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Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) Buddhism Is an Integral Part of Burmese Culture
Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) 2 Volumes By Charlotte Kendrick Galloway A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University November 2006 ii Declaration I declare that to the best of my knowledge, unless where cited, this thesis is my own original work. Signed: Date: Charlotte Kendrick Galloway iii Acknowledgments There are a number of people whose assistance, advice and general support, has enabled me to complete my research: Dr Alexandra Green, Dr Bob Hudson, Dr Pamela Gutman, Dick Richards, Dr Tilman Frasch, Sylvia Fraser- Lu, Dr Royce Wiles, Dr Don Stadtner, Dr Catherine Raymond, Prof Michael Greenhalgh, Ma Khin Mar Mar Kyi, U Aung Kyaing, Dr Than Tun, Sao Htun Hmat Win, U Sai Aung Tun and Dr Thant Thaw Kaung. I thank them all, whether for their direct assistance in matters relating to Burma, for their ability to inspire me, or for simply providing encouragement. I thank my colleagues, past and present, at the National Gallery of Australia and staff at ANU who have also provided support during my thesis candidature, in particular: Ben Divall, Carol Cains, Christine Dixon, Jane Kinsman, Mark Henshaw, Lyn Conybeare, Margaret Brown and Chaitanya Sambrani. I give special mention to U Thaw Kaung, whose personal generosity and encouragement of those of us worldwide who express a keen interest in the study of Burma's rich cultural history, has ensured that I was able to achieve my own personal goals. There is no doubt that without his assistance and interest in my work, my ability to undertake the research required would have been severely compromised – thank you. -
Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova
Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova December 2015 Inside front cover Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Polina Lenkova December 2015 About the researcher Polina Lenkova is a research fellow at Thabyay Education Foundation. She holds a Master of Arts in International Relations from the School of Advanced International Studies, John Hopkins University, Washington, D.C. About Thabyay Education Foundation Founded in 1996, Thabyay Education Foundation educates, develops, connects and empowers individuals and organizations in Myanmar to become positive, impactful change-makers. We seek to achieve this through knowledge creation, innovative learning and guided skills expansion, as well as by forging connections to networks, information and opportunities. Acknowledgements The author would like to express her gratitude to everyone who participated in and assisted her during this research. Particularly, the author would like to thank the following people and organizations for providing assistance and suggestions during field research: Tim Schroeder, Saw San Myint Kyi, Saw Eh Say, Hsa Thoolei School, Taungalay Monastery, as well as Thabyay Education Foundation staff Hsa Blu Paw, Cleo Praisathitsawat and U Soe Lay. Furthermore, the author also thanks Tim Schroeder, Kim Joliffe and Saw Kapi for report review and feedback. Design and layout: Katherine Gibney | www.accurateyak.carbonmade.com Note on the text All web links in the report’s footnotes were correct and functioning as of 1 December 2015. 4 Conflict Sensitivity in Education Provision in Karen State Contents Acronyms and Glossary 6 Executive Summary 7 1. Introduction: Defining Conflict Sensitivity in Education 10 2. Objectives and Methodology 11 3. -
Myanmar Buddhism of the Pagan Period
MYANMAR BUDDHISM OF THE PAGAN PERIOD (AD 1000-1300) BY WIN THAN TUN (MA, Mandalay University) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES PROGRAMME NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to the people who have contributed to the successful completion of this thesis. First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to the National University of Singapore which offered me a 3-year scholarship for this study. I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor Than Tun. Although I have never been his student, I was taught with his book on Old Myanmar (Khet-hoà: Mranmâ Râjawaà), and I learnt a lot from my discussions with him; and, therefore, I regard him as one of my teachers. I am also greatly indebted to my Sayas Dr. Myo Myint and Professor Han Tint, and friends U Ni Tut, U Yaw Han Tun and U Soe Kyaw Thu of Mandalay University for helping me with the sources I needed. I also owe my gratitude to U Win Maung (Tampavatî) (who let me use his collection of photos and negatives), U Zin Moe (who assisted me in making a raw map of Pagan), Bob Hudson (who provided me with some unpublished data on the monuments of Pagan), and David Kyle Latinis for his kind suggestions on writing my early chapters. I’m greatly indebted to Cho Cho (Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, NUS) for providing me with some of the drawings: figures 2, 22, 25, 26 and 38. -
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006
Burma Page 1 of 24 2005 Human Rights Report Released | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Burma Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Since 1962, Burma, with an estimated population of more than 52 million, has been ruled by a succession of highly authoritarian military regimes dominated by the majority Burman ethnic group. The current controlling military regime, the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), led by Senior General Than Shwe, is the country's de facto government, with subordinate Peace and Development Councils ruling by decree at the division, state, city, township, ward, and village levels. In 1990 prodemocracy parties won more than 80 percent of the seats in a generally free and fair parliamentary election, but the junta refused to recognize the results. Twice during the year, the SPDC convened the National Convention (NC) as part of its purported "Seven-Step Road Map to Democracy." The NC, designed to produce a new constitution, excluded the largest opposition parties and did not allow free debate. The military government totally controlled the country's armed forces, excluding a few active insurgent groups. The government's human rights record worsened during the year, and the government continued to commit numerous serious abuses. The following human rights abuses were reported: abridgement of the right to change the government extrajudicial killings, including custodial deaths disappearances rape, torture, and beatings of -
A Case Study for Development of Tradition and Culture of Myanmar People Based on Some Myanmar Traditional Festivals
A Case Study for Development of Tradition and Culture of Myanmar People Based on some Myanmar Traditional Festivals Aye Pa Pa Myo* [email protected] Assistant Lecturer, Department of English, Yangon University of Education, Myanmar Abstract It is generally said that Myanmar is a beautiful country situated on the land of Southeast Asia and it is also a land of traditional festivals which has the collection of tradition and culture. This paper has an attempt to observe the development of tradition and culture of Myanmar People based on some Myanmar Traditional Festivals. The research was done with analytical approach. It took three months. self-observation, questionnaires, taking photos, and interviewing were used as the research tools. Data were analyzed with the qualitative and quantitative methods. In accordance with the findings, it can be clearly seen that the majority of Myanmar enjoy maintaining and admiring their tradition and culture, assisting others as much as they can, hospitalizing the others, particularly, foreigners. Their inspiration can influence the tourists, as well as Myanmar Traditional Festivals can reveal the lovely and beautiful Myanmar Tradition and Culture. Therefore, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar can be called the Land of Culture to the great extent. In brief, the findings from the research will support to further research related to observing dynamic development of Aspects of Myanmar. Key Terms- tradition and culture Introduction Our Country, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar situated on the Indochina Peninsula in South East Asia is well-known as “the Golden Land” because of its glittering pagodas, vast tract of timber forests, huge mineral resources, wonderful historical sites and monuments and the hospitality of Myanmar People. -
November 14 – 27, 2015
Royal Ontario Museum World Cultures Tour November 14 – 27, 2015 Join ROMtravel on a tour to this time-locked Day 6 Mandalay-Bagan Day 13 Inle Lake-Yangon country now emerging from isolation. Day and overnight cruise down the Irrawaddy Fly to Yangon. City historical highlights. From Yangon’s colonial architecture and River to Bagan. Visit village of Yandabo. Farewell Dinner with wine. magnificent Shwedagon Pagoda to Day 7 Bagan Day 14 Yangon-Bangkok picturesque Inle Lake with its stilt houses and A talk by a member of the Myanmar Fly to Bangkok for individual departures from leg-rowing fishermen, Myanmar will astound. Archaeological Department sets the stage for Bangkok. This is a land of spirituality, a devout Bagan. Ananda Temple, Ok Kyaung, and Buddhist country of warm, welcoming people. sunset touring by horse-cart. Hotels Our tour takes us to four distinct parts of Day 8 Bagan Yangon Savoy Myanmar: Yangon, the former capital; Explore small villages in the countryside. 2 nights + 1 night Mandalay, the cultural centre in the country’s Day 9 Bagan Mandalay Rubar Mandalar heartland; Bagan with its temple-studded Enjoy sunrise from the top of a pagoda. 3 nights plain; and Inle Lake, home to the Shan and Explore some of Bagan’s key temples. Irrawaddy River RV Paukan (boat) Intha peoples. Day 10 Bagan-Inle Lake 1 night We will explore temples and Fly to Inle Lake. Introduction to the Shan and Bagan The Hotel@Tharabar monasteries, visit artisan workshops and Intha cultures. Wine tasting at the local Gate 3 nights markets, as we absorb the history and culture winery. -
Neil Sowards
NEIL SOWARDS c 1 LIFE IN BURMA © Neil Sowards 2009 548 Home Avenue Fort Wayne, IN 46807-1606 (260) 745-3658 Illustrations by Mehm Than Oo 2 NEIL SOWARDS Dedicated to the wonderful people of Burma who have suffered for so many years of exploitation and oppression from their own leaders. While the United Nations and the nations of the world have made progress in protecting people from aggressive neighbors, much remains to be done to protect people from their own leaders. 3 LIFE IN BURMA 4 NEIL SOWARDS Contents Foreword 1. First Day at the Bazaar ........................................................................................................................ 9 2. The Water Festival ............................................................................................................................. 12 3. The Union Day Flag .......................................................................................................................... 17 4. Tasty Tagyis ......................................................................................................................................... 21 5. Water Cress ......................................................................................................................................... 24 6. Demonetization .................................................................................................................................. 26 7. Thanakha ............................................................................................................................................ -
Cultural Sensitivity: Cultural Sensitivity
96_98CNJ_Apr.c1.qxd 3/5/07 5:15 PM Page 96 96_98CNJ_Apr.c1.qxd 3/5/07 5:15 PM Page 96 . a i d . e a i p i d k e i Cultural Sensitivity: p i W k i Cultural Sensitivity: f o W y f s o e t y r s u e t o r Beyond First Impressions c u e o Beyond First Impressions c g a e g m I a m I We removed We removedour shoes, BY LINDINDAA SS.. J OHANSON padded ggingerlyingerly acracrossoss the cool brbreeze-eeze- BY LINDA S. JOHANSON wway,anday, and stepped into wonderland.The The worship stood in stark contrast mar’s main language is Burmese. Ninety- Shewdagon Phuya (pagoda, or place of to mmyy Christian church service in North twtwoo percent of the population is Buddhist. Buddhist worship) in Rangon, Myanmar CarCarolina.olina. I was in the country of Myan- The climate is trtropical,opical, with hot humid with its immense golden turrets and mar (formerly known as Burma) with summers followed by a warm rainy season. ggildedilded altaraltarss rremindedeminded me of a ffairytaleairytale my physician-husband on a two-week Agriculture is the main industry in castle, except that hundreds of statues of medical mission trtripip in the sprspringing of MyMyanmar.Theanmar.The local pastor in the Mon Buddha dominated the landscapelandscape.. Scores 2006.There, I discovered invaluable in- state region informed us that the people of worshipers reverently poured tiny cups sights that hahaveve increased my sensitivity liliveve in a rubber tree forest.They arise at of wwaterater from sparkling basins over the as a nurse caring for patients of different 2:00 A.M. -
Raising the Curtain
Raising the Curtain Cultural Norms, Social Practices and Gender Equality in Myanmar 1 We, both women and men, hold equal opportunities and chances since we were born, as we all are, human beings. Most women think that these opportunities and favours are given by men. No, these are our own opportunities and chances to live equally and there is no need to thank men for what they are not doing. Focus Group Discussion with Muslim women, aged 18-25, Mingalartaung Nyunt Township The Gender Equality Network Yangon, Myanmar © All rights reserved Published in Yangon, Myanmar, Gender Equality November 2015 Network 2 Cultural Norms, Social Practices and Gender Equality in Myanmar 3 Contents Acronyms 6 Acknowledgements 7 Executive Summary 8 1. Introduction 10 1.1 Background and Rationale 12 1.2 Objectives and Study Questions 12 1.3 Methodology - In Brief 13 2. Setting the Scene 16 2.1 ‘The Problem is that the Problem is not Seen as a Problem’ 17 2.2 Historical Narratives: Women’s High Status and Comparisons with Other Countries 18 2.3 Gender Inequality and Gender Discrimination: Where is the Problem? 21 2.4 Gender Equality as a ‘Western’ Concept 25 3. Cultural and Religious Norms and Practices 26 3.1 Culture in Myanmar, and Myanmar Culture 27 3.2 The Inseparability of Culture and Religion 29 3.3 Women as Bearers of Culture 30 3.4 The Role of Nuns in Buddhism 32 3.5 Hpon, Respect and Male Superiority 34 3.6 Purity, Female Inferiority and Exclusion 37 3.7 Modesty, Male Sexuality and the Importance of Women’s Dress 38 3.8 The Construction of Ideal Masculinity 41 3.9 Letting the Birds Rest on the Pagoda: Controlling the Self, Enduring Hardship and Sacrificing 42 4. -
Instructional Process of A-Nge's Music Accompaniment in Mandalay
Veridian E-Journal, Silpakorn University International (Humanities, Social Sciences and arts) ISSN 1906 – 3431 Volume 8 Number 5 July – December 2015 Instructional process of A-nge’s Music accompaniment in Mandalay กระบวนการเรียนการสอนดนตรีประกอบการแสดงอะเญ่ง ในมัณฑะเลย์ ธนาเศรษฐ์ อภิจิรนนท์ชัย (Thanasate Apiliranochai) ทินกร อัตไพบูลย์ (Tinnakorn Attapilboon) Abstract This research is a qualitative research. Using the survey data and qualitative research by collecting information from documents and field data, the survey, observation, interview and structured interview without layout structure. The data were analyzed according to the purpose and research and development of 10 the practitioners accreditation. The population associated with music that used to show A-nge in Mandalay. Samples were a user groups including specialist music and A-nge music teacher seniority. The wise people such as educators and administrators of A-nge were 10 people. Practice group including the music group of A-nge and actor musician 10 people. General group, including the school of music, the cultural center. The audience and employer of 10 people from a group of performers and musicians in Mandalay. The results of the research were the following: 1) History of A-nge’s music is partly performed in Mandalay. Similar to charity or clown mix dance drama, singer or comedian is involved in the performance. There is a short excerpt and popular show in the religious ceremony. Format of the show changed both the dress and the story. The popular play may as an event of interest, such as politics, the life story of well-being. The instrument display is performs of orchestra A-nge’s music is Chai-wai. -
History of Burma
A HISTORY OF BURMA MAUNG HTIN AUNG Located on the western edge of the huge peninsula formerly called Indo-China and now known as mainland southeast Asia, and bordering on three Asian giants -China, India, and Pakistan-Burma has historically served as a gateway to the southeast and to China. In early history, when the sea was considered more dan gerous than land, trade between India and Indo-China and China was carried on .-. through Burma. Even after the sea route . , had come into general use, ships did not ... venture out into the sea but preferred to hug the coast; they were blown toward the Burmese coast by the southwest mon soon and were sped back to India and Ceylon by the northeast monsoon. Although Burma, slightly larger than France and with a population of only 24 million, is a small country compared to her three large neighbors, she has, because of her unique geographical position, often played the role of leader among her other neighbors. Burma transmitted Buddhism from India to southeast Asia and later became the champion of this faith in the region. Burma has of ten taken upon herself the enormous task of shielding southeast (Continued on back flap) A History of Burma •• A HISTORY OF BURMA by Maung Htin Aung Columbia University Press New York and London 1967 Maung Htin Aung was the Rector of the University of Rangoon, 194Cr1958. He is the author of Burmese Drama (Oxford University Press, 1937), Burmese Folk-Tales (Ox ford, 1948), Burmese Law Tales (Oxford, 1962), Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism (Oxford, 1962), The Stricken Peacock: Anglo-Burmese Relations 1752-1948 (Martinus Nijhoff, 1965), Burmese Monk's Tales (Columbia University Press, 1966), and Epistles Written on Eve of Anglo-BW"'lftese War (Nijhoff, 1967). -
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DOUG RICHARDS SEVEN CONTINENTS: SEVEN DECADES Contents Foreword by the author . .9 . 1. From Bhuna to Burma. 11. 2. A dog called Doug . 30 3. 2015 and all that . 43 4. Running reflections and Rio. 54. 5. Brazilian bugs and butterflies. .71 . 6. The problem with wine . 84 7. Cutting it fine in Sydney . 99 8. Don’t be afraid to scare yourself. 115. 9. Red sand and sunsets . 127 10. Family, friends and farming sheep . 143 11. Three score years and ten. 161. 12. Bake, lake and shake. 173. 13. Maxwell hitches a ride . .188 . 14. A whale of a time. .206 . Chapter 1 From Bhuna to Burma ‘And the journey hasn’t ended yet.’ These were the words with which I finished my previous book, Running Hot & Cold, and as it turned out I wasn’t wrong. As before, it was no free-flowing journey through life but the usual mixture of euphoria followed by disappointment, and repeat. Yes, I am the same ageing pensioner who, as a teenage boy who hated running, jumped on a bus when out of sight of his teachers during a school road run, to conserve his youthful energy. The same young man who believed sport was something you watched with a pint in your hand, rather than something you took part in. Even my token attempts at playing cricket were merely a prelude to the shenanigans in the bar after the match. But eventually it caught up with me. Struggling to console a crying child because running up a single flight of steps had left me out of breath, I vowed to run a mile the next morning.