56
Trawling-acoustic and acoustic surveys Equipment Acoustic surveys to obtain fish biomass assessments used the following Simrad equipment:
1. EQ-50 fish searching echo sounder 11. EQ-38, EQ-120 scientific echosounders 111. QM-MK 11 echointegrator IV. CM H C-I electronic recorders and v. SQ Hydrolocator.
A NS-3B acoustic netsounder was used for controlling trawl movement.
The acoustic systems were used as follows. On transects during the acoustic searches the SQ echo sounder was operated in horizontal mode (i.e. with the transmitter tilt angle from 8 to 20 0 depending on the time of a day, and a search sector of 60 0 to starboard and port sides) using the transducer and electronic register CM, as well as the EQ-50 fish searching echo sounder operated in association with the electronic recorder (mode pelagic - 90 m). The echosounder HAG-432 was used when operating over the seamounts instead of the SQ echo sounder and the EQ-38 scientific sounder and the QM MK 11 echo integrator were also used.
Methodology Used to Estimate Fish Aggregations Biomass Acoustic surveys for fish biomass assessment were undertaken using a scientific echo sounder EQ-38 and echo integrator QM-MK-II whose operating modes were as follows:
Echo sounder EQ-38: range 500 m, bandwidth 1 kHz, pulse duration 3 x 1O-3s amplification 8 echo integrator QM-MKII integration range 100- 200 m amplification 30 dB.
Echo integrator QM-MK-II:
The echo integrator was calibrated using a graphical method according to the trawl catches. The basis for the calibration was the catches from positive trawl hauls at Seamounts 251 and 150 of the Southwest Indian Ridge.
To determine the surface density of the fish aggregation the following formula was used:
ps 1852 P L1r / L Sy tonnes/nautical mile where, p catch in tonnes L1 r integration range in metres L distance covered by a trawl through the fish aggregation (nautical miles) 2 Sy area of the cross-section of the trawl mouth (m ). 57
The diagram was plotted on the axis of M and ps where
M deflection of the integrator recorder in millimeters for number of miles covered, i.e. - M M = - (mm/mile) (6.1 ) K
and M deflection of the integrator recorder (mm) K nautical miles covered.
Survey operations were undertaken at night when fish aggregations moved into the pelagic zone. This enables more comprehensive estimates to be made, i.e. less bias would occur from unavailability of the fish to the trawl. The average vessel speed during the first survey was nine knots and five knots during the second survey. The speed values were entered into the integrator in the manual mode in accordance with the data ofthe log IEhL-2M. Integrator readings were made every 0.5 mile during the first acoustic survey and every 1.0 mile during the second survey.
Acoustic survey data were processed as follows. The actual survey tracks were drawn at the chart of the seamount where the integrator data were recorded. Then biomass contour lines were drawn in accordance with the chosen intervals and the mean deviations of the integrator were determined for each outlined region. With the estimated M values (in latter case they were equal to M; in former case the values of M) that were obtained using (6.1) and the calibration diagram the areal density of fish aggregations, ps, was determined. Taking into account the scale, the each area of equal aggregation, the surface density region was calculated and thus fish biomass was estimated according to the following formula:
B (tonnes)
where, ~ area of the /h region with the surface area Ps fish density in tonnes per square nautical mile.
The biomass estimates that were obtained from these calculations were underestimates as the integrator calibration were based on catch data. Analyses of echograms of the echosounder and netsounder, as well as echograms of the echo integrator QM - MK 11 showed that not all the fish recorded by the netsounder entered the trawl codend. A considerable amount of fish passed through the wide mesh part of a trawl or escaped from the trawl when its speed dropped during hauling of the warps. To adjust for this, a gear vulnerability factor of 0.15 was used.
7. SURVEY RESULTS Acoustic Estimates Two acoustic surveys of Seamount 150 were undertaken in 1983: on 18-19 August and 4-5 September. The respective estimates of biomass of the fish aggregations at this shallow seamount were 3 200 t and 4 500 1. These were considered to correspond with the general pattern of fish aggregations observed during surveys. Detailed biomass estimates ofthe species were as follows :
First survey Second survey (t) (t) Rubyfishes 2560 3600 Jack mackerel 320 450 Butterfishes 320 450 58
Estimate of Fish Biomass by the Trawl-acoustic Method Surveys with QM-MK II echo integrator of the deepwater seamounts was impossible due to the limited technical capabilities of the equipment. The maximum range of integration of the echointegrator QM-MK II was 499 m, which made it impossible to estimate the fish biomass at the Seamount 710. The maximum interval of the echo integrator (199 m) also limited the capability of stock assessment because the depth range of schools over the Seamount 480 reached 390 m. In this case, the aggregations were only partially recorded. For these reasons at Seamounts 710 and 480 the fish aggregations biomass was estimated by the trawl-acoustic method.
The trawl-acoustic method was based on the determination of the volume of aggregations by means of the echo sounder and the netsounder and comparison with the trawl catches. The mean density of aggregations was calculated using the proportion of the catch to the volume of the aggregation recorded in the trawl mouth by means of the netsounder. It was assumed that the schools could be approximated by ellipsoid of revolution and their volumes were recorded by the EQ-38 echo sounder using the following formula:
3 Y = IIG x7r[h(30 xliv x V - 2Hxtg2agl2/] (m )
For schools recorded by the NS-36 netsounder the following formula was used:
where,
h height of the school fished (metres) I length of the echo record on the register tape (mm) v speed of paper tape in the register (mm/m in) V vessel speed (knots)
The expression 2Hltg2agl2 provides a correction in determination of the horizontal length of the school where,
HI depth of the shoal location (m) 2ag = width of the echo sounder r beam (degrees), which for the EQ-38 echosounder was i.
The errors in the fish aggregations' vertical dimensions were not calculated. The difficulty of the determination of density of the fish aggregations should be noted because of the variable catchability of the pelagic trawls, especially when fishing schools where their height exceeded the vertical opening of the trawl. Further there were no data describing the compression of the fish aggregation at the mouth of the trawl as a result of the hearding effect of the trawl warps and doors. For these surveys a gear vulnerability of 0.32 was adopted for alfonsino.
The mean fish biomass density estimated by trawl-acoustic method at Seamounts 710 and 480 was 3 39.4 kgll03 m and 19.9 kgll03 m3 respectively. The total biomass of fish aggregations at the seamounts was assumed to be equal to the maximum biomass recorded during the trawl operations at the seamount. The fish biomass estimated at Seamounts 710 and 480 were 6 200 and I 500 t respectively (Table 7.1). 59
Table 7.1 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys during the 17th Cruise of the R. V. Fio/ent
Seamount Date of study Density Cumulative volume Total biomass 3 3 (Kr/ 10 M ) of aggregations of aggregations 3 (m ) (CC was used) (tonnes) 27 May 1983 39.4±10.36 4535 559 ± 47 710 21 Jun 1983 39.4±10.36 4808 590 ± 50 24 Jun 1983 39.4±10.36 11914 1466 ± 123 25 Aug 1983 19.9±4.73 97000 6031 ± 459 26 Aug 1983 19.9±4.73 65000 4044 ± 307 480 26 Aug 1983 19.9±4.73 99000 6156±468 27 Aug 1983 19.9±4.73 69000 4261 ± 326
Nineteenth Cruise of the R. V. Fio/ent, May - October 1984 The assessment surveys of fish biomass of seamounts in the Southern Indian Ocean continued in 1984 with the 19th cruise of the R. V. Fiolent. The area of operations covered by this cruise were banks off the Madagascar, the Southwest Indian Ridge (30-45 oS, 40-55 °E) - Waiters Shoal and Seamounts 710, 480, 251, 150 and 102. Trawling was done using a 78/520 midwater trawl. The vertical opening of the trawl was 40 m and its horizontal opening was - 60 m. Bottom tows were made with a KhEK-4M trawl. Totally At Waiters Shoal 29 trawl hauls were done 52 on the seamounts of the Southwest Indian Ridge. The numbers of trawl hauls and the species catch composition are presented in Tables 7.2 and 7.3.
Table 7.2 Results of trawl surveys at the Waiters shoal during the 19th Cruise ofthe R. V. Fio/ent
Catch of principal species % ...... ~ No . ;:::l Q) Hours Cl) I-< 0 Date of of
I Bottom tows.
Trawl-acoustic and echo sounding surveys This cruise undertook three surveys of the seamounts of the Southwest Indian Ridge - one of Seamount 710 and two of Seamount 150 (Table 7.4). The equipment used and the survey methodology were the same as those used during the seventeenth cruise of the R. V. Fiolent.
A biomass assessment was made at Seamount 710 using the trawl-acoustic method with a result of 1 120±90 tonnes. At Seamount 150, the estimate of fish aggregation biomass using the acoustic method from the first survey was 3 170 t and 2500 t from the second (Table 7.4). Fish aggregations that were accessible for acoustic assessment were absent on the other seamounts. 60
Table 7.3 Results of trawl surveys at the Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts during the 19th Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent
Catch of principal species % ...... c No . ..s:: en ~ ::s Hours en en Table 7.4 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys during the 19tb Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent Cumulative volume Total biomass of Fish Density Seamount Period of study 3 of aggregations aggregations (CC was used) (kg1l03 m ) 3 Jm ) (t) 12 August 1984 29.1±7.3 12327 1120±90 14 August 1984 29.1±7.3 2859 260±21 710 15 August 1984 29.1±7.3 7552 690±55 17 August 1984 29.1±7.3 1120 100±8 Rubyfishes - 2530 t Butterfishes - 320 t Jack mackerel- 320 t 150 Rubyfishes - 2000 t Butterfishes - 250 t Jack mackerel - 250 t The Madagascar Ridge In the area of the Madagascar Ridge exploratory surveys were carried out at Waiter Bank centered around coordinates 33° 15 ' Sand 43°47'E. Jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus (longimanus?)) in a spawning condition predominated in the catches. A trawl survey at WaIters Shoal was also undertaken. The total fish was determined using formula: Q = (q/{VI where, density of a aggregation in kg/m3 vulnerability of fish to capture by the gear volume of water strained by the gear average catch per hour of trawling (kg); 3 volume of the sonified aggregation (m ) calculated from the height of 2 schools (m) and area of aggregations (m ). 61 The estimated biomass of jack mackerel on the WaIters Shoal at the period of research cruise was 1 500 t. After 1984 direct research expeditions at the seamounts of the Southwest Indian Ridge were not undertaken until 1987. The Twenty first cruise of the RTMA R. V. Fiolent, May-September 1987 In 1987- 1988 two expeditions by the R. V Fiolent were undertaken. The 21 st was in May - September 1987 when trawl surveys were undertaken of seamounts in the area 35-44 oS, 40- 60 °E (Seamounts 358, 630, 150,251 , 710, 102, 415, 480,360, 422, 430, 350,800) of the Southwest Indian Ridge. Fish aggregations were recorded at Seamounts 358, 630, 150,251,710 and 102. Trawl hauls were made using a 70/370 midwater trawl, which had a vertical opening of 32- 40 m and a horizontal opening of 28 m. The mesh size in the cod end was 60 mm. The number of trawl hauls and species catch composition are listed in Table 7.5. Table 7.5 Results of trawl surveys at the Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts during the 21st Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent Catch of principal species % ..... :::: en ~ ;:; Hours en Il) en .... u 0 Trawl 0 ...0 Il) Il) ~ '';:; en ...0 ..le: o u .... Period of study of .S en en Il) S en U .b (Ij hauls t;::: t;::: (Ij u .....~ ...0 Il) :::: ...... trawling Il) >-. Il) :::: ifJ ...... D S ~ (Ij 0 <8 ...... le: ;:; u ~.g ~ &l (Ij CO -, en 30 Jul-02 Aug 8 14 0.8 94.6 4.4 0.2 358 1987 13-15 Aug 1987 7 9.4 4.1 89.7 2.6 3.6 17-27 Aug 1987 23 23.3 18.7 79.5 1.0 0.7 150 13-15 Sep 1987 2 2.3 37.6 58.7 3.7 30 Aug-Ol Sep 3 3.3 79.3 18.7 + 2.0 251 1987 13-15 Sep1987 5 6.0 40.8 58.5 0.7 102 25-26 Sep 1987 2 3.2 77.6 2.0 20.4 550 19-22 Sep 1987 4 4.2 99.3 0.7 Acoustic fish biomass assessments were made using Sargan-Eh, a Simrad EQ-38 and SIORS echo integrators. To control depth of trawling, trawl opening and to record the passage of fish into the trawl, a IGEhK netsounder was connected to the head rope. The QM-MK 11 Simrad echo integrator was replaced with a SIORS echo because of the poor speed compensation by the QM-MK 11 echo integrator due its highly variable error of log and the large drift from zero of the operational amplifiers during survey conditions. The target strength (TS) for fish was based on the relation of Love (Urikh, 1978) using equation: TS = 18.4 log m + 1.6 log f - 61.6 (dB) where, m an average weight of individual fish, (g) f the operational frequency of the EQ-38echosounder, i.e, 38 kHz. 62 Love's formula was used because of the absence of published data on the target strength of those fish species inhabiting the seamounts and the impracticality of estimating their back scattering cross sections during cruise (e.g. by means of the control devices such as IGEK) due to the difficult fishing and weather conditions. As the fish aggregations were of mixed species composition, the integrator constant was determined for each species separately and a scale value for the integrator was determined taking into account the percentage of the different species in the aggregation: where, 2 Cj value of the integrator scale point applied to the different species (tlnaut. mile ) 1<;. % weight of a given species in the aggregation as determined by the fishing results K the number of species. The total fish biomass estimates were: Seamount 150 Seamount 251 Rubyfish 3900 t 900 t Cape bonnetmouth 4400 t Butterfishes 2000 t 5000 t Other 200 t 400 t Totals 10 500 t 6300 t At Seamount 550, which is located in the southern part of the Southwest Indian Ridge, an acoustic survey of subantarctic lanternfish electron (Electrona carlsbergi) resulted in a biomass estimate of 800 t. Other details of the acoustic surveys are listed in Table 7.6. The Twenty-third Cruise of the R. V. Fio/ent, June - November 1988 In 1988 studies of fish stocks of the seamounts of the Southern Indian Ocean continued on the Southwest Indian and Ninety East Ridges by the R. V Fiolent. There were three stages of studies during this cruise along the seamounts of the Southwest Indian Ridge: 10-15 June, 23-26 July and 140ctober-6 November, 1988. The following seamounts were surveyed: 150, 251 and 358 (during the first and second stages), 690, 358, 150,251,480,415 and 102. At the Mid-Indian Ridge and Ninety East Ridge research was carried out on 4-28 August 1988. Seamount 260 (Mid-Indian Ridge), and Seamounts 470, 462, 510, 462, 400, 336, 631 , 620 and 549 (Ninety East Ridge) were surveyed. Trawl was undertaken using a 70/370 midwater trawl. This trawl had a vertical opening of32-40 m and a horizontal opening of28 m. The mesh size in the codend was 60 mm. From time to time a 41.7/39.6 bottom trawl was used. The results of the trawl survey and species catch composition are listed in Tables 7.7 and 7.8. The hydroacoustic devices used in this cruise for the stock assessment was the same as those used in the 21 st cruise of RN Fiolent (1987). Before steaming the acoustic transects the fish behavior was observed over different times of the day and the school positions were noted in relation to the seamount. School depth, location and size were recorded and the direction of drift over seamount was also determined. All of these data were then used in designing the location of the track positions for the acoustic survey. The integration interval was varied so as to cover the areas with fish records completely and to avoid area that had shown no indication of fish presence. The interval usually varied from 0.2 to 0.6 miles with a distance between survey transects of up to 1.5 miles. The biomass Table 7.6 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys during the 21st Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent ,-., ...... c..... o:l OJ) Mean ..... "'0 Echo- Echo- Echo- Fish =;::l (1)'-' Surface Total 0 Period of Principal =,-., total OJ)..c integrator integrator integrator aggregation % ~ a density biomass a <) lab'n ~ study species =~'-' weight constant constant constant 2 area (1) (1) t-< =(1) 2 2 (t/mile ) 2 (t) r:/) (g) ...... 10LogCj (dB) (t/mile ) (t/mile ) (miles ) ~ '" Rubyfish 37.5 26.1 381 -33.0 13.7 23.4 17-26 Cape 42.0 27.3 358 -32.7 0\ 150 Aug 13.1 20.4 26.1 3400 3.1 10500 VJ bonnetmouth 1987 Butterfishes 18.7 42.2 1760 -29.2 16.6 45 .7 31 Aug- Rubyfish 14.4 26.1 381 - 33.0 13.7 23.4 251 01 Sep 39.4 4200 1.5 6300 1987 Butterfishes 79.3 42.2 1672 -29.2 16.6 45.7 ------_ ... ------64 calculations were carried out by the methods used in the previous cruises. The target strength was calculated by the formula: TS 19.4 x log L + 0.6 x log A - 24.9 (dB) where, L mean length of fish (m) A wave length (m) Table 7.7 Results of trawl surveys at the Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts during the 23rd Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent Catch of principal species % ...... No. r/l a:> ..c s:: r/l Table 7.8 Results of trawl surveys at the Mid-Indian Ridge and Ninety East Ridge Seamounts during the 23rd Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent Catch of principal species % ...... s:: No . r/l "0 ..c r/l 260 04-08 Aug 1988 11 6.5 7.4 49.9 42.2 0.01 0.5 470 08 Aug 1988 1 1 93.2 1.6 2.5 2.7 462 09-10 Aug 1988 2 1.5 94.8 4.1 l.1 400 11-13,17 Aug 1988 3 3.2 92.4 4.5 1.8 l.3 510 09 Aug 1988 1 0.8 98.4 1.4 13-17 Aug 1988 9 8.7 0.3 14.9 56.8 0.2 27 .6 0.2 336 27-28 Aug 1988 631 20-22, 26 Aug 1988 5 4.7 96.5 2.0 1.5 620 18-19 Aug 1988 1 0.8 50.0 50.0 549 24 Aug 1988 I' 0.2 43 .2 51.4 2.7 12.7 I Bottom trawling 65 The Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts The acoustic assessments of fish biomass were carried out only after fish had been detected. Fish biomasses were calculated at Seamounts 150, 480, 415 and 102 (see Table 7.9 and 7.10). The results were as follows. Table 7.9 Estimates of fish biomasses Seamount 102 150 415 480 Rubyfishes 1800 1450 Jack mackerel 400 Alfonsinos 4900 2680 Butterfishes 800 Other fishes 100 20 Totals 2600 1850 5000 2700 Seamounts ofthe Mid-Indian Ridge and Ninety Degree East Ridge Research at the seamounts of the Mid-Indian Ridge and Ninety Degree East Ridge was undertaken from 4 to 28 August 1988. One seamount in the Mid-Indian Ridge (260) and eight seamounts in the Ninety East Ridge (336, 462, 510,400,620, 549, 470 and 631) were studied. Acoustic assessments of biomass were only made at Seamounts 260 and 336 (Table 7.11). At the other seamounts no fish aggregations were apparent or the fish had a scattered distribution (e.g. Seamounts 470 and 631). The results of the surveys are listed in Table 7.11. The Ninth Cruise of the R. V. [gnat Pav[yuchenkov, December 1989 - April 1990 The R. V Ignat Pavluchenkov started studies of fish stocks at the Southwest Indian Ridge seamounts in 1990. Research was undertaken from 18 February 1990 until 15 March 1990. Surveys were undertaken of Seamounts 690, 150, 251 , 630, 740, 480, 415, 102, 358, 360, 422 and 350. Acoustic surveys were conducted only at night when fish aggregations were detected at Seamounts 690, 150, 251 , 630,740,480 and 415. Trawl hauls were made with the midwater 431176 trawl. EK-400 and ES- 400 Simrad acoustic systems were used and a SIORS echo integrator. EK-400 and ES-400 echo sounders used a single transducer. An ES-400 was used as an additional echo sounder to map fish aggregations and to provide a preliminary estimate of target strength of the individuals within the fish aggregation. A CI-30 was used to control the vessel speed during the survey and monitor the direction and drift of the vessel over the transects of the acoustic survey as a current indicator. The EK-400 echo sounder was calibrated during calm weather using a standard 60 mm diameter copper sphere (target strength = -33.7 dB). Simultaneously with the calibration of the EK400 and calibration of the ES400 sounder was done to determine the error of the target strength calculation. Before each acoustic survey a scouting survey was undertaken to determine the location of the schools and their species composition. On the basis of the scouting survey the acoustic survey transects were plotted and stations for the control trawlings planned. The transects were zigzag shaped. The integration interval usually did not exceed a quarter of the distance between two parallel track lines. During the processing of the survey integrator readings those readings that were not consistent with the echogram records were not considered or were adjusted in their values. The reason of such errors was lost data due to the vessel pitching and rolling, acoustical inference due to sea roughness and the integrator incorporating part of the bottom echo. The vessel speed was kept constant at 8 knots during the survey. Before the start of the acoustic surveys a scouting survey and control trawlings were undertaken. During those operations the school location and · its species composition were determined. The maximum accumulation of the integrator data for each transmission was estimated. During the detailed Table 7.10 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys at the Ninety East Ridge Seamounts during the 23rd Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent ,-...... s:: p::) c biJ Mean _"0 Echo- Echo- Fish Total -;:l c,-.... Echo- Surface v"""" 0 Period of Principal ~ a total O!)...... s:: integrator integrator aggregation bio- a c u «:I O!) integrator density «:I study speCies «:I"""" weight r-. c constant constant 2 area mass (!) % v 2 constant (tJmile ) r:/J v 2 (g) ... 10LogCj (dB) (tJmile ) 2 (n. miles ) (t) :::s C/l - (tJmile ) Rubyfish 44.5 20.7 230 -39.6 18.84 76.6 0\ 8Aug 0\ 260 Butterfishes 39.5 48.7 2960 -31.8 22.14 163.7 113 .8 3100 0.41 1300 1988 Alfonsinos 14.1 25.9 485 -37.1 19.64 92.0 27 Aug Rubyfish 41.2 18.1 127 -40.1 16.74 47.2 336 29.9 540 0.3 160 1988 Scabbardfish 53.4 130.0 2048 -23.5 12.24 16.7 Table 7.11 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys at the Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts during the 23rd Cruise of the R. V. Fiolent ,-., ...... =..... o:l Echo- c 01) Mean ..... "'0 Echo- Fish ;:l c,-., Q)'-' integrator Echo- Surface Total 0 Period of total integrator aggregation % ~ a 01)"= constant integrator density a Principal species c <.) ~biJ biomass C1:S study weight constant area Q) C1:S'-' 1- c 2 Q) Q) 10LogCj 2 constant (t/mile ) 2 (t) ifJ (g) t:: (t/mile ) 2 (n. miles ) ~ '" (dB) (t/mile ) Rubyfish 17.8 22.8 269 -38.2 21.94 156.3 Cape bonnetmouth 59.0 23.3 245 -38.0 12 Jun 1988 21.34 136.1 127.2 852 1.2 1000 Jack mackerel 17.4 17.0 68 --40.7 18.44 69.8 0\ Rubyfish 33.7 33.6 984 -34.9 24.24 265.5 -..,J 150 24 Jul 1988 Cape bonnetmouth 59.1 19.7 130 -39.4 158.4 516 3.41 1750 19.94 98.6 Cape bonnetmouth 83.7 17.8 101 --40.3 19.74 94.2 13 Oct 1988 100.6 624 2.95 1850 Jack mackerel 15.2 32.7 468 -35.2 21.34 136.1 480 02 Nov 1988 Alfonsinos 99.4 25.3 505 -37.3 21.04 127.1 127.1 7750 0.35 2700 415 03 Nov 1988 Alfonsinos 98.0 29.7 808 - 36.0 21.24 133.0 135.7 4900 1.01 4950 Rubyfish 33 .7 37.1 1324 -34.1 23.64 231.2 102 04 Nov 1988 277.3 4350 0.61 2650 Butterfishes 61.95 44.8 2490 -32.5 24.84 304.8 68 Table 7.12 Results of trawl surveys at the Mid-Indian Ridge and Ninety East Ridge Seamounts during the 23rd Cruise of the R. V. Fio/ent Density Survey Total biomass of (tonnes/ area Seamount Period of study Species aggregations naut. (naut. 2 2 (CC was used) miles ) miles ) (t) 470 8 August 1988 Alfonsinos 300 0.5 150 462 9 August 1988 Alfonsinos 20 0.25 5 510 9 August 1988 Alfonsinos 55 2.0 110 400 10 August 1988 Alfonsinos 50 3.0 150 620 18 August 1988 Alfonsinos 2 0.8 1.6 631 20 August 1988 Alfonsinos 400 0.5 200 549 24 August 1988 - --- acoustic survey the size and location of aggregations were made more precise and the contribution of the interference to the integrator readings was measured. The target strength was calculated using Love's empirical equation. The total estimated fish biomass was 11 200 ± 1 400 t and included: Cape bonnetmouth 3710 t Butterfish 2350 t Alfonsinos 1 980 t Pelagic armourhead 950 t Rubyfish 320 t The biomass estimates for the different seamounts are Iisted in Table 7.13. 8. DISCUSSION Taking into consideration abovementioned information on acoustic and surveys the following conclusions could be drawn: I. Estimates of fish biomass at seamounts are highly variable due to fish behaviour and distribution. 11. Excess fishing pressure lead to quick depletion of fish stocks at the seamounts. iii. Stock recovery is very slow and can takes for several species more than 10 years. IV . Orange roughy biomass was not estimated due to its deepwater living pattern and low interests for Soviet fisheries. Table 7.13 Results of trawl-acoustic surveys at the Southwest Indian Ridge Seamounts during the 9th Cruise of the R. V. [gnat Pavlyuchenkov ..c::+-> ..c:: 01} +-> +-> s::: 01} s::: Fish ::1 s:::,,-., (1),,-., Echo-integrator Surface Total 0 ~ E Mean total t:co aggregation E Period of study Principal species s::: u constant lOLogCj density biomass % ",'-" weight (g) 0'-""'" 2 area '"(I) (I) 01) (dB) (t/mile ) 2 (t) r/) :;;s ..... (miles ) E-'" Armourhead 90.3 43 .3 1923 -32.8 49.5 427/2 18 690 19-22 Feb 1990 2.0010.43 1.050±0.200 Alfonsinos 9.3 33.5 989 -35.0 34.7 43 /22 Cape 26.9 284 -36.8 150 24-27 Feb 1990 17.7 1006 2.12 2. 130±0.250 bonnetmouth 96.3 Rubyfish 28.1 28.1 360 -36.4 19.0 1020/115 27 Feb-2 Mar Cape 40.9 28.3 297 -36.3 251 15.3 1480/170 0.25 /0.57 1.140±0.030 1990 bonnetmouth 0"1 \0 Butterfishes 31.0 42.0 1758 -33.0 42.5 1120/130 27 Feb-2 Mar bluenose 77.2 15384 -27.9 630 104.5 5050 0.15 0.770±0.060 1990 warehou 98.9 bluenose 12.2 71.8 12500 -28.5 96.3 305 710 2-3 Mar 1990 warehou 0.594 1.330±0.360 Alfonsinos 77.65 26.5 596 -36.9 31.8 1941 bluenose 95.6 31500 -26.1 480 4-7 Mar 1990 136.6 2320 0.600 1.420±0.080 warehou 98.05 415 5-9 Mar 1990 Alfonsinos 100.0 33.7 1167 -34.9 39.2 385 1.820 0.700±0.280 Cape 24.2 186 -37.7 13 .9 2365 102 9-11 Mar 1990 bonnetmouth 43.0 0.502 2.650±0.420 Butterfishes 36.0 43.0 1900 -32.8 46.6 1985 70 9. LITERATURE CITED Anon. 1979. Cruise report of BMRT "Skif', Cruise No14, for the period of July - September 1979. YugNIRO, Kerch. (In Russian). Manuscript Report. Anon. 1982a. Cruise report of RTM-S "Zvezda Chernomor'ya", Cruise No 2, for the period of August 1981 - January 1982. YugNIRO, Kerch. (In Russian). Manuscript Report. Anon. 1982b. Cruise report of RTM-S "Vozrozhdenie", Cruise No4, for the period of January - July 1982. YugNIRO, Kerch. (In Russian). Manuscript Report. Anon. 1982c. Cruise report of SRTM "Kerchenskij rabochij", Cruise No19, for the period of January - April 1982. YugNIRO, Kerch. (In Russian). Manuscript Report. Anon. 1986. Fisheries description of high seas of the south-western Indian Ocean. GUN10 MO, 1986, p. 11-28. (In Russian). Anon. 1968. Catalogue of the Soviet fishing fleet. Reprinted from National Fisherman. Vo!. 48, No. 13, March 31,1968. pp. 9-19,21-24. Burukovskij, R.N. 1974. Identification guide of shrimps, lobsters and omars. Moscow, "Pishchevaya promyshlennost", 126 pp. Collette B.B. & Parin, N.V. 1991. Shallow-water fishes of WaIters shoals, Madagascar Ridge. Bull. Mar. Sci. Vo!. 48, No I, pp. 1-22. Greenway, A. 1980. Soviet merchant ships. Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd, Hampshire (England). Kanaev, V.F., Neyman, V.G. & Parin, N.V. 1975. Middle Oceanic Ridges. In The Indian Ocean. Moscow: "Mysl", pp. 170-185. In Russian. Love, R.H. 1981. A model for estimating distributions of fish school target strengths. Deep Sea Res., Vo!. 28, No. 7A, pp. 705-725. Shcherbachev, Y.N., Kotlyar, A.N. & Abramov, A.A. 1989. Indian Ocean seamounts. In Biological resources of the Indian Ocean. Moscow: "Nauka", pp. 159-173. Sukhovey, V.F. & Baskaran, B. 1995. Specific features in circulation of waters of the south-eastern Indian Ocean. Marine Hydrophysical Journal No 3, pp. 21-35. Urikh, R.D. 1978. Hydroacoustics basics. Leningrad, Sudostroenie. (In Russian). 71 APPENDIX I LIST OF SPECIES RECORDED AT THE SEAMOUNTS OF THE SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN DURING SOVIET RESEARCH EXPEDITIONS IN 1969-1998 Family and species Common name Hexanchidae Hexanchus Rriseus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Bluntnose sixgill shark Squalidae Squalus sp. Dogfish Etmopteridae Etmopterus lucifer (Jordan & Snyder, 1902) Blackbelly lanterns hark Centrophoridae Centrophorus sp. Gulper shark Deania quadrispinosum (McCulloch, 1915) Longsnout dogfish Somniosidae Centroscymnus coelolepis (Bocage & Capello, 1864) Portuguese dogfish Somniosus sp. Sleeper shark Dalatiidae Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) Kitefin shark Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Pygmy shark Mitsukurinidae Mitsukurina owstoni (Jordan, 1898) Goblin shark Odontaspididae Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) Smalltooth sand tiger Alopiidae Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839) Bigeye thresher Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Thresher shark Lamnidae Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) Shortfin mako Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788) Porbeagle Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus sp. Requiem shark Pr ion ace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758) Blue shark Torpedinidae Torpedo sp. Torpedo ray Dasyatidae Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832) Pelagic stingray Notacanthidae Notacanthus sp. Spineback Nemichthyidae Nemichthys scolopaceus (Richardson, 1848) Slender snipe eel Avocettina sp. Snipe eel Nettastomatidae Nettastoma sp. Duck-bill eel Serrivomeridae Serrivomer sp. Sawtooth eel Microstomatidae Nansenia sp. Large-eyed argentine Bathylagidae Bathylagus sp. Black smelt 72 Family and species Common name Opisthoproctidae Opisthoproctus sp. Barreleve Alepocephalidae Leptoderma sp. Rouleina sp. Smooth-head Platytroctidae Persparsia copua (Phillips, 1942) Gonostomatidae Cyclothone microdon (Glinther, 1878) Veiled anglemouth Diplophos taenia (Glinther, 1873) Diplophos rebainsi (Krefft & Parin, 1972) Gonostoma elongatum (Glinther, 1878) Elongated bristlemouth fish Gonostoma bathyphilum (Vaillant, 1888) Margrethia obtusirostra (Jespersen & Taning, 1919) Sternoptychidae Argyropelecus aculeatus (Valenciennes, 1849) Silver hatchetfish Argyropelecus hemigymnus (Cocco, 1829) Axefish Argyropelecus sladeni (Regan, 1908) Hatchetfish Maurolicus walvisensis (Parin & Kobyliansky, Lightfish 1993) Sternoptyx diaphana (Hermann, 1781) Diaphanous hatchetfish Sternoptyx pseudodiaphana (Borodulina, 1977) Phosichthyidae Ichthyococcus ovatus (Cocco, 1838) Phosichthys argenteus (Hutton, 1873) Vinci~uerria nimbaria (Jordan & Williams, 1896) Oceanic lightfish Astronesthidae Astronesthes sp. Borostomias sp. Snaggletooth Neonesthes sp. Stomiidae Stomias boa (Risso, 1810) Boa dragonfish Stomias lon~ibarbatus (Brauer, 1902) Chauliodontidae Chauliodus sloani (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sloane's viperfish Melanostomiidae Bathophilus sp. Sparing Echiostoma barbatum (Lowe, 1843) Eustomias sp. Haplostomias sp. Leptostomias sp. Melanostomias sp. Odontostomias sp. Opostomias sp. Photonectes sp. Idiacanthidae Idiacanthusfasciola (Peters, 1877) Ribbon saw-tail fish 73 Family and species Common name Malacosteidae Aristostomias sp. Shiny loosejaw Malacosteus ni~er (Ayres, 1848) Stoplight looseiaw Notosudidae Luciosudis sp. Notosudis sp. Scopelosaurus ahlstromi (Bertelsen, Krefft & Marshall, 1976) Paralepididae Lestidiops sp. Lestidium sp. Macroparalepis sp. Notolepis coatsi (Dollo, 1908) Antarctic jonasfish Stemonosudis sp. Alepisauridae Alepisaurus ferox (Lowe, 1833) Longnose lancetfish Alepisaurus brevirostris (Gibbs, 1960) Short snouted lancetfish Myctophidae Ceratoscopelus warmingii (Liitken, 1892) Diaphus diadematus (Taning, 1932) Diaphus efJulgens (Go ode & Bean, 1896) Headlight fish Diaphus hudsoni (Zurbrigg & Scott, 1976) Diaphus luetkeni (Brauer, 1904) Diaphus ostenfeldi Taning, 1932 Diaphus perspecilatus (Ogilby, 1898) Diogenichthys sp. Electrona carlsbergi (Taning, 1932) Electron subantarctic Electrona paucirastra (Bolin in Andriashev, 1962) Electrona risso (Cocco, 1829) Electric lanternfish Electrona subaspera (Giinther, 1864) Electrona ventralis (Becker, 1963) Gymnoscopelus bolini (Andriashev, 1962) Gymnoscopelus braueri (Lonnberg, 1905) Gymnoscopelus microlampas (Hulley, 1981) Gymnoscopelus nicholsi (Giinther, 1873) Nichol's lanternfish Gymnoscopelus piabilis (Whitley, 1931) Hygophum hygomii (Liitken, 1892) Bermuda lanternfish Lampadena dea (Fraser-Briinner, 1949) Lampadena luminosa (Garman, 1899) Lampadena notialis (Nafpaktitis & Paxton, 1968) Lampadena speculigera (Go ode & Bean, 1896) Lampanyctus ater (Taning, 1928) Black lanternfish Lampanyctus festivus (Taning, 1928) Lampanyctus intricarius (Taning, 1928) Lampanyctus lepidolychnus (Becker, 1967) Lampanyctus pusillus (Johnson, 1890) Lobianchia sp. Loweina sp. Myctophum phengodes (Liitken, 1892) Notoscopelus sp. Patchwork lampfishes Protomyctophum normani (Taning, 1932) Protomyctophum subparallelum (Taning, 1932) Protomyctophum tenisoni (Norman, 1930) 74 Family and species Common name Scopelopsis multipunctatus (Brauer, 1906) Symbolophorus boops (Richardson, 1845) Lamprididae Lampris guttatus (Briinnich, 1788) Opah Lophotidae Lophotes sp. Crestfish Trachipteridae Trachipterus sp. Dealfish Regalecidae Regalecus glesne (Ascanius, 1772) Oarfish Ophidiidae Ophidiidae gen. sp. Cusk eel Macrouridae Coelorhynchus sp. Grenadiers Coryphaenoides carapinus (Go ode & Bean, 1883) Coryphaenoides striaturus (Barnard, 1925) Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843) Softhead grenadier Odontomacrourus murrayi (Norman, 1939) Roundhead grenadier Bathygadidae Bathygadus sp. Merlucciidae Lyconus sp. Moridae Mora moro (Risso, I 810) Common mora Physiculus sp. Codling Tripterophycis sp. Grenadier cod Bregmacerotidae Bregmaceros sp. Codlet Melanocetidae Melanocetus sp. Blackdevil Himantolophidae Himantolophus sp. Footballfish Oneirodidae Oneirodidae gen. sp. Dreamer Ceratiidae Ceratias holboelli (Kroyer, 1845) Deep-sea angler Cryptopsaras couesi (Gill, 1883) Triple-wart sea devil Scorn beresocidae Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum, 1792) Atlantic saury Melamphaidae Melamphaeidae gen. sp.l Bigscale, ridgehead Melamphaeidae gen. sp.2 Bigscale, ridgehead Anoplogastridae Anoplogaster cornuta (Valenciennes, 1833) Ogrefish Diretmidae Diretmus argenteus (Johnson, 1863) Silver diskfish Trachichthyidae Hoplostethus atlanticus (Collett, 1889) Orange roughy 75 Family and species Common name Berycidae Beryx decadactylus (Cuvier in Cuvier & Broad alfonsino Valenciennes, 1829) Beryx splendens (Lowe, 1833) Splendid alfonsino Beryx sp. Alfonsinos Oreosomatidae Allocyttus verrucosus (Gilchrist, 1906) Warty dory Neocyttus rhomboidalis (Gilchrist, 1906) Spiky dory Oreosoma atlanticum (Cuvier in Cuvier & Ox-eyed area Valenciennes, 1829) Zeidae Cyttus traversi (Hutton, 1872) Dory Zeusfaber (Linnaeus, 1758) John dory Macrorhamphosidae Macrorhamphosidae gen. sp. Snipefish Scorpaenidae Helicolenus mouchezi (Sauvage, 1875) Rosefish Serranidae Caesioperca coatsii (Regan, 1913) Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Wreckfish Polyprion oxygeneios (Schneider & Forster in Hapuku wreckfish Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Serranus novemcinctus (Kner, 1865) Comber Epigonidae Epigonus angustifrons (Abramov & Manilo, 1987) Epigonus lenimen (Whitley, 1935) Epigonus robustus (Barnard, 1927) Robust cardinal fish Epigonus telescopus (Risso, 1810) Black cardinal fish Howella sherborni (Norman, 1930) Basslet Rosenblattia robusta (Mead & de Falla, 1965) Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates (Linnaeus, 1758) Live sharksucker Coryphaenidae Coryphaena hippurus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common dolphinfish Carangidae Decapterus sp. Scad Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758) Pilotfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833) Yellowtail amberjack Trachurus picturatus (longimanus?) Blue iack mackerel Bramidae Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) Atlantic pomfret Pteraclis velifera (pallas, 1770) Fanfish Pterycombus petersii (Hilgendorf, 1878) Peters' fanfish Taractes asper (Lowe, 1843) Rough pomfret Taractichthys lon~ipinnis (Lowe, 1843) Big-scale pomfret Emmelichthyidae Emmelichthys nitidus (Richardson, 1845) Cape bonnetmouth Pla~io~eneion rubi~inosus (Hutton, 1875) Rubvfish Pentacerotidae Pseudopentaceros richardsoni (Smith, 1844) Pelagic armourhead 76 Family and species Common name Cheilodactilidae Acantholatris monodactylus (Carmichael, 1818) St. Paul's fingerfin Nemadactylus sp. Morwong Zoarcidae Melanostigma gelatinosum (Gunther, 1881) Soft pout Chiasmodontidae Chiasmodon sp. Swallower N ototheniidae Dissostichus ele~inoides (Smitt, 1898) Patagonian tooth fish Scombrolabracidae Scombrolabrax heterolepis (Roule, 1922) Longfin escolar GempyJidae Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1849) Escolar Nealotus tripes (Johnson, 1865) Black snake mackerel Nesiarchus nasutus (Johnson, 1862) Black gemfish Paradiplospinus sp. Escolar Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832) Roudi escolar Ruvettus pretiosus (Cocco, 1829) Oilfish Thyrsites at un (Euphrasen, 1791) Snoek Thyrsitoides marleyi (Fowler, 1929) Black snoek Trichiuridae Aphanopus mikhailini (Parin, 1983) Mikhailin's scabbardfish Benthodesmus elongatus (Clarke, 1879) Elongate frostfish Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) Silver scabbardfish Scombridae Allothunnus fallai (Serventy, 1948) Slender tuna Katsuwonus pe lam is (Linnaeus, 1758) Skipjack Scomber japonicus (Houttuyn, 1782) Chub mackerel Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) Albacore Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) Yellowfin tuna Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) Southern bluefin tuna Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) Bigeyetuna Xiphiidae Xiphias ~ladius (Linnaeus, 1758) Swordfish Centrolophidae Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) Rudderfish Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael, 1818) Bluenose warehou Schedophilus huttoni (Waite, 1910) New Zealand ruffe Schedophilus maculatus (Gunther, 1860 Black ruffe Schedophilus velaini (Sauvage, 1879) Violet warehou Tubbia tasmanica (Whitley, 1943) Tasmanian ruffe Nomeidae Cubiceps caeruleus (Regan, 1914 ) Blue fathead Nomeus gronovii (Gmelin, 1788) Man-of-war Psenes pellucidus (Liltken, 1880) Black ragfish Tetragonuridae Tetragonurus cuvieri (Risso, 1810) Smalleye squaretail Tetra~onurus atlanticus (Lowe, 1839) Tetraodontidae Tetraodontidae gen. sp. 77 Family and species Common name Molidae Mala mala (Linnaeus, 1758) Ocean sunfish Masturus lancealatus (Lienard, 1841) Sharp-tailed sunfish APPENDIX 11 LIST OF UKRAINIAN RESEARCH AND EXPLORATORY EXPEDITIONS OF SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN SEAMOUNTS No Vessel' name Radio call sign Cruise No Cruise Period of research/ Areas of researc h/fishing Trawls Bottom long lines Line fishing Lobster pots Comment fishing at the seamounts Start Finish Start Finish (undelWater ridges) Total Pelagic Bottom Sets Hooks Sets Hooks I Aelita UMOY 15 -05.06.8 1 - 10.10.8 1 18/06/8 1 25.09.81 SWIR 83 Logbook data not available 2 Aelita UMOY 16 30/10/81 22.03.82 09/ 12/8 1 28.02.82 SWIR 114 Logbook data not available 10/ 12/81 28.02.83 Madagascar Ridge 6 3 Vozrozhdenie UBKT I 16.04.80 19.09.80 21.08.80 04.09.80 SWIR 37 37 4 Vozrozhdenie UBKT 3 10.08.81 08.12.81 07.09.81 28. 10.81 SWIR 53 53 07.11.81 08.12 .8 1 MlR 52 52 12.11.81 13.11.81 NER 2 2 5 Vozrozhdenie UBKT 21 30.10.94 20.05.95 04.04.95 06.05.95 SWIR 102 102 6 Vozrozhdenie UBKT 22 29.10.95 28.07.96 03.12.95 04.07.96 SWIR >100 >100 7 Geroevka UBYA I 26.03.80 13 .08.80 04.06.80 13 .08.80 SWIR 45 45 07.06.80 30.06.80 Waiters Bank 49 28 21 10.06.80 29.06.80 Madagascar Ridge 26 I1 15 10.07.80 13.03.80 Mozambique Ridge 6 6 -...) 8 Geroevka UBYA 2 25.09.80 08.03.81 05 .10.80 05.03.81 SWIR 236 234 2 00 17 .10.80 21.01.81 Waiters Bank 5 5 08.03.81 08.03.81 Madagascar Ridge 2 2 9 Geroevka UBYA 3 21.04.8 1 03.07.81 26.04.8 1 09.06.81 SWIR 76 76 23.05.81 02.06.81 Waiters Bank 43 43 02 .06.8 1 03.06.81 Madagascar Ridge 2 2 10 Geroevka UBYA 4 12.12 .81 29.04.82 10.02.82 19 .04.82 SWIR 94 94 12.02.82 19.02.82 Waiters Bank 5 5 10.02.82 29.04.82 Madagascar Ridge 14 14 II Geroevka UBYA 5 07/06/82 13.11.82 12.06.82 28.10.82 SWIR 216 216 12 Geroevka UBYA 6 05/01/83 12.06.83 05.01.83 04.06.83 SWIR 69 69 10.0 1.83 10.01.83 MlR 2 2 13 Geroevka UBYA 7 16.07.83 28.11 .83 16.07.83 09.11.83 SWIR 134 134 14 Golub Mira UBIV 20 20.10.84 22.02.85 18.12.84 09.02.85 SWIR 154 126500 Logbook data not available 15 Golub Mira UBIV 21 23.03.85 20.08.85 30.03.85 06.05.85 SWIR 148 117220 Logbook data not available ------'-----. ------ *Fishing operations listed in thi s tabl e could be considered as commercial starting from 1993. 16 Zvezda Azova UNNR 1 25.03.81 31.07.81 09.05.81 30.05.81 SWIR 53 53 25.04.81 05.07.81 MlR 72 72 1 16.06.81 15.07.81 NER 77 77 17 Zvezda Azova UNNR 2 27.09.81 01.02.82 04.10.81 05.11.81 SWIR 50 50 27.09.81 29.09.81 Waiters Bank 6 6 1 22.11.81 22.11.81 NER I 1 21.1 1. 81 13.12.81 MlR 35 35 18 Zvezda Kryma UWGM 6 31105176 21.11.76 02.06.76 02.08.76 Madagascar Ridge 85 85 06.08.76 19.08.76 Mozambique Ridge 31 31 31.08.76 02.09.76 SWIR 0 02.09.76 13.09.76 NER 3 3 18.09.76 09.10.76 Broken Ridge 62 62 19 Zvezda Kryma UWGM 7 12/ 12176 16.05.77 01.01.77 10.05.77 Mozambique Ridge 114 7 107 21.01.77 07.05.77 Madagascar Ridge 68 2 66 20 Zvezda Kryma UWGM 8 22/06177 09.12.77 15.09.77 02.10.77 SWIR 0 Logbook data not available 05 .10.77 17.11.77 Madagascar Ridge 115 2 113 21 Zvezda Kryma UWGM 28 10104/92 20.04.93 27.07.92 04.02.93 SWIR 341 341 27.06.92 18 .07.92 BR 13 12 1 -..} 20.07.92 20.07.92 NER 1 1 \0 22 Zvezda UUTU 1 19.04.81 24.08.81 02.06.81 24.08.81 SWIR 184 183 1 1 Sevastopo1ya 23 Zvezda UUTU 2 26/09/81 24.02.82 25.10.81 18.02.82 SWIR 288 240 48 2 3 Sevastopo1ya 24 Zvezda UUTU 3 29.03.82 21.07.82 02.04.82 14.06.82 SWIR 143 143 Sevastopo1ya 17.06.82 17.06.82 Madagascar Ridge 1 1 25 Zvezda UNNP 1 19.02.81 04.07.81 05 .04.81 07.04.81 SWIR 10 10 Chemomorya 27.06.81 04.07.81 NER 30 30 26 Zvezda UNNP 2 01 /09/81 21.01.82 01.09.81 21.01.82 SWIR 85 85 Chemomorya 14.10.81 12.0 1.82 BR 18 18 27 Zvezda UNNP 6 07/ 12/83 08.05.84 06.04.84 10.04.84 SWIR 5 5 Chemomorya 19.04.84 19.04.84 Madagascar Ridge 1 1 21.04.84 23.04.84 Mozambique Ridge 4 4 ------28 Zvezda UNNP 7 16/06/84 28.11.84 11.11.84 23.11.84 SWIR 36 36 Chemomorya 15 .07.84 30.07.84 MlR 11 11 17.07.84 27.07.84 NER 33 33 29 Zvezda UNNP 8 12/01/85 20.06.85 24.01.85 09.05.85 SWIR 40 40 Chemomorya 30 Ignat UYWF 9 22/12/89 05.04.90 19.02.90 11.03.90 SWIR 26 26 Logbook data not available Pavlyuchenkov 31 Kerchenskij UPMA 19 20.04.82 20.06.82 01.05.82 31.05.82 MlR 500 3 Rabochij 01.05.83 31.05.83 NER 20 32 Kerchenskij UPMA 20 10.08.82 07.12.82 03.11.82 07.12.82 SWIR 64 192 600 Rabochij 19.08.82 07.10.82 MlR 18 53 10.08.82 23.09.82 NER 24 64 12 33 Langust UPMD 28 -10.05.83 -10.08.83 02.06.83 13 .07.83 SWIR 22 11810 Logbook data not available 34 Myslitel ESDF 17 15.11.80 05.03.81 05.01.80 05.03.80 SWIR 187 906 20 17.11.80 17.11.80 WaIters Bank 14 28 35 Myslitel ESDF 18 26.11.82 21.01.83 21.11.82 15.12.82 SWIR 36 204 262 03.01.83 15.01.83 MlR 22 112 6 17.01.83 21.01.83 NER 10 46 o00 36 Myslitel ESDF 19 -10.04.83 -10.07.83 01.05.83 26.06.83 SWIR 31 91 Logbook data not available 01.05.83 26.06.83 MlR 2 01.05.83 26.06.83 NER I 37 Myslitel ESDF 20 23.09.83 06.01.84 23.09.83 3.01.84 SWIR 396 3579 652 04.01.84 06.01.84 WaIters Bank 30 139 38 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 9 19/10/83 20.04.84 01.04.84 08.04.84 SWIR 9 9 39 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 14 08/05/87 19.09.87 03.07.87 21.08.87 SWIR 18 18 20.06.87 22.06.87 Waiters Bank 6 6 13.06.87 03.07.87 Madagascar Ridge 22 22 40 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 15 13/10/87 09.03.88 13.01.88 15 .01.88 SWIR 6 6 41 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 16 08/04/88 17.08.88 05.08.88 09.08.88 SWIR 7 7 15 .04.88 18.05.88 WaIters Bank 45 45 14.04.88 14.04.88 Madagascar Ridge 2 2 42 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 17 03/10/88 01.11.88 18.10.88 01.11.88 SWIR 6 6 43 Mys Ostrovskogo UWFJ 23 06/11194 08.04.95 22.03.95 08.04.95 SWIR 42 42 44 Novoukrainka UUTU 2 24.07.80 07.12.80 16.09.80 13.11.80 SWIR 61 61 20.10.80 02.11.80 MlR 27 27 03.11.80 04.11 .80 NER 5 5 45 Pantikapej UURM 18 10.12.84 20.05.85 28.01.85 28.-185 SWIR 3 46 Primorets USLL 14 16.0\ .81 11.05.81 16.01.81 12.03.81 SWIR 4 4 596 2440 47 Primorets USLL 15 25.06.81 23.09.81 06.08.81 16.09.81 SWIR . 2 2 3 250 28 290 83 25.06.81 23.09.81 Waiters Bank 15 38 48 Primorets USLL 16 06/07/83 13.09.83 06.07.84 13 .09.84 SWIR 52 366 78 49 Primorets USLL 17 31/12/83 11.05.84 02.02.84 22.03.84 SWIR - 106 621 315 50 Primorets USLL 18 23/06/84 10.11.84 23.08.84 22.09.84 SWIR 192 1320 36 51 Primorets USLL 19 13/02/86 18.07.86 29.03.86 12.06.86 SWIR 11 3 05.04.86 10.04.86 Waiters Bank 6 52 Primorets USLL 20 14/08/86 30.12.86 10.09.86 9.11.86 SWIR 125 625 38 04.10.86 11.10.86 Waiters Bank 22 110 3 53 Primorets USLL 27 16.02.93 26.02.94 07.04.93 07.06.93 SWIR 31 26760 34 131 3344 54 Sevastopolskij EWGB 17 10.02.83 03 .05.83 10.02.83 03.05.83 SWIR 808 6589 434 Rybak 24.04.83 27.04.83 WaIters Bank 37 280 30 00 ...... 28.04.83 30.04.83 Madagascar Ridge 73 656 55 Sevastopolskij EWGB 18 08/08/83 01.11.83 08.08.83 09.10.83 SWIR 480 3381 139 Rybak 56 Skif ESGT 18 22/03/82 16.09.82 29.07.82 05.08.82 SWIR 12 12 - Logbook data not available 57 Slava Kerchi UNQP 22 28.01.85 04.05.85 11.03 .85 04.05.85 SWIR 79 545 13 58 Slava Kerchi UNQP 24 14/02/86 16.07.86 01.04.86 03.04.86 SWIR 8 05 .04.86 28.04.86 WaIters Bank 19 59 Stepan UJXE 19 -05.03.82 -30.08.82 16.03.82 04.06.82 SWIR 105 Logbook data not available Poshevalnikov 16.03.83 04.06.83 Madagascar Ridge 15 60 Stepan UJXE 20 -05.08.82 -30.10.82 15 .08.82 22.10.82 SW1R 3 350 130 Logbook data not available Poshevalnikov 15.08.82 22.10.82 Madagascar Ridge 8 61 Fiolent UVJX 5 16/08/74 21.01.75 24.11.74 28 .11.74 SWIR 5 5 62 Fiolent UVJX 7 25 /05/77 05.10.77 13.06.77 25 .06.77 MlR 6 Logbook data not available 22.07.77 04.08.77 BR 19 63 Fiolent UVJX 11 27/02/79 25.07.79 31.03.79 08.05.79 SWIR 9 3 6 13 .04.79 14.04.79 Madagascar Ridge 8 8 79 64 Fiolent UVJX 12 18 .08.79 27.01.80 19.08.79 06.09.79 Mozambique 8 5 3 Ridge _ . . 65 Fiolent UVJX 14 13.09.81 14.01.82 13.09.81 14.01.82 SWIR 91 91 15.11.81 25.11.81 MlR 17 17 66 Fiolent UVJX 15 26.02.82 20.07.82 21.06.82 07.07.82 SWIR 53 53 18.07.82 20.07.82 BR 8 8 82 67 Fiolent UVJX 17 -20.05.83 -10.10.83 01.06.83 30.09.83 SWIR 131 131 Logbook data not available 01.07.83 31.07.83 MlR II II 01.07.83 31.07.83 NER 23 23 68 Fiolent UVJX 19 11105/84 02.10.84 09.07.84 23.08.84 SWIR 50 48 2 23.07.84 31.07.84 Waiters Bank 29 27 2 84 69 Fiolent UVJX 21 16.05.87 06.10.87 31.07.87 26.09.87 SWIR 54 54 Logbook data not available 70 Fiolent UVJX 23 02/06/88 15.11.88 10.06.88 06.11.88 SWIR 75 75 04.08.88 08.08.88 MlR 12 12 08.08.88 28.08.88 NER 28 26 2 71 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 15 28.08.80 21.01.81 28.08.80 21.01.81 SWIR 138 138 72 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 16 17/03/81 02.09.81 04.04.81 08.08.81 SWIR 218 174 44 73 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 19 17.08.83 21.10.83 17.08.83 19.09.83 SWIR 33 32 I 74 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 20 31.12.83 13.05.84 19.04.84 20.04.84 SWIR 3 3 75 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 31 -10.08.93 - 20.11.93 -10.08.93 -20.11.93 SWIR 186 00 76 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 32 -15.01.94 - 20.08.94 01102/94 06.08.94 SWIR 274 N 77 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 33 -15.08.94 -20.04.95 30.08.94 08.04.95 SWIR 252 78 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 34 - 01.06.95 -30.11.95 11106/95 17.11.95 SWIR 261 Logbook data not available 79 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 35 - 09.03.96 - 08.10.96 13 /03/96 02.10.96 SWIR 350 80 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 36 - 01.12.96 - 20.06.97 111l2/96 04.06.97 SWIR 285 .."....,.... -.-~--.. ." .~~~ ~. ---ct,,-'--,c- -...".--,.-.'" ~~ . -~ -- 81 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 37 14/07/97 25.03.98 SWlR No observer on board 01.04.98 30.07.97 .i 82 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 38 01108/98 25.04.99 10.08.98 17.04.99 SWlR No observer on board 83 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 39 18/06/99 12.02.00 26.06.99 31.01.00 SWlR ii Death of obserever (data were lost) - .------~-- ." ~~. --"'-~, - 84 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 40 -10.03.00 - 30.01.01 29.03.00 23.01.01 SWIR 495 02.08.00 26.09.00 Madagascar Ridge 13 85 Chatyr-Dag EWVX 41 - 20.03.01 - 15.09.01 SWIR 362 86 Yunaya Smena UKSC 2 03/10/85 23.02.86 29.01.86 11.02.86 SWIR 12 12 --- - 103 7105 3964 640 606 282890 6749 - 83 APPENDIX III SOVIET COMMERCIAL VESSELS THAT OPERATED IN THE SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEAN Year Vessel name Vessel Class Approximate dates of operations 1980 Tkvarcheli Rembrandt September-October Kazantip Atlantik September-November Azurit Atlantik September-November Zheleznovodsk Atlantik September-November Taganrog Atlantik September-November Artek Atlantik September-November Tavrida Atlantik September-November 1981 Sapun Gora Atlantik August-October Pitsunda Atlantik August-October Vzmorie Atlantik August-October Orlinoe Atlantik August-October Taganrog Atlantik August-October 1982 research/scouting vessels only 1983 Azurit Atlantik September Geroi Adzhimushkaya Atlantik November 1984 research/scouting vessels only 1985 Mikhail Borisov Atlantik May 1986 research/scouting vessels only 1987 Sapun Gora Atlantik September-October Tavrida Atlantik September-October Artek Atlantik September-October 84 REMBRANDT CLASS ATLANTIK CLASS Photos from Soviet Merchant Ships 1980 by Ambrose Greenway and published by Kenneth Mason Publications Ltd, Hampshire, England. Reproduced by kind permission of Michael Lennon and Laurence Dunn. TRlDN4884E11/12.03/41 0