in the Volga’s watershed. Also, in his Map, 6 Harry De Windt, Siberia as it is, London: Chapman & Hall, ​ ​ ​ 1892, p. 258. 7 For detailed examination of the ethnographical and ​ geographical (including climate, vegetation, fauma and fuma, 8 Anatole V. Balkaloff, ‘Notes on the Origin of the Name etc) of Siberia, see, among others, David Anderson & Dmitry ​ V. Arzyutov, ‘The Construction of Soviet Ethnography and “Siberia”’ The Slavic and Eastern Review, Vol. 29, No. 72, ​ ​ “The Peoples of Siberia”’ Journal of History and December 1950, p. 287. ​ Anthropology, Vol. 27, Issue 2, 2016, pp. 183 – 209; Helen 9 Ibid ​ ​ Hundley, Siberia: A History of the People, New York: John 10 The Atlas, commissioned by King Charles V of France, was London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ​ ​ Wiley & Sons, 2015; David Greene, Midnight in Siberia, New drawn by Abraham Cresques. It contained ‘the latest ​ ​ York & London: Norton & Company, 2014; Olga information on Asia and China’ and was often referred to as Ulturgasheva, Narrating the Future in Siberia, New York: ‘the most complete picture of geographical knowledge as it ​ ​ Burghahn Books, 2012; George Kennan, Tent Life in Siberia, stood in the later Middle Ages’. The Atlas was titled ​ ​ New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2007; Igor V. Naumov, The Mappamundi, that is to say, image of the world and the ​ History of Siberia , New York: Routledge, 2006, particularly, regions which are in the earth and the various kinds of ​ pp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire*
    IRSH 63 (2018), Special Issue, pp. 25–43 doi:10.1017/S0020859018000202 © 2018 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Andaman Islands Penal Colony: Race, Class, Criminality, and the British Empire* C LARE A NDERSON School of History, Politics and International Relations University of Leicester University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This article explores the British Empire’s configuration of imprisonment and transportation in the Andaman Islands penal colony. It shows that British governance in the Islands produced new modes of carcerality and coerced migration in which the relocation of convicts, prisoners, and criminal tribes underpinned imperial attempts at political dominance and economic development. The article focuses on the penal transportation of Eurasian convicts, the employment of free Eurasians and Anglo-Indians as convict overseers and administrators, the migration of “volunteer” Indian prisoners from the mainland, the free settlement of Anglo-Indians, and the forced resettlement of the Bhantu “criminal tribe”.It examines the issue from the periphery of British India, thus showing that class, race, and criminality combined to produce penal and social outcomes that were different from those of the imperial mainland. These were related to ideologies of imperial governmentality, including social discipline and penal practice, and the exigencies of political economy. INTRODUCTION Between 1858 and 1939, the British government of India transported around 83,000 Indian and Burmese convicts to the penal colony of the Andamans, an island archipelago situated in the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Geopolitics of the Colonial Prison Island: the Case of Poulo Condor (Con Dao)
    Island Studies Journal, ahead of print Geopolitics of the colonial prison island: The case of Poulo Condor (Con Dao) Sophie Fuggle Nottingham Trent University, UK [email protected] Abstract: This article takes up the specific example of Poulo Condor (the Con Dao archipelago in Vietnam) as colonial prison island in order to examine this persistence of colonial island imaginaries built around the imagined project of the prison island well into the middle of the 20th century. Such imaginaries appear to run counter to dominant political discourse of the period along with ongoing media campaigns calling for the end to penal transportation and overseas penal colonies. This article contends that closer attention needs to be paid to the disjuncts and gaps between the official discourse of the French colonial authorities located in France and the enactment of such discourse in the colonies themselves. The central focus of the article is a close analysis of correspondence between colonial officials stationed in French Indochina from 1925 onwards; these documents will be contextualised with reference to the longer histories of both the Con Dao archipelago and France’s use of prison islands. An understanding of Poulo Condor as a complex extralegal space will be framed by Ann Laura Stoler’s concept of the ‘colony’ as it develops Giorgio Agamben’s notion of the ‘state of exception’ and Michel Foucault’s concept of ‘security’. What emerges is an ongoing colonial pathology which continues to fixate on the prison island as a key colonial stake even after such a stake has become increasing untenable.
    [Show full text]
  • "Modern Europe, 1750–1950." a Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies
    Gibson, Mary, and Ilaria Poerio. "Modern Europe, 1750–1950." A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies. Ed. Clare Anderson. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 337–370. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 29 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350000704.ch-012>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 29 September 2021, 03:09 UTC. Copyright © Clare Anderson and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 12 Modern Europe, 1750–1950 Mary Gibson and Ilaria Poerio Research on penal colonies is relatively rare in the growing historiography on European punishment. In the quest to identify the ‘birth of the prison’, – in Michel Foucault’s memorable phrase – efforts have concentrated instead on the establishment of the modern penitentiary as a symbol of European modernity.1 While debates continue about the motives for the birth of the prison, it is agreed that by the nineteenth century European nations shared an ideological commitment to replacing corporal punishment with rehabilitation through education, work, and religion in healthy and orderly institutions. European penal reformers contrasted their liberal and humanitarian vision, intended to mould useful citizens, to the supposedly backward and brutal methods of retribution that characterized the purportedly less civilized continents of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Even the transportation of convicts from European nations to their colonies has remained, until recently, more central to the histories of the non-Western world than to Europe itself. Thus a simplistic duality has marked the historiography of punishment, one that identifies the modern penitentiary with Europe (and North America) and the penal colony with the rest of the globe.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Resurrection from the Underground: Feodor
    RESURRECTION FROM THE UNDERGROUND: FEODOR DOSTOEVSKY PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Andrew B Hammond Professor of French Language Literature and Civilization Rene Girard,James G Williams | 120 pages | 15 Feb 2012 | Michigan State University Press | 9781611860375 | English | East Lansing, MI, United States Resurrection from the Underground: Feodor Dostoevsky PDF Book Coming "from above" the Swiss mountains , he physically resembles common depictions of Jesus Christ : slightly larger than average, with thick, blond hair, sunken cheeks and a thin, almost entirely white goatee. Learn More. Important Quotations Explained. On 14 April , they began a delayed honeymoon in Germany with the money gained from the sale. Russian author. Dostoevsky disliked the academy, primarily because of his lack of interest in science, mathematics and military engineering and his preference for drawing and architecture. Ivan, however, has stated that he is against Christ. On the following day, Dostoevsky suffered a pulmonary haemorrhage. The Grand Inquisitor Anthropocentric. Anyone interested in Dostoevsky will profit from grappling with Girard's take. Main article: Poor Folk. Ci tengo a precisare che il saggio - per sua natura - contiene spoiler di tutti i romanzi, ergo andrebbe letto a seguito del recupero dell'opera omnia. XXII, Nos. Some critics, such as Nikolay Dobrolyubov , Ivan Bunin and Vladimir Nabokov , viewed his writing as excessively psychological and philosophical rather than artistic. Resurrection from the Underground: Feodor Dostoevsky pp. Minihan, Michael A. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. LOG IN. Arshad Khan says: Reply December 17, at pm. C-1 Download Save contents. This aspect leads the narrator into doing wrong things. Yale University Press.
    [Show full text]
  • Axis Invasion of the American West: POWS in New Mexico, 1942-1946
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 49 Number 2 Article 2 4-1-1974 Axis Invasion of the American West: POWS in New Mexico, 1942-1946 Jake W. Spidle Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Spidle, Jake W.. "Axis Invasion of the American West: POWS in New Mexico, 1942-1946." New Mexico Historical Review 49, 2 (2021). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol49/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. 93 AXIS INVASION OF THE AMERICAN WEST: POWS IN NEW MEXICO, 1942-1946 JAKE W. SPIDLE ON A FLAT, virtually treeless stretch of New Mexico prame, fourteen miles southeast of the town of Roswell, the wind now kicks up dust devils where Rommel's Afrikakorps once marched. A little over a mile from the Orchard Park siding of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad line, down a dusty, still unpaved road, the concrete foundations of the Roswell Prisoner of War Internment Camp are still visible. They are all that are left from what was "home" for thousands of German soldiers during the period 1942-1946. Near Lordsburg there are similar ruins of another camp which at various times during the years 1942-1945 held Japanese-American internees from the Pacific Coast and both Italian and German prisoners of war.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Ships
    Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies 10(2) (2021), DOI: 10.2478/bjals-2021-0002 Prison Ships Robert M. Jarvis* ABSTRACT In 2026, New York City plans to close the VERNON C. BAIN, America’s only currently- operating prison ship. Although prison ships have a long history, both in the United States and elsewhere, surprisingly little has been written about them. Accordingly, this article first provides a detailed overview of prison ships. It then surveys the U.S. case law generated by them. KEYWORDS Hulks, Prisoners, Prisoners of War, Prisons, Ships CONTENTS I. Introduction ......................................................................................283 II. Definitions and Scope ......................................................................284 III. History .............................................................................................288 A. Use During Wartime ......................................................................288 1. By Foreign Countries .....................................................................288 2. By the United States .......................................................................292 B. Use During Peacetime ..................................................................293 1. By Foreign Countries .....................................................................293 2. By the United States .......................................................................300 IV. U.S. Case Law ...................................................................................316 A. Mere Mention
    [Show full text]
  • The Fate of the Davao Penal Colony #502 "Branch" of the LDS Churc
    BYU Studies Quarterly Volume 50 | Issue 4 Article 7 12-1-2011 The aF te of the Davao Penal Colony #502 "Branch" of the LDS Church, 1944 David L. Clark Bart J. Kowallis Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq Recommended Citation Clark, David L. and Kowallis, Bart J. (2011) "The aF te of the Davao Penal Colony #502 "Branch" of the LDS Church, 1944," BYU Studies Quarterly: Vol. 50 : Iss. 4 , Article 7. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byusq/vol50/iss4/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the All Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in BYU Studies Quarterly by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Clark and Kowallis: The Fate of the Davao Penal Colony #502 "Branch" of the LDS Churc Figure 1. The Philippine Islands and locations of prison camps, cities, and villages important for the story of the LDS POWs. Courtesy Bart J. Kowallis. Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011 1 BYU Studies Quarterly, Vol. 50, Iss. 4 [2011], Art. 7 The Fate of the Davao Penal Colony #502 “Branch” of the LDS Church, 1944 David L. Clark and Bart J. Kowallis The Sinking of the Shinyo Maru At 4:37 p.m. on September 7, 1944, the USS Paddle, a submarine on its fifth war patrol, reached N 08o 11', E 122o 04 ', just off Sindangan Point on the southwest coast of the Philippine island of Mindanao in the Sulu Sea, having sailed from Fremantle, Western Australia, on August 22; its mission was to attack Japanese shipping in the east Sulu Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT Dostoevsky's View of the Russian Soul and Its Impact on the Russian Question in the Brothers Karamazov Paul C. Schlau
    ABSTRACT Dostoevsky’s View of the Russian Soul and its Impact on the Russian Question in The Brothers Karamazov Paul C. Schlaudraff Director: Adrienne M. Harris, Ph.D Fyodor Dostoevsky, one of Russia’s most renowned novelists, profoundly affected the way that Russia would think of itself in the years following his death. One of the most important issues for Dostoevsky and other authors at the time was the reconciliation of the peasant and noble classes in the aftermath of the serf emancipation in Russia. Dostoevsky believed that the solution to this issue would come from the Russian peasantry. My research investigates Dostoevsky’s view of the “Russian soul”, which is the particular set of innate characteristics which distinguishes Russians from other nationalities. Furthermore, it examines how Dostoevsky’s view of the Russian soul affected his answer to the question of Russia’s ultimate destiny. During the 19th century, socialism was an especially popular answer to that question. Dostoevsky, however, presented an entirely different solution. Through a thorough examination of Dostoevsky’s final novel, The Brothers Karamazov, my thesis demonstrates this alternative solution and its significance in light of competing Russian theory during the 19th century. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS ______________________________________________________ Dr. Adrienne M. Harris, Department of Modern Languages APPROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM: ______________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Wisely, Director DATE: ________________________ DOSTOEVSKY’S VIEW OF THE RUSSIAN SOUL AND ITS IMPACT ON THE RUSSIAN QUESTION IN THE BROTHERS KARAMAZOV A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Baylor University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Program By Paul C.
    [Show full text]
  • 19Th Century
    HUMANITIES INSTITUTE Ayse Dietrich, Ph.D. th RUSSIAN CULTURE – 19 Century Overview Culture refers to the entire way of life of a society. Russian culture, like other cultures in the world, reflects the views, values, traditions, rituals, attitudes and beliefs of its people, defining their evolutionary identity. Starting with Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity, Russian culture not only reflected Christian ideas and values, but also traditional Russian culture, national themes and style. It was the 19th century when creative Russian minds produced independent, original and authentically national works while revolutionary and intellectual life were put under state pressure. VERBAL ARTS Literature Russian writers produced original works, employing national themes and style during the time of tsar Alexander I, a period noted for its literary creativity. Without a doubt the quintessential works of this period are those of A.S. Pushkin. Although European culture is assimilated and debated at this time, in years to come a Slavophile opposition will emerge, challenging western ideas in culture not only nationally and psychologically, but also in the arenas of culture and art. Alexander I’s era was a period of creativity when Russian literature produced independent, original and authentically national works. It was a period in which literature moved from neoclassicism to Romanticism and from the writing of imitative works to ones which would be the basis of a national cultural model. It was only during the reign of Alexander II that Russian writers were able, for the first time, to experience the satisfaction of independent, creative work which was national in both its spirit and its style.
    [Show full text]
  • Penal Settlement and Colonization Robert Heindl
    Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 13 | Issue 1 Article 6 1922 Penal Settlement and Colonization Robert Heindl Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Robert Heindl, Penal Settlement and Colonization, 13 J. Am. Inst. Crim. L. & Criminology 56 (May 1922 to February 1923) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. PENAL SETTLEMENT AND COLONIZATION" ROBERT HEINDL2 The London Times recently published statistics compiled by me, by means of which I compared some of the criminality figures of America with those of Europe. The enormous increase in crime dur- ing the last six years, a' shown by these statistics, makes it easy to understand that the existing system of punishment is being criticized in all countries, and that at this time a reform in the execution of sentence, which was being vigorously discussed before the war, should everywhere again be contemplated. The suggestions center in two objects-on the one hand, more energetic protection of the general public from chronic criminals by means of life imprisonment, or, at the least, illimitable imprisonment, after the model of the Australian Habitual Criminals Act, and, on the other hand, in correlation with these severe measures, more humane execution of sentence,'deliverance from the gloomy prison cell, execution of sentence in God's great out- of-doors, open-air prisons, cultivation of waste lands, colonization of the convicts on the soil they have made arable.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Concordia Teachers College Fyodor
    2 CONCORDIA TEACHERS COLLEGE FYODOR MIKHAILOVICH DOSTOYEVSKY (1821-1881): CHRISTIAN MYSTIC AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHER by JOSEPH DAVID RHODES RUSSIA AND THE SOVIET UNION ( HISTORY 451 ) PROFESSOR: DR. ROBERT FIALA NOVEMBER 24, 1988 3 FYODOR MIKHAILOVICH DOSTOYEVSKY (1821-1881): CHRISTIAN MYSTIC AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHER I will tell you that at such moments one thirsts for faith as ` the parched grass, ' and one finds it at last because truth becomes evident in unhappiness. I will tell you that I am a child of my century, a child of disbelief and doubt, I am that today and (I know it) will remain so until the grave. How much terrible torture this thirst for faith has cost me and costs me even now, which is all the stronger in my soul the more arguments I can find against it. And yet, God sends me sometimes instants when I am completely calm; at those instants I love and 1 feel loved by others, and it is at these instants that I have shaped for myself a Credo where everything is clear and sacred for me. This Credo is very simple, here it is: to believe that nothing is more beautiful, profound, sympath- etic, reasonable, manly, and more perfect than Christ; and I tell myself with a jealous love that not only that there is nothing but that there cannot be anything. Even more, if someone proved to me that Christ is outside the truth, and that in reality the truth were outside of Christ, then I should remain with Christ rather than with the truth (Pisma, edited and annotated by A.S.
    [Show full text]
  • American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor Memorial Society
    STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD to the Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee and House Veterans' Affairs Committee Joint Hearing To Receive Legislative Presentations of Veterans Service Organizations By Jan Thompson President American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor Memorial Society 3 March 2020 AMERICAN PRISONERS OF WAR OF JAPAN 75th Anniversary of Liberation Chairmen Moran and Takano, Ranking Members Tester and Roe, and Members of the Senate and House Veterans Affairs Committees, thank you for allowing us to describe how Congress can meet the concerns of veterans of World War II’s Pacific Theater. The American Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor Memorial Society (ADBC-MS) represents surviving POWs of Japan, their families, and descendants, as well as scholars, researchers, and archivists. Our goal is to preserve the history of the American POW experience in the Pacific and to teach future generations of the POWs’ sacrifice, courage, determination, and faith—the essence of the American spirit. Today, 75 years ago, the Battle of Manila ended. The Japanese did not let liberation come without a cost. The “Pearl of the Orient” was in ruins, hundreds had been raped, and over 100,000 civilians killed. Historians have described the aftermath as less a battlefield than a crime scene. On the eve of and during the battle, U.S. troops swept into POW and civilian internment camps throughout the Philippine islands liberating thousands of Americans who were reportedly hours away from execution. This year, 2020, is the 75th anniversary of the final battles of World War II. Whereas Nazi Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945, Imperial Japan fought on until August 15, 1945.
    [Show full text]