Garden Cities in Demark and Europe Helle Ravn & Peter Dragsbo

Garden Cities in Demark and Europe Helle Ravn & Peter Dragsbo GARDEN CITY PERSPECTIVES 5 Garden Cities in Demark and Europe Helle Ravn & Peter Dragsbo About the Garden Cities Perspectives series This is the fifth of a series of Through our authors’ analyses we Contents ‘Garden City Perspectives’: intend that the Perspectives series in-depth research and policy helps to promote knowledge, Abstract ...............................................................................................................................................................................................04 papers being published under increase understanding, generate the auspices of the International conversations – and at times Topics of research and selection criteria ...................................................................................................................04 Garden Cities Institute (IGCI). perhaps challenge assumptions Through this series our intention – about what Garden Cities are or Three countries – three different contexts ..............................................................................................................05 is to open up opportunities for might be. We want to make clear diverse viewpoints to be expressed that the views of authors in this The first two phases of garden cities in Denmark ..............................................................................................05 about the history, contemporary series are solely their own and do New actors on the garden city scene ...........................................................................................................................06 practice and possible futures not represent any official policy for Garden Cities - and planned position of either the IGCI or its The gardens of the garden cities .....................................................................................................................................07 settlements more generally where host organisations. relevant. It is a chance to look Summary: Differences and similarities between Denmark, England and Germany ...............08 at Garden Cities in depth with We hope you find this paper reference to the latest academic informative, stimulating, thought About the authors ........................................................................................................................................................................10 and policy perspectives across provoking and useful. a range of themes – housing, Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................................................................10 place design, health, economics, accessibility, social and cultural Endnotes.............................................................................................................................................................................................11 aspects, governance and more. ©2019: Helle Ravn & Peter Dragsbo Through our authors’ arguments we intend that the Perspectives series helps to promote knowledge, increase understanding, generate conversations – and at times perhaps challenge assumptions – about what Garden Cities are or might be. Garden Cities between monograph about garden cities has recreation, ornamentation and utility buildings and gardens throughout in the actual construction, while The Danish breakthrough of the International and National only been published in Sweden,2 develop until today? Further: What time. In the majority of the cases, the labour movement remained Howardian concept came in Agendas. A Comparative and very little has been published in influence did the garden cities have we conducted interviews with uninvolved. In Germany and 1910-12 with articles in the journals non-Scandinavian languages. upon town-planning in the following inhabitants to assess the present Denmark however, the working class of architecture11, the embellishment Research upon Garden Cities decades? And last, but not least: functionality and social environment was actively engaged in housing of Copenhagen12 and others.13 and Suburbs in Denmark, Publications on garden cities can Can garden cities inspire us to of the garden cities. issues. In the wake of Bismarck's At the same time, the secretary England and Germany be gathered in two groups: First, create better cities in the future? Sozialpolitik of the 1880s, a large for the National Housing and the descriptions of garden cities, Three countries – three number of workers´ housing Planning Council in England, Henry Abstract especially the English, around 1910 Since garden cities in Denmark different contexts associations emerged, and in 1898, R. Aldridge, held lectures for the which became known throughout were primarily garden suburbs, a Denmark implemented a German Danish architect and engineers The Perspectives Paper presents a 3 inspired law offering financial associations,14 and in the same Europe. And secondly, the series of challenge arose in marking the In England, the industrial city, with comparative study of garden cities support for such associations. In year, the architect Anton Rosen, publishing 1990 ff., as garden cities boundary between small garden its slums and pollution, created the in Denmark, England and Germany. the following years, a number of city engineer N. H. Blicher, Odense, were re-discovered in the wake city-like settlements on one side, vision of The Garden City. Howard First, the concept of the garden city’s workers´ housing associations were and others undertook study trips to of environmental awareness and and urban areas of detached did not believe in reform of the introduction and development in established around Copenhagen, English and German garden cities. critics of modernist town-planning. houses with gardens on the other. existing cities; The Garden City Denmark is reviewed, from the pre- building collectively – but with the Thus, monographs have been The selection criteria, amongst should be a new and independent Howardian workers’ associations goal that the individual houses published in England, Germany others, were that the settlements urban development, in line with One traveller to England, the to the height of the garden city’s 4 should be privately owned, once the and other countries, together with should be 1. a joint project with the English tradition of Utopia. solicitor and housing politics activist, popularity from 1910 to 1925, where 5 debt was paid off. several interesting anthologies. joint facilities, 2. characterized by Thus, the Garden City concept in N.C. Boldsen published a book both cooperative societies, housing Nevertheless, the individual the planning ideas of the English England was closely connected about garden homes for people companies, municipalities, industries 15 articles of these have in particular garden cities, 3. characterized by with the idea of town-planning. The first two phases of with limited means. Soon after, and private owners built garden presented either general ideological an overall architectural concept for On the Continent, however, urban garden cities in Denmark he and the Labour housing mayor cities. Next, a comparison is made and aesthetic issues, or the garden urbanization and garden culture, and sprawl was not the same problem, of Copenhagen founded Dansk with England and Germany, where cities of individual countries. As a 4. termed "garden city" by as cities had been subject to In Germany, the garden city concept Haveboligforening, the Danish the Perspectives Paper partly maps matter of fact, very few international the founders planning, for better or worse, since got an early breakthrough in 1902 Garden Housing Association. In some of the inspirations behind comparative studies have been the 17th and 18th centuries. And with the foundation of Deutsche its regulations, emphasis was laid the Danish garden cities, and partly carried out – and virtually no The outcome was 25 residential while the English bogey was the Gartenstadt-Gesellschaft, creating on the hygienic and economic illustrates the extent to which the analytical studies on the actual areas, built from 1898 to approx. endless rows of terraced houses, garden cities from 1905-06 and benefits of garden cities and English garden city concept in 6 gardens of the garden cities. 1930. In order to map the possible the problem in Continental cities onwards. In Denmark, it took a few the importance of avoiding land both Denmark and Germany was 16 pathways of inspiration, we was the huge tenement houses with more years before the knowledge speculation. Georgism had come merged into national, social and Topics of research and investigated the garden cities narrow and dark backyards. Yet, of the English model spread out. to Denmark. Simultaneously the political agendas, as well as cultural selection criteria in England and Germany, too, both in England and in Germany Apart from brief notes, the first two garden cities, Grøndalsvænge and architectural traditions and which were mentioned in Danish a debate grew between the articles about English garden cities and Præstevangen in Copenhagen assessments. The conclusion is were founded as cooperatives, The main issues of our research literature of the time. In England: fundamentalists who supported appeared around 1907-08, and that there was no simple transfer independent of the new Gardening were: How did the Danish garden Bournville, Port Sunlight, New garden cities

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