The Suborbital Space Tourism Project of EADS Astrium
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Selection of Favorite Reusable Launch Vehicle Concepts by Using the Method of Pairwise Comparison
Selection of Favorite Reusable Launch Vehicle Concepts by using the Method of Pairwise Comparison Robert A. Goehlich Keio University, Department of System Design Engineering, Ohkami Laboratory, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, JAPAN, Mobile: +81-90-1767-1667, Fax: +81-45-566-1778 email: [email protected], Internet: www.Robert-Goehlich.de Abstract The attempt of this paper is to select promising Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) concepts by using a formal evaluation procedure. The vehicle system is divided into design features. Every design feature can have alternative characteristics. All combinations of design features and characteristics are compared pairwise with each other with respect to relative importance for a feasible vehicle concept as seen from technical, economic, and political aspects. This valuation process leads to a ranked list of design features for suborbital and orbital applications. The result is a theoretical optimized suborbital and orbital vehicle each. The method of pairwise comparison allows to determine not only ranking but also assessing the relative weight of each feature compared to others. Keywords: Pairwise Comparison, Reusable Launch Vehicle, Space Tourism Introduction The potential for an introduction of reusable launch vehicles is derived from an expected increasing demand for transportation of passengers in the decades to come. The assumed future satellite market does not justify to operate reusable launch vehicles only for satellites due to a low launch rate. Finding feasible vehicle concepts, which satisfy operator’s, passenger’s, and public’s needs, will be a challenging task. Since it is not possible to satisfy all space tourism markets by one vehicle, different vehicles that are capable to serve one particular segment (suborbital or orbital) are needed. -
The SKYLON Spaceplane
The SKYLON Spaceplane Borg K.⇤ and Matula E.⇤ University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA This report outlines the major technical aspects of the SKYLON spaceplane as a final project for the ASEN 5053 class. The SKYLON spaceplane is designed as a single stage to orbit vehicle capable of lifting 15 mT to LEO from a 5.5 km runway and returning to land at the same location. It is powered by a unique engine design that combines an air- breathing and rocket mode into a single engine. This is achieved through the use of a novel lightweight heat exchanger that has been demonstrated on a reduced scale. The program has received funding from the UK government and ESA to build a full scale prototype of the engine as it’s next step. The project is technically feasible but will need to overcome some manufacturing issues and high start-up costs. This report is not intended for publication or commercial use. Nomenclature SSTO Single Stage To Orbit REL Reaction Engines Ltd UK United Kingdom LEO Low Earth Orbit SABRE Synergetic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine SOMA SKYLON Orbital Maneuvering Assembly HOTOL Horizontal Take-O↵and Landing NASP National Aerospace Program GT OW Gross Take-O↵Weight MECO Main Engine Cut-O↵ LACE Liquid Air Cooled Engine RCS Reaction Control System MLI Multi-Layer Insulation mT Tonne I. Introduction The SKYLON spaceplane is a single stage to orbit concept vehicle being developed by Reaction Engines Ltd in the United Kingdom. It is designed to take o↵and land on a runway delivering 15 mT of payload into LEO, in the current D-1 configuration. -
Boarding the Spaceplane by Roger D
PageMark-Color-Comp Job Name: 546280_SpaceTimes_Oct2015 ❏ OK to proceed PDF Page: 01_24_SpaceTimes_Oct2015.p4.pdf ❏ Make corrections and proceed Process Plan: VP.MultiPage.PDF Date: 15-10-01 ❏ Make corrections and show another proof Time: 15:28:48 Signed: ___________________ Date: ______ Operator: ____________________________ Boarding the Spaceplane by Roger D. Launius During the administration of President Ronald Reagan, senior government officials began to discuss the possibility of developing an “Orient Express,” a hybrid air and spaceplane that could carry ordinary people between New York City and Tokyo in about one hour. How is this possible? Actually, the concept is quite simple: Develop an aerospace plane that can take off like a conventional jetliner from an ordinary runway. Flying supersonic, it reaches an altitude of 45,000-50,000 feet, where the pilots start scramjet engines, a jet technology that has the potential to push jetcraft to hypersonic speeds. The spaceplane rises to the edge of space and darts to the opposite side of the globe, where the process is reversed, and the vehicle lands like a conventional airplane. It never reaches orbit, but technically it flies in space. The experience is similar to orbital flight, except for the shorter time. Artist concept of the X-37 advanced technology flight demonstrator re-entering Earth’s atmosphere. The X-37 was intended as a testbed for dozens of advanced structural, propulsion, and operational technologies that could dramatically lower the cost of future reusable launch vehicles. (Source: NASA) 4 SPACE TIMES • September/October 2015 PageMark-Color-Comp Job Name: 546280_SpaceTimes_Oct2015 ❏ OK to proceed PDF Page: 01_24_SpaceTimes_Oct2015.p5.pdf ❏ Make corrections and proceed Process Plan: VP.MultiPage.PDF Date: 15-10-01 ❏ Make corrections and show another proof Time: 15:28:48 Signed: ___________________ Date: ______ Operator: ____________________________ The spaceplane concept has long been a staple of dreams of spaceflight. -
Sustainable Planning for Space Tourism
Vertaisarviointitunnuksen merkitseminen julkaisuihin Käyttöoikeuden saanut tiedekustantaja merkitsee tunnuksella vertais- arvioinnin läpikäyneet kirjat ja artikkelit. Tunnus tulee asetella julkai- suun siten, että käy yksiselitteisesti ilmi, mitkä kirjoituksista on vertai- sarvioitu. Tunnuksesta on olemassa kaksi versiota: tekstillä varustettu ja tekstitön. ARTIKKELI 1. Tunnuksen tekstiä sisältävä versio liitetään aina vertaisarvioitu- ja kirjoituksia sisältävän lehden tai kirjan nimiölehdelle tai muualle julkaisutietojen yhteyteen. Jos julkaisu on kokonaan vertaisarvioitu, merkintä nimiösivuilla tai vastaavalla riittää. 2. Kun julkaisu sisältää sekä arvioituja että arvioimattomia kirjoituk- sia, tunnus merkitään myös: • sisällysluetteloon (tekstitön versio) Sustainable• yksittäisten vertaisarvioitujen lukujen/artikkelien planning yhteyteen for space tourism (kumpi tahansa versio) Annette3. Elektronisissa Toivonen julkaisuissa on suositeltavaa merkitä tunnuksen teks- tillä varustettu versio kaikkien vertaisarvioitujen artikkelien etusivul- Universityle, jotta kuvan merkitys of Lapland, käy ilmi yksittäistä Multidimensional artikkelia tarkastelevalle Tourism Institute (MTI) lukijalle. Alla on esitetty, miten tunnus merkitään julkaisun nimiösivulle, sisäl- lysluetteloon sekä painettuun ja elektroniseen artikkeliin. Esimerkkejä merkintätavoista voi katsoa myös tunnusta käyttävien kustantajien julkaisuista. Abstract This article concentrates on planning and development for future space tourism. It focuses on environmentally oriented sustainable -
Space Planes and Space Tourism: the Industry and the Regulation of Its Safety
Space Planes and Space Tourism: The Industry and the Regulation of its Safety A Research Study Prepared by Dr. Joseph N. Pelton Director, Space & Advanced Communications Research Institute George Washington University George Washington University SACRI Research Study 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………… p 4-14 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….. p 16-26 2.0 Methodology…………………………………………………………………….. p 26-28 3.0 Background and History……………………………………………………….. p 28-34 4.0 US Regulations and Government Programs………………………………….. p 34-35 4.1 NASA’s Legislative Mandate and the New Space Vision………….……. p 35-36 4.2 NASA Safety Practices in Comparison to the FAA……….…………….. p 36-37 4.3 New US Legislation to Regulate and Control Private Space Ventures… p 37 4.3.1 Status of Legislation and Pending FAA Draft Regulations……….. p 37-38 4.3.2 The New Role of Prizes in Space Development…………………….. p 38-40 4.3.3 Implications of Private Space Ventures…………………………….. p 41-42 4.4 International Efforts to Regulate Private Space Systems………………… p 42 4.4.1 International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety… p 42-43 4.4.2 The International Telecommunications Union (ITU)…………….. p 43-44 4.4.3 The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS).. p 44 4.4.4 The European Aviation Safety Agency…………………………….. p 44-45 4.4.5 Review of International Treaties Involving Space………………… p 45 4.4.6 The ICAO -The Best Way Forward for International Regulation.. p 45-47 5.0 Key Efforts to Estimate the Size of a Private Space Tourism Business……… p 47 5.1. -
The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017
Federal Aviation Administration The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 January 2017 Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 i Contents About the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 51 United States Code, Subtitle V, Chapter 509 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA AST’s website: http://www.faa.gov/go/ast Cover art: Phil Smith, The Tauri Group (2017) Publication produced for FAA AST by The Tauri Group under contract. NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. ii Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2017 GENERAL CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 5 Launch Vehicles 9 Launch and Reentry Sites 21 Payloads 35 2016 Launch Events 39 2017 Annual Commercial Space Transportation Forecast 45 Space Transportation Law and Policy 83 Appendices 89 Orbital Launch Vehicle Fact Sheets 100 iii Contents DETAILED CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . -
Nasa's Commercial Crew Development
NASA’S COMMERCIAL CREW DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND CHALLENGES HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED TWELFTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26, 2011 Serial No. 112–46 Printed for the use of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://science.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 70–800PDF WASHINGTON : 2011 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, SPACE, AND TECHNOLOGY HON. RALPH M. HALL, Texas, Chair F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., EDDIE BERNICE JOHNSON, Texas Wisconsin JERRY F. COSTELLO, Illinois LAMAR S. SMITH, Texas LYNN C. WOOLSEY, California DANA ROHRABACHER, California ZOE LOFGREN, California ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland BRAD MILLER, North Carolina FRANK D. LUCAS, Oklahoma DANIEL LIPINSKI, Illinois JUDY BIGGERT, Illinois GABRIELLE GIFFORDS, Arizona W. TODD AKIN, Missouri DONNA F. EDWARDS, Maryland RANDY NEUGEBAUER, Texas MARCIA L. FUDGE, Ohio MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas BEN R. LUJA´ N, New Mexico PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia PAUL D. TONKO, New York SANDY ADAMS, Florida JERRY MCNERNEY, California BENJAMIN QUAYLE, Arizona JOHN P. SARBANES, Maryland CHARLES J. ‘‘CHUCK’’ FLEISCHMANN, TERRI A. SEWELL, Alabama Tennessee FREDERICA S. WILSON, Florida E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia HANSEN CLARKE, Michigan STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi VACANCY MO BROOKS, Alabama ANDY HARRIS, Maryland RANDY HULTGREN, Illinois CHIP CRAVAACK, Minnesota LARRY BUCSHON, Indiana DAN BENISHEK, Michigan VACANCY (II) C O N T E N T S Wednesday, October 26, 2011 Page Witness List ............................................................................................................ -
Golden Age of Spaceflight?
1 Pre-Publication DRAFT When will we see a Golden Age of Spaceflight? Gregg Maryniak1 Executive Director X PRIZE Foundation St. Louis, Missouri Introduction The period of time between the World Wars is often referred to within the flying community as the “Golden Age of Aviation.” During this period of time, aviation changed from a largely experimental activity to a widely accepted means of transportation. Public attitudes towards flying also changed dramatically. Towards the end of this period aircraft such as the DC-3 were developed and deployed. The foundations of the present air traffic control system also were created during this time. In short, aviation began to be a commercially sustainable industry. Human spaceflight marks its 40th anniversary in 2001. It is clear that spaceflight and in particular, human spaceflight have not yet achieved the same large-scale commercial advances in their first 40 years as were seen in aviation. This paper considers the contrasts and parallels between aviation and spaceflight and explores whether some of the same factors that advanced aviation might lead to a Golden Age of Spaceflight in the near future. Parallels between Aviation and Space A customary lament among space advocates is that commercial spaceflight has failed to develop at the pace experienced by aviation. Wildly inappropriate parallels have often been drawn between space developments and aviation history. One example is the reference to the Space Transportation System ( the Space Shuttle) as “the DC-3 of space.” Yet there clearly are parallels between spaceflight and aviation. Both human flight and spaceflight were considered unattainable. Both contained inherent risk. -
International Legal Regulation of Space Tourism
International Legal Regulation of Space Tourism Irina Rуzhenko1 Ph.D. in Law, Associate Professor, Kherson State University (Kherson, Ukraine) E-mail: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-2132 Olena Halahan2 Senior lecturer, Kherson State Maritime Academy (Kherson, Ukraine) E-mail: [email protected] https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8392-6965 Rуzhenko, Irina, and Olena Halahan (2020) International Legal Regulation of Space Tourism. Advanced Space Law, Volume 5, 83-90. https://doi.org/10.29202/asl/2020/5/8 The article analyzes the state of legal regulation of the process of organization and implementation of space tourism, defines the features of its application and its place in modern international space law. The legal norms in the field of space travel and the legal bases of their organization were analyzed. An attempt to analyze the legal status of persons taking part in space missions was made. The issue of the international legal personality of the participants of the space tourist service contract was investigated. Particular attention was paid to the legal status of space tourists. The content of the definition of “cosmonauts as messengers of humanity into space” was analyzed. The issues of the risks inherent in space tourism activities and the international legal liability of the parties to the space tourist services contract were considered. It has been stated that a space traveler has a certain amount of rights and obligations throughout the period, from the beginning of preparation to the journey and ending with the period after returning to Earth. An indicative list of space tourists’ rights has been restated, and examples of their obligations and limitations in time and space have been provided. -
The Uk Government Review of Potential Spaceplane Operations and Certification in in the Uk
THE UK GOVERNMENT REVIEW OF POTENTIAL SPACEPLANE OPERATIONS AND CERTIFICATION IN IN THE UK ICAO Jerry Stubbs UK CAA March 2015 1 Government request . In August 2012, the Government tasked the Civil Aviation Authority to undertake a detailed review to better understand the operational requirements of the commercial spaceplane industry. 2 Review Objectives . To assess the extent to which UK can support safe spaceplane operations. To develop options for the certification of spaceplanes, engines and associated systems. To identify key characteristics and potential locations of a spaceport. To develop an understanding of the future market for spaceplane operations. 3 Job Done . Review was carried out in partnership with the UKSA and with the support of Industry . A High level Summary document was presented to Government on 31st March 2014. The Detailed Technical report was formally presented at the Space Day Farnborough – 15th July 2014. Government announced a public consultation on the choice of potential spaceport locations – now complete. UK signed a Memorandum of Cooperation with FAA AST 4 Review documents: . http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP1198_spaceplane_certifica tion_and_operations_summary.pdf . http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP1189_UK_Government_Re view_of_commercial_spaceplane_certification_and_operatio ns_technical_report.pdf 5 Regulation of Sub-Orbital Spaceplanes: UK Legal Considerations . Sub-orbital spaceplanes are considered as ‘aircraft’ by the UK Government. Therefore EASA aviation legislation applies….. But: . Commercial sub-orbital spaceplanes are new, currently none in service, some are being tested and only likely to exist in relatively small numbers for the foreseeable future. Therefore UK Government currently considers spaceplanes as ‘Experimental’ and under the terms of the EASA Basic Regulation are Annex II aircraft and revert to National regulation. -
In Search of Spaceplanes Beyond Offering the Advantage of Within 12 Hours
US Strategic Command, the “own- ticularly on propulsion and vehicle er” of military space operations and control concepts. The service last sum- The Air Force has an urgent need for hypersonic, long-range, the global strike mission, has estab- mer asked US industry to turn in pro- transatmospheric vehicles. lished the requirement for a space- posals and concepts this fall. plane. This fall, the Air Force and USAF wants to build the means to NASA artist’s conception the Defense Advanced Research attack any target on the globe within Projects Agency began accepting 12 hours of an order to do so. That industry proposals for a project that requirement stems from an April 2003 in 2025 would produce a spaceplane— Air Staff study titled “Long-Range one that may look much like the Global Precision Engagement.” In defunct National Aerospace Plane it, the Air Force—working with the conceptualized in the 1980s. Joint Staff and Office of the Secre- tary of Defense—put strike capa- To Mach 15 bilities into three categories: prompt The new craft, which is described global strike, prompt theater strike, as a Hypersonic Cruise Vehicle (HCV), and persistent area strike. would be capable both of launching USAF believes the products of satellites and deploying weapons. Falcon will fulfill—to a great de- Plans call for it to fly at speeds up to gree—the prompt global strike ele- Mach 15 and carry a mix of weapons ment. The ability to conduct prompt comparable to the load carried by global strike would dissuade or de- one of today’s fighter aircraft. -
21St Century Spaceplanes and Space Expeditionary Forces: Pivotal Capability for a Third Offset Strategy a White Paper February 2017 Executive Summary
21st Century Spaceplanes and Space Expeditionary Forces: Pivotal Capability for a Third Offset Strategy A White Paper February 2017 Executive Summary. Reusable spaceplanes offer a third offset strategy to the U.S. that builds on the first and second offsets of nuclear weapons followed by precision navigation, munitions and stealth. Military space systems today are satellites that are large, expensive, and typically take many years to develop, launch and employ. They are also very effective at their intended function; however, that effectiveness is also destabilizing in that it is motivating foreign nations to develop and potentially employ anti-satellite (ASAT) systems that would deny the U.S. the advantage of its space systems. Today, the U.S. is heavily dependent on space capabilities, as is the U.S. public, even as foreign threats to U.S. space systems have grown precipitously. Reusable spaceplanes are stabilizing in that they can responsively and routinely replenish satellites to any orbit, while also enabling rapid access to any part of the world – capabilities seminal to the Air Force vision of Global Vigilance…Global Reach…Global Power. Spaceplane attributes like launch on demand, routine space access and low flight costs enable many options for global reach, whether via “aircraft-like” sorties of spaceplanes with sensor suites or by launching satellites into constellations. Sorties with fully reusable spaceplanes enable overflight in a manner akin to past SR-71 flights, except they enable global reach at four nautical miles (nm) per second while accessing any point on earth, and most geographic locations in less than an hour.