Displacement of Aphytis Chrysomphali by Aphytis Melinus, Parasitoids Of
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Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA) Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2014 12(1): 244-251 Available online at www.inia.es/sjar ISSN: 1695-971-X http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014121-5266 eISSN: 2171-9292 Displacement of Aphytis chrysomphali by Aphytis melinus, parasitoids of the California red scale, in the Iberian Peninsula Juan Ramon Boyero1, Jose Miguel Vela1, Eva Wong1, Carlos Garcia-Ripoll2, Maria Jesus Verdu2, Alberto Urbaneja2 and Pilar Vanaclocha2* 1 Unidad de Entomología. Centro IFAPA de Churriana. Cortijo de la Cruz. 29140 Málaga, Spain. 2 Unidad de Entomología. Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4,5. 46113 Moncada (Valencia), Spain Abstract Parasitoids are the main natural enemies of the California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) and on occasion can regulate their populations. To increase their effectiveness, inoculative or augmentative releases of parasitoids are promoted. Previous to the implementation of any release strategy an important and necessary step is to acquire knowledge on the parasitoid fauna associated with this key phytophagous pest. Parasitoids were surveyed and quantified in Spanish citrus orchards between 2005 and 2009. Aphytis melinus DeBach (87.1%) resulted as the dominant species, followed by Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (15.9%), Encarsia perniciosi (Tower) (2.4%) and Aphycus hederaceus (Westwood) (0.004%). Overall, higher levels of parasitism were recorded in fruit than in twigs. Scales in fruit were parasitized at similar levels by the different parasitoid species whereas E. perniciosi was more active in twigs. Data eventually reveal the recent displacement of A. chrysomphali by A. melinus. The implications of these results on the biological control of A. aurantii are discussed and this information will be useful in the decision of IPM strategies for this pest. Additional key words: biological control; Aonidiella aurantii; climatic conditions; Encarsia perniciosi. Introduction tative releases of CRS parasitoids as well as conserva- tion measures addressed to maintain naturally occurring Hymenopteran parasitoids of the genus Aphelinidae parasitoid guilds, are being promoted (Jacas & Urba- are the main natural enemies of armoured scale insects, neja, 2010; Tena et al., 2013b; Vanaclocha et al., particularly the ectoparasitoids of the genus Aphytis 2013a; Urbaneja et al., 2014). Previous to the imple- (Rosen, 1994) and the endoparasitoids of the genus mentation of any of these measures an important and Encarsia (Viggiani, 1990). Several species of these ge- necessary step is to acquire knowledge on the parasi- nera have been widely used in the regulation of Cali- toid fauna associated with this phytophage, such as fornia red scale (CRS), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) guild composition, ecology and activity in the areas (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) populations (Viggiani, 1990; where they are going to be implemented. Previous stu- Rosen, 1994). This phytophagous pest, CRS, can cau- dies have been conducted on A. aurantii parasitoids in se the commercial depreciation of fruit and due to its Spanish citrus orchards (Rodrigo et al., 1996; Pina et unsatisfactory control is considered key pest in almost al., 2003; Sorribas et al., 2008). Unfortunately, all of all citrus-growing areas worldwide (Jacas & Urbaneja, them were performed in the same citrus growing area, 2010). the Valencia region. In these studies, the parasitoids Natural occurring CRS parasitoid guilds are insuffi- associated with A. aurantii were the ectoparasitoids cient to keep pest populations under economic injury Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet), Aphytis melinus De- levels (Viggiani, 1994). Hence, to increase the bene- Bach, Aphytis lingnanensis Compere, Aphytis hispa- fits provided by these natural enemies, biological con- nicus (Mercet) and the endoparasitoid Encarsia per- trol (BC) programs, based on inoculative or augmen- niciosi Tower. Aphytis chrysomphali and A. hispanicus are considered native species in Spain. Aphytis * Corresponding author: [email protected] chrysomphali was found to be the prevalent parasitoid Received: 08-11-13. Accepted: 20-02-14. in earlier studies (Rodrigo et al., 1996; Pina et al., Parasitoids of Aonidiella aurantii 245 2003), but at present, A. melinus has displaced the na- (Sorribas et al., 2010). The information compiled pro- tive one becoming the most abundant species associa- vides a better understanding of the mechanisms deter- ted with CRS (Vanaclocha et al., 2009; Sorribas et al., mining the CRS parasitoid hierarchy under most of the 2010; Tena et al., 2013a). Aphytis melinus was first climatic conditions found on the Iberian Peninsula, and introduced in the Valencia region in 1976 (Meliá & help to predict potential changes in the hierarchy with Blasco, 1980). Aphytis lingnanensis and E. pernicio- regard to a global warming scenario. The information si were also introduced in this region, but their esta- herein provided may be used in the design of Integra- blishment was not successful (Rodrigo et al., 1996; ted Pest Management (IPM) strategies adapted to mo- Pina et al., 2003; Sorribas et al., 2010). re local conditions. Parasitoids of CRS are usually found as species guilds that may vary in their composition at different sites and different substrates of the plant due to diffe- Material and methods rent environmental condition requirements as well as host stage preferences (Yu et al., 1990; Rodrigo et al., Study sites and sampling methods 1996). For their ecological success, parasitoids must adapt to a range of environmental conditions similar Aonidiella aurantii-infested fruit and twigs of ci- to the ones required by their host. However, when two trus trees (sweet orange and clementine mandarin) we- or more species compete in the same ecological niche, re sampled between 2005 and 2009, from August to small variations on any environmental variable may November, in 21 orchards located throughout the main change the dominance hierarchy within the guild citrus-growing areas of Spain (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Du- (Chapin et al., 2000; Hance et al., 2007). As a result, ring this period, twig and fruit samples were randomly a reduction in the relative abundance of some species collected from each plot at least once per month and or even their extinction could result (Hance et al., taken to the laboratory, where leaves were removed. 2007). The effect of environmental variables on para- The first generation of the scale (May-June) was not sitoid guilds can be followed through geographical or sampled since fruit was not available for parasitism temporal studies. Areas under different climatic con- comparison with twigs. Twigs of approximately 20 cm ditions may present different guild compositions. Tem- were examined under a binocular microscope. From poral series in which these variables change may ex- each sample, both twig and fruit, irrespective of the plain the ecological succession from a past to a present number of scales present, up to ten individuals were guild. Thus, climate change is recognised as an impor- checked to standardise the sampling. One hundred sus- tant factor affecting the distribution of a wide range of ceptible scales of A. aurantii per sampling site and da- organisms (Pimm, 2001; Parmesan, 2006; Hance et al., te for parasitism (second nymphal stage, young fema- 2007). Meta-analysis estimates an average displace- les and prepupa and pupa males), were checked. ment per decade of northern and altitudinal species Parasitoid species were determined according to their distribution boundaries of 6.1 km and 6.1 m northward pupa pigmentation pattern and, when necessary, pupae and upward respectively (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). In were transferred into gelatine capsules for further de- addition to the more predictable effects of abiotic fac- velopment. Adults emerged from pupae were determi- tors on single species, species idiosyncratic phenolo- ned to a species level. gical responses to changes in environmental variables are expected to trigger a cascade of changes on spe- cies interactions at all ecological levels with unpredic- Data analysis table consequences (Davis et al., 1998; Chapin et al., 2000; Van Nouhuys & Lei, 2004). In the present work, Active parasitism rate, given as an average ± stan- a comprehensive study describing CRS parasitoid dard error, was calculated as the number of live para- assemblages in the main Spanish citrus growing areas sitized CRS over the total number of scales suscepti- has been conducted. The species composition and their ble to being parasitized. According to the parasitoids relative abundance have been determined for each obtained, percentages of active parasitism were classi- assemblage and correlated to the CRS parasitism ra- fied in four different assemblage combinations found tios found. Results obtained were compared with tho- in the sampled orchards: 1) orchards where A. melinus se of a previous study done on a more local scale was predominant (> 95% of the parasitoids found) 246 J. R. Boyero et al. / Span J Agric Res (2014) 12(1): 244-251 Table 1. Relative abundance of parasitoid species observed in 21 citrus groves for the sampled period 2005-2009. The diffe- rent citrus groves sampled were located through the Spain citrus area. AL: Almería; CA: Cádiz; CS: Castellón; IB: Islas Baleares; HU: Huelva; MA: Málaga; MU: Murcia; VL: Valencia Parasitoids A. melinus A. chyrsomphali E. perniciosi A. hederaceus Code Location Citrus species and cultivar Year (n) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1 Almenara Citrus clementina Hort. 2007 1,884 81.2 18.8 (CS) Ex Tan. cv. Oronules 2 Benifairó Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. 2008 426 96.9 3.1 de la Vall- cv. Valencia Late 2009 270 100.0 dingna (VL) 3 Llíria (VL) Citrus clementina Hort. 2008 199 87.4 12.6 ex Tan. cv. Clemenules 2009 50 100.0 4 Bétera (VL) Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. 2005 171 64.9 35.1 cv. Navelina 2007 364 36.5 63.5 2008 131 96.2 3.8 2009 29 72.4 27.6 5 Moncada Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. 2005 118 32.2 67.8 (VL) cv. Lane Late 6 La Pobla de Citrus clementina Hort.