The Protocols Reach Germany
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Abstract in the First Years of the Twentieth Century, an Anti-Semitic Document Appeared in Russia That Profoundly Shaped The
Abstract In the first years of the twentieth century, an anti-Semitic document appeared in Russia that profoundly shaped the course of the entire century. Despite being quickly discredited as a plagiarized forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion spread across the world, being translated into dozens of languages and utilized as hateful rhetoric by leaders of many religions and nationalities. While the effects of the document were felt internationally, the Protocols also helped to reshape centuries old prejudices about Jews in a country still in its infancy, Germany. This “hoax of the twentieth century” helped to redefine age-old anti- Semitic values firmly ingrained within German society, and helped Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party justify committing the landmark genocide of world history, the Holocaust. Utilizing a variety of sources, particularly the actual text of the Protocols and the writings of Adolf Hitler, this examination argues that Hitler and his cabinet became progressively more radicalized towards extermination of the Jews due to their belief in the Jewish world conspiracy outlined within the Protocols. 1 Introduction: Jews in Europe “The weapons in our hands are limitless ambitions, burning greediness, merciless vengeance, hatreds, and malace.”1 This phrase is attributed to a collection of omnipotent Jews supposedly bent on world domination. Collectively called the “Elders of Zion,” this group outlined how it will accomplish its goals of global supremacy in a forged book titled The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The weapons these Elders claimed to hold were substantial: they asserted control over all aspects of the media and world-banking systems, and maintained their agents had already infiltrated international governments. -
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Chapter 3. The Formation of the Ideology of Antisemitism in Europe 3.1. Theoretical Framework The exact chronology of the rise of modern Antisemitism as ideology and move- ment remains unfathomable. Historians mention various insufficient and debatable factors. Hostility toward Jews links not with their numbers, economic standing, or political substance, because the birthplace of modern Antisemitism saw little of Jewish population or influential. Instead, the areas with the largest and most culturally distinct Jewish communities experienced the anti-Jewish movement at a later stage in the form of a secondary phenomenon, which does not mean they held an unequivocally positive image of the Jew. Hannah Arendt in The Origin of Totalitarianism (1951) associated the rise of Antisemitism with the role played in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries by the “Court Jews” and, later, the wealthy bankers who funded monarchs and governments. Although the fig- ures of the Rothschild’s or Baron Hirsch strongly influenced the imagination of the public and the Jews themselves, their actual influence was not significant enough to cause such a strong response in the political life of several European nations.104 Instead, the Jewish tycoons symbolized the audacious “insolence,” with which these few families exceeded their role of pariahs and entered universally accepted positions in the society. In other words, they either drawn opposition against the principle of equal opportunities or demonstrated its absence. As soon as the idea of the inevitability of Jewish emancipation spread, the names of the tycoons lost their importance, even though they did not completely disappear from Antisemitic rhetoric. -
288361069.Pdf
LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY AUTHOR/FILING TITLE ---------- ----~~-~-~:.<='?~-.>--~- ------------ -------------------------------- -).- ---------·------ ' ACCESSION/COPY NO. '1 . I _!?_~-':\:~-~:1_\':?~---------- ------ VOL. NO. CLASS MARK ~~ .-1 Ovls91J ~·- / ------- -- -~------------------------------ - --- -~--~-~----------- ----, ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN 1914-21 by David Beeston A Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of the Loughborough University of Technology (December 1988) - --------------------- ~ DECLARATION This thesis is a record of research work carried out by the author in the Department of Economics of Loughborough University of Technology and represents the independent work of the author; the work of others has been referenced where appropriate. The author also certifies that neither this thesis nor the original work contained herein has been submitted to any other institutions for a degree. DAVID BEESTON ----------------------------------------------------------~ ABSTRACT ANTI-SEMITIC JOURNALISM AND AUTHORSHIP IN BRITAIN. 1914-21 by DAVID BEESTON This thesis illustrates how anti-semitism has found favour, comparatively recently, among influential sectors of the journalistic and literary establishment, and also how periods of intense national and international crisis can create the conditions in which conspiratorial explanations of major events will surface with relative ease. During the seven years following -
Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present by Marvin Perry and Frederick Schweitzer Tells a Story That Must Be Confronted and Overcome
PRAISE FOR ANTISEMITISM: “This book is timely, useful, and admirably readable. Its voice needs to be heard.” —Michael R. Marrus, Chancellor Rose and Ray Wolfe Professor of Holocaust Studies and Dean of the Graduate School, University of Toronto “A lucidly written work that reminds us that Man’s myth-making propensity lives side by side with his rationality.” —Henry L. Feingold, Board of Directors of the Center for Jewish History “[A] tour de force [that] follows upon the late Edward H. Flannery’s ground- breaking classic, The Anguish of the Jews.” —John Pawlikowski, O. S. M., President, International Council of Christians and Jews, Journal of Ecumenical Studies “[W]ell-written and insightful... well researched and quite worthwhile.” —Leonard Dinnerstein, Church History “A substantial, comprehensive, and updated historical survey of the main anti- semitic myths.” —Leon Volovici, Antisemitism International “Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present by Marvin Perry and Frederick Schweitzer tells a story that must be confronted and overcome. Times such as these put the Perry-Schweitzer book on the required reading list.” —Editorial, Richmond Times-Dispatch “Perry and Schweitzer navigate the history of anti-Semitism with a firm hand, utilizing the latest scholarship and confronting controversial issues without fear.” —Library Journal “An extensive and informative survey and analysis of anti-Semitic myths... Antisemitism should be found upon the Judaic Studies shelves of every college and community library in the country.” —Midwest Book Review “[The authors] have rendered an invaluable service... explor[ing] and expos[ing]... anti-Semitism, a perennial plague of Western civilization.” —Rabbi Israel Zoberman, The Virginian Pilot “A wonderful read on a poignant topic. -
Confronting Race Hatred Through the South African Greyshirt Case of Levy V Von Moltke
Seeking truth and challenging prejudice: confronting race hatred through the South African Greyshirt case of Levy v Von Moltke Lisa Miranda Sarzin PhD 2017 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP I certify that the work in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree nor has it been submitted as part of requirements for a degree except as part of the collaborative doctoral degree and/or fully acknowledged within the text. I also certify that the thesis has been written by me. Any help that I have received in my research work and the preparation of the thesis itself has been acknowledged. In addition, I certify that all information sources and literature used are indicated in the thesis. Signature of Student: Date: This research is supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship. ii Acknowledgments From the time I first contacted Professor Andrew Jakubowicz in 2007 to ask whether he thought there was any merit in pursuing the Greyshirt trial as a research degree, he has been unwaveringly supportive. I have gained immeasurably from his insight, profound intellect, vast knowledge, generous academic input and wise counsel from that first conversation right through the research and writing process and to the final edits. Professor Jakubowicz has encouraged me to think deeply and critically on a research subject that has sustained my interest and passion over many years. I owe him a debt of gratitude not only for his supervision of my thesis, but for the rewarding intellectual journey it has turned out to be. I also wish to acknowledge Dr Tara Forrest who provided supervision and constructive advice in the first stages of this project, as well as Juleigh Slater, former UTS Research Degrees Administrator, who was incredibly helpful and supportive for the duration of my studies. -
HOLOCAUST DENIAL Kenneth S
HOLOCAUST DENIAL Kenneth S. Stern The American Jewish Committee New York Kenneth S. Stern is program specialist on anti-Semitism and extremism for the American Jewish Committee. The American Jewish Committeeprotects the rights andfreedoms ofJews the world over; combats bigotry and anti-Semitism andpromotes hwnan rights for all; works for the security of Israel and deepened understanding between Americans and Israe- lis; advocates public policy positions rooted in American democratic vulues and the perspectives ofthe Jewish heritagr: and enhances the creative virality of the Jewish people. Founded in 1906, it is the pioneer human-relations agency in the United States. Copyright 0 1993 The American Jewish Committeen All rights reserved Library of Congress catalog number 93-070665 ISBN 0-87495-102-X First printing April 1993 Second printing June 1993 Third printing July 1994 This publication is dedicated to the memory of Zachariah Shuster, who gave 40 years of extraordinary service to the cause of world Jewry, human rights, and Jewish-Christian understanding. He opened AJC's European office in 1948, helping thousands of Holo- caust survivors, and, later, North African Jews fleeing anti-Semi- tism, rebuild their lives. On behalf of the AJC, he had a hand in establishing the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, the passage of Nostra Aetaze-which marked a turning point in Catholic attitudes toward Jews-and the publication of German textbooks containing accurate information about Jews, Judaism, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust. In the early 1950s, Zachariah Shuster was one of the first to speak out about the plight of Soviet Jewry. -
Swastikas and Silver Shirts: the Dawn of American Nazism
ABSTRACT SWASTIKAS AND SILVER SHIRTS: THE DAWN OF AMERICAN NAZISM by Austin Carter Hall From 1922-1936, there was a considerable effort by Americans, German-Americans, and Germans to spread Nazi ideology throughout the United States. Figures such as Henry Ford who owned the anti-Semitic newspaper the Dearborn Independent was one of the first people to exert a concerted, nation-wide effort to fund anti-Semitic literature aimed at the common folk of America. With the NSDAP forming in 1920, some Nazis looked to the United States as a place outside of Germany where Nazism could flourish. Numerous organizations emerged in an attempt to spread hateful ideological stances. Alongside the rise of the “Second Klan,” American Nazism began to rear its head culminating in 1933 with the formation of the two groups that are prevalent in this study: William Dudley Pelley’s Silver Shirt Legion of America and Heinz Spanknöbel’s Friends of New Germany. A failed Hitleresque Beer Hall Putsch attempt by the San Diego Silver Shirts, the smuggling in of Nazi propaganda by the Friends of New Germany, and the ensuing Congressional investigations into these two groups demonstrates the lengths that some organizations and their leaders went in order to provide anti-Semitic, anti-democratic, pro-Hitler, and pro-fascist literature, ideals, and ideas throughout the United States in the interwar era. SWASTIKAS AND SILVER SHIRTS: THE DAWN OF AMERICAN NAZISM Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Austin Carter Hall Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2019 Advisor: Dr. -
Journalfor the Studyof ANTISEMITISM
JOURNAL for the STUDY of ANTISEMITISM Eastern European Antisemitism Guest Editor, András Kovács Volume 4 Issue #2 2012 JOURNAL for the STUDY of ANTISEMITISM Volume 4, Issue #2, 2012 Eastern European Antisemitism Guest Editor: Andr´as Kov´acs Dedicated to the victims of Eastern European antisemitism and the courageous people who continue the fight against it. Journal for the Study of Antisemitism (JSA) Steven K. Baum and Neal E. Rosenberg, Editors, Marlton, NJ Steven L. Jacobs, Associate Editor/Judaic Studies, University of Alabama Lesley Klaff, Associate Editor/Law, Sheffield Hallam University, UK Florette Cohen, Associate Editor/Research, College of Staten Island Kenneth L. Marcus, Associate Editor/Academia, Louis D. Brandeis Center, DC Shimon T. Samuels, Chair, Simon Wiesenthal Centre, Paris Ayaan Hirsi Ali, AHA Foundation, AEI, Washington, DC Paul Bartrop, Historian, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL Hadassa Ben-Itto, Author/Judge (Ret.), Tel Aviv Michael Berenbaum, Sigi Ziering Institute, Los Angeles Andrew Bostom, Brown University, Providence, RI Jonathan Boyd, Jewish Policy Research, London Israel W. Charny, Encyclopedia of Genocide, Jerusalem Ben Cohen, Writer, New York Florette Cohen, Social Psychology, College of Staten Island Irwin Cotler, Member of Parliament, Mount Royal, Canada Richard L Cravatts, SPME/Simmons College, Boston Sammy Eppel, Journalist/Human Rights, B’nai Brith, Caracas Bernie Farber, Canadian Jewish Congress, Toronto Manfred Gerstenfeld, JCPA, Jerusalem Sander Gilman, Humanities, Emory University, -
The Resilience of Anti- Semitism: the Lies of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Curriculum Connections A free online publication for K-12 educators provided by ADL’s A WORLD OF DIFFERENCE® Institute. www.adl.org/lesson-plans FALL 2010 The Resilience of Anti- Semitism: The Lies of The Protocols of The Elders of Zion CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS | FALL 2010 2 In This Issue Since its contrivance at the turn of the twentieth century by the Russian secret police, The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (or The Protocols of the Elders Contents of Zion) has taken root in bigoted and uneducated minds around the world. The booklet’s twenty-four sections spell out the alleged confidential plans of a Correlation of Lessons to Common Jewish conclave seeking to attain world domination. They represent the most Core Standards ................................. 3 notorious political forgery of modern times. Although thoroughly discredited, the document is still being used to stir up anti-Semitic hatred. Will Eisner, the celebrated “father of the graphic novel,” was deeply concerned Lessons about the resilience of anti-Semitism and the persistence of the conspiracy Part I: Prior to Viewing the theory that Jews have a plan to control the world. Applying his talent and Exhibit/Novel .................................... 6 creativity to further expose the notorious anti-Semitic treatise as a forgery, Mr. Eisner produced The Plot—a graphic history of The Protocols—with a goal Part II: Viewing the toward educating all, but especially younger generations. Exhibit/Novel .................................... 8 Part III: After Viewing the This three-part high school curricular unit has been prepared as a companion Exhibit/Novel ................................. 16 to Will Eisner’s The Plot. -
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-516956-5
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Cover of first book edition, The Great within the Minuscule and Antichrist Author(s) Possibly Pyotr Rachkovsky; the author plagiarised from Hermann Goedsche and Maurice Joly Original title Програма завоевания мира евреями (Programa zavoevaniya mira evreyami, "The Jewish Programme to Conquer the World") Country Russian Empire Language Russian, with plagiarism from German and French texts Subject(s) Antisemitic conspiracy theory Genre(s) Propaganda Publisher Znamya Publication date August–September 1903 Published in 1919 English Media type Fraudulent political treatise Pages 417 (1905 edition) The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 2 A reproduction of the 1905 Russian edition by Serge Nilus, appearing in Praemonitus Praemunitus (1920). Part of a series on Antisemitism Part of Jewish history • History • Timeline • Resources Category The Protocols of the Elders of Zion or The Protocols of the Meetings of the Learned Elders of Zion is an antisemitic hoax purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. It was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century. Henry Ford funded printing of 500,000 copies that were distributed throughout the US in the 1920s. Adolf Hitler and the Nazis publicized the text as if it were a valid document, although it had already been exposed as fraudulent. After the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, it ordered the text to be studied in German classrooms. The historian Norman Cohn suggested that Hitler used the Protocols as his primary justification for initiating the Holocaust—his "warrant for genocide".[1] The Protocols purports to document the minutes of a late 19th-century meeting of Jewish leaders discussing their goal of global Jewish hegemony by subverting the morals of Gentiles, and by controlling the press and the world's economies. -
A Curriculum Guide for Grades 9–12
VOLUME I A Curriculum Guide for Grades 9–12 New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education 2003 Nathan Rapoport, Warsaw Ghetto Uprising THE HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE: THE BETRAYAL OF HUMANITY A Curriculum Guide for Grades 9–12 New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTSi - TABLE volume TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 I Acknowledgements . 3 I Letter from Chairman, N.J. Commission on Holocaust Education . 4 I To The Teacher . 5 G Introduction . 5 G What Does the Mandate Require? . 6 G Why Teach About the Holocaust and Genocides? A Rationale. 6 G N.J. Commission on Holocaust Education’s Rationale for Holocaust And Genocide Education. 7 G Structure of the Curriculum Guide . 8 G How to Use This Curriculum Guide: Suggestions . 9 > Design of Rationale Statements for Teaching the Holocaust and Genocides . 9 > Identifying the Placement of the Subject in the Curriculum . 9 > Selection of Unit Goals and Performance Objectives . 10 > Selection of Teaching/Learning Strategies and Activities. 10 > Selection of Instructional Materials/Resources . 10 > Assessment of Student Progress. 11 I The Holocaust and Genocide: The Betrayal of Humanity Second Edition, 2003, Goals and Objectives . 13 UNIT I: AN INTRODUCTION TO A STUDY OF THE HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE: THE NATURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR . 21 I Introduction. 21 I Unit Goal, Performance Objectives, Teaching/Learning Strategies and Activities, and Instructional Materials/Resources . .23 I Readings Included in This Unit (list). .45 I Reprints of Readings . 47 UNIT II: AN INTRODUCTION TO A STUDY OF THE HOLOCAUST AND GENOCIDE: VIEWS OF PREJUDICE AND GENOCIDE . 141 I Introduction. 143 I Unit Goal, Performance Objectives, Teaching/Learning Strategies and Activities, and Instructional Materials/Resources . -
The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion
A Hoax of Hate: The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion IntrIntrIntrIntroductionoductionoductionoduction ThThThTheeee Hoax HoaxHoaxHoax Spr SprSprSpreadseadseadseads ContemporarContemporarContemporarContemporaryyyy Re-Em Re-EmRe-EmRe-Emerererergengengengencececece WidesprWidesprWidesprWidespreadeadeadead Con ConConCondemnationdemnationdemnationdemnation ConConConConclusionclusionclusionclusion Introduction The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is a classic in paranoid, racist literature. Taken by the gullible as the confidential minutes of a Jewish conclave convened in the last years of the nineteenth century, it has been heralded by anti- Semites as proof that Jews are plotting to take over the world. Since its contrivance around the turn of the century by the Russian Okhrana, or Czarist secret police, "The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion" has taken root in bigoted, frightened minds around the world. The booklet’s twenty-four sections spell out the alleged secret plans of Jewish leaders seeking to attain world domination. They represent the most notorious political forgery of modern times. Although thoroughly discredited, the document is still being used to stir up anti-Semitic hatred. 1 / 6 Origins of the Protocols Serge Nilus, a little-known Czarist official in Moscow, edited several editions of the Protocols, each with a different account of how he discovered the document. In his 1911 edition Nilus claimed that his source had stolen the document from (a non-existent) Zionist headquarters in France. Other "editors" of the Protocols maintained that the document was read at the First Zionist Congress held in 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. The Hoax Spreads Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution After the Russian Revolution in 1917, frustrated supporters of the ousted Czar rescued the document from obscurity in order to discredit the Bolsheviks.